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href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Laman khas - Wikibuku"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ms.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikibooks.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikibuku (ms)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ms.wikibooks.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Suapan Atom Wikibuku" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Perubahan_terkini&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns--1 ns-special mw-special-Specialpages page-Khas_Laman_khas rootpage-Khas_Laman_khas skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pergi ke kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Kotak pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Laman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibuku:Kedai_Kopi" title="Tentang projek, perkara yang anda dapat lakukan, tempat untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibuku:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Buku rawak</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Kandungan" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Resipi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Resipi"><span>Resipi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-lang" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam bahasa lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikibooks.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikibuku" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikibooks-wordmark-ms.svg" style="width: 6.125em; height: 0.875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikibooks-tagline-ms.svg" width="121" height="9" style="width: 7.5625em; height: 0.5625em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari Wikibuku [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Kotak carian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikibuku" aria-label="Cari Wikibuku" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari Wikibuku [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikibooks.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Menderma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Khas%3ALaman+khas" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Khas%3ALaman+khas" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikibooks.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Khas%3ALaman+khas" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Khas%3ALaman+khas" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Laporan penyenggaraan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Senarai laman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-login" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-login"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pengurusan akaun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-login-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pengguna dan hak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Perubahan terkini dan log</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Laporan media dan muat naik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-wiki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-wiki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Data dan peralatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-wiki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-redirects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-redirects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Laman khas yang melencong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-redirects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-highuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-highuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Laman popular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-highuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-pagetools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-pagetools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Alatan laman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-pagetools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Alatan spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Laman khas lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Laman khas</h1> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Special_pages" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Bantuan</a></div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FKhas%3ALaman_khas"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FKhas%3ALaman_khas"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-changeslist-legend mw-specialpages-notes">Petunjuk<ul><li>Laman khas biasa.</li> <li><span class="mw-specialpagerestricted">Laman khas terhad.</span></li></ul></div><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-maintenance">Laporan penyenggaraan</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Fail_dikehendaki" title="Khas:Fail dikehendaki">Fail dikehendaki</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Imej_tanpa_kategori" title="Khas:Imej tanpa kategori">Imej tanpa kategori</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Imej_tak_digunakan" title="Khas:Imej tak digunakan">Imej tidak digunakan</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori_dikehendaki" title="Khas:Kategori dikehendaki">Kategori dikehendaki</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori_tanpa_kategori" title="Khas:Kategori tanpa kategori">Kategori tanpa kategori</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori_tak_digunakan" title="Khas:Kategori tak digunakan">Kategori tidak digunakan</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_buntu" title="Khas:Laman buntu">Laman buntu</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Semakan_tersikit" title="Khas:Semakan tersikit">Laman dengan semakan tersedikit</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_dikehendaki" title="Khas:Laman dikehendaki">Laman dikehendaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_dilindungi" title="Khas:Laman dilindungi">Laman dilindungi</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_lapuk" title="Khas:Laman lapuk">Laman lapuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_panjang" title="Khas:Laman panjang">Laman panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_pendek" title="Khas:Laman pendek">Laman pendek</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_tanpa_kategori" title="Khas:Laman tanpa kategori">Laman tanpa kategori</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_tanpa_pautan_bahasa" title="Khas:Laman tanpa pautan bahasa">Laman tanpa pautan bahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:UnconnectedPages" title="Khas:UnconnectedPages">Laman yang tidak bersambung dengan perkara</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_yatim" title="Khas:Laman yatim">Laman yatim</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Lencongan_berganda" title="Khas:Lencongan berganda">Lencongan berganda</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Lencongan_rosak" title="Khas:Lencongan rosak">Lencongan rosak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:LintErrors" title="Khas:LintErrors">Lint errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Tajuk_dilindungi" title="Khas:Tajuk dilindungi">Tajuk dilindungi</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Templat_dikehendaki" title="Khas:Templat dikehendaki">Templat dikehendaki</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Templat_tanpa_kategori" title="Khas:Templat tanpa kategori">Templat tanpa kategori</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Templat_tak_digunakan" title="Khas:Templat tak digunakan">Templat tidak digunakan</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-pages">Senarai laman</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari_pautan" title="Khas:Cari pautan">Carian pautan luar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:EntityUsage" title="Khas:EntityUsage">Entity usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori_penjejak" title="Khas:Kategori penjejak">Kategori-kategori penjejak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" title="Khas:Cari">Kotak carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:PagesWithBadges" title="Khas:PagesWithBadges">Laman dengan lencana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_dengan_sifat" title="Khas:Laman dengan sifat">Laman dengan sifat laman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:DisambiguationPages" title="Khas:DisambiguationPages">Laman nyahkekaburan</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:DisambiguationPageLinks" title="Khas:DisambiguationPageLinks">Laman yang berpaut dengan laman nyahkekaburan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Salasilah_kategori" title="Khas:Salasilah kategori">Salasilah kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Semua_laman" title="Khas:Semua laman">Semua laman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Indeks_awalan" title="Khas:Indeks awalan">Semua laman dengan awalan</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Senarai_lencongan" title="Khas:Senarai lencongan">Senarai lencongan</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-login">Pengurusan akaun</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:RemoveCredentials" title="Khas:RemoveCredentials">Buang kelayakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:GlobalVanishRequest" title="Khas:GlobalVanishRequest">Global user account vanish request</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:BotPasswords" title="Khas:BotPasswords">Kata laluan bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Keutamaan" title="Khas:Keutamaan">Keutamaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Keutamaan_global" title="Khas:Keutamaan global">Keutamaan global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:TopicSubscriptions" title="Khas:TopicSubscriptions">Langganan topik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Log_keluar" title="Khas:Log keluar">Log keluar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Log_masuk" title="Khas:Log masuk">Log masuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pemberitahuan" title="Khas:Pemberitahuan">Pemberitahuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:GlobalRenameRequest" title="Khas:GlobalRenameRequest">Permohonan tukar nama untuk penyatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Tetap_semula_kata_kunci" title="Khas:Tetap semula kata kunci">Set semula kata laluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:ResetTokens" title="Khas:ResetTokens">Set semula token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Gabungkan_akaun" title="Khas:Gabungkan akaun">Status penggabungan akaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Tukar_e-mel" title="Khas:Tukar e-mel">Tukar atau padamkan alamat e-mel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:ChangeCredentials" title="Khas:ChangeCredentials">Ubah kelayakan</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-users">Pengguna dan hak</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:AutoblockList" title="Khas:AutoblockList">Autosekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Buka_akaun" title="Khas:Buka akaun">Buka akaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:PasswordPolicies" title="Khas:PasswordPolicies">Dasar kata laluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:E-mel_pengguna" title="Khas:E-mel pengguna">E-mel pengguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Hak_kumpulan" title="Khas:Hak kumpulan">Hak kumpulan pengguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Hak_pengguna" title="Khas:Hak pengguna">Hak pengguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:ListGrants" title="Khas:ListGrants">Izin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Hak_kumpulan_sejagat" title="Khas:Hak kumpulan sejagat">Keahlian dalam kumpulan sejagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:OAuthListConsumers" title="Khas:OAuthListConsumers">List OAuth applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sekatan_IP" title="Khas:Sekatan IP">Pengguna yang disekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pusat_pengesahan" title="Khas:Pusat pengesahan">Pengurus akaun sejagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Keizinan_kumpulan_sejagat" title="Khas:Keizinan kumpulan sejagat">Pengurusan kumpulan sejagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pengguna_sejagat" title="Khas:Pengguna sejagat">Senarai akaun sejagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Senarai_pengguna" title="Khas:Senarai pengguna">Senarai pengguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pengguna_aktif" title="Khas:Pengguna aktif">Senarai pengguna aktif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Senarai_sekatan_sejagat" title="Khas:Senarai sekatan sejagat">Senarai sekatan sejagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan" title="Khas:Sumbangan">Sumbangan pengguna</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-changes">Perubahan terkini dan log</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Imej_baru" title="Khas:Imej baru">Galeri fail baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_baru" title="Khas:Laman baru">Laman baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Log" title="Khas:Log">Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Log_penyalahgunaan" title="Khas:Log penyalahgunaan">Log penapis salah guna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:EditRecovery" title="Khas:EditRecovery">Pemulihan Suntingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan" title="Khas:Perubahan berkaitan">Perubahan berkaitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Khas:Perubahan terkini">Perubahan terkini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Teg" title="Khas:Teg">Teg-teg perubahan yang sah</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-media">Laporan media dan muat naik</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari_fail_berganda" title="Khas:Cari fail berganda">Cari fail serupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Gelintar_MIME" title="Khas:Gelintar MIME">Carian MIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:VipsTest" title="Khas:VipsTest">Laman ujian penskalaan VIPS</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:OrphanedTimedText" title="Khas:OrphanedTimedText">Orphaned TimedText pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:GlobalUsage" title="Khas:GlobalUsage">Penggunaan fail sejagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Senarai_imej" title="Khas:Senarai imej">Senarai fail</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Senarai_fail_disalin" title="Khas:Senarai fail disalin">Senarai fail dengan pendua</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Statistik_media" title="Khas:Statistik media">Statistik media</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-wiki">Data dan peralatan</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:ApiFeatureUsage" title="Khas:ApiFeatureUsage">API feature usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Hieroglyphs" title="Khas:Hieroglyphs">Cuba penanda tulisan hieroglif</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:GadgetUsage" title="Khas:GadgetUsage">Gadget usage statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Gajet" title="Khas:Gajet">Gajet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kembangkan_templat" title="Khas:Kembangkan templat">Kembangkan templat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:ApiSandbox" title="Khas:ApiSandbox">Kotak pasir API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:TemplateSandbox" title="Khas:TemplateSandbox">Kotak pasir templat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Interwiki" title="Khas:Interwiki">Lihat data interwiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:NamespaceInfo" title="Khas:NamespaceInfo">Namespace information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Penapis_penyalahgunaan" title="Khas:Penapis penyalahgunaan">Pengurusan penapis salah guna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Semua_pesanan" title="Khas:Semua pesanan">Pesanan sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Wiki_Wikimedia" title="Khas:Wiki Wikimedia">Senarai wiki Wikimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Ubah_set_wiki" title="Khas:Ubah set wiki">Set wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Statistik" title="Khas:Statistik">Statistik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku" title="Khas:Sumber buku">Sumber buku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Versi" title="Khas:Versi">Versi</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-redirects">Laman khas yang melencong</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:NewSection" title="Khas:NewSection">Bahagian baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Khas:Rawak">Buku rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:DeletePage" title="Khas:DeletePage">Hapus laman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:RandomRootpage" title="Khas:RandomRootpage">Laman akar rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak_dalam_kategori" title="Khas:Rawak dalam kategori">Laman rawak dalam kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Lencongan_rawak" title="Khas:Lencongan rawak">Lencongan rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Lencong" title="Khas:Lencong">Lencongkan mengikut fail, ID pengguna, laman, semakan, atau log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:ProtectPage" title="Khas:ProtectPage">Lindungi laman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:PageInfo" title="Khas:PageInfo">Maklumat laman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_kekal" title="Khas:Pautan kekal">Pautan kekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Beza" title="Khas:Beza">Perbezaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:PageHistory" title="Khas:PageHistory">Sejarah laman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Purge" title="Khas:Purge">Singkirkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:EditPage" title="Khas:EditPage">Sunting laman</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-highuse">Laman popular</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Imej_terbanyak" title="Khas:Imej terbanyak">Imej dipaut terbanyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori_dipaut_terbanyak" title="Khas:Kategori dipaut terbanyak">Kategori dipaut terbanyak</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Templat_dipaut_terbanyak" title="Khas:Templat dipaut terbanyak">Laman dipaut terbanyak</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Interwiki_terbanyak" title="Khas:Interwiki terbanyak">Laman yang paling banyak pautan interwiki</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori_terbanyak" title="Khas:Kategori terbanyak">Rencana dengan kategori terbanyak</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Semakan_terbanyak" title="Khas:Semakan terbanyak">Rencana dengan semakan terbanyak</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-pagetools">Alatan laman</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Buku" title="Khas:Buku">Buku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Eksport" title="Khas:Eksport">Eksport laman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini" title="Khas:Pautan ke sini">Pautan ke laman ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:QrCode" title="Khas:QrCode">Penjana Kod QR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Banding_laman" title="Khas:Banding laman">Perbandingan laman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:Petik_laman_ini" title="Khas:Petik laman ini">Petik Laman Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:UrlShortener" title="Khas:UrlShortener">URL Shortener</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-spam">Alatan spam</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:BlockedExternalDomains" title="Khas:BlockedExternalDomains">Blocked External Domains</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-other">Laman khas lain</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khas:FindComment" title="Khas:FindComment">Cari ulasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:MathWikibase" title="Khas:MathWikibase">Math Formula Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:GlobalRenameProgress" title="Khas:GlobalRenameProgress">Perkembangan penukaran nama sejagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:SecurePoll" title="Khas:SecurePoll">SecurePoll</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagerestricted"><a href="/wiki/Khas:MathStatus" title="Khas:MathStatus">Status Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas:DiscussionToolsDebug" title="Khas:DiscussionToolsDebug">Struktur data alat 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