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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Basic chess fundamentals and ideas developed to better understand the game</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starting_position_in_a_chess_game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Starting_position_in_a_chess_game.jpg/220px-Starting_position_in_a_chess_game.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Starting_position_in_a_chess_game.jpg/330px-Starting_position_in_a_chess_game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Starting_position_in_a_chess_game.jpg/440px-Starting_position_in_a_chess_game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="4095" /></a><figcaption>Chess initial position</figcaption></figure> <p>The game of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> is commonly divided into three phases: the <a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">opening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">middlegame</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">endgame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a large body of theory regarding how the game should be played in each of these phases, especially the opening and endgame. Those who write about <b>chess theory</b>, who are often also eminent players, are referred to as "chess <a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_theoreticians" title="Category:Chess theoreticians">theorists</a>" or "chess theoreticians". </p><p>"Opening theory" commonly refers to consensus, broadly represented by current literature on the openings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Endgame theory" consists of statements regarding specific positions, or positions of a similar type, though there are few universally applicable principles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Middlegame theory" often refers to maxims or principles applicable to the middlegame.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern trend, however, is to assign paramount importance to analysis of the specific position at hand rather than to general principles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of theory in all of these areas has been assisted by the vast literature on the game. In 1913, preeminent chess historian <a href="/wiki/H._J._R._Murray" title="H. J. R. Murray">H. J. R. Murray</a> wrote in his 900-page magnum opus <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Chess" title="A History of Chess">A History of Chess</a></i> that, "The game possesses a literature which in contents probably exceeds that of all other games combined."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimated that at that time the "total number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">books on chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">chess magazines</a>, and newspapers devoting space regularly to the game probably exceeds 5,000".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Harold_Wood" title="Baruch Harold Wood">B. H. Wood</a> estimated that the number had increased to about 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._229_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._229-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Hooper_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hooper (chess player)">David Hooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Kenneth Whyld</a> wrote in 1992 that, "Since then there has been a steady increase year by year of the number of new chess publications. No one knows how many have been printed..."<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._229_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._229-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's largest <a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">chess library</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. White">John G. White</a> Collection<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a>, contains over 32,000 chess books and serials, including over 6,000 bound volumes of chess periodicals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chess players today also avail themselves of computer-based sources of information. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opening_theory">Opening theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Opening theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div role="note" class="side-box metadata side-box-right algebraic-notation"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section uses <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a> to describe chess moves.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Chess opening</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucena1497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lucena1497.jpg/220px-Lucena1497.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lucena1497.jpg/330px-Lucena1497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lucena1497.jpg/440px-Lucena1497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Early printed work on chess theory by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ramirez_de_Lucena" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Ramirez de Lucena">Luis Ramirez de Lucena</a> c. 1497</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest printed work on chess theory whose date can be established with some exactitude is <i>Repeticion de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spaniard</a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ramirez_de_Lucena" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Ramirez de Lucena">Luis Ramirez de Lucena</a>, published c. 1497, which included among other things analysis of eleven chess openings. Some of them are known today as the <a href="/wiki/Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrov's Defense">Petrov's Defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Opening" title="Bishop's Opening">Bishop's Opening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damiano_Defence" title="Damiano Defence">Damiano's Defense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a>, though Lucena did not use those terms.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authorship and date of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a> are not established,<sup id="cite_ref-Murray,_p._782_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray,_p._782-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its publication date is estimated as being somewhere between 1471 and 1505.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known whether it or Lucena's book was published first.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray,_p._782_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray,_p._782-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript includes examples of games with the openings now known as Damiano's Defence, <a href="/wiki/Philidor%27s_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Philidor's Defense">Philidor's Defense</a>, the Giuoco Piano, Petrov's Defense, the Bishop's Opening, the Ruy Lopez, the <a href="/wiki/Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Queen's Gambit Accepted</a>, 1.d4 d5 2.Bf4 Bf5 (a form of the <a href="/wiki/London_System" title="London System">London System</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray observes that it "is no haphazard collection of commencements of games, but is an attempt to deal with the Openings in a systematic way."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fifteen years after Lucena's book, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Damiano" title="Pedro Damiano">Pedro Damiano</a> published the book <i>Questo libro e da imparare giocare a scachi et de la partiti</i> (1512) in Rome. It includes analysis of the Queen's Gambit Accepted, showing what happens when Black tries to keep the <a href="/wiki/Gambit" title="Gambit">gambit</a> <a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">pawn</a> with ...b5.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damiano's book "was, in contemporary terms, the first bestseller of the modern game."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Golombek" title="Harry Golombek">Harry Golombek</a> writes that it "ran through eight editions in the sixteenth century and continued on into the next century with unflagging popularity."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern players know Damiano primarily because his name is attached to the weak opening Damiano's Defense (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f6?), although he condemned rather than endorsed it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These books and later ones discuss games played with various openings, opening traps, and the best way for both sides to play. Certain sequences of opening moves began to be given names, some of the earliest being Damiano's Defense, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a> (1.e4 e5 2.f4), the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> (1.d4 d5 2.c4), and the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Defense">Sicilian Defense</a> (1.e4 c5).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Damiano's book was followed by general treatises on chess play by <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Segura" title="Ruy López de Segura">Ruy López de Segura</a> (1561), <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Polerio" title="Giulio Cesare Polerio">Giulio Cesare Polerio</a> (1590), <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Greco" title="Gioachino Greco">Gioachino Greco</a> (c. 1625), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bertin" title="Joseph Bertin">Joseph Bertin</a> (1735), and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor" title="François-André Danican Philidor">François-André Danican Philidor</a> (1749).<sup id="cite_ref-I.A._Horowitz,_1964_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I.A._Horowitz,_1964-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first author to attempt a comprehensive survey of the openings then known was <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Alexandre" title="Aaron Alexandre">Aaron Alexandre</a> in his 1837 work <i>Encyclopédie des Échecs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hooper and Whyld, "[Carl] <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jaenisch" title="Carl Jaenisch">Jaenisch</a> produced the first openings analysis on modern lines in his <i>Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures</i> (1842-43)."<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._280_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._280-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudolf_von_Bilguer" title="Paul Rudolf von Bilguer">Paul Rudolf von Bilguer</a> published the German <i><a href="/wiki/Handbuch_des_Schachspiels" title="Handbuch des Schachspiels">Handbuch des Schachspiels</a></i>, which combined the virtues of Alexandre and Jaenisch's works.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._280_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._280-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Handbuch</i>, which went through several editions, last being published in several parts in 1912–16, was one of the most important opening references for many decades.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last edition of the <i>Handbuch</i> was edited by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schlechter" title="Carl Schlechter">Carl Schlechter</a>, who had drawn a match for the World Championship with <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> in 1910. <a href="/wiki/International_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="International Master">International Master</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Hartston" title="William Hartston">William Hartston</a> called it "a superb work, perhaps the last to encase successfully the whole of chess knowledge within a single volume."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Master_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master (chess)">master</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a>, perhaps the world's strongest player from 1843 to 1851,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included over 300 pages of analysis of the openings in his 1847 treatise <i>The Chess Player's Handbook.</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That work immediately became the standard reference work in English-speaking countries,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was reprinted 21 times by 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "as time passed a demand arose for more up-to-date works in English".<sup id="cite_ref-Whyld_p._280_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyld_p._280-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Champion</a>, widely considered the "father of modern chess,"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extensively analyzed various <a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">double king-pawn openings</a> (beginning 1.e4 e5) in his book <i>The Modern Chess Instructor</i>, published in 1889 and 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1889, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Freeborough" title="Edward Freeborough">E. Freeborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ranken" title="Charles Ranken">C. E. Ranken</a> published the first edition of <i>Chess Openings Ancient and Modern</i>; later editions were published in 1893, 1896, and 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Griffith_(chess_player)" title="Richard Griffith (chess player)">R. C. Griffith</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_White" title="John Herbert White">J. H. White</a> published the first edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Chess_Openings" title="Modern Chess Openings">Modern Chess Openings</a></i>. It is now the longest-published opening treatise in history; the fifteenth edition (commonly called <i>MCO-15</i>), by <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_de_Firmian" title="Nick de Firmian">Nick de Firmian</a>, was published in April 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hooper and Whyld, the various editions of <i>Modern Chess Openings</i>, the last edition of the <i>Handbuch</i>, and the fourth edition of <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Collijn" title="Ludvig Collijn">Ludvig Collijn's</a> <i>Lärobok i Schack</i> ("Textbook of Chess") in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish (language)">Swedish</a>, with groundbreaking contributions by Rubinstein, Reti, Spielmann and Nimzowitch, "were the popular reference sources for strong players between the two <a href="/wiki/World_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World wars">world wars</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Whyld_p._280_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyld_p._280-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937–39 former World Champion <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> published a twelve-volume opening treatise, <i>De theorie der schaakopeningen</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch (language)">Dutch</a>. It was later translated into other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1930s to early 1950s <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a>, one of the world's strongest players,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also became one of its leading theoreticians, publishing important works on the opening, middlegame, and endgame. These began with his revision of <i>Modern Chess Openings</i>, which was published in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, he published <i>Ideas Behind the Chess Openings</i>, which sought to explain the principles underlying the openings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, he published his own opening treatise, <i>Practical Chess Openings</i>, a competitor to <i>MCO</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, <a href="/wiki/International_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="International Master">International Master</a> <a href="/wiki/I.A._Horowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="I.A. Horowitz">I.A. Horowitz</a> published the 789-page tome <i>Chess Openings: Theory and Practice</i>, which in addition to opening analysis includes a large number of illustrative games.<sup id="cite_ref-I.A._Horowitz,_1964_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I.A._Horowitz,_1964-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the first volume of <i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Informant" title="Chess Informant">Chess Informant</a></i> was published in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, containing 466 annotated games from the leading chess tournaments and matches of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hugely influential <i>Chess Informant</i> series has revolutionized opening theory. Its great innovation is that it expresses games in languageless <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_chess_notation#Naming_the_pieces" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic chess notation">figurine algebraic notation</a> and annotated them using no words, but rather seventeen symbols, whose meanings were explained at the beginning of the book in six different languages. This enabled readers around the world to read the same games and annotations, thus greatly accelerating the dissemination of chess ideas and the development of opening theory. The editors of <i>Chess Informant</i> later introduced other publications using the same principle, such as the five-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Chess_Openings" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Chess Openings">Encyclopedia of Chess Openings</a></i> and <i>Encyclopedia of Chess Endings</i> treatises. <i>Chess Informant</i> was originally published twice a year, and since 1991 has been published thrice annually. Volume 100 was published in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It now uses 57 symbols, explained in 10 languages, to annotate games (see <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation (chess)">Punctuation (chess)</a>), and is available in both print and electronic formats. In 2005, former World Champion <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> wrote, "We are all Children of the <i>Informant</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s and thereafter, the development of opening theory has been further accelerated by such innovations as extremely strong <a href="/wiki/Chess_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess engines">chess engines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fritz_(chess)" title="Fritz (chess)">Fritz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ChessBase" title="ChessBase">ChessBase</a>, and the sale of multi-million-game databases such as ChessBase's Mega 2013 database, with over 5.4 million games.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the most important openings have been analyzed over 20 moves deep,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes well into the endgame,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is not unusual for leading players to introduce <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#theoretical_novelties" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § theoretical novelties" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">theoretical novelties</span></a></dfn> on move 25 or even later.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thousands of books have been written on chess openings. These include both comprehensive openings encyclopedias such as the <i>Encyclopedia of Chess Openings</i> and <i>Modern Chess Openings</i>; general treatises on how to play the opening such as <i>Mastering the Chess Openings</i> (in four volumes), by International Master <a href="/wiki/John_L._Watson" title="John L. Watson">John L. Watson</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and myriad books on specific openings, such as <i>Understanding the Grünfeld</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Chess Explained: The Classical Sicilian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Books and monographs on openings are popular, and as they are thought to become out of date quickly there is a steady supply of new titles."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Soltis" title="Andrew Soltis">Andrew Soltis</a>, "Virtually all the new information about chess since 1930 has been in the opening."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middlegame_theory">Middlegame theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middlegame theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Chess middlegame</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aron_Nimzowitsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Aron_Nimzowitsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Aron Nimzowitsch</figcaption></figure> <p>Middlegame theory is considerably less developed than either opening theory or endgame theory.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watson writes, "Players wishing to study this area of the game have a limited and rather unsatisfactory range of resources from which to choose."<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Chess_Strategy_p._10_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Chess_Strategy_p._10-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest theories to gain attention was that of <a href="/wiki/William_Steinitz" class="mw-redirect" title="William Steinitz">William Steinitz</a>, who posited that a premature attack against one's opponent in an equal position could be repelled by skillful defence, and so a player's best bet was to slowly maneuver with the goal of accumulating small advantages. Emanuel Lasker in <i>Lasker's Manual of Chess</i> and Max Euwe in <i>The Development of Chess Style</i> outlined theories that they attributed to Steinitz. </p><p>Leading player and theorist <a href="/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch" title="Aron Nimzowitsch">Aron Nimzowitsch's</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influential books, <i><a href="/wiki/My_System" title="My System">My System</a></i> (1925),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Die Blockade</i> (1925) (in <a href="/wiki/German_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="German (language)">German</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Chess Praxis</i> (1936),<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are among the most important works on the middlegame.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Chess_Strategy_p._10_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Chess_Strategy_p._10-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nimzowitsch called attention to the possibility of letting one's opponent occupy the centre with pawns while you exert control with your pieces as in the Nimzo-Indian or Queen's Indian defences. He pointed out how in positions with interlocking pawn chains, one could attack the chain at its base by advancing one's own pawns and carrying out a freeing move (pawn break). He also drew attention to the strategy of occupying open files with one's rooks in order to later penetrate to the seventh rank where they could attack the enemy pawns and hem in the opponent's king. Another of his key concepts was prophylaxis, moves aimed at limiting the opponent's mobility to the point where he would no longer have any useful moves. </p><p>In 1952, Fine published the 442-page <i>The Middle Game in Chess</i>, perhaps the most comprehensive treatment of the subject up until that time.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mid-20th century also saw the publication of <i>The Middle Game</i>, volumes 1 and 2, by former World Champion <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> and Hans Kramer,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a series of books by the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a>-German grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Lud%C4%9Bk_Pachman" title="Luděk Pachman">Luděk Pachman</a>: three volumes of <i>Complete <a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Chess Strategy</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Modern Chess Strategy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Modern <a href="/wiki/Chess_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess tactics">Chess Tactics</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Attack and Defense in Modern Chess Tactics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another key turning point in middlegame theory came with the release of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotov" title="Alexander Kotov">Alexander Kotov</a>'s book <i>Think like a Grandmaster</i> in 1971. Kotov outlined how a player calculates by developing a tree of variations in his head, and recommended that players only examine each branch of the tree once. He also noted how some players seem to fall victim to what is now known as Kotov's Syndrome: they calculate out a large range of different lines, become dissatisfied with the result, and realizing that they are short on time, play a completely new candidate move without even checking whether it is sound. More recently, Jonathan Tisdall, John Nunn and Andrew Soltis have elaborated on Kotov's tree theory further. </p><p>In 1999, Watson's <i>Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch</i> was published, in which Watson discusses the revolution in middlegame theory that has occurred since Nimzowitsch's time.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many books on specific aspects of the middlegame exist, such as <i>The Art of Attack in Chess</i> by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vukovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Vuković">Vladimir Vuković</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Art of <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a> in Chess</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Spielmann" title="Rudolf Spielmann">Rudolf Spielmann</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Art of the <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></i> by Georges Renaud and Victor Kahn,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Basis of <a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a> in Chess</i> by J. du Mont,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Art of Defense in Chess</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Soltis" title="Andrew Soltis">Andrew Soltis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endgame_theory">Endgame theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Endgame theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Chess endgame</a></div> <p>Many significant chess treatises, beginning with the earliest works, have included some analysis of the endgame. Lucena's book (c. 1497) concluded with 150 examples of endgames and <a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">chess problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second edition (1777) of Philidor's <i>Analyse du jeu des Échecs</i> devoted 75 pages of analysis to various endgames.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included a number of theoretically important endings, such as rook and bishop versus rook, queen versus rook, queen versus rook and pawn, and rook and pawn versus rook. Certain positions in the endings of rook and bishop versus rook, rook and pawn versus rook, and queen versus rook have become known as <a href="/wiki/Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor's position</a>. Philidor concluded his book with two pages of (in the English translation), "Observations on the ends of parties", in which he set forth certain general principles about endings, such as: "Two knights alone cannot mate" (see <a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a>), the ending with a bishop and rook pawn whose queening square is on the opposite color from the bishop is drawn (see <a href="/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn#Bishop_and_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn § Bishop and pawn</a>), and a queen beats a bishop and knight (see <a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame#Queen_versus_two_minor_pieces" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless chess endgame § Queen versus two minor pieces</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Staunton's <i>The Chess-Player's Handbook</i> (1847) includes almost 100 pages of analysis of endgames.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Staunton's analysis, such as his analysis of the very rare rook versus three minor pieces endgame, is surprisingly sophisticated. At page 439, he wrote, "Three minor Pieces are much stronger than a Rook, and in cases where two of them are Bishops will usually win without much difficulty, because the player of the Rook is certain to be compelled to lose him for one of his adversary's Pieces. If, however, there are two Knights and one Bishop opposed to a Rook, the latter may generally be <a href="/wiki/Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">exchanged</a> for the Bishop, and as two Knights are insufficient of themselves to force checkmate, the game will be drawn." Modern-day <a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">endgame tablebases</a> confirm Staunton's assessments of both endings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet Reuben Fine, 94 years after Staunton, erroneously wrote on page 521 of <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Chess_Endings" title="Basic Chess Endings">Basic Chess Endings</a></i> that both types of rook versus three minor piece endings "are theoretically drawn." Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Pal_Benko" title="Pal Benko">Pal Benko</a>, an authority on the endgame and like Fine a world-class player at his peak, perpetuated Fine's error in his 2003 revision of <i>Basic Chess Endings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Soltis" title="Andrew Soltis">Andrew Soltis</a> in a 2004 book expressly disagreed with Staunton, claiming that the rook versus two bishops and knight ending is drawn with correct play.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time Benko and Soltis offered their assessments (in 2003 and 2004, respectively), endgame tablebases had already proven that Staunton was correct, and that Fine, Benko, and Soltis were wrong, although the ending can take up to 68 moves to win.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Staunton's conclusions on these endgames were anticipated by the British master <a href="/wiki/George_Walker_(chess_player)" title="George Walker (chess player)">George Walker</a>, who wrote in 1846 (and perhaps earlier):</p><blockquote><p>Although the two Bishops and Kt win, as a general proposition, against Rook, yet the two Knights with a Bishop cannot expect the same success; and the legitimate result of such conflict would be a <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">draw</a>. The Bishops, united, are stronger than the Knights, as they strike from a greater distance. When the two Knights are left with a Bishop, the Rook has also the chance of exchanging for the latter, which can hardly be avoided by his adversary, and the two Knights, alone, have not the mating power.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1941 Reuben Fine published his monumental 573-page treatise <i>Basic Chess Endings</i>, the first attempt at a comprehensive treatise on the endgame.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new edition, revised by <a href="/wiki/Pal_Benko" title="Pal Benko">Pal Benko</a>, was published in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Soviet</a> writers published an important series of books on specific endings: <i>Rook Endings</i> by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Levenfish" title="Grigory Levenfish">Grigory Levenfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pawn Endings</i> by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh" title="Yuri Averbakh">Yuri Averbakh</a> and I. Maizelis,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Queen and Pawn Endings</i> by Averbakh,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bishop Endings</i> by Averbakh,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Knight Endings</i> by Averbakh and <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Chekhover" title="Vitaly Chekhover">Vitaly Chekhover</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bishop v. Knight Endings</i> by Yuri Averbakh,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rook v. Minor Piece Endings</i> by Averbakh,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Queen v. Rook/Minor Piece Endings</i> by Averbakh, Chekhover, and V. Henkin.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These books by Averbakh and others were collected into the five-volume <i>Comprehensive Chess Endings</i> in English. </p><p>In recent years, computer-generated <a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">endgame tablebases</a> have revolutionized endgame theory, conclusively showing <a href="/wiki/Perfect_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect play">best play</a> in many complicated endgames that had vexed human analysts for over a century, such as <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a> and pawn versus queen. They have also overturned human theoreticians' verdicts on a number of endgames; for example by proving that the two <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishops</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">knight</a> ending, which had been thought drawn for over a century, can be a win for the bishops (see <a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame#Minor_pieces_only" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless chess endgame § Minor pieces only</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame#Effect_of_tablebases_on_endgame_theory" title="Chess endgame">Chess endgame § Effect of tablebases on endgame theory</a>). </p><p>Several important works on the endgame have been published in recent years, among them <i>Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fundamental Chess Endings</i> by <a href="/wiki/Karsten_M%C3%BCller" title="Karsten Müller">Karsten Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lamprecht" title="Frank Lamprecht">Frank Lamprecht</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Basic Endgames: 888 Theoretical Positions</i> by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Balashov" title="Yuri Balashov">Yuri Balashov</a> and Eduard Prandstetter,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chess Endgame Lessons</i> by Benko,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Secrets of Rook Endings</i><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Secrets of Pawnless Endings</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Nunn" title="John Nunn">John Nunn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these have been aided by analysis from endgame tablebases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_theory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">Chess endgame literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Chess piece relative value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of chess openings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_theory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Watson, <i>Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch</i>, Gambit Publications, 1998, p. 10. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901983-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-901983-07-2">1-901983-07-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20290-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20290-9">0-486-20290-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Hooper_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hooper (chess player)">David Hooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Kenneth Whyld</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess">The Oxford Companion to Chess</a></i>, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed. 1992, p. 418 ("theory" entry). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866164-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866164-9">0-19-866164-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, <i>Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy</i>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, <i>Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy</i>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/H._J._R._Murray" title="H. J. R. Murray">H. J. R. Murray</a>, <i>A History of Chess</i>, Oxford University Press, 1913, p. 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827403-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827403-3">0-19-827403-3</a>. This quote is also given in Hooper and Whyld, p. 229 ("literature of chess" entry).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, p. 25 n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._229-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._229_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._229_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See B. H. Wood, "Books About Chess", <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a></i>, 1949, reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Fred_Reinfeld" title="Fred Reinfeld">Fred Reinfeld</a> (editor), <i>The Treasury of Chess Lore</i>, Dover, 1959, pp. 268–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080902032507/http://ohchess.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=1">"The World's Greatest Chess Library"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohchess.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=1">the original</a> on 2008-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Greatest+Chess+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohchess.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D50%26Itemid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spc.cpl.org/?q=node/5">Cleveland Public Library, Special Collections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305054915/http://spc.cpl.org/?q=node%2F5">Archived</a> 2009-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2008/02/chess-records.html">Special Chess Records (Susan Polgar)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Golombek" title="Harry Golombek">Harry Golombek</a>, <i>Chess: A History</i>, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1976, pp. 97–101. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-11575-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-11575-7">0-399-11575-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray,_p._782-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray,_p._782_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray,_p._782_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, p. 782.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, p. 156 ("Göttingen manuscript" entry).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, pp. 782–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, p. 784.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golombek, pp. 101–02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Eales, <i>Chess: The History of a Game</i>, Facts on File Publications, 1985, p. 81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1195-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-1195-8">0-8160-1195-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golombek, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, p. 101 ("Damiano Defence" entry).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, p. 886.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I.A._Horowitz,_1964-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I.A._Horowitz,_1964_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I.A._Horowitz,_1964_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">I.A. Horowitz, <i>Chess Openings: Theory and Practice</i>, Simon and Schuster, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, pp. 38–39 ("Bertin, Joseph" entry), 157–58 ("Greco, Gioacchino" entry).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, pp. 10, 280 ("Alexandre, Aaron" and "openings literature" entries).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._280-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._280_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_and_Whyld,_p._280_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bilguer's <i>Handbuch</i> was the dominant reference for some time until it was superseded by a number of international treatises, which, in the English-speaking world, included <i>Modern Chess Openings</i> and <i>Practical Chess Openings</i>." I.A. Horowitz, <i>Chess Openings: Theory and Practice</i>, Simon and Schuster, 1964, p. VII. Four years after the first edition of the <i>Handbuch</i> was published, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a> in the preface to <i>The Chess-Player's Handbook</i>, discussed below, called the <i>Handbuch</i> "a production—whether considered in reference to its research, its suggestiveness, or the methodical completeness of its arrangement—which stands unrivalled and alone". Howard Staunton, <i>The Chess-Player's Handbook</i>, Henry C. Bohn, 1847, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Hartston, <i>The Kings of Chess</i>, Harper & Row, 1985, p. 87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015358-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015358-X">0-06-015358-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistician <a href="/wiki/Arpad_Elo" title="Arpad Elo">Arpad Elo</a>, developer of the <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">Elo rating system</a>, analyzed the results of all 342 match, tournament, and exhibition games of record among the top nine players in the world from 1846 to 1862. From those games, he estimated the ratings of the top players during that period as 1. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Paul Morphy</a> 2695; 2. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a> 2552; 3. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harrwitz" title="Daniel Harrwitz">Daniel Harrwitz</a> 2518; 4. <a href="/wiki/Ignatz_Kolisch" title="Ignatz Kolisch">Ignatz Kolisch</a> 2516; 5. Staunton 2508. Arpad E. Elo, <i>The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present</i>, Arco Publishing, 1978, p. 55–56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-668-04721-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-668-04721-6">0-668-04721-6</a>. Staunton was arguably the strongest player in the world between 1843, when he won a match against the French champion <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Fournier_de_Saint-Amant" title="Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant">Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant</a>, and 1851, when he finished fourth in the London 1851 knock-out tournament, won by Anderssen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staunton, pp. 59–401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld state that it "became the standard reference work in English-speaking countries." Hooper and Whyld, p. 280 ("Openings literature" entry).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray states that the book "took rank at once as the leading English text-book on chess." Murray, p. 885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Eales, Chess: The History of a Game, Facts on File Publications, 1985, p. 137 (the book "became the standard reference work for English club players down to the end of the century, with twenty-one reprints by 1935"). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1195-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-1195-8">0-8160-1195-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whyld_p._280-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whyld_p._280_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whyld_p._280_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, p. 280 ("Openings literature" entry).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>, <i>My Great Predecessors, Part I</i>, Everyman Publishers, 2003, pp. 45–46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85744-330-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85744-330-6">1-85744-330-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a>, <i>Lasker's Manual of Chess</i>, Dover Publications, 1960, pp. 188–229. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20640-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20640-8">0-486-20640-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_R%C3%A9ti" title="Richard Réti">Richard Réti</a>, <i>Masters of the Chessboard</i>, Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23384-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23384-7">0-486-23384-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Saidy" title="Anthony Saidy">Anthony Saidy</a>, <i>The Battle of Chess Ideas</i>, RHM Press, 1975, pp. 20–21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89058-018-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89058-018-9">0-89058-018-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Steinitz, <i>The Modern Chess Instructor</i>, Edition Olms AG, Zürich, 1990 (reprint). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-283-00111-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-283-00111-1">3-283-00111-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessville.com/reviews/ChessOpeningsAncientandModern_and_ChessEndings.htm">Review of Chess Openings Ancient & Modern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007101938/http://chessville.com/reviews/ChessOpeningsAncientandModern_and_ChessEndings.htm">Archived</a> 2008-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick de Firmian, <i>Modern Chess Openings, 15th Edition</i>, McKay Chess Library, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-3682-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-3682-7">978-0-8129-3682-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, p. 281 ("Openings literature" entry).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine tied for first with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a> at <a href="/wiki/AVRO_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="AVRO tournament">AVRO 1938</a>, at the time the strongest tournament ever held, ahead of such players as reigning world champion <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>, former world champion <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a>, and future world champion <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>. After Alekhine's death in 1946, Fine was invited to participate in the match-tournament to select the new champion, but declined in order to pursue his study of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>. "From about 1936 to 1951, when he practically gave up competitive chess, Fine was among the strongest eight players in the world." <a href="/wiki/David_Hooper_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hooper (chess player)">David Hooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Kenneth Whyld</a>, <i>The Oxford Companion to Chess</i>, Oxford University Press, 1984, p. 113. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-217540-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-217540-8">0-19-217540-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.C. Griffith, J.H. White, Reuben Fine, and P.W. Sergeant, <i>Modern Chess Openings</i>, David McKay (6th ed. 1939).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuben Fine, <i>Ideas Behind the Chess Openings</i>, David McKay, 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuben Fine, <i>Practical Chess Openings</i>, David McKay, 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chess Informant</i>, Volume 1, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Beograd</a>, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chess Informant</i>, Volume 100, Šahovski Informator, 2007. ISSN 0351-1375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahovski.co.rs/other/beyond/article47_ws.htm">The Best of Chess Informant</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601231112/http://www.sahovski.co.rs/other/beyond/article47_ws.htm">Archived</a> June 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Garry Kasparov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4008711">The new Mega Database 2013 is shipping</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712034439/http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4008711">Archived</a> July 12, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, various lines of the Botvinnik Variation of the <a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defense</a> (1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 e6 5.Bg5 dxc4 6.e4 b5 7.e5 h6 8.Bh4 g5 9.Nxg5 hxg5 10.Bxg5 Nbd7) have been analyzed more than 30 moves deep. John Watson, <i>Mastering the Chess Openings, Volume 2</i>, Gambit Publications, 2007, p. 101. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904600-69-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904600-69-5">978-1-904600-69-5</a>. <i>Nunn's Chess Openings</i> (1999), a one-volume treatise that does not go into as much detail as more specialized opening manuals, analyzed one line of the Botvinnik Variation to a <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">draw</a> by <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">perpetual check</a> after 44 moves. <a href="/wiki/John_Nunn" title="John Nunn">John Nunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Burgess" title="Graham Burgess">Graham Burgess</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Emms_(chess_player)" title="John Emms (chess player)">John Emms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gallagher" title="Joseph Gallagher">Joe Gallagher</a>, <i>Nunn's Chess Openings</i>, Everyman Publishers, 1999, p. 407 n. 41. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85744-221-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85744-221-0">1-85744-221-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a> learned after his game with <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a> at the London Chess Classic 2014, also a Botvinnik Variation, that the first 40 moves of the game had occurred in 10 prior games, all played by computer programs. <i>New in Chess</i> Magazine 2015, No. 1, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GM <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotov" title="Alexander Kotov">Alexander Kotov</a> mentions an instance from the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a> where GM <a href="/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein">David Bronstein</a>, "who for years worked closely with [GM Isaac] <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Boleslavsky" title="Isaac Boleslavsky">Boleslavsky</a>", expressed surprise that the latter was thinking for a long time about his next move in a game against GM <a href="/wiki/Gideon_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Gideon Ståhlberg">Gideon Ståhlberg</a>. Bronstein remarked that "this position has been analyzed by us far into the end game". Alexander Kotov, "Why the Russians?", <i>Chessworld</i>, January–February 1964, pp. 62–69, at 69. Kotov wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a> had analyzed many opening variations "far into the end game". <i>Id.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, GM <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Soltis" title="Andrew Soltis">Andrew Soltis</a> mentions a line in the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defense#Dragon_Variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Defense">Dragon Variation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Defense">Sicilian Defense</a> that begins 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 g6 6.Be3 Bg7 7.f3 Nc6 8.Qd2 0-0 9.Bc4 Nxd4 10.Qxd4 Qa5 11.0-0-0 Be6 12.Bb3 b5 13.Kb1 Rfc8 14.Rhe1! Bxb3 15.cxb3 b4 16.Bxf6! bxc3 17.Bxc3 Bxc3 18.bxc3 Qxc3 19.Qxc3 Rxc3 20.Rc1! Rac8 21.Rxc3 Rxc3 22.Rc1! Rxc1+ 23.Kxc1. Soltis writes that since this position began appearing 30 years ago "it's looked more and more like a forced win for White because he can create an <a href="/wiki/Outside_passed_pawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Outside passed pawn">outside passed pawn</a>. A recent analysis in <i><a href="/wiki/New_in_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="New in Chess">New in Chess</a></i> concluded that White's win is certain—once you get to move 69." Andrew Soltis, "Chess to Enjoy" column, "The Neutron Bomb Middlegame", <i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Life" title="Chess Life">Chess Life</a></i>, October 2006, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Watson" title="John L. Watson">John L. Watson</a> writes of the <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez#Marshall_Attack" title="Ruy Lopez">Marshall Attack</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a>, "When I opened a book on the Marshall Attack ... I learned that for the 'old main line' (which is still extremely popular), 'the real struggle begins around move 30'! And in fact, <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">correspondence chess</a> games sometimes take it a step further, with one side playing a new move as the endgame begins!" John Watson, <i>Mastering the Chess Openings, Volume 1</i>, Gambit Publications, 2006, pp. 161–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904600-60-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904600-60-2">978-1-904600-60-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1542350">Shulman–Marin, Reykjavik Open 2009</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Marin" title="Mihail Marin">Marin</a> played a theoretical novelty on move 34 in the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange Variation">Exchange Variation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünfeld Defense">Grünfeld Defense</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Informant" title="Chess Informant">Chess Informant</a></i>, <i>1000 TN!! The Best Theoretical Novelties</i>, 2012, pp. 579–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defense#Sveshnikov_Variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Defense">Sveshnikov Variation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Defense">Sicilian Defense</a>, another heavily analyzed line, the game O. Korneev–M. Devereaux, <a href="/wiki/Port_Erin" title="Port Erin">Port Erin</a> 2006, featured a theoretical novelty on Black's 29th move, improving on a previous high-level game <a href="/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Topalov</a>–<a href="/wiki/Peter_Leko" title="Peter Leko">Leko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linares_chess_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Linares chess tournament">Linares</a> 2005. John Cox, <i>Starting Out: Sicilian Sveshnikov</i>, Gloucester Publishers, 2007, pp. 118–23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-431-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-431-5">978-1-85744-431-5</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1333272">Topalov–Leko, Linares 2005</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1434853">Korneev–Devereaux, Port Erin 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mastering the Chess Openings, Volume 1</i>, cited above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rowson" title="Jonathan Rowson">Jonathan Rowson</a>, <i>Understanding the Grünfeld</i>, Gambit Publications, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901983-09-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-901983-09-9">1-901983-09-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Yermolinsky" title="Alex Yermolinsky">Alex Yermolinsky</a>, <i>Chess Explained: The Classical Sicilian</i>, Gambit Publications, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904600-42-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-904600-42-5">1-904600-42-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld, p. 230 ("literature of chess" entry).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Soltis, "Tools of the Trade . . .", <i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Life" title="Chess Life">Chess Life</a></i>, July 1995, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, <i>Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy, p. 10.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Chess_Strategy_p._10-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Chess_Strategy_p._10_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Chess_Strategy_p._10_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy</i>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GM <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Keene" title="Raymond Keene">Raymond Keene</a> writes that Nimzowitsch "was one of the world's leading Grandmasters for a period extending over a quarter of a century, and for some of that time he was the obvious challenger for the world championship. ... [He was also] a great and profound chess thinker, second only to Steinitz, and his works—<i>Die Blockade</i>, <i>My System</i> and <i>Chess Praxis</i>—established his reputation as one of the father figures of modern chess." Keene, <i>Aron Nimzowitsch: A Reappraisal</i>, David McKay, 1974, p. 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-13040-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-13040-3">0-679-13040-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aron Nimzowitsch, <i>My System (21st Century Edition)</i>, Hays Publishing, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880673-85-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-880673-85-1">1-880673-85-1</a>. Aron Nimzovich, <i>My System</i>, David McKay, 1947, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-14025-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-14025-5">0-679-14025-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aron Nimzowitsch, <i>Blockade</i> (English translation), Chess Enterprises, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931462-07-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-931462-07-X">0-931462-07-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aron Nimzowitsch, <i>Chess Praxis (21st Century Edition)</i>, Hays Publishing, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880673-91-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-880673-91-6">1-880673-91-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aron Nimzovich, <i>Chess Praxis: The Praxis of My System</i>, Dover Publications, 1962. SBN 486-20296-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuben Fine, <i>The Middle Game in Chess</i>, David McKay, 1952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. M. Euwe and H. Kramer, <i>The Middle Game, Book One: Static Features</i>, G. Bell and Sons, 1964. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7135-0431-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7135-0431-5">0-7135-0431-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. M. Euwe and H. Kramer, <i>The Middle Game, Book Two: Dynamic and Subjective Features</i>, G. Bell and Sons, 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7135-0432-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7135-0432-3">0-7135-0432-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luděk Pachman, <i>Complete Chess Strategy, Volume 1: First Principles of the Middle Game</i>, Cornerstone Library, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-346-12321-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-346-12321-6">0-346-12321-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luděk Pachman, <i>Complete Chess Strategy, Volume 2: Principles of Pawn Play and the Center</i>, Cornerstone Library, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-346-12343-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-346-12343-7">0-346-12343-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luděk Pachman, <i>Complete Chess Strategy: Play on the Wings</i>, David McKay, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-13252-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-13252-X">0-679-13252-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luděk Pachman, <i>Modern Chess Strategy</i>, Dover Publications, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20290-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20290-9">0-486-20290-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luděk Pachman, <i>Modern Chess Tactics</i>, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-7098-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-7098-5">0-7100-7098-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luděk Pachman, <i>Attack and Defense in Modern Chess Tactics</i>, David McKay, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy</i>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Vuković, <i>The Art of Attack in Chess</i>, Pergamon Press, 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-011196-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-011196-3">0-08-011196-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Spielmann, <i>The Art of Sacrifice in Chess</i>, David McKay, 1951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Renaud and Victor Kahn, <i>The Art of the Checkmate</i>, Dover Publications, 1962. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20106-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20106-6">0-486-20106-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. du Mont, <i>The Basis of Combination in Chess</i>, Dover Publications, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23644-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23644-7">0-486-23644-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Soltis, <i>The Art of Defense in Chess</i>, David McKay, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-13043-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-13043-8">0-679-13043-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golombek, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François-André Danican Philidor, <i>Analysis of the Game of Chess</i>, Hardinge Simpole, 2005 (reprint), pp. 230–304. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84382-161-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84382-161-3">1-84382-161-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philidor, pp. 305–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Staunton, <i>The Chess-Player's Handbook</i>, Henry G. Bohn, 1847, pp. 403–500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karsten Muller and Frank Lamprecht, <i>Fundamental Chess Endings</i>, Gambit Publications, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901983-53-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-901983-53-6">1-901983-53-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuben Fine and Pal Benko, <i>Basic Chess Endings (Algebraic Edition)</i>, McKay Chess Library, 2003, p. 524, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-3493-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-3493-8">0-8129-3493-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Soltis, <i>Rethinking the Chess Pieces</i>, Batsford 2004, p. 84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8904-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-8904-9">0-7134-8904-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller and Lamprecht, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Walker, <i>The Art of Chess-Play: A New Treatise on the Game of Chess</i> (4th ed. 1846), Sherwood, Gilbert, & Piper, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuben Fine, <i>Basic Chess Endings</i>, David McKay, 1941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuben Fine and Pal Benko, <i>Basic Chess Endings</i>, Random House, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-3493-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-3493-8">0-8129-3493-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigory Levenfish and Vasily Smyslov, <i>Rook Endings</i>, Chess Digest, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-0354-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-0354-3">0-7134-0354-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. Averbakh and I. Maizelis, <i>Pawn Endings</i>, Chess Digest, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Averbakh, <i>Queen and Pawn Endings</i>, Chess Digest, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-3041-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-3041-9">0-7134-3041-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Averbakh, <i>Bishop Endings</i>, Batsford, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-0096-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-0096-X">0-7134-0096-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Averbakh and Vitaly Chekhover, <i>Knight Endings</i>, Batsford 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-0552-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-0552-X">0-7134-0552-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Averbakh, <i>Bishop v. Knight Endings</i>, Batsford, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-3179-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-3179-2">0-7134-3179-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Averbakh, <i>Rook v. Minor Piece Endings</i>, Batsford, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-0868-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-0868-5">0-7134-0868-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Averbakh, V. Chekhover, and V. Henkin, <i>Queen v. Rook/Minor Piece Endings</i>, Batsford, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-0866-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-0866-9">0-7134-0866-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Dvoretsky, <i>Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual (second Edition)</i>, Russell Enterprises, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888690-19-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-888690-19-4">1-888690-19-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Balashov and Eduard Prandstetter, <i>Basic Endgames</i>, Prague Chess Agency, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-901056-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/80-901056-0-2">80-901056-0-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pal Benko, <i>Chess Endgame Lessons</i>, 1989, Library of Congress Catalogue No. 89-64215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Nunn, <i>Secrets of Rook Endings</i>, Henry Holt, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-2640-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-2640-1">0-8050-2640-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Nunn, <i>Secrets of Pawnless Endings</i>, Henry Holt, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-3285-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-3285-1">0-8050-3285-1</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Chess" title="Template:Chess"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess" title="Template talk:Chess"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_chess_server" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_chess_servers" title="List of Internet chess servers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_rating_system" title="Chess rating system">Rating system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_chess" title="List of world records in chess">World records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li> <li><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_museums" title="Category:Chess museums">Chess museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">PGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_walk" title="King walk">King walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file" title="Open file">Open file</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-open_file" title="Half-open file">Half-open file</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_traps" title="List of chess traps">Trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_(chess)" title="X-ray (chess)">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob%27s_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen%27s_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen%27s_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence,_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_mate" title="Fool's mate">Fool's mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_pawn_versus_king_endgame" title="King and pawn versus king endgame">King and pawn vs king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and pawn versus rook endgame">Rook and pawn vs rook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li> <li>Strategy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other world championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li> <li>Computer chess championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess.com Computer Chess Championship">CCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">CSVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">TCEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">WCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chess" title="Category:Films about chess">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_chess" title="Category:Novels about chess">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_paintings" title="Category:Chess paintings">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_about_chess" title="Category:Poems about chess">poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_stories_about_chess" title="Category:Short stories about chess">short stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/28px-Chess.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/42px-Chess.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/56px-Chess.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" 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