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Прочитајте ги правилата и вклучете се!\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Мрежно место"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Содржина" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Содржина</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">премести во страничникот</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриј</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Почеток</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Дефиниција" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дефиниција"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Дефиниција</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Дефиниција-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Префрли на пододделот Дефиниција</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Дефиниција-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Основна_дефиниција" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Основна_дефиниција"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Основна дефиниција</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Основна_дефиниција-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Варијација_со_температура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Варијација_со_температура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Варијација со температура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Варијација_со_температура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Топлински_капацитети_за_хомоген_систем_подложени_на_различни_термодинамички_процеси" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Топлински_капацитети_за_хомоген_систем_подложени_на_различни_термодинамички_процеси"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Топлински капацитети за хомоген систем подложени на различни термодинамички процеси</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Топлински_капацитети_за_хомоген_систем_подложени_на_различни_термодинамички_процеси-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-При_постојан_притисок,_dQ_=_dU_+_PdV_(_изобарен_процес_)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#При_постојан_притисок,_dQ_=_dU_+_PdV_(_изобарен_процес_)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>При постојан притисок, dQ = dU + PdV ( изобарен процес )</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-При_постојан_притисок,_dQ_=_dU_+_PdV_(_изобарен_процес_)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-На_постојана_зафатнина,_dV_=_0,_dQ_=_dU_(_изохорски_процес_)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#На_постојана_зафатнина,_dV_=_0,_dQ_=_dU_(_изохорски_процес_)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>На постојана зафатнина, dV = 0, dQ = dU ( изохорски процес )</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-На_постојана_зафатнина,_dV_=_0,_dQ_=_dU_(_изохорски_процес_)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Пресметување_'"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000C-QINU`"'_и_'"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000D-QINU`"'_за_идеален_гас" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Пресметување_'"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000C-QINU`"'_и_'"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000D-QINU`"'_за_идеален_гас"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Пресметување '"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000C-QINU`"' и '"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000D-QINU`"' за идеален гас</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Пресметување_'"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000C-QINU`"'_и_'"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000D-QINU`"'_за_идеален_гас-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-На_постојана_температура_(_изотермален_процес_)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#На_постојана_температура_(_изотермален_процес_)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>На постојана температура ( изотермален процес )</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-На_постојана_температура_(_изотермален_процес_)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Во_времето_на_промена_на_фазата_(_фаза_на_транзиција_)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Во_времето_на_промена_на_фазата_(_фаза_на_транзиција_)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Во времето на промена на фазата ( фаза на транзиција )</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Во_времето_на_промена_на_фазата_(_фаза_на_транзиција_)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Хетерогени_предмети" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хетерогени_предмети"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Хетерогени предмети</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хетерогени_предмети-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Мерење" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Мерење"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Мерење</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Мерење-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Единици" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Единици"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Единици</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Единици-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Префрли на пододделот Единици</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Единици-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Меѓународен_систем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Меѓународен_систем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Меѓународен систем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Меѓународен_систем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Инженерски_единици_на_англиски_(Империјал)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Инженерски_единици_на_англиски_(Империјал)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Инженерски единици на англиски (Империјал)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Инженерски_единици_на_англиски_(Империјал)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Калории" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Калории"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Калории</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Калории-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Негативен_капацитет_на_топлина" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Негативен_капацитет_на_топлина"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Негативен капацитет на топлина</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Негативен_капацитет_на_топлина-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Префрли на пододделот Негативен капацитет на топлина</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Негативен_капацитет_на_топлина-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ѕвездите_и_црните_дупки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ѕвездите_и_црните_дупки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ѕвездите и црните дупки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ѕвездите_и_црните_дупки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Наводи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Наводи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Наводи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Наводи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дополнителна_литература" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дополнителна_литература"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Дополнителна литература</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дополнителна_литература-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Содржина" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Прик./скр. содржина" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Прик./скр. содржина</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Топлински капацитет</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Појдете на статија на друг јазик. Достапно на 71 јазик" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 јазик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmtekapasiteit" title="Warmtekapasiteit — африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Warmtekapasiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سعة حرارية — арапски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سعة حرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacid%C3%A1_calor%C3%ADfica" title="Capacidá calorífica — астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Capacidá calorífica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stilik_tutumu" title="İstilik tutumu — азербејџански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstilik tutumu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербејџански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="তাপ ধারকত্ব — бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপ ধারকত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Цеплаёмістасць — белоруски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цеплаёмістасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белоруски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Топлинен капацитет — бугарски" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топлинен капацитет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="бугарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rmekapazit%C3%A4t" title="Wärmekapazität — баварски" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wärmekapazität" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="баварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplotni_kapacitet" title="Toplotni kapacitet — босански" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Toplotni kapacitet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitat_t%C3%A8rmica" title="Capacitat tèrmica — каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Capacitat tèrmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%88%C4%83_%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88" title="Ăшă шăнăçтарăш — чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăшă шăнăçтарăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeln%C3%A1_kapacita" title="Tepelná kapacita — чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tepelná kapacita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmekapacitet" title="Varmekapacitet — дански" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varmekapacitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rmekapazit%C3%A4t" title="Wärmekapazität — германски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wärmekapazität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="германски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soojusmahtuvus" title="Soojusmahtuvus — естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soojusmahtuvus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Θερμοχωρητικότητα — грчки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοχωρητικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грчки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity — англиски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Heat capacity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacidad_calor%C3%ADfica" title="Capacidad calorífica — шпански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capacidad calorífica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="шпански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmokapacito" title="Varmokapacito — есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varmokapacito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bero-ahalmen" title="Bero-ahalmen — баскиски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bero-ahalmen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ظرفیت گرمایی — персиски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ظرفیت گرمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique" title="Capacité thermique — француски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capacité thermique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilleadh_teasa" title="Toilleadh teasa — ирски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Toilleadh teasa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacidade_calor%C3%ADfica" title="Capacidade calorífica — галициски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Capacidade calorífica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галициски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" title="열용량 — корејски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열용량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ջերմունակություն — ерменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմունակություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ерменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊष्मा धारिता — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मा धारिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplinski_kapacitet" title="Toplinski kapacitet — хрватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toplinski kapacitet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapasitas_kalor" title="Kapasitas kalor — индонезиски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapasitas kalor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmar%C3%BDmd" title="Varmarýmd — исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Varmarýmd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacit%C3%A0_termica" title="Capacità termica — италијански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capacità termica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италијански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קיבול חום — хебрејски" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיבול חום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="хебрејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თბოტევადობა — грузиски" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თბოტევადობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Жылу сыйымдылығы — казашки" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жылу сыйымдылығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chal%C3%A8_espesifik" title="Chalè espesifik — хаитски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chalè espesifik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Жылуулук сыйымдуулугу — киргиски" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылуулук сыйымдуулугу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltumietilp%C4%ABba" title="Siltumietilpība — латвиски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siltumietilpība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ilumin%C4%97_talpa" title="Šiluminė talpa — литвански" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiluminė talpa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литвански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%91kapacit%C3%A1s" title="Hőkapacitás — унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hőkapacitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4" title="താപധാരിത — малајалски" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താപധാരിത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малајалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muatan_haba" title="Muatan haba — малајски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muatan haba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmtecapaciteit" title="Warmtecapaciteit — холандски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Warmtecapaciteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="холандски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="熱容量 — јапонски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱容量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="јапонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmekapasitet" title="Varmekapasitet — норвешки букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varmekapasitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвешки букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmekapasitet" title="Varmekapasitet — норвешки нинорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Varmekapasitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвешки нинорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitat_termica" title="Capacitat termica — окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Capacitat termica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojemno%C5%9B%C4%87_cieplna" title="Pojemność cieplna — полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pojemność cieplna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacidade_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Capacidade térmica — португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Capacidade térmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică — романски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Capacitate termică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="романски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Теплоёмкость — руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теплоёмкость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapaciteti_p%C3%ABr_ngrohje" title="Kapaciteti për ngrohje — албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kapaciteti për ngrohje" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heat capacity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeln%C3%A1_kapacita" title="Tepelná kapacita — словачки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tepelná kapacita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplotna_kapaciteta" title="Toplotna kapaciteta — словенечки" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toplotna kapaciteta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенечки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="فراوانی گەرمی تایبەتی — централнокурдски" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فراوانی گەرمی تایبەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="централнокурдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplotni_kapacitet" title="Toplotni kapacitet — српски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Toplotni kapacitet" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="српски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplinski_kapacitet" title="Toplinski kapacitet — српскохрватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Toplinski kapacitet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="српскохрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6kapasiteetti" title="Lämpökapasiteetti — фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpökapasiteetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rmekapacitet" title="Värmekapacitet — шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Värmekapacitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="வெப்பக் கொண்மை — тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்பக் கொண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Җылысыешлык — татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җылысыешлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఉష్ణ సామర్థ్యం — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణ సామర్థ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0" title="ความร้อนจำเพาะ — тајландски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความร้อนจำเพาะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тајландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Гармигунҷоиш — таџикистански" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гармигунҷоиш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таџикистански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C4%B1_s%C4%B1%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Isı sığası — турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Isı sığası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Теплоємність — украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теплоємність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4" title="حرارتی گنجائش — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرارتی گنجائش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_dung" title="Nhiệt dung — виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt dung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="热容量 — ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热容量" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="熱容量 — кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱容量" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="熱容量 — кинески" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熱容量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Уредување на меѓујазични врски" class="wbc-editpage">Уреди врски</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именски простори"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Преглед на содржинската страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Страница</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80:%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" rel="discussion" title="Разговор за содржинската страница [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Разговор</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Менување на јазичната варијанта" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">македонски</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Посети"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82"><span>Читај</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit" title="Уредете ја страницава [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Уреди</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit" title="Уредување на изворниот код на страницава [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Уреди извор</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=history" title="Претходни верзии на оваа страница. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Историја</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Алатки за страници"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="алатник" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">алатник</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Алатки</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">премести во страничникот</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриј</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Повеќе можности" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дејства </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82"><span>Читај</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit" title="Уредете ја страницава [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Уреди</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit" title="Уредување на изворниот код на страницава [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Уреди извор</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=history"><span>Историја</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Општо </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Список на сите викистраници што водат овде [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Што води овде</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" rel="nofollow" title="Скорешни промени на страници со врски на оваа страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Поврзани промени</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Список на сите службени страници [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Службени страници</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&oldid=5144652" title="Постојана врска до оваа преработка на страницата"><span>Постојана 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриј</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Од Википедија — слободната енциклопедија</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mk" dir="ltr"><p><b>Топлински капацитет</b> или <b>термички капацитет</b> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Физичка величина">физичка особина</a> на материјата, дефинирана како количина на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Топлина">топлина</a> што треба да се доставува до одредена маса на материјал за да се произведе единица промена во нејзината <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура">температура</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Меѓународен систем на мерни единици">Единицата</a> за топлинска моќност на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Меѓународен систем на мерни единици">СИ</a> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Џул">џул</a> по <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Келвин">келвин</a> (J / K). </p><p>Топлинскиот капацитет е широк поим. Соодветната интензивна сопственост е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Специфичен топлински капацитет">специфичен капацитет на топлина</a>. Поделбата на топлинскиот капацитет според количината на супстанција во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Мол">молови го</a> дава својот моларен топлински капацитет. Зафатнинскиот капацитет на топлина го мери капацитетот на топлина по <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Зафатнина">зафатнина</a>. Топлинскиот капацитет честопати се нарекува <b>топлинска маса</b> во <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура">архитектурата</a> и градежништвото бидејќи се однесува на топлинскиот капацитет на една зграда. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дефиниција"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Дефиниција</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Уреди го одделот „Дефиниција“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=1" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Дефиниција"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Основна_дефиниција"><span id=".D0.9E.D1.81.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Основна дефиниција</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Уреди го одделот „Основна дефиниција“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=2" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Основна дефиниција"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Топлотниот капацитет на објектот, означен со <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span>, е граница </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C=\lim _{\Delta T\to 0}{\frac {\Delta Q}{\Delta T}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </munder> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C=\lim _{\Delta T\to 0}{\frac {\Delta Q}{\Delta T}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27a0d3558b14b5228694dfc7ab80ad6c6012c617" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:15.5ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C=\lim _{\Delta T\to 0}{\frac {\Delta Q}{\Delta T}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>каде <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04f1b35d7435ced944ad7f40f992aae97c602695" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.774ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta Q}"></span> е количина на топлина што мора да се додаде на објектот (на маса <i>М</i> ) со цел да се подигне нејзината температура за <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e61e7deb9c7c7b7dda762b0935e757add2acc559" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.572ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T}"></span> . </p><p>Вредноста на овој параметар обично варира значително во зависност од почетната температура <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> на предметот и притисокот <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span> кој дејствува врз него. Особено, тоа драматично варира кај <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Фазен премин">фази на транзиција,</a> како што се топење или испарување (види енталпија на соединување и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Топлина на испарување">енталпија на испарување</a> ). Затоа, треба да се смета за функција <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(P,T)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(P,T)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d60b8135df0ace7e94b9a851645b99c122a0ff22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.991ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(P,T)}"></span> од тие две променливи. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Варијација_со_температура"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0_.D1.81.D0.BE_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Варијација со температура</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Уреди го одделот „Варијација со температура“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=3" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Варијација со температура"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Варијацијата може да се игнорира во контексти кога работите со предмети во тесен опсег на температура и притисок. На пример, топлинскиот капацитет на блок од <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Железо">железо со</a> тежина од 1 ( 0.45 килограми ) е околу 204 J / K кога се мери од почетна температура <i>T</i> = 25   °C и <i>P</i> = 1 атмосфера на притисок. Таа приближна вредност е доста соодветна за сите температури помеѓу, да речеме, 15   °C и 35   °C, и околните притисоци од 0 до 10 атмосфери, бидејќи точната вредност варира многу малку во тие опсези. Може да се верува дека истиот влез на топлина од 204   J ќе ја подигне температурата на блокот од 15   °C до 16   °C, или од 34   °C до 35   °C, со занемарлива грешка. </p><p>Од друга страна, варијацијата обично не може да се игнорира низ фаза на транзиција. На пример, топлинскиот капацитет на литар течна вода е околу 4.200 J / K, што значи дека се потребни 4.200 Ј за загревање на литар вода за еден K / °C. Сепак, потребни се 2257,000 J да врие литар течна вода (тоа е веќе нешто помалку од точката на вриење) - ова е околу пет пати повеќе енергија колку што е потребно за загревање на течна вода од 0 ° С до 100 ° С. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Топлински_капацитети_за_хомоген_систем_подложени_на_различни_термодинамички_процеси"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.BE.D0.BF.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8_.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.86.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.B8"></span>Топлински капацитети за хомоген систем подложени на различни термодинамички процеси</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Уреди го одделот „Топлински капацитети за хомоген систем подложени на различни термодинамички процеси“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=4" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Топлински капацитети за хомоген систем подложени на различни термодинамички процеси"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="При_постојан_притисок,_dQ_=_dU_+_PdV_(_изобарен_процес_)"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.98.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BA.2C_dQ_.3D_dU_.2B_PdV_.28_.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.BE.D0.B1.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.86.D0.B5.D1.81_.29"></span>При постојан притисок, dQ = dU + PdV ( изобарен процес )</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Уреди го одделот „При постојан притисок, dQ = dU + PdV ( изобарен процес )“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=5" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: При постојан притисок, dQ = dU + PdV ( изобарен процес )"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>При константен притисок, топлината доставена до системот ќе придонесе за работата и промената во <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Внатрешна енергија">внатрешната енергија</a>, во согласност со <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Прв закон на термодинамиката">првиот закон на термодинамиката</a>. Топлотниот капацитет ќе се нарече <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/483b2a7b48dc2ca6e233a59b3f44049563b94302" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.128ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{P}}"></span> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="На_постојана_зафатнина,_dV_=_0,_dQ_=_dU_(_изохорски_процес_)"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.98.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0.2C_dV_.3D_0.2C_dQ_.3D_dU_.28_.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.BE.D1.85.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.86.D0.B5.D1.81_.29"></span>На постојана зафатнина, dV = 0, dQ = dU ( изохорски процес )</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Уреди го одделот „На постојана зафатнина, dV = 0, dQ = dU ( изохорски процес )“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=6" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: На постојана зафатнина, dV = 0, dQ = dU ( изохорски процес )"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Системот што минува низ процес со постојана зафатнина би значело дека нема да се заврши работата, така што снабдената топлина би придонела само за промена на внатрешната енергија. Топлинскиот капацитет добиен на овој начин се означува <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{V}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{V}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00c18988639f2937d3fe4dc00dfa0b0bd7e0bec1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.158ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{V}}"></span>. Вредноста на <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{V}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{V}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00c18988639f2937d3fe4dc00dfa0b0bd7e0bec1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.158ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{V}}"></span> секогаш е помала од вредноста на <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/483b2a7b48dc2ca6e233a59b3f44049563b94302" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.128ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{P}}"></span> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Пресметување_'"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000C-QINU`"'_и_'"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000D-QINU`"'_за_идеален_гас"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.9A.D0.B5_.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--postMath-0000000C-QINU.60.22.27.7F_.D0.B8_.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--postMath-0000000D-QINU.60.22.27.7F_.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.B3.D0.B0.D1.81"></span>Пресметување <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/483b2a7b48dc2ca6e233a59b3f44049563b94302" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.128ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{P}}"></span> и <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{V}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{V}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00c18988639f2937d3fe4dc00dfa0b0bd7e0bec1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.158ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{V}}"></span> за идеален гас</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Уреди го одделот „Пресметување '"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000C-QINU`"' и '"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000D-QINU`"' за идеален гас“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=7" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Пресметување '"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000C-QINU`"' и '"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000D-QINU`"' за идеален гас"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{P}-C_{V}=nR}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{P}-C_{V}=nR}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f049a667853c847cc9ec2c27dd0be7c35a8af98e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.384ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{P}-C_{V}=nR}"></span> ( Врска на Мајер ) </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma =C_{P}/C_{V}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma =C_{P}/C_{V}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07dbc650ddbe88c025a80249515936af7cb13c92" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.809ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma =C_{P}/C_{V}}"></span> </p><p>каде </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> е бројот на молови на гасот,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Универзална гасна константа">универзална константна гас</a>, и</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Поасонова константа">односот на капацитетот</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Поасонова константа">топлина</a> (може да се пресмета со знаење на степени на слобода на молекулата на гас).</li></ul> <p>Користејќи ги горенаведените два релации, специфичните топлини може да се заклучат на следниов начин: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{V}={\frac {nR}{\gamma -1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{V}={\frac {nR}{\gamma -1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8eeb251136de3e0307439d60ab0381749b06ab6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.358ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{V}={\frac {nR}{\gamma -1}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{P}=\gamma {\frac {nR}{\gamma -1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{P}=\gamma {\frac {nR}{\gamma -1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b7793e05291614699ceb6f61f7a118a6c019577" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.59ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{P}=\gamma {\frac {nR}{\gamma -1}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="На_постојана_температура_(_изотермален_процес_)"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.98.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0_.28_.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.86.D0.B5.D1.81_.29"></span>На постојана температура ( изотермален процес )</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Уреди го одделот „На постојана температура ( изотермален процес )“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=8" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: На постојана температура ( изотермален процес )"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ниту една промена во внатрешната енергија (со оглед на тоа што температурата на системот е константна во текот на целиот процес) не доведува само доработено од вкупната испорачана топлина, а со тоа се бара <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бесконечност">бесконечна</a> количина на топлина за да се зголеми температурата на системот за единечна температура, што доведува до бесконечен или недефиниран топлински капацитет на системот. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Во_времето_на_промена_на_фазата_(_фаза_на_транзиција_)"><span id=".D0.92.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BE_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.84.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0_.28_.D1.84.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B7.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0_.29"></span>Во времето на промена на фазата ( <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Фазен премин">фаза на транзиција</a> )</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Уреди го одделот „Во времето на промена на фазата ( фаза на транзиција )“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=9" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Во времето на промена на фазата ( фаза на транзиција )"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Топлинскиот капацитет на системот што поминува низ фази на транзиција е <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бесконечност">бесконечен</a>, затоа што топлината се користи во промена на состојбата на материјалот наместо во подигнување на целокупната температура. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Хетерогени_предмети"><span id=".D0.A5.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8"></span>Хетерогени предмети</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Уреди го одделот „Хетерогени предмети“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=10" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Хетерогени предмети"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Топлинскиот капацитет може да биде добро дефиниран дури и за хетерогени предмети, со посебни делови изработени од различни материјали; како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Електромотор">електричен мотор</a>, сад со некој метал или цела зграда. Во многу случаи, (изобарниот) топлински капацитет на таквите објекти може да се пресмета со едноставно додавање на (изобарните) топлински капацитети на одделните делови. </p><p>Како и да е, оваа пресметка е валидна само сите делови од предметот се под ист надворешен притисок пред и по мерењето. Тоа можеби не е можно во некои случаи. На пример, при загревање на количина гас во еластичен сад, неговиот обем <i>и притисок</i> ќе се зголемат, дури и ако атмосферскиот притисок надвор од садот останува константен. Затоа, делотворниот топлински капацитет на гасот, во таа ситуација, ќе има вреден посредник помеѓу неговите изобарни и изохорни капацитети. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {P} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {P} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5326bd16d6e019afd0f73367ee9e963d1bd7e99b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.013ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {P} }}"></span> и <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {V} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {V} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ff140e654000cfb28ab340d1be8cb460d065824" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.127ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {V} }}"></span> . </p><p>За комплексни <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Термодинамички систем">термодинамички системи</a> со неколку интерактивни делови и состојби на променливите, или за мерни услови кои не се ниту постојан притисок, ниту постојана зафатнина, или за ситуации кога температурата е значително нерамномерна, едноставните дефиниции за топлотниот капацитет погоре не се корисни. Топлинската енергија што се снабдува може да заврши како <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кинетичка енергија">кинетичка енергија</a> (енергија на движење) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Потенцијална енергија">потенцијална енергија</a> (енергија складирана во полиња со сила), како во макроскопска така и во атомска скала. Тогаш промената на температурата ќе зависи од одредената патека што системот ја следеше низ неговиот фазен простор помеѓу почетната и крајната состојба. Имено, некако мора да се прецизира како се менувале позициите, брзините, притисоците, обемот и слично помеѓу почетната и крајната состојба; и користете ги општите алатки на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика">термодинамиката за</a> да ја предвидите реакцијата на системот на мал влез на енергија. Режимите за загревање на „постојана зафатнина“ и „постојан притисок“ се само два меѓу бесконечно многу патеки што може да ги следи едноставниот хомогени систем. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Мерење"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.9A.D0.B5"></span>Мерење</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Уреди го одделот „Мерење“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=11" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Мерење"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Капацитетот на топлина обично може да се мери со методот што се подразбира под нејзината дефиниција: започнете со предметот на познатата униформа температура, додајте познато количество на топлинска енергија на него, почекајте да стане униформа нејзината температура и измерете ја промената на неговата температура . Овој метод може да даде умерено точни вредности за многу цврсти материи; сепак, не може да обезбеди прецизни мерења, особено за гасови. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Единици"><span id=".D0.95.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Единици</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Уреди го одделот „Единици“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=12" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Единици"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Меѓународен_систем"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B5.D1.93.D1.83.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Меѓународен систем</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Уреди го одделот „Меѓународен систем“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=13" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Меѓународен систем"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SI единицата за топлински капацитет на еден предмет е џул по келвин (J / K, или JK <sup>−1</sup> ). Бидејќи зголемувањето на температурата од еден <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Целзиусов степен">степен Целзиусови</a> е исто како и на зголемувањето на еден келвин, тоа е истата единица како J / °C. </p><p>Топлинскиот капацитет на еден предмет е количество на енергија поделено со промена на температурата, со димензија L <sup>2</sup> · M · T <sup>−2</sup> · Θ <sup>−1</sup> . Затоа, SI единицата J / K е еквивалентна на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Килограм">килограм</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Метар">метар</a> квадрат во <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Секунда">секунда</a> квадрат по <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Келвин">келвин</a> (кг м <sup>2</sup> с − <sup>2</sup> К <sup>−1</sup> ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Инженерски_единици_на_англиски_(Империјал)"><span id=".D0.98.D0.BD.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B3.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.28.D0.98.D0.BC.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0.D0.BB.29"></span>Инженерски единици на англиски (Империјал)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Уреди го одделот „Инженерски единици на англиски (Империјал)“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=14" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Инженерски единици на англиски (Империјал)"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Професионалци во <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Градежништво">градежништво</a>, хемиско инженерство и други технички дисциплини, особено во <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Соединети Американски Држави">Соединетите држави</a>, можат да користат таканаречени единици за англиско инженерство, кои вклучуваат Империјална <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Фунта (единица)">фунта</a> (lb = 0,45459237 кг) како единица за маса, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фаренхајтов степен">степен Фаренхајт</a> или Ранкин (5/9 К, околу 0,55556 К) како единица за покачување на температурата, а британската топлинска единица (BTU ≈ 1055,06 Ј),<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> како единица на топлина. Во тие контексти, единицата за топлинска моќност е BTU / °F ≈ 1900 J. БТУ е всушност дефинирана така што просечниот топлински капацитет на една фунта вода би бил 1 BTU / °F. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Калории"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Калории</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Уреди го одделот „Калории“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=15" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Калории"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Во хемијата, количината на топлина често се мери во калории. Збунувачки, две единици со тоа име, означени со „кал“ или „кал“, најчесто се користат за мерење на количини на топлина: </p> <ul><li>"мало калории" (или "грам-калории", "кал") е 4,184 Ј, точно. Првично беше дефинирано така што топлинскиот капацитет од 1 <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Грам">грам</a> течна вода ќе биде 1 кал / ° С.</li> <li>"Големата калорија" (исто така "килокалорија", "килограм калории" или "храна калории"; "kcal" или "Cal") е 1000 мали калории, односно 4184 Ј, точно. Првично беше дефинирано така што топлинскиот капацитет од 1 кг вода би бил 1 kcal / °C.</li></ul> <p>Со овие единици на топлинска енергија, единиците на топлински капацитет се </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>1 кал / ° С („мала калорија“) = 4,184 Ј / К</dd> <dd>1 kcal / ° C ("голема калорија") = 4184 J / K</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Негативен_капацитет_на_топлина"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B5.D0.B3.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.82_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BF.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0"></span>Негативен капацитет на топлина</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Уреди го одделот „Негативен капацитет на топлина“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=16" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Негативен капацитет на топлина"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Повеќето <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Физички систем">физички системи</a> покажуваат позитивен топлински капацитет. Сепак, иако во почетокот може да изгледа парадоксално,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> постојат некои системи за кои топлинскиот капацитет е <i>негативен</i> . Овие се нехомогени системи кои не исполнуваат строга дефиниција за термодинамичка рамнотежа. Тие вклучуваат гравитативни предмети како што се вездите и галаксиите, а понекогаш и некои нано- кластери од неколку десетици атоми, близу до фаза на транзиција.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Негативен капацитет на топлина може да резултира со негативна температура . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ѕвездите_и_црните_дупки"><span id=".D0.85.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5_.D0.B8_.D1.86.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5_.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BF.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Ѕвездите и црните дупки</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Уреди го одделот „Ѕвездите и црните дупки“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=17" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Ѕвездите и црните дупки"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Според виорејската теорема, за само-гравитативно тело како везда или меѓуѕвезден гасен облак, просечната потенцијална енергија <i>U</i> <small>pot</small> и просечната кинетичка енергија <i>U</i> <sub>kin</sub> се заклучени заедно во релација </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{\text{pot}}=-2U_{\text{kin}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>pot</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kin</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{\text{pot}}=-2U_{\text{kin}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e113908dcfa06559897a3f6876690ef9cde937c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.97ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{\text{pot}}=-2U_{\text{kin}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Затоа, вкупната енергија <i>U</i> (= <i>U</i> <sub>тенџере</sub> + <i>U</i> <sub>kin</sub> ) е во согласност </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=-U_{\text{kin}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kin</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=-U_{\text{kin}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c5688976d62e680b87c03c10a8566629db9e6f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.395ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=-U_{\text{kin}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ако системот изгуби енергија, на пример, со зрачење на енергија во вселената, просечната кинетичка енергија всушност се зголемува. Ако температурата е дефинирана со просечна кинетичка енергија, тогаш системот може да се каже дека има негативен топлински капацитет.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Поекстремна верзија на ова се случува со <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Црна дупка">црни дупки</a> . Според термодинамиката со црни дупки, колку повеќе маса и енергија апсорбира црна дупка, толку постудено станува. Спротивно на тоа, ако станува збор за нето-емитер на енергија, преку зрачење Хокинг, таа ќе стане потопла и потоплa сè додека не зоврие. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Наводи"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8"></span>Наводи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Уреди го одделот „Наводи“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=18" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Наводи"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHallidayResnick2013" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Halliday_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Halliday (physicist) (страницата не постои)">Halliday, David</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Resnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Resnick (страницата не постои)">Resnick, Robert</a> (2013). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamentals_of_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamentals of Physics (страницата не постои)"><i>Fundamentals of Physics</i></a>. Wiley. стр. 524.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Physics&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Resnick%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5289462">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Koch_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFKoch2013" class="citation book">Koch, Werner (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>VDI Steam Tables</i></a> (4. изд.). Springer. стр. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9783642529412" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9783642529412"><bdi>9783642529412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VDI+Steam+Tables&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783642529412&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ_wBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"> Published under the auspices of the <i>Verein Deutscher Ingenieure</i> (VDI).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFCardarelli2012" class="citation book">Cardarelli, Francois (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZveBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19-IA35"><i>Scientific Unit Conversion: A Practical Guide to Metrication</i></a>. M.J. Shields (translation) (2. изд.). Springer. стр. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9781447108054" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9781447108054"><bdi>9781447108054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Unit+Conversion%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Metrication&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781447108054&rft.aulast=Cardarelli&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZveBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19-IA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFD._Lynden-BellR._M._Lynden-Bell1977" class="citation journal">D. Lynden-Bell; R. M. Lynden-Bell (Nov 1977). „On the negative specific heat paradox“. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>181</b> (3): 405–419. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977MNRAS.181..405L">1977MNRAS.181..405L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F181.3.405">10.1093/mnras/181.3.405</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+negative+specific+heat+paradox&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-419&rft.date=1977-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F181.3.405&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977MNRAS.181..405L&rft.au=D.+Lynden-Bell&rft.au=R.+M.+Lynden-Bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLynden-Bell1998" class="citation journal">Lynden-Bell, D. (Dec 1998). „Negative Specific Heat in Astronomy, Physics and Chemistry“. <i>Physica A</i>. <b>263</b> (1–4): 293–304. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9812172v1">cond-mat/9812172v1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhyA..263..293L">1999PhyA..263..293L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-4371%2898%2900518-4">10.1016/S0378-4371(98)00518-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+A&rft.atitle=Negative+Specific+Heat+in+Astronomy%2C+Physics+and+Chemistry&rft.volume=263&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=293-304&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcond-mat%2F9812172v1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0378-4371%2898%2900518-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PhyA..263..293L&rft.aulast=Lynden-Bell&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtKuscheHipplerDonges2001" class="citation journal">Schmidt, Martin; Kusche, Robert; Hippler, Thomas; Donges, Jörn; Kronmüller, Werner; Issendorff, von, Bernd; Haberland, Hellmut (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/80b7fd11768d96be7db317362f77b8a7bc95c1de">„Negative Heat Capacity for a Cluster of 147 Sodium Atoms“</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>86</b> (7): 1191–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhRvL..86.1191S">2001PhRvL..86.1191S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.86.1191">10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.1191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11178041">11178041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Negative+Heat+Capacity+for+a+Cluster+of+147+Sodium+Atoms&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1191-4&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11178041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.86.1191&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PhRvL..86.1191S&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Kusche%2C+Robert&rft.au=Hippler%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Donges%2C+J%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Kronm%C3%BCller%2C+Werner&rft.au=Issendorff%2C+von%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Haberland%2C+Hellmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F80b7fd11768d96be7db317362f77b8a7bc95c1de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g., <cite id="CITEREFWallace2010" class="citation journal">Wallace, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00004744/01/gravent_archive.pdf">„Gravity, entropy, and cosmology: in search of clarity“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(preprint)</span>. <i>British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 513. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0907.0659">0907.0659</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010BJPS...61..513W">2010BJPS...61..513W</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.314.5655">10.1.1.314.5655</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjps%2Faxp048">10.1093/bjps/axp048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Gravity%2C+entropy%2C+and+cosmology%3A+in+search+of+clarity&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=513&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0907.0659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbjps%2Faxp048&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.314.5655&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010BJPS...61..513W&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilsci-archive.pitt.edu%2Farchive%2F00004744%2F01%2Fgravent_archive.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"> Section 4 and onwards.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дополнителна_литература"><span id=".D0.94.D0.BE.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Дополнителна литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Уреди го одделот „Дополнителна литература“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&section=19" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Дополнителна литература"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015 година, „ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258649/heat-capacity">Топлински капацитет (алтернативен наслов: термички капацитет)</a> “.</li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Преземено од „<a dir="ltr" href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Топлински_капацитет&oldid=5144652">https://mk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Топлински_капацитет&oldid=5144652</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Специјална:Категории">Категории</a>: <ul><li><a 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