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</button> <ul id="toc-New_and_updated_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Safety and security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_services_and_functionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_services_and_functionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Online services and functionality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_services_and_functionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_Store_apps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_Store_apps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Windows Store apps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_Store_apps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web_browsers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_browsers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Web browsers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_browsers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interface_and_desktop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interface_and_desktop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Interface and desktop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interface_and_desktop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removed_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removed_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Removed features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removed_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hardware requirements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hardware requirements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PCs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 PCs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tablets_and_convertibles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tablets_and_convertibles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tablets and convertibles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tablets_and_convertibles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Software compatibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Pre-release </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Critical reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_share_and_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_share_and_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Market share and sales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_share_and_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_government_ban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_government_ban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Chinese government ban </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_government_ban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_8.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_8.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Windows 8.1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_8.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Windows 8</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_8" title="ويندوز 8 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويندوز 8" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A7%AE" title="উইন্ডোজ ৮ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইন্ডোজ ৮" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_8" title="Microsoft Windows 8 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Microsoft Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_8" title="Microsoft Windows 8 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Microsoft Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%DB%B8" title="ویندوز ۸ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویندوز ۸" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0_8" title="윈도우 8 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈도우 8" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6_8" title="Վինդոուզ 8 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վինդոուզ 8" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_8" title="विंडोज़ 8 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विंडोज़ 8" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C_%E0%B3%AE" title="ವಿಂಡೋಸ್‌‌ ೮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಂಡೋಸ್‌‌ ೮" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94_8" title="ວິນໂດ 8 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິນໂດ 8" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_8" title="വിൻഡോസ് 8 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൻഡോസ് 8" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A5%AE" title="विंडोज ८ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विंडोज ८" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%81%88" title="ဝင်းဒိုးစ် ၈ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝင်းဒိုးစ် ၈" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A5%AE" title="विन्डोज ८ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विन्डोज ८" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_8" title="Microsoft Windows 8 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Microsoft Windows 8" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85" title="វីនដូអេច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វីនដូអេច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_8" title="වින්ඩෝස් 8 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වින්ඩෝස් 8" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B2_%D9%A8" title="ویندۆز ٨ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویندۆز ٨" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_8" title="விண்டோசு 8 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்டோசு 8" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_8" title="วินโดวส์ 8 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วินโดวส์ 8" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Windows 8" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a>, the next version.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Windows 8</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Version of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> operating system</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg/200px-Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg/300px-Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg/400px-Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="116" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_8_Start_Screen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Windows_8_Start_Screen.png/300px-Windows_8_Start_Screen.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Windows_8_Start_Screen.png/450px-Windows_8_Start_Screen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Windows_8_Start_Screen.png/600px-Windows_8_Start_Screen.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="384" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Default Windows 8 <a href="/wiki/Start_menu#Windows_8/8.1" title="Start menu">start screen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Microsoft</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Closed-source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#RTM" title="Software release life cycle">Released to manufacturing</a></th><td class="infobox-data">August 1, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-08-01)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#General_availability_(GA)" title="Software release life cycle">General availability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">October 26, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-10-26)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.2.9200 / December 13, 2016; 7 years ago (2016-12-13)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Consumer and business</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">Windows Server Update Services</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTVDM" class="mw-redirect" title="NTVDM">NTVDM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Software_Assurance" title="Microsoft Software Assurance">Microsoft Software Assurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSDN_subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN subscription">MSDN subscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/DreamSpark" class="mw-redirect" title="DreamSpark">DreamSpark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> (2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> (2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231172223/https://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/meet?ocid=GA8_O_WOL_Hero_Home_8Here_Null">Windows 8</a> (archived at <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Support status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">All editions (except <a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_8_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Embedded 8 Standard">Windows Embedded 8 Standard</a> and PCs with the <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> update installed): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Unsupported as of January 12, 2016<a href="#cite_note-maximumpc-81support-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_8_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Embedded 8 Standard">Windows Embedded 8 Standard</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Mainstream support ended on July 10, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-embedded-life-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Extended support ended on July 11, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-embedded-life-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="border-top:#00adef 5px solid">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Windows_8" title="Category:Windows 8">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:#00adef 5px solid"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windows 8</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg/200px-Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg/300px-Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg/400px-Windows_8_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="116" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8_editions" title="Windows 8 editions">Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">New features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8" title="List of features removed in Windows 8">Removed features</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e4e4f0"> Siblings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Windows Phone 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">Windows Phone 8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e4e4f0"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Store (digital)">Windows Store</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Windows_8" title="Template:Windows 8"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Windows_8" title="Template talk:Windows 8"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Windows_8" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Windows 8"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Windows 8 is a major release of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Release_to_manufacturing_(RTM)" title="Software release life cycle">released to manufacturing</a> on August 1, 2012, made available for download via <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">MSDN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a> on August 15, 2012,<a href="#cite_note-verge-81handson-6">[6]</a> and generally released for retail on October 26, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">user interface</a> with the intention to improve its user experience on <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> competed with <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-asd-win8ad-8">[8]</a> In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized <a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Windows shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Start_menu#Third_version" title="Start menu">start screen</a> based on Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Metro</a> design language, integration with online services, the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Store">Windows Store</a>, and a new keyboard shortcut for <a href="/wiki/Screenshot" title="Screenshot">screenshots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Many of these features were adapted from <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>. Windows 8 also added support for <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Format" title="Advanced Format">Advanced Format</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, as well as a new lock screen with clock and notifications. Additional security features—including built-in <a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">antivirus software</a>, integration with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SmartScreen" title="Microsoft SmartScreen">Microsoft SmartScreen</a> phishing filtering, and support for <a href="/wiki/UEFI#Secure_Boot" title="UEFI">Secure Boot</a> on supported devices—were introduced. It was the first Windows version to support ARM architecture under the <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a> branding. CPUs without <a href="/wiki/Physical_Address_Extension" title="Physical Address Extension">PAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/SSE2" title="SSE2">SSE2</a> and <a href="/wiki/NX_bit" title="NX bit">NX</a> are unsupported in this version. Windows 8 received a mostly negative reception. Although the reaction to its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface was widely criticized as confusing and unintuitive, especially when used with a keyboard and mouse rather than a touchscreen. Despite these shortcomings, 60 million licenses were sold through January 2013, including upgrades and sales to <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEMs</a> for new PCs.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Windows 8 was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> in October 2013, which addressed some aspects of Windows 8 that were criticized by reviewers and <a href="/wiki/Early_adopter" title="Early adopter">early adopters</a> and also incorporated various improvements.<a href="#cite_note-FT_7-5-13-11">[11]</a> Support for <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#RTM" title="Software release life cycle">RTM</a> editions of Windows 8 ended on January 12, 2016, and with the exception of Windows Embedded 8 Standard users, all users are required to install the Windows 8.1 update. Mainstream support for the Embedded Standard edition of Windows 8 ended on July 10, 2018, and extended support ended on July 11, 2023. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early development">edit</a>]</div> Development started in 2009 while Microsoft was finishing work on <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System-on-chips</a> alongside the existing <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">32-bit</a> processors produced by vendors, especially <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>. Windows division president <a href="/wiki/Steven_Sinofsky" title="Steven Sinofsky">Steven Sinofsky</a> demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Steve Ballmer</a> announced the company's goal for Windows to be "everywhere on every kind of device without compromise."<a href="#cite_note-engadget-armbuild-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-cesunveil-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed "Jupiter", which would be used to make "immersive" applications using <a href="/wiki/XAML" class="mw-redirect" title="XAML">XAML</a> (similarly to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silverlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverlight">Silverlight</a>) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored <a href="/wiki/Application_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Application store">application store</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zdn-jupiter-17">[17]</a> The earliest available build of Windows 8 is build 7700, compiled in January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The build was almost identical to <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> except for the wallpaper being different—the same one from the Beta and Release Candidate. In addition, there were a few references to Windows 8 in this build's Local Group Policy Editor Utility.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In late 2010, an optional 3D desktop user interface for high-end systems named "Wind" was rumored.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Pre-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-alpha">milestone releases</a> of Windows 8 and one of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_leak" title="Internet leak">leaked</a> to the general public. Milestone 1, Build 7850, was leaked on April 12, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It was the first build where the title of a window was written centered instead of aligned to the left. It was also probably the first appearance of the Metro-style font, and its wallpaper had the text shhh. let's not leak our hard work. However, its detailed build number reveals that the build was created on September 22, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The leaked copy was Enterprise edition, with other editions leaking later. In 2020, it was discovered that Metro existed in this build, after disabling the Redpill feature lockout. The start screen was very primitive, being a screen with a white background and gray tiles. The charms bar was also included, but was unusable. The OS still reads as "Windows 7". Milestone 2, Build 7955, was leaked on April 25, 2011. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Screen of Death">Blue Screen of Death</a> (BSoD) was replaced by a new black screen,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> although it was later reverted to a different blue color. This build introduced a new <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_(computing)" title="Ribbon (computing)">ribbon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Explorer">Windows Explorer</a>. The "Windows 7" logo was temporarily replaced with text displaying "Microsoft Confidential". Both builds 7850 and 7955 leaked alongside Windows Server 2012 build 7959. On June 17, 2011, build 7989 64-bit edition was leaked. It introduced a new boot screen featuring the same Betta fish as the default Windows 7 Beta wallpaper, which was later replaced, and the circling dots as featured in the final build (although the final version comes with smaller circling dots throbber). It also had the text Welcome below them, although this was scrapped.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> On June 1, 2011, Microsoft unveiled Windows 8's new user interface, as well as additional features at both <a href="/wiki/Computex_Taipei" class="mw-redirect" title="Computex Taipei">Computex Taipei</a> and the <a href="/wiki/All_Things_Digital" title="All Things Digital">D9: All Things Digital</a> conference in California.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The "Building Windows 8" blog launched on August 15, 2011, featuring details surrounding Windows 8's features and its development process.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previews">Previews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Previews">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows8102MultiMonitorAndApp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Windows8102MultiMonitorAndApp.png/220px-Windows8102MultiMonitorAndApp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Windows8102MultiMonitorAndApp.png/330px-Windows8102MultiMonitorAndApp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Windows8102MultiMonitorAndApp.png/440px-Windows8102MultiMonitorAndApp.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>A screenshot of Windows Developer Preview running on a multi-monitor system, showcasing some features</figcaption></figure> Microsoft would unveil more Windows 8 features and improvements on the first day of the first <a href="/wiki/Build_(developer_conference)" class="mw-redirect" title="Build (developer conference)">build conference</a> on September 13, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-W8PreviewGuide-28">[28]</a> The first public beta build of Windows 8—Windows Developer Preview (build 8102)—was released at the event. A <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> tablet running the build was also distributed to conference attendees.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The build was released for download later that day in 32-bit and 64-bit variants, and a special 64-bit variant which included SDKs and developer tools (<a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expression_Blend" class="mw-redirect" title="Expression Blend">Expression Blend</a>) for developing Metro-style apps.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Windows Store was also announced during the presentation, but was not available in this build.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-wdptonight-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-timn-8dprelease-31">[31]</a> According to Microsoft, there were about 535,000 downloads of the developer preview within the first 12 hours of its release.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Originally set to expire on March 11, 2012, in February 2012 the Developer Preview's expiry date was changed to January 15, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-expirepostponed-33">[33]</a> On February 17, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new logo for Windows 8. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Pentagram_(design_firm)" title="Pentagram (design firm)">Pentagram</a> partner <a href="/wiki/Paula_Scher" title="Paula Scher">Paula Scher</a>, the Windows logo was changed to resemble a set of four window panes. Additionally, the entire logo is now rendered in a single solid color.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview, the beta version of Windows 8, build 8250. Alongside other changes, the build brought over the big change from build 8195: removing the <a href="/wiki/Start_button" class="mw-redirect" title="Start button">Start button</a> from the taskbar for the first time in a public build since its debut on <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen, the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8, the desktop was an app itself, and not the primary interface of the operating system.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-warmblanket-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-36">[36]</a> Windows president Steven Sinofsky said more than 100,000 changes had been made since the developer version went public.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-36">[36]</a> The day after its release, Windows 8 Consumer Preview had been downloaded over one million times.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Like the Developer Preview, the Consumer Preview expired on January 15, 2013.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many other builds may exist or were released until Japan's Developers Day conference when Sinofsky announced that Windows 8 Release Preview (build 8400) would be released during the first week of June.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On May 28, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview (Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition, not China-specific variant, build 8400) was leaked online on various Chinese and <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> websites.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On May 31, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview was released to the public by Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Major items in the Release Preview included the addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated variant of <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Like the Developer Preview and the Consumer Preview, the release preview expired on January 15, 2013.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release">Release</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Release">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_8_launch_event_at_Pier_57_in_New_York_City_20121025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Windows_8_launch_event_at_Pier_57_in_New_York_City_20121025.jpg/220px-Windows_8_launch_event_at_Pier_57_in_New_York_City_20121025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Windows_8_launch_event_at_Pier_57_in_New_York_City_20121025.jpg/330px-Windows_8_launch_event_at_Pier_57_in_New_York_City_20121025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Windows_8_launch_event_at_Pier_57_in_New_York_City_20121025.jpg/440px-Windows_8_launch_event_at_Pier_57_in_New_York_City_20121025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Windows 8 launch event at <a href="/wiki/Pier_57" title="Pier 57">Pier 57</a> in New York City</figcaption></figure> On August 1, 2012, Windows 8 (build 9200<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>) was <a href="/wiki/Released_to_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Released to manufacturing">released to manufacturing</a> with the build number 6.2.9200.16384,<a href="#cite_note-rtmdate-43">[43]</a> and Microsoft planned to hold a launch event on October 25, 2012<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> before releasing it for <a href="/wiki/General_availability" class="mw-redirect" title="General availability">general availability</a> the next day.<a href="#cite_note-availabilitydate-45">[45]</a> However, only a day after its release to manufacturing, a copy of the final version of Windows 8 Enterprise N (a variant for European markets which lacks bundled media players to comply with an <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Microsoft_competition_case" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Microsoft competition case">antitrust ruling</a>) was leaked online, followed by leaks of the final versions of Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise a few days later.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On August 15, 2012, Windows 8 was made available to download for <a href="/wiki/MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a> subscribers,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and was made available to Software Assurance customers on August 16, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> It was made available for students with a <a href="/wiki/DreamSpark_Premium" class="mw-redirect" title="DreamSpark Premium">DreamSpark Premium</a> subscription on August 22, 2012, earlier than advertised.<a href="#cite_note-Dreamspark-50">[50]</a> Windows 8 became generally available for retail purchase on October 26, 2012.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Relatively few changes were made from the Release Preview to the final version. These included updated versions of bundled apps, the renaming of Windows Explorer to File Explorer, the replacement of the Aero Glass theme from Windows Vista and 7 with a new flat and solid-color theme as seen in build 8432, and the addition of new background options for the Start screen, lock screen, and desktop.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Prior to its general availability on October 26, 2012, updates were released for some of Windows 8's bundled apps, and a "General Availability Cumulative Update" (which included fixes to improve performance, compatibility, and battery life) was <a href="/wiki/Patch_Tuesday" title="Patch Tuesday">released on Tuesday</a>, October 9, 2012. Microsoft stated that due to improvements to its testing infrastructure, general improvements of this nature were to be released more frequently through Windows Update instead of being relegated to <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEMs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Service_pack" title="Service pack">service packs</a> only.<a href="#cite_note-ars-rtmpatch-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssforwin-updates-53">[53]</a> Microsoft began an advertising campaign centered around Windows 8 and its <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface_RT" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Surface RT">Surface</a> tablet in October 2012, starting with its first television advertisement premiering on October 14, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-asd-win8ad-8">[8]</a> The advertising budget of US$1.5–1.8 billion was significantly larger than the US$200 million campaign used to promote <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> As part of its campaign, Microsoft set up 34 <a href="/wiki/Pop-up_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop-up store">pop-up stores</a> inside malls to showcase the Surface product line, and provided training for retail employees in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>. In an effort to make retail displays of Windows 8 devices more "personal" by exemplifying real-world usage, Microsoft developed a character known in English-speaking markets as "Allison Brown", whose fictional profile (including personal photos, contacts, and emails) was featured on in-store demo units of Windows 8 devices.<a href="#cite_note-wsj-retailwin8-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_8_Pro_DVD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Windows_8_Pro_DVD.jpg/220px-Windows_8_Pro_DVD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Windows_8_Pro_DVD.jpg/330px-Windows_8_Pro_DVD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Windows_8_Pro_DVD.jpg/440px-Windows_8_Pro_DVD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Windows 8 Pro DVD case, containing a 32-bit and a 64-bit installation disc</figcaption></figure> In May 2013, Microsoft launched a new television campaign for Windows 8 illustrating the capabilities and pricing of Windows 8 tablets in comparison to the <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, which featured the voice of <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a> remarking on the iPad's limitations in a parody of Apple's "<a href="/wiki/Get_a_Mac" title="Get a Mac">Get a Mac</a>" advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-verge-msipadad-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-pcw-siriad-57">[57]</a> On June 12, 2013, during game 1 of the <a href="/wiki/2013_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="2013 Stanley Cup Finals">2013 Stanley Cup Finals</a>, Microsoft premiered the first ad in its "Windows Everywhere" campaign, which promoted Windows 8, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Windows Phone 8</a>, and the company's suite of online services as an interconnected platform.<a href="#cite_note-verge-81ad-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-windowseverywhere-59">[59]</a> Microsoft also announced that it would partner with electronics store chain <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a> to convert PC departments at locations in the United States and Canada into a Windows-branded <a href="/wiki/Store-within-a-store" title="Store-within-a-store">store-within-a-store</a> that would showcase Microsoft products, services, and Windows devices.<a href="#cite_note-success-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_and_updated_features">New and updated features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New and updated features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">Features new to Windows 8</a></div> New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> integration and the new "Hybrid Boot" mode (which <a href="/wiki/Hibernation_(computing)" title="Hibernation (computing)">hibernates</a> the Windows <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot),<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> a new lock screen with a clock and notifications,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and the ability for enterprise users to create <a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">live USB</a> variants of Windows (also known as <a href="/wiki/Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a>).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It also includes native support for <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3</a> devices, which allow for faster data transfers and improved power management with compatible devices,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> 4KB <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Format" title="Advanced Format">Advanced Format</a> support,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> as well as support for <a href="/wiki/Near_field_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Near field communication">near field communication</a> to facilitate sharing and communication between devices.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-w8designs-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Explorer">Windows Explorer</a>, which has been renamed to File Explorer, now includes a <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_(computing)" title="Ribbon (computing)">ribbon</a> in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A new "File History" function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device,<a href="#cite_note-filehistory-72">[72]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Storage_Spaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage Spaces">Storage Spaces</a> allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> For easier management of files and folders, Windows 8 introduces the ability to move selected files or folders via <a href="/wiki/Drag_and_drop" title="Drag and drop">drag and drop</a> from a parent folder into a subfolder listed within the <a href="/wiki/Breadcrumb_(navigation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breadcrumb (navigation)">breadcrumb</a> hierarchy of the <a href="/wiki/Address_bar" title="Address bar">address bar</a> in File Explorer.<a href="#cite_note-DragandDrop-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Task_Manager_(Windows)" title="Task Manager (Windows)">Task Manager</a> has been redesigned, including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes, a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage, network and disk counters, grouping by process type (e.g. applications, background processes and Windows processes), friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Screen of Death">Blue Screen of Death</a> has been updated with a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-newbsod-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_security">Safety and security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety and security">edit</a>]</div> New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens (<a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PINs</a> and picture passwords),<a href="#cite_note-ars-w8-pictureunsecure-78">[78]</a> the addition of <a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">antivirus</a> capabilities to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Defender">Windows Defender</a> (bringing it in parity with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Security_Essentials" title="Microsoft Security Essentials">Microsoft Security Essentials</a>).<a href="#cite_note-cw-wdantivirus-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/SmartScreen" class="mw-redirect" title="SmartScreen">SmartScreen</a> filtering integrated into Windows,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Family_Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Family Safety">Family Safety</a> offers <a href="/wiki/Parental_controls" title="Parental controls">parental controls</a>, which allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Windows 8 also provides integrated <a href="/wiki/Recovery_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovery partition">system recovery</a> through the new "Refresh" and "Reset" functions,<a href="#cite_note-ars-refreshreset-84">[84]</a> including system recovery from USB drive.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Windows 8's first security patches would be released on November 13, 2012; it would contain three fixes deemed "critical" by the company.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Windows 8 supports a feature of the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">UEFI</a> specification known as "Secure boot", which uses a <a href="/wiki/Public-key_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-key infrastructure">public-key infrastructure</a> to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as <a href="/wiki/Bootkit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootkit">bootkits</a> from infecting the device's boot process.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Some pre-built devices may be described as "certified" by Microsoft; these must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature. <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a> devices must have secure boot permanently enabled.<a href="#cite_note-building-secureboot-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-warren-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired-sb-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_services_and_functionality">Online services and functionality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Online services and functionality">edit</a>]</div> Windows 8 provides tighter integration with online services from Microsoft and others. A user can now log into Windows with a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_account" title="Microsoft account">Microsoft account</a>, which can be used to access services and <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronize</a> applications and settings between multiple devices. A client app for Microsoft's SkyDrive <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a> service allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive. However, a SkyDrive client for the desktop and <a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer</a> is not included in Windows 8, and must be downloaded separately.<a href="#cite_note-pcmag-win8skydrive-91">[91]</a> Bundled multimedia apps are provided under the Xbox brand, including <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Music">Xbox Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Video">Xbox Video</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_SmartGlass" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox SmartGlass">Xbox SmartGlass</a> companion for use with an <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> console. Games can integrate into an <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a> hub app, which also allows users to view their profile and <a href="/wiki/Gamerscore" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamerscore">Gamerscore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-testdrivertm-92">[92]</a> Other bundled apps provide the ability to link <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pl-windows8-93">[93]</a> Due to <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Connect" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Connect">Facebook Connect</a> service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-ms-facebookremoved-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_10" title="Internet Explorer 10">Internet Explorer 10</a> is included as two variants – a desktop program and a touch-optimized app. It also includes increased support for <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS3" class="mw-redirect" title="CSS3">CSS3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">hardware acceleration</a>. The app does not support plugins or <a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a> components, but includes a variant of <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> that is optimized for touch and low-power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a "Compatibility View" <a href="/wiki/Whitelist" title="Whitelist">whitelist</a>; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller <a href="/wiki/Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist">blacklist</a> of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used with most sites by default.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The desktop variant does not contain these limitations.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">mobile broadband</a>; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a <a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> and automatically configure connection settings (including <a href="/wiki/Access_Point_Name" title="Access Point Name">APNs</a> and carrier branding), and reduce its Internet usage to conserve bandwidth on <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandwidth cap">metered networks</a>. An integrated <a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a> setting enables users to globally disable all wireless connectivity. Carriers can also offer account management systems through Windows Store apps, which can be automatically installed as a part of the connection process and offer usage statistics on their respective tile.<a href="#cite_note-bw8-broadband-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_Store_apps">Windows Store apps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Windows Store apps">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_8_-_Xbox_Music_and_Photos_together.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Windows_8_-_Xbox_Music_and_Photos_together.png/250px-Windows_8_-_Xbox_Music_and_Photos_together.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Windows_8_-_Xbox_Music_and_Photos_together.png/375px-Windows_8_-_Xbox_Music_and_Photos_together.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Windows_8_-_Xbox_Music_and_Photos_together.png/500px-Windows_8_-_Xbox_Music_and_Photos_together.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Snap feature: Xbox Music, alongside Photos snapped into a <a href="/wiki/Sidebar_(computing)" title="Sidebar (computing)">sidebar</a> to the right side of the screen</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_App_snapped_to_Windows_8_desktop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wikipedia_App_snapped_to_Windows_8_desktop.png/250px-Wikipedia_App_snapped_to_Windows_8_desktop.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wikipedia_App_snapped_to_Windows_8_desktop.png/375px-Wikipedia_App_snapped_to_Windows_8_desktop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wikipedia_App_snapped_to_Windows_8_desktop.png/500px-Wikipedia_App_snapped_to_Windows_8_desktop.png 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Snap feature: <a href="/wiki/Windows_shell#Desktop" title="Windows shell">Desktop</a>, along <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_App" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia App">Wikipedia App</a> snapped into a sidebar to the right side of the screen. In Windows 8, desktop and everything on it is treated as one Metro-style app.</figcaption></figure> Windows 8 introduces a new style of application, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Windows Store</a> apps. According to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris, these apps are optimized for <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> environments and are more specialized than current <a href="/wiki/Desktop_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop application">desktop applications</a>. Apps can run either in a full-screen mode or be snapped to the side of a screen.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-building-98">[98]</a> Apps can provide <a href="/wiki/Toast_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toast (computing)">toast notifications</a> on screen or animate their tiles on the Start screen with dynamic content. Apps can use "contracts"; a collection of <a href="/wiki/Hooking" title="Hooking">hooks</a> to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps, including search and sharing.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-building-98">[98]</a> Apps can also provide integration with other services; for example, the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services (such as Facebook, <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People_(Microsoft_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="People (Microsoft service)">People service</a>), while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr.<a href="#cite_note-pl-windows8-93">[93]</a> Windows Store apps run within a new set of <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a>, which supports <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic .NET</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-building-98">[98]</a> If written in some "high-level" languages, apps written for Windows Runtime can be compatible with both Intel and <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> variants of Windows,<a href="#cite_note-bi-windows8-99">[99]</a> otherwise they are not <a href="/wiki/Binary_code_compatibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary code compatibility">binary code compatible</a>. Components may be compiled as Windows Runtime Components, permitting their use by all compatible languages.<a href="#cite_note-msdn-winrt-javascript-100">[100]</a> To ensure stability and security, apps run within a <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandboxed environment</a>, and require permissions to use certain other functionalities, such as accessing the Internet or a camera.<a href="#cite_note-verge-talkswin8-101">[101]</a> Retail variants of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through <a href="/wiki/Windows_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Store">Windows Store</a> – a namesake distribution platform that offers both apps, and listings for desktop programs certified for comparability with Windows 8.<a href="#cite_note-bi-windows8-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-talkswin8-101">[101]</a> A method to <a href="/wiki/Sideloading" title="Sideloading">sideload</a> apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a <a href="/wiki/Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">domain</a>; Windows 8 Pro and <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a> devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps, but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing.<a href="#cite_note-installapps-102">[102]</a> The term "Immersive app" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as "Metro-style apps" in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Metro design language</a>. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that "Metro" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release.<a href="#cite_note-zdn-jupiter-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-metrotm-103">[103]</a> Following these reports, the terms "Modern UI-style apps",<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> "Windows 8-style apps",<a href="#cite_note-pcmag-metromess-105">[105]</a> and "Windows Store apps" began to be used in various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that "Windows Store apps" would be the official term for the apps.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-metroname-106">[106]</a> An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term "Modern design" to refer to the language as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-msdn-moderndesign-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web_browsers">Web browsers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Web browsers">edit</a>]</div> Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to <a href="/wiki/Web_browsers" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browsers">web browsers</a>. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in the same package as the desktop variant, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use <a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a> code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop variant, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege "New experience enabled" (formerly "Metro-style enabled"). The developers of both <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> committed to developing Metro-style variants of their browsers; while Chrome's "Windows 8 mode" (discontinued on Chrome version 49) uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface, Firefox's variant (which was first made available on the "Aurora" release channel in September 2013) uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Firefox_for_mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox for mobile">Android variant of Firefox</a>. In October 2013, Chrome's app was changed to mimic the desktop environment used by <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-winrt-browsers-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-firefox-metrow8-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-engadget-firefoxmetro-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-metrochromeos-113">[113]</a> Development of the Firefox app for Windows 8 has since been cancelled, citing a lack of user adoption of the beta versions.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interface_and_desktop">Interface and desktop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interface and desktop">edit</a>]</div> Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Metro design language</a> and uses a <a href="/wiki/Start_menu#Third_version" title="Start menu">Start screen</a> similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Windows Phone 7</a> as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles".<a href="#cite_note-pcw-building-98">[98]</a> As a form of <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multi-tasking</a>, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-building-98">[98]</a> Alongside the traditional <a href="/wiki/Control_Panel_(Windows)" title="Control Panel (Windows)">Control Panel</a>, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the Control Panel.<a href="#cite_note-verge-blueleak-115">[115]</a> A vertical <a href="/wiki/Toolbar" title="Toolbar">toolbar</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Windows_shell#Charms" title="Windows shell">the charms</a><a href="#cite_note-the-charms-msd-116">[116]</a> (accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen, swiping from the right edge of a touchpad, or pointing the cursor at <a href="/wiki/Screen_hotspot" title="Screen hotspot">hotspots</a> in the right corners of a screen) provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button.<a href="#cite_note-the-charms-msd-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a> for running desktop applications is accessed via a tile on the Start screen. The Start button on the taskbar from previous versions of Windows has been converted into a <a href="/wiki/Screen_hotspot" title="Screen hotspot">hotspot</a> (or "hot corner") in the lower-left corner of the screen, which displays a large <a href="/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltip</a> displaying a thumbnail of the Start screen. Windows 8.1 added the start button back to the taskbar after many complaints, but removed the preview thumbnail.<a href="#cite_note-w8-nzh-farewell-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pcworld-metromouse-119">[119]</a> Swiping from the left edge of a touchscreen or clicking in the top-left corner of the screen allows one to switch between apps and Desktop. Pointing the cursor at the top-left corner of the screen and moving down reveals a thumbnail list of active apps.<a href="#cite_note-pcworld-metromouse-119">[119]</a> Aside from the removal of the Start button and the replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero#Aero_Glass_theme" title="Windows Aero">Aero Glass</a> theme with a <a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">flatter</a> and solid-colored design, the desktop interface on Windows 8 is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removed_features">Removed features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Removed features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8" title="List of features removed in Windows 8">List of features removed in Windows 8</a></div> Several notable features were removed in Windows 8; support for playing <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> was removed from <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> due to the cost of licensing the necessary decoders (especially for devices which do not include <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">optical disc drives</a> at all) and the prevalence of online streaming services. For the same reasons, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Windows Media Center</a> is not included by default on Windows 8, but Windows Media Center and DVD playback support could be purchased in the "Pro Pack" (which upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro) or the "Media Center Pack" add-on for Windows 8 Pro. As with prior versions, third-party <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD player</a> software can still be used to enable DVD playback.<a href="#cite_note-droppingDVD-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Backup_and_Restore" title="Backup and Restore">Backup and Restore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Backup_software" title="Backup software">backup component</a> of Windows, was <a href="/wiki/Deprecated" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecated">deprecated</a>. It still shipped with Windows 8 and continues to work on preset schedules, but it was pushed to the background and can only be accessed through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery".<a href="#cite_note-cookbook-122">[122]</a>: 76  <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a>, a component of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Explorer">Windows Explorer</a> that once saved previous versions of changed files, no longer protects local files and folders. It can only access previous versions of shared files stored on a <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a> computer.<a href="#cite_note-cookbook-122">[122]</a>: 74  The subsystem on which these components worked, however, is still available for other software to use.<a href="#cite_note-cookbook-122">[122]</a>: 74  Support for older XPDM and <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a> display adapter drivers was removed in favor of heightened kernel stability, GPU scheduling performance and security.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_requirements">Hardware requirements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hardware requirements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PCs">PCs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: PCs">edit</a>]</div> The minimum system requirements for Windows 8 are higher than <a href="/wiki/Windows_7#System_requirements" title="Windows 7">those of Windows 7</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> must support the <a href="/wiki/Physical_Address_Extension" title="Physical Address Extension">Physical Address Extension</a> (PAE), <a href="/wiki/NX_bit" title="NX bit">NX bit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SSE2" title="SSE2">SSE2</a>. Windows Store apps require a screen resolution of 1024×768 or higher to run; a resolution of 1366×768 or higher is required to use the snap functionality.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> To receive certification, Microsoft requires candidate x86 systems to resume from standby in 2 seconds or less.<a href="#cite_note-withinwindows.com-126">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"> <caption>Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 8<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Component </th> <th>Minimum </th> <th>Recommended </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Processor</a> </th> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">GHz</a> <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">clock rate</a> <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> or <a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a> architecture Support for <a href="/wiki/Physical_Address_Extension" title="Physical Address Extension">PAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/NX_bit" title="NX bit">NX</a> and <a href="/wiki/SSE2" title="SSE2">SSE2</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a> architecture <a href="/wiki/Second_Level_Address_Translation" title="Second Level Address Translation">Second Level Address Translation</a> (SLAT) support for <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">Memory (RAM)</a> </th> <td>IA-32 edition: 1 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> x64 edition: 2 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> </td> <td>4 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Card">Graphics Card</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/DirectX_9" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX 9">DirectX 9</a> graphics device <a href="/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model" title="Windows Display Driver Model">WDDM</a> 1.0 or higher driver </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DirectX_10" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX 10">DirectX 10</a> graphics device </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Display screen</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1024×768 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Input device </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">display screen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hard disk space </th> <td>IA-32 edition: 16 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> x64 edition: 20 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> v2.3.1 Errata B with Microsoft Windows Certification Authority in its database <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">Trusted Platform Module</a> (TPM) Internet connectivity </td></tr></tbody></table> Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Connected_Standby" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected Standby">Connected Standby</a> specification, which hardware vendors may optionally comply with, sets new power consumption requirements that are higher than the above minimum specifications.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Included in this standard are a number of security-specific requirements designed to improve <a href="/wiki/Physical_security" title="Physical security">physical security</a>, notably against <a href="/wiki/Cold_Boot_Attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Boot Attack">Cold Boot Attacks</a>. 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Stock_keeping_unit" title="Stock keeping unit">SKUs</a> of Windows 8 only support a maximum of 4 GB of RAM. 64-bit SKUs, however, support more: Windows 8 x64 supports 128 GB while Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise x64 support 512 GB.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In January 2016, Microsoft announced that, effective July 17, 2018, it would no longer support Windows 8.1 or 7 on devices using Intel's <a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake</a> CPU family, and that all future CPU microarchitectures, as well as Skylake systems after this date, would only be supported on <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a>. After the deadline, only critical security updates would be released for users on these platforms.<a href="#cite_note-ars-skylake18months-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-newsupportpolicy-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-ars-oemskylake-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-cw-skylakechange-135">[135]</a> When this new policy faced criticism from users and enterprise customers, Microsoft partially retracted the change and stated that both operating systems would remain supported on Skylake hardware through the end of their extended-support lifecycle. Windows 8.1 remains officially unsupported on all newer CPU families, and neither AMD or Intel will provide official chipset <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a> for Windows operating systems other than Windows 10.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZDNet-137">[137]</a> However, in August 2016, Microsoft again extended the Skylake support policy until the end of support for Windows 7 and 8.1 (2020 and 2023, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZDNet-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tablets_and_convertibles">Tablets and convertibles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tablets and convertibles">edit</a>]</div> Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and <a href="/wiki/Laplet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplet">laplet</a> devices to be "certified" for Windows 8 and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC, display, and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis. A convertible can be transformed into a tablet where the attached input devices are hidden or removed, leaving the display as the only input mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On March 12, 2013, Microsoft amended its certification requirements to only require that screens on tablets have a minimum resolution of 1024×768 (down from the previous 1366×768). The amended requirement is intended to allow "greater design flexibility" for future products.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-smallertab-141">[141]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"> <caption>Hardware certification requirements for Windows tablets<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> </th> <td>DirectX 10 graphics device with WDDM 1.2 or higher driver </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Storage_(memory)" title="Storage (memory)">Storage</a> </th> <td>10 GB free space, after the out-of-box experience completes </td></tr> <tr> <th>Standard buttons </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Power</kbd>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Rotation lock</kbd>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Windows key</kbd>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Volume up</kbd>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Volume down</kbd> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Screen</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Touch_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch screen">Touch screen</a> supporting a minimum of 5-point digitizers and resolution of at least 1024×768. The physical dimensions of the display panel must match the aspect ratio of the native resolution, which can be greater than 1024 (horizontally) and 768 (vertically). Minimum native color depth is 32-bits. If the display resolution is below 1366×768, disclaimers must be included in documentation to notify users that the Snap function is not available.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-smallertab-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Camera </th> <td>Minimum <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">Accelerometer</a> </th> <td>3 axes with data rates at or above 50 Hz </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/USB_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 2.0">USB 2.0</a> </th> <td>At least one controller and exposed port. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Connect </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_low_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth low energy">Bluetooth 4.0 + LE (low energy)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer speaker">Speaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a>. If a mobile broadband device is integrated into a tablet or convertible system, then an <a href="/wiki/Assisted_GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted GPS">assisted GPS</a> radio is required. Devices supporting <a href="/wiki/Near_field_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Near field communication">near field communication</a> need to have visual marks to help users locate and use the proximity technology. The new interrupt button combination, to replace <a href="/wiki/Control-Alt-Delete" title="Control-Alt-Delete">Ctrl + Alt + Del</a>, is Windows Key + Power. </td></tr></tbody></table> Updated certification requirements were implemented to coincide with Windows 8.1. As of 2014, all certified devices with integrated displays must contain a 720p webcam and higher quality speakers and microphones, while all certified devices that support Wi-Fi must support Bluetooth as well. As of 2015, all certified devices must contain <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">Trusted Platform Module 2.0</a> chips.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-cert1415-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Editions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_8_editions" title="Windows 8 editions">Windows 8 editions</a></div> Windows 8 is available in three different editions, of which only the base edition, branded simply as Windows 8, and Windows 8 Pro, were sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition preceding it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments. For example, Pro added <a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a>, the ability to join a <a href="/wiki/Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">domain</a>, and the ability to install <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Windows Media Center</a> as a paid add-on. Users of Windows 8 can purchase a "Pro Pack" license that upgrades their system to Windows 8 Pro through <a href="/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade" title="Windows Anytime Upgrade">Add features to Windows</a>. This license also includes Windows Media Center.<a href="#cite_note-microsoftrevealsprice-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blogging_Windows-147">[147]</a> Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments, and is only available through <a href="/wiki/Volume_licensing" title="Volume licensing">volume licensing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blogging_Windows-147">[147]</a> A port of Windows 8 for <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a>, is marketed as an edition of Windows 8, but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it.<a href="#cite_note-Blogging_Windows-147">[147]</a> Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, and through a <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital download</a> that could be converted into DVD or <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB</a> install media. From its launch until January 31, 2013, as part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for a retail box; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99.<a href="#cite_note-windowsblog8upgrade-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-15dollarupgradeconfirmed-149">[149]</a> Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012, and January 31, 2013, could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99.<a href="#cite_note-paulthurrottleak-150">[150]</a> Several PC manufacturers offered <a href="/wiki/Rebate_(marketing)" title="Rebate (marketing)">rebates</a> and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through promotions on select models, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> (in the U.S. and Canada on select models) and <a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a> (in Europe on selected <a href="/wiki/Ultrabook" title="Ultrabook">Ultrabook</a> models).<a href="#cite_note-pcmag-acerup-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-ts-hpwin8-152">[152]</a> During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.<a href="#cite_note-microsoftrevealsprice-145">[145]</a> Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail only under "Upgrade" licenses, which require an onboard version of Windows to install. The "full version software" SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of a full version, a specialized "System Builder" SKU was introduced. The "System Builder" replaced the <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturer</a> (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed for use on PCs meant for resale but added a "Personal Use License" exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on <a href="/wiki/Homebuilt_computer" title="Homebuilt computer">homebuilt computers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-everything81-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-smh-misleading-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnet-productkey-155">[155]</a> Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a>. Unlike Windows 8, 8.1 is available as "full version software" as both a packaged DVD and online for download, and does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remains identical with that of Windows 8.<a href="#cite_note-ms-8.1skus-156">[156]</a> With the retail release of Windows 8.1 returning to being full version software, the "Personal Use License" exemption was removed from the OEM SKU, meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail variant in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-everything81-153">[153]</a> Windows 8.1 with Bing is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a> search engine.<a href="#cite_note-ms-windows8withbing-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_compatibility">Software compatibility</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Software compatibility">edit</a>]</div> The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures, while the online installer automatically installs the variant corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation.<a href="#cite_note-microsoftrevealsprice-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-pt-8box-158">[158]</a> The 32-bit variant runs on CPUs compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80786" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80786">3rd generation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> architecture (known as <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>) or newer, and can run <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> and <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a>, although 16-bit support must be enabled first.<a href="#cite_note-neowin_on_16-bit-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> (16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with <a href="/wiki/Intel_80786" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80786">x86 2nd generation, first conceived in 1978</a>. Microsoft started moving away from this architecture after <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>.<a href="#cite_note-neowin_on_16-bit-159">[159]</a>) The 64-bit variant runs on CPUs compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80786" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80786">8th generation</a> of x86 (known as <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, or x64) or newer, and can run 32-bit and <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> programs. 32-bit programs and operating system are restricted to supporting only 4 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabytes</a> of memory, while 64-bit systems can theoretically support 2048 gigabytes of memory.<a href="#cite_note-64vs32-161">[161]</a> 64-bit operating systems require a different set of device drivers than those of 32-bit operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-64vs32-161">[161]</a> Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special variant of <a href="/wiki/Office_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2013">Office 2013</a>), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications.<a href="#cite_note-b8-20120209-162">[162]</a> Windows Store apps can either support both the x86 and ARM architectures, or can be compiled to support another specific architecture.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Support for IE10 on <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a><a href="#cite_note-cw-ie11support-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_8_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Embedded 8 Standard">Windows Embedded 8 Standard</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> ended on January 31, 2020. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TorontoMicrosoftStore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/TorontoMicrosoftStore.JPG/220px-TorontoMicrosoftStore.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/TorontoMicrosoftStore.JPG/330px-TorontoMicrosoftStore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/TorontoMicrosoftStore.JPG/440px-TorontoMicrosoftStore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Windows 8 <a href="/wiki/Ultrabook" title="Ultrabook">ultrabooks</a> device showcase in a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store_(retail)" title="Microsoft Store (retail)">Microsoft Store</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-release">Pre-release</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pre-release">edit</a>]</div> Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> supporters) for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft. Concerns were raised that secure boot could <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">prevent or hinder</a> the use of alternate operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that "At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves."<a href="#cite_note-building-secureboot-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware. It also revealed that <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> devices (Windows RT) would be required to have secure boot permanently enabled, with no way for users to disable it. However, Tom Warren of The Verge noted that other vendors have implemented similar hardware restrictions on their own ARM-based tablet and smartphone products (including those running Microsoft's own <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> platform), but still argued that Microsoft should "keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run Android alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets."<a href="#cite_note-warren-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired-sb-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> No mandate was given regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a <a href="/wiki/Closed_platform" title="Closed platform">closed platform</a>, subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Open_platform" title="Open platform">open platform</a>. <a href="/wiki/Markus_Persson" title="Markus Persson">Markus "Notch" Persson</a> (creator of the <a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">indie game</a> <a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a>),<a href="#cite_note-bbc-win8minecraft-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabe_Newell" title="Gabe Newell">Gabe Newell</a> (co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a> and developer of software distribution platform <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a>),<a href="#cite_note-GabeNewell-173">[173]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pardo" title="Rob Pardo">Rob Pardo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a> voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store.<a href="#cite_note-RobPardo-174">[174]</a> However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."<a href="#cite_note-verge-w8-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a>]</div> Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 were mixed to negative. Tom Warren of <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a> said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, he felt that Windows 8 tablets "[make] an <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> feel immediately out of date" due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services.<a href="#cite_note-verge-w8-175">[175]</a> David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as "the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012" and praised Microsoft's "no compromise" approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a "brilliant innovation for desktop computers" when compared with "folder-littered desktops on every other OS" because it allows users to interact with dynamic information.<a href="#cite_note-DavidPierce-176">[176]</a> In contrast, an <a href="/wiki/ExtremeTech" title="ExtremeTech">ExtremeTech</a> article said that Windows 8 was Microsoft "flailing",<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> and a review in <a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a> condemned the Metro-style user interface.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience. Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes.<a href="#cite_note-verge-w8-175">[175]</a> Peter Bright of <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a> wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an "extremely ambitious" aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.<a href="#cite_note-ars-w8review-179">[179]</a> The user interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of negative reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping "wasn't very obvious" due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#RTM" title="Software release life cycle">RTM</a> release (which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides). Despite this "<a href="/wiki/Stumbling_block" title="Stumbling block">stumbling block</a>", Bright said that Windows 8's interface worked well in some places, but began to feel incoherent when switching between the "Metro" and desktop environments, sometimes through inconsistent means.<a href="#cite_note-ars-w8review-179">[179]</a> Tom Warren of The Verge wrote that the new interface was "as stunning as it is surprising", contributing to an "incredibly personal" experience once it is customized by the user, but had a steep learning curve, and was awkward to use with a keyboard and mouse. He noted that while forcing all users to use the new touch-oriented interface was a risky move for Microsoft as a whole, it was necessary in order to push the development of apps for the Windows Store.<a href="#cite_note-verge-w8-175">[175]</a> Others, such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>, considered the interface to be "clumsy and impractical" due to its inconsistent design (going as far as considering it "two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together"), and concluded that "Windows 8 wasn't born out of a need or demand; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction—touch and tablets—that allows it to compete against, and remain relevant in the face of Apple's iPad."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Frank_X._Shaw" title="Frank X. Shaw">Frank X. Shaw</a>, a Microsoft corporate vice president, said that while many of the negative reviews were extreme, it was a "good thing" that Microsoft was "listening to feedback and improving a product".<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Customer_Satisfaction_Index" title="American Customer Satisfaction Index">American Customer Satisfaction Index</a> (ACSI) reported a decline in Microsoft's customer satisfaction, the lowest it has been since <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_share_and_sales">Market share and sales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Market share and sales">edit</a>]</div> Microsoft says that about 4 million users upgraded to Windows 8 over the weekend after its release,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> which CNET says was well below Microsoft's internal projections and was described inside the company as disappointing.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> On November 27, 2012, Microsoft announced that it had sold 40 million licenses of Windows 8 in the first month, surpassing the pace of Windows 7.<a href="#cite_note-40m-sold-186">[186]</a> However, according to research firm NPD, sales of devices running Windows in the United States had declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> As the holiday shopping season wrapped up, Windows 8 sales continued to lag, even as Apple reported brisk sales.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The market research firm <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">IDC</a> reported an overall drop in PC sales for the quarter, and said the drop may have been partly due to consumer reluctance to embrace the new features of the OS and poor support from OEM for these features.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> This capped the first year of declining PC sales to the Asia Pacific region, as consumers bought more mobile devices than Windows PCs.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Windows 8 surpassed <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> in market share, with a 5.1% usage rate, according to numbers posted in July 2013 by <a href="/wiki/Net_Applications" title="Net Applications">Net Applications</a>, with usage on a steady upward trajectory.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> However, intake of Windows 8 still lagged behind that of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> at the same point in their release cycles. Windows 8's tablet market share also grew steadily, with 7.4% of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013, according to Strategy Analytics, up from nothing just a year before. However, this was still well below <a href="/wiki/Android_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Android OS">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_iOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple iOS">iOS</a>, which posted 43.4% and 48.2% market share respectively, although both operating systems had been on the market much longer than Windows 8.<a href="#cite_note-Strategy_Analytics-192">[192]</a> Strategy Analytics also noted "a shortage of top tier apps" for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system (in addition to those for Windows Phone).<a href="#cite_note-Strategy_Analytics-192">[192]</a> In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors—a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-smallertab-141">[141]</a> Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In January 2014, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> began a promotion for desktops running Windows 7, saying that it was "back by popular demand". Outside sources have suggested that this might be because HP or its customers thought the Windows 8 platform would be more appropriate for mobile computing than desktop computing, or that they were looking to attract customers forced to switch from XP, who wanted a more familiar interface.<a href="#cite_note-verge-hp7-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In February 2014, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70% for devices that retail under US$250; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage, critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market, particularly those running <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a>. Microsoft had similarly cut the price of <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> licenses to compete against the early waves of Linux-based <a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-verge-springupdate-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-lowercost-198">[198]</a> Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to <a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a>. Some media outlets falsely reported that the SKU associated with this plan, "Windows 8.1 with Bing", was a variant which would be a free or low-cost variant of Windows 8 for consumers using older versions of Windows.<a href="#cite_note-bn-81bing-199">[199]</a> On April 2, 2014, Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches,<a href="#cite_note-verge-free9inch-200">[200]</a> and officially confirmed the rumored "Windows 8.1 with Bing" OEM SKU on May 23, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-ms-windows8withbing-157">[157]</a> Based on information gathered by Net Applications, the market share of Windows 8 had consistently dropped below the 1% mark by June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_government_ban">Chinese government ban</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chinese government ban">edit</a>]</div> In May 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government of China</a> banned the internal purchase of Windows 8–based products under government contracts requiring "energy-efficient" devices. The <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running an OS without guaranteed technical support." However, Ni Guangnan of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States" title="Mass surveillance in the United States">surveillance by the United States government</a> due to its heavy use of Internet-based services.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-win8ban-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-xpwontdie-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In June 2014, state broadcaster <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security. The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate "sensitive user information" that could be used to "understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society", and alleged that per <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">documents leaked by Edward Snowden</a>, the U.S. government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information. Yang Min, a computer scientist at <a href="/wiki/Fudan_University" title="Fudan University">Fudan University</a>, also stated that "the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft, allowing them control of the users' data, and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security." Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a>, posts which stated that the company had never "assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients" or provided client data to the U.S. government, never "provided any government the authority to directly visit", or placed any <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoors</a> in its products and services, and that it had never concealed government requests for client data.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-clash-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-spat-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-cw-retaliates-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Windows_8.1">Windows 8.1</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Windows 8.1">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a></div> A feature update to Windows 8, known as <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a>, was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-leblanc1-210">[210]</a> Following a presentation devoted to it at <a href="/wiki/Build_(developer_conference)" class="mw-redirect" title="Build (developer conference)">Build 2013</a>, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-pcw-81previewenterprise-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Windows 8.1 was released to <a href="/wiki/Release_to_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Release to manufacturing">OEM hardware partners</a> (RTM) on August 27, 2013, and released publicly as a free upgrade through Windows Store on October 17, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-ms-8.1skus-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Volume license customers and subscribers to <a href="/wiki/MSDN_subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN subscription">MSDN Plus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet#Subscriptions_and_downloads" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet Plus</a> were initially unable to obtain the RTM version upon its release; a spokesperson said the policy was changed to allow Microsoft to work with OEMs "to ensure a quality experience at general availability."<a href="#cite_note-ext-81rtm-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-tnw-msdnsp1-216">[216]</a> However, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-verge-rtmmsdn-217">[217]</a> Windows 8.1 addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new <a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a>-based unified search system was added, SkyDrive (now <a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a>) was given tighter integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added.<a href="#cite_note-verge-81handson-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pcw-81review-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-pt-81utility-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Windows 8.1 also added support for <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-engadget-81-3dprinting-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-windowsex-3dprinting81-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miracast" title="Miracast">Miracast</a> media streaming, <a href="/wiki/Near_field_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Near field communication">NFC</a> printing, and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Direct" title="Wi-Fi Direct">Wi-Fi Direct</a>.<a href="#cite_note-windows1-223">[223]</a> Microsoft marketed Windows 8.1 as an "update" rather than as a "<a href="/wiki/Service_pack" title="Service pack">service pack</a>", as it had done with such revisions for previous versions of Windows.<a href="#cite_note-cw-updatenotanupdate-224">[224]</a> Nonetheless, Microsoft's support lifecycle policy treats Windows 8.1 similarly, to previous Windows service packs: With the exception of Windows Embedded 8 Standard users, upgrading to 8.1 has been required to maintain access to mainstream support and updates after January 12, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-maximumpc-81support-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-cw-81cycle-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Although Windows 8 RTM is unsupported, Microsoft released an emergency security patch in May 2017 for Windows 8 RTM, as well as other unsupported versions of Windows (including <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a>), to address a vulnerability that was being leveraged by the <a href="/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack" title="WannaCry ransomware attack">WannaCry ransomware attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-verge-highlyunusual-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-ms-wannacrypatch-228">[228]</a> Updates to apps published on Windows Store after July 1, 2019, are no longer available to Windows 8 RTM users.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Retail and OEM installations of Windows 8, Windows 8 Pro, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a> can be upgraded through <a href="/wiki/Windows_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Store">Windows Store</a>, free of charge. However, <a href="/wiki/Volume_licensing" title="Volume licensing">volume license</a> customers, TechNet or MSDN subscribers, and users of Windows 8 Enterprise must acquire standalone installation media for 8.1 and install through the traditional Windows setup process, either as an in-place upgrade or clean install. This requires an 8.1-specific product key.<a href="#cite_note-cw-81updateproblem-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-supersite-81woes-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-supersite-81enter-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">Features new to Windows 8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sharedsource/default.aspx">"Shared Source Initiative"</a>. microsoft.com. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winsupersite.com/windows-8/windows-81-tip-upgrade-windows-8-enterprise">the original</a> on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paul+Thurrott%27s+Supersite+for+Windows&rft.atitle=Windows+8.1+Tip%3A+Upgrade+from+Windows+8+Enterprise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinsupersite.com%2Fwindows-8%2Fwindows-81-tip-upgrade-windows-8-enterprise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+8" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_8&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2012" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Ian (November 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/2015107/downgrading-from-windows-8-to-7-what-you-need-to-know.html">"Downgrading from Windows 8 to Windows 7: What you need to know"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">IDG</a>. Retrieved November 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=Downgrading+from+Windows+8+to+Windows+7%3A+What+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F2015107%2Fdowngrading-from-windows-8-to-7-what-you-need-to-know.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+8" class="Z3988">—Analysis of Windows 8 downgrade rights</li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Windows 8 2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a 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href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1" title="Windows 2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">3.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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title="Windows NT 3.51">NT 3.51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">NT 4.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">XP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition" title="Windows XP Professional x64 Edition">Pro x64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Media_Center_Edition" title="Windows XP Media Center Edition">Media Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8</a> / <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Server 2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server" title="Windows Home Server">Home Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Server 2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Essential_Business_Server_2008" title="Windows Essential Business Server 2008">EBS 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_HPC_Server_2008" title="Windows HPC Server 2008">HPC Server 2008</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Server 2008 R2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server_2011" title="Windows Home Server 2011">Home Server 2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Server 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Server 2012 R2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Server 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Server 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Server 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2025" title="Windows Server 2025">Server 2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other releases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fundamentals_for_Legacy_PCs" title="Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs">Fundamentals for Legacy PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">RT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">Preinstallation Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_MultiPoint_Server" title="Windows MultiPoint Server">MultiPoint Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows Embedded / Windows IoT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Embedded Compact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CE_5.0" title="Windows CE 5.0">CE 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_CE_6.0" title="Windows Embedded CE 6.0">Embedded CE 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact_7" title="Windows Embedded Compact 7">Embedded Compact 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Automotive" title="Windows Embedded Automotive">Embedded Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Industry" title="Windows Embedded Industry">Embedded Industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2000" title="Pocket PC 2000">Pocket PC 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2002" title="Pocket PC 2002">Pocket PC 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_2003" title="Windows Mobile 2003">Mobile 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_5.0" title="Windows Mobile 5.0">Mobile 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.0" title="Windows Mobile 6.0">Mobile 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.1" title="Windows Mobile 6.1">Mobile 6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.5" title="Windows Mobile 6.5">Mobile 6.5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Phone 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Phone 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">Phone 8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">10 Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(operating_system)" title="Cairo (operating system)">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Nashville" title="Windows Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Neptune" title="Windows Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Odyssey" title="Windows Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Polaris">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10X" title="Windows 10X">10X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_95" title="Development of Windows 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_XP" title="Development of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li></ul></li> <li>Editions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_editions" title="Windows XP editions">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_editions" title="Windows Vista editions">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7_editions" title="Windows 7 editions">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8_editions" title="Windows 8 editions">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_editions" title="Windows 10 editions">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 11 editions">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>New features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_XP" title="Features new to Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Features new to Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_7" title="Features new to Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_10" title="Features new to Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11" title="Features new to Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>Removed features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP" title="List of features removed in Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" title="List of features removed in Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7" title="List of features removed in Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8" title="List of features removed in Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10" title="List of features removed in Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11" title="List of features removed in Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_version_history" title="Microsoft Windows version history">Version history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_version_history" title="Windows Phone version history">Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_version_history" title="Windows 10 version history">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile_version_history" title="Windows 10 Mobile version history">10 Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_version_history" title="Windows 11 version history">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Version comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Windows_Vista_and_Windows_XP" title="Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP">Vista and XP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_XP" title="Criticism of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_for_Pen_Computing" title="Windows for Pen Computing">Windows for Pen Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Plus!" title="Microsoft Plus!">Microsoft Plus!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Essentials" title="Windows Server Essentials">Windows Server Essentials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="List of Microsoft Windows versions">List of versions</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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