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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Turkmenistan" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Turkmenistan" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tidig_historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidig_historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Tidig historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidig_historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800-_och_1900-talet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800-_och_1900-talet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1800- och 1900-talet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800-_och_1900-talet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Självständigt_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Självständigt_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Självständigt land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Självständigt_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Efter_Nijazov_2006-" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efter_Nijazov_2006-"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Efter Nijazov 2006-</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efter_Nijazov_2006--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Geografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topografi_och_hydrografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topografi_och_hydrografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topografi och hydrografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topografi_och_hydrografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Klimat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miljöproblem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miljöproblem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Miljöproblem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miljöproblem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styre_och_politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styre_och_politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Styre och politik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styre_och_politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Styre och politik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styre_och_politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Författning_och_styre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Författning_och_styre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Författning och styre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Författning_och_styre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrativ_indelning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrativ_indelning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Administrativ indelning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrativ_indelning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationella_relationer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationella_relationer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Internationella relationer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationella_relationer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Försvar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Försvar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Försvar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Försvar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi_och_infrastruktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi_och_infrastruktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ekonomi och infrastruktur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomi_och_infrastruktur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Ekonomi och infrastruktur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi_och_infrastruktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Näringsliv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Näringsliv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Näringsliv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Näringsliv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jordbruk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordbruk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Jordbruk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordbruk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energi_och_råvaror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energi_och_råvaror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Energi och råvaror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energi_och_råvaror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastruktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastruktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Infrastruktur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastruktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utbildning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utbildning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Utbildning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utbildning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Befolkning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Befolkning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Befolkning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Befolkning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Befolkning</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Befolkning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Större_städer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Större_städer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Större städer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Större_städer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Urbanisering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minoriteter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minoriteter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Minoriteter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minoriteter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Språk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Språk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Språk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Språk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationella_rankningar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationella_rankningar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Internationella rankningar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationella_rankningar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Källor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allmänna_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allmänna_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Allmänna källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allmänna_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkmenistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 243 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-243" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">243 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – acehnesiska" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehnesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменистэн – kabardinska" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркуменистэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardinska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменыстан – adygeiska" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркуменыстан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adygeiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ቱርክመኒስታን – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክመኒስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – enaresamiska" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – fornengelska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornengelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%83%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҭурқменисҭан – abchaziska" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҭурқменисҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abchaziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ – arameiska" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turcmènistan – frankoprovensalska" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Turcmènistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="frankoprovensalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuykomenit%C3%A3" title="Tuykomenitã – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuykomenitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – avariska" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmin_suyu" title="Turkmin suyu – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turkmin suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C9%99nistan" title="Türkmənistan – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمنیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکمنیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – balinesiska" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төркмәнстан – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэністан – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туркмэністан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukmenistan" title="Tukmenistan – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tukmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuakmenien" title="Tuakmenien – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tuakmenien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན། – tibetanska" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – korsikanska" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcmenistan" title="Tyrcmenistan – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tyrcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – marockansk arabiska" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marockansk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – nordsamiska" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naashch%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC_Bidiyog%C3%ADihnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah – navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – lågsorbiska" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lågsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – erjya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erjya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenio" title="Turkmenio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkmenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – extremaduriska" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremaduriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – fulani" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuircm%C3%A9anast%C3%A1in" title="An Tuircméanastáin – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuircméanastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkmenistaan" title="Yn Turkmenistaan – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Turkmenistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – gagauziska" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmanast%C3%A0n" title="Turcmanastàn – skotsk gaeliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Turcmanastàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gaeliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۊرکمنستان – gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تۊرکمنستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="투르크메니스탄 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르크메니스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukemenikana" title="Tukemenikana – hawaiiska" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tukemenikana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Թուրքմենստան – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքմենստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – högsorbiska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="högsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenistan" title="Túrkmenistan – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túrkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="טורקמניסטן – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקמניסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkimenistan%C9%A9" title="Turkimenistanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Turkimenistanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kasjubiska" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түрікменстан – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түрікменстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Turkmen" title="Pow Turkmen – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukimenisitani" title="Turukimenisitani – kinjarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Turukimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinjarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – kome" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="kome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikmenistan" title="Tikmenistan – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tikmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Tirkménistan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tirkménistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkmenistan" title="Tirkmenistan – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркмөнстан – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркмөнстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ – laotiska" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomannia" title="Turcomannia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcomannia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C4%81na" title="Turkmenistāna – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turkmenistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туьркменистан – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Туьркменистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C4%97nija" title="Turkmėnija – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkmėnija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1ni" title="Turkmenistáni – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Turkmenistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistuanu" title="Turkmenistuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turkmenistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmeniszt%C3%A1n" title="Türkmenisztán – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türkmenisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – maduresiska" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="maduresiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmenist%C3%A0na" title="Torkmenistàna – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkmenistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – maltesiska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukumanat%C4%81nga" title="Tukumanatānga – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tukumanatānga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توركمينيستان – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركمينيستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تورکمونسون – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورکمونسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэнистан – moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркмэнистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तर्कमेनिस्तान – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="トルクメニスタン – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクメニスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Туркмени – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркмени" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeenistaan" title="Turkmeenistaan – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Turkmeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkimeenistaan" title="Tarkimeenistaan – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tarkimeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmaniston" title="Turkmaniston – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkmaniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – jamaikansk engelsk kreol" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaikansk engelsk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន – kambodjanska" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kambodjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – pikardiska" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – pontiska" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquemenist%C3%A3o" title="Turquemenistão – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquemenistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenstan" title="Túrkmenstan – karakalpakiska" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkmenstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – krimtatariska" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkminsuyu" title="Turkminsuyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkminsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркменистаан – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түркменистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – samoanska" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A0n" title="Turkmenistàn – sardinska" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turkmenistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistani" title="Turkmenistani – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turkmenistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترڪمانستان – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪمانستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThumekhi" title="IThumekhi – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThumekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nsko" title="Turkménsko – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turkménsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmy%C5%84istan" title="Turkmyńistan – silesiska" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turkmyńistan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – somaliska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمانستان – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکمانستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="rekommenderad artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kabyliska" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төрекмәнстан – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрекмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%99%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkomenistaun" title="Turkomenistaun – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turkomenistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Туркманистон – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркманистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABkimenisitani" title="Tūkimenisitani – tonganska" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tūkimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tonganska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – turkmeniska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – udmurtiska" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ – buginesiska" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۈركمەنىستان – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركمەنىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen%C3%A4n" title="Turkmenän – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Turkmenän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土庫曼斯坦 – litterär kineiska" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土庫曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="litterär kineiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – västflamländska" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="västflamländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkumenistaan" title="Turkumenistaan – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Turkumenistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טורקמעניסטאן – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טורקמעניסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%E1%BA%B9%CC%81n%C3%ACst%C3%A1n" title="Turkmẹ́nìstán – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Turkmẹ́nìstán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="土庫曼 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土庫曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkmen%C4%B1stan" title="Tırkmenıstan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkmenıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – zeeländska" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmien%C4%97stans" title="Torkmienėstans – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkmienėstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – betawiska" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – centraldusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="centraldusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C9%99nistan" title="Turkmənistan – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Turkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ – marockansk standard-tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="marockansk standard-tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Turkmenistan" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Turkmenistan" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Turkmenistan" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikinews.org/wiki/Kategori:Turkmenistan" hreflang="sv"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" hreflang="sv"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q874" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="longitude">59°Ö</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kartor, flygfoton och andra data för denna plats">39°N 59°Ö</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39; 59</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r51224235">.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border-collapse:collapse;background:#fbfbfb;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox th.ambox-text,.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-text{padding:.25em .5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-image{padding:2px 0 2px .5em;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-imageright{padding:2px 4px 2px 0;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete,.mw-parser-output table.ambox-serious{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-merge{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox{border-top-width:0}.mw-parser-output .messagebox{border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#f8f9fa;width:80%;margin:0 auto 1em auto;padding:.2em}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.merge{border:1px solid #c0b8cc;background-color:#f0e5ff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.cleanup{border:1px solid #9f9fff;background-color:#efefff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.standard-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.nested-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba;width:100%;margin:2px 4px}</style><table class="metadata ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"> <div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/40px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/60px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/80px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td> <td class="ambox-text">Den här artikeln <b>behöver fler eller bättre <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar">källhänvisningar</a> för att kunna <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet">verifieras</a>.</b> <small>(2022-04)</small> <br /><small>Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">gärna som fotnoter</a>). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan <a href="/wiki/Mall:K%C3%A4lla_beh%C3%B6vs" title="Mall:Källa behövs">ifrågasättas</a> och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på <a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Turkmenistan" title="Diskussion:Turkmenistan">diskussionssidan</a>.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%"><tbody><tr class="adr"> <th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow" style="line-height:1.2em; padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size:1.25em;"><span class="fn org country-name">Türkmenistan Respublikasy<br />Republiken Turkmenistan</span></th> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table align="center" style="width:100%; background:none; color: inherit;"><tbody><tr> <td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkmenistans flagga"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkmenistans statsvapen"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td align="center"><small><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistans_flagga" title="Turkmenistans flagga">Flagga</a></small></td> <td align="center"><small><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistans_statsvapen" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistans statsvapen">Statsvapen</a></small></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:1.2em; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Valspr%C3%A5k" title="Valspråk">Valspråk</a>: </b>inget</td> </tr><tr> <td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="line-height:1.2em; text-align:center;"><b>Nationalsång: </b><a href="/wiki/Gara%C5%9Fsyz,_Bitarap,_T%C3%BCrkmenistany%C5%88_d%C3%B6wlet_gimni" title="Garaşsyz, Bitarap, Türkmenistanyň döwlet gimni">Garaşsyz, Bitarap, Türkmenistanyň döwlet gimni</a><br /></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding:0.6em 0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:LocationTurkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="läge"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LocationTurkmenistan.svg/250px-LocationTurkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LocationTurkmenistan.svg/375px-LocationTurkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LocationTurkmenistan.svg/500px-LocationTurkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> läge</figcaption></figure> <div style="position:relative; top:0.3em;"><small></small></div> </td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Huvudstad" title="Huvudstad">Huvudstad</a></b><br />(även största stad) </td><td><a href="/wiki/Asjchabad" title="Asjchabad">Asjchabad</a> </td></tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Officiellt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Officiellt språk">Officiellt språk</a></th> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkmeniska" title="Turkmeniska">turkmeniska</a></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Statsskick</th> <td><a href="/wiki/Enhetsstat" title="Enhetsstat">Enhetlig</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidentialism" title="Presidentialism">kongressial</a> <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a> under <a href="/wiki/Totalit%C3%A4r" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitär">totalitär</a> <a href="/wiki/Diktatur" title="Diktatur">diktatur</a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Turkmenistans_presidenter" title="Lista över Turkmenistans presidenter">President</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_%C3%B6ver_Turkmenistans_vicepresidenter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista över Turkmenistans vicepresidenter [inte skriven än]">Vicepresident</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C5%9Fit_Meredow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raşit Meredow [inte skriven än]">Raşit Meredow</a></td> </tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvst%C3%A4ndighet" title="Självständighet">Självständighet</a></th> <td>från <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Erkänd</td> <td><a href="/wiki/27_oktober" title="27 oktober">27 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> </td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3">Area</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Totalt</td> <td>488 100 km²<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_l%C3%A4nder_efter_yta" title="Lista över länder efter yta">54:e</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Vatten (%)</td> <td>3,72 %</td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3">Befolkning</th> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">2015 (juli) års uppskattning</td> <td>5 231 422<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_l%C3%A4nder_efter_folkm%C3%A4ngd" title="Lista över länder efter folkmängd">120:e</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">2012<sup>1</sup> års folkräkning</td> <td>4 751 120<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Befolkningstäthet</td> <td>10,7 inv./km² (<a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_l%C3%A4nder_efter_befolkningst%C3%A4thet" title="Lista över länder efter befolkningstäthet">179:e</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Bruttonationalprodukt" title="Bruttonationalprodukt">BNP</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pkraftsparitet" title="Köpkraftsparitet">PPP</a>)</td> <td>2022 års beräkning</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Totalt</td> <td>117,7 miljarder <a href="/wiki/Amerikansk_dollar" title="Amerikansk dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_l%C3%A4nder_efter_BNP_(PPP)" title="Lista över länder efter BNP (PPP)">94:e</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Per capita</td> <td>18 857 <a href="/wiki/Amerikansk_dollar" title="Amerikansk dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_l%C3%A4nder_efter_BNP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="Lista över länder efter BNP (PPP) per capita">77:e</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Bruttonationalprodukt" title="Bruttonationalprodukt">BNP</a></b> (nominell)</td> <td>2022 års beräkning</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Totalt</td> <td>76,6 miljarder <a href="/wiki/Amerikansk_dollar" title="Amerikansk dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_l%C3%A4nder_efter_BNP" title="Lista över länder efter BNP">74:e</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Per capita</td> <td>12 274 <a href="/wiki/Amerikansk_dollar" title="Amerikansk dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_l%C3%A4nder_efter_BNP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="Lista över länder efter BNP (PPP) per capita">71:a</a>)</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></b> (2021)</td> <td><span style="color:#0c0; font-size:1em;">▲</span> 0,745<sup id="cite_ref-hdirapport2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdirapport2022-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_l%C3%A4nder_efter_Human_Development_Index" title="Lista över länder efter Human Development Index">91:a</a>)</td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Valuta" title="Valuta">Valuta</a></th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmensk_manat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmensk manat [inte skriven än]">Turkmensk manat</a> (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TMM</a></code>) </td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tidszon" title="Tidszon">Tidszon</a></th> <td><a href="/wiki/Koordinerad_universell_tid" title="Koordinerad universell tid">UTC</a>+5 </td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi">Topografi</a></b></td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Högsta punkt</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajribaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajribaba [inte skriven än]">Ajribaba</a>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">3 139 <a href="/wiki/Meter_%C3%B6ver_havet" title="Meter över havet">m ö.h.</a></span></td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Största sjö</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarykamysj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarykamysj [inte skriven än]">Sarykamysj</a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;">Längsta flod</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amu-Darja" title="Amu-Darja">Amu-Darja</a></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6ger-_och_v%C3%A4nstertrafik" title="Höger- och vänstertrafik">Kör på</a></th> <td>Höger</td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nationaldag" title="Nationaldag">Nationaldag</a></th> <td><a href="/wiki/27_oktober" title="27 oktober">27 oktober</a></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nationalitetsm%C3%A4rke" title="Nationalitetsmärke">Nationalitetsmärke</a></th> <td>TM</td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Landskod</a></th> <td>TM, TKM, 795</td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Toppdom%C3%A4n" title="Toppdomän">Toppdomän</a></th> <td><a href="/wiki/.tm" class="mw-redirect" title=".tm">.tm</a></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Landsnummer" title="Landsnummer">Landsnummer</a></th> <td>993</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3"><small>1) Folkräkningen hölls i december 2012.</small></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Turkmenistan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmeniska" title="Turkmeniska">turkmeniska</a>: <span lang="tk"><i>Türkmenistan</i></span> <small></small><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Internationella_fonetiska_alfabetet" title="Internationella fonetiska alfabetet">[tʏɾkmønʏˈθːɑːn]</a></span>) är en <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a> i sydvästra <a href="/wiki/Centralasien" title="Centralasien">Centralasien</a>. Det sträcker sig från <a href="/wiki/Kaspiska_havet" title="Kaspiska havet">Kaspiska havet</a> österut till <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> och gränsar i söder till <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, och i norr till <a href="/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan">Kazakstan</a> och <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Ryssland" title="Kejsardömet Ryssland">Kejsardömet Ryssland</a> annekterade Turkmenistan 1884 och från 1906 började man <a href="/wiki/Koloni" title="Koloni">kolonisera</a> landet. 1924 blev Turkmenistan en <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialistisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovjetrepublik" title="Sovjetrepublik">sovjetrepublik</a>. Ända in på 1930-talet rådde häftigt motstånd mot <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">sovjetiseringen</a>. 1991 utropade Turkmenistan sin självständighet, men i <a href="/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">politiskt</a> hänseende har inte mycket förändrats sen dess, och landet har i praktiken förblivit en <a href="/wiki/Enpartistat" title="Enpartistat">enpartistat</a>. Den viktigaste skillnaden är emellertid att regeringen numera kan söka lån utomlands för att exploatera de väldiga <a href="/wiki/Fossilgas" title="Fossilgas">naturgasfyndigheterna</a>, och man söker hellre stöd från <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamiska</a> länder än från <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a>. </p><p>Över 90 procent av landet består av <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ken" title="Öken">öken</a>, där den största delen är <a href="/wiki/Karakum" title="Karakum">Karakum</a>. Vidsträckta områden av Karakum täcker Krasnovodskplatån, och sanddyner utgör cirka 10 procent av öknen. I öster bildar <a href="/wiki/Amu-Darja" title="Amu-Darja">Amu-Darja</a> del av gränsen mot både Uzbekistan och Afghanistan. Floden rann tidigare ut i <a href="/wiki/Aralsj%C3%B6n" title="Aralsjön">Aralsjön</a> men sedan 1950-talet avleds en stor del av vattnet till <a href="/wiki/Karakumkanalen" title="Karakumkanalen">Karakumkanalen</a> som genomkorsar två tredjedelar av landet i västlig riktning fram till <a href="/wiki/Serdar,_Turkmenistan" title="Serdar, Turkmenistan">Gyzylarbat</a>. Kanalen försörjer <a href="/wiki/Bomull" title="Bomull">bomullsodlingarna</a> med vatten, vilket också har bidragit till Aralsjöns uttorkning. På den västra delen av platån sänker sig landet till Kaspiska havets kust. </p><p>Trots sina förekomster av naturgas och <a href="/wiki/Olja" title="Olja">olja</a> är Turkmenistan ett fattigt land. Industrin är föga utvecklad. Frånsett tillverkning av <a href="/wiki/Matta" title="Matta">mattor</a> och <a href="/wiki/Livsmedelsindustri" class="mw-redirect" title="Livsmedelsindustri">livsmedelsindustrin</a>, består industrin huvudsakligen av <a href="/wiki/Svavel" title="Svavel">svavel</a>- och <a href="/wiki/Natriumklorid" title="Natriumklorid">saltutvinning</a> samt naturgasproduktion. 1995 sköt <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflationen</a> i höjden, och den sjunkande produktionen ledde till att den tidigare positiva handelsbalansen visade underskott. Sedan självständighetsförklaringen 1991 har endast få förändringar skett inom ekonomin. Några reformer har inte initierats, vilket har lett till ökad fattigdom och livsmedels<a href="/wiki/Ransonering" title="Ransonering">ransonering</a>. 1996 inträffade en katastrofal <a href="/wiki/Missv%C3%A4xt" title="Missväxt">missväxt</a> inom bomulls- och <a href="/wiki/Spannm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Spannmål">spannmåls</a>-odlingen. Ett annat stort problem är den ökade utbredningen av öknarna. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidig_historia">Tidig historia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tidig historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tidig historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Området har varit befolkat sedan <a href="/wiki/Antiken" title="Antiken">antiken</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_den_store" title="Alexander den store">Alexander den store</a> erövrade området under det 4:e århundradet f.Kr. på väg till <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a>. 150 år senare etablerade <a href="/wiki/Partien" title="Partien">partherna</a> sitt kungadöme i <a href="/wiki/Nisa" title="Nisa">Nisa</a>, ett område som nu ligger i förorterna till den nuvarande huvudstaden <a href="/wiki/Asjchabad" title="Asjchabad">Asjchabad</a>. Under 600-talet erövrade <a href="/wiki/Araber" title="Araber">araberna</a> regionen, och förde med sig den <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamska</a> religionen och omfattade turkmenerna (dessa finns omtalade från 900-talet) i <a href="/wiki/Mellan%C3%B6stern" title="Mellanöstern">Mellanösternkulturen</a>. Det var runt denna tid som <a href="/wiki/Sidenv%C3%A4gen" title="Sidenvägen">Sidenvägen</a> återigen framkom som en betydande handelsväg mellan Asien och Europa. Regionen blev snart känd som centrum i det stora <a href="/wiki/Khorasan" title="Khorasan">Khorasan</a> då <a href="/wiki/Kalif" title="Kalif">kalifen</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> flyttat sin huvudstad till <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>. </p><p>I mitten av 1000-talet koncentrerade <a href="/wiki/Seldjuker" title="Seldjuker">seldjukturkarna</a> sina krafter i området till Turkmenistan i ett försök att expandera in i Afghanistan. Seldjukriket föll samman under andra halvan av 1100-talet. Området miste sin oavhängighet till <a href="/wiki/Mongolv%C3%A4ldet" title="Mongolväldet">Mongolväldet</a> då <a href="/wiki/Djingis_khan" title="Djingis khan">Djingis khan</a> i början av 1200-talet tog kontroll över området öster om Kaspiska havet på sin väg västerut. Från mitten av 1200-talet fram till 1330-talet var regionen underkastad de mongoliska <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanatet" title="Ilkhanatet">ilkhanerna</a> i Persien. Den erövrades på 1370-talet av <a href="/wiki/Timur_Lenk" title="Timur Lenk">Timur Lenk</a> och kom därefter att vara underkastad <a href="/wiki/Timurider" title="Timurider">timuriderna</a> genom 1400-talet. Under det att turkmenerna under 1500-talet konstant utkämpade inbördes klankrig eftertraktades området av såväl <a href="/wiki/Uzbeker" title="Uzbeker">uzbekerna</a> i norr som <a href="/wiki/Safavider" title="Safavider">safaviddynastin</a> i Persien; den senare lyckades så småningom ena de turkmenska stammarna under sig, men turkmenerna förblev i stort oberoende, bortsett från mindre erövringar av <a href="/wiki/Khanat" title="Khanat">khanatet</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiva" title="Chiva">Chiva</a> och <a href="/wiki/Pashtuner" title="Pashtuner">afghanska</a> furstar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800-_och_1900-talet">1800- och 1900-talet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: 1800- och 1900-talet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: 1800- och 1900-talet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Området erövrades av <a href="/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Ryssland" title="Kejsardömet Ryssland">Kejsardömet Ryssland</a> mellan <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a> och <a href="/wiki/1894" title="1894">1894</a> efter att det separerats från <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persien</a>. Khanaten <a href="/wiki/Chiva" title="Chiva">Chiva</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a> samt <a href="/wiki/Emirat" title="Emirat">emiratet</a> <a href="/wiki/Buchara" title="Buchara">Buchara</a> erövrades 1865–1873, varpå turkmenerna, som dessförinnan enats under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekke [inte skriven än]">tekkestammen</a>, besegrades; år 1881 föll fästningen <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6k-Tepe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gök-Tepe [inte skriven än]">Gök-Tepe</a> till ryssarna under stora turkmenska förluster, vilket föranledde att <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> kunde intas 1884. År <a href="/wiki/1885" title="1885">1885</a> hade området annekterats och 1895 slöt Ryssland ett avtal med <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a> i vilket gränsen bestämdes. Under den ryska <a href="/wiki/Administration" title="Administration">administrationen</a> flyttade ryska <a href="/wiki/Nybyggare" title="Nybyggare">bosättare</a> in och landet odlades upp och förbands med järnväg till Ryssland. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Ryska_inb%C3%B6rdeskriget" title="Ryska inbördeskriget">inbördeskriget</a> efter <a href="/wiki/Ryska_revolutionen" title="Ryska revolutionen">ryska revolutionen</a> <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> behärskades landet av den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkaspiska_provisoriska_regeringen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkaspiska provisoriska regeringen [inte skriven än]">transkaspiska provisoriska regeringen</a>, som föll för <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6da_arm%C3%A9n" title="Röda armén">Röda armén</a> år <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a>. Den 7 augusti 1921 bildades Turkmenska <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblastet</a> som del i <a href="/wiki/Turkestanska_ASSR" title="Turkestanska ASSR">Turkestanska ASSR</a>. Den 23 maj 1925 omvandlades detta till en <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">sovjetisk</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5dsrepublik" class="mw-redirect" title="Rådsrepublik">delrepublik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenska_SSR" title="Turkmenska SSR">Turkmenska SSR</a>; vid denna tid fastställdes Turkmenistans nuvarande gränser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Självständigt_land"><span id="Sj.C3.A4lvst.C3.A4ndigt_land"></span>Självständigt land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Självständigt land" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Självständigt land"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den 27 oktober <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> förklarade landet sig självständigt, vilket erkändes den 8 december. <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Nijazov" title="Saparmurat Nijazov">Saparmurat Nijazov</a>, som valts till president redan året före självständighetsförklaringen och tillträtt den 21 juni 1991, satt kvar som president fram till sin död år 2006 och var föremål för <a href="/wiki/Personkult" title="Personkult">personkult</a>. Det tidigare kommunistpartiet har kvar mycket av sin makt och inflytande, även om vissa liberaliseringar av ekonomin skett. Tidigare politiska oppositionspartier har förklarats olagliga. Det finns några små oppositionsrörelser, som verkar underjordiskt eller från utlandet. </p><p>Nijazov valdes år 1992 till Turkmenistans <abbr>president</abbr> med 99,5 % av rösterna. År 1999 blev han omvald av parlamentet, men denna gången på livstid. Parlamentet består av det enda tillåtna partiet, Nijazovs ”Demokratiska Parti”, som sitter på samtliga 50 mandat. Under diktaturen har all opposition blivit strängt förbjudet och propagandan har varit stark. Nijazov framställde sig som ”turkmenernas far” och fick bland annat tre av årets månader namngett efter sig själv, sin mor och hans andlige vägledare. Men när Nijazov blev president beordrade han att elektricitet, gas, vatten och bröd skulle vara gratis till alla invånare, vilket gjort honom populär.<sup id="cite_ref-ui_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ui-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nijazov dog den 21 december 2006, varpå vice premiärminister <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a> tillträdde som interimspresident. Den 26 december godkändes sex nomineringar till kandidatur till presidentvalet, däribland Berdymuchamedovs, av folkförsamlingen. Val hölls den 11 februari 2007; enligt det officiella valresultatet som offentliggjordes den 14 februari fick Berdymuchamedov 89,23 procent av rösterna och insvors som president samma dag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Efter_Nijazov_2006-">Efter Nijazov 2006-</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Efter Nijazov 2006-" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Efter Nijazov 2006-"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I september 2008 infördes en ny konstitution som bland annat innehåller flerpartisystem och marknadsekonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-sr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sr-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Förhoppningar på demokratiska reformer under den närmaste tiden är låga, även om de mest totalitära dragen från Nijazovs regim har mildrats. </p><p>Turkmenistan styrs sedan 2007 av den auktoritäre presidenten Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow och hans maktapparat kring Turkmenistans demokratiska parti (TDP). Sedan Berdimuhamedow efterträdde diktatorn Saparmurat Nijazov har han på papperet genomfört politiska reformer som flerpartisystem och ökad pressfrihet. Dessa har dock snart visat sig vara just pappersprodukter. Berdimuhamedow anklagas för att liksom Nijazov förtrycka opposition och kränka medborgarnas mänskliga rättigheter.<sup id="cite_ref-ui_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ui-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I presidentvalet år 2012 fick Berdimuhamedov 97 procent av rösterna. Medan hans föregångare Nijazov kallade sig Turkmenbashi - eller alla turkmeners fader - så är Berdimuhamedov känd som Arkadag - eller beskyddaren. Presidenten har fortsatt på sin föregångares auktoritativa linje även om personkulten inte längre är riktigt så stark som under Nijazov som var president för livet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Geografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Turkmenistan_1994_CIA_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Turkmenistan_1994_CIA_map.jpg/250px-Turkmenistan_1994_CIA_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Turkmenistan_1994_CIA_map.jpg/375px-Turkmenistan_1994_CIA_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Turkmenistan_1994_CIA_map.jpg/500px-Turkmenistan_1994_CIA_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Engelskspråkig karta över Turkmenistan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkmenistan är beläget i sydvästra <a href="/wiki/Centralasien" title="Centralasien">Centralasien</a> och gränsar mot <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> i sydöst, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> i söder, <a href="/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan">Kazakstan</a> i nordväst och <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> i norr, samt har kust mot <a href="/wiki/Kaspiska_havet" title="Kaspiska havet">Kaspiska havet</a> i väst. Landet har en yta på omkring 488 100 km². Mellan 80 och 90 procent av denna yta upptas av <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ken" title="Öken">öknen</a> <a href="/wiki/Karakum" title="Karakum">Karakum</a> (Garagum). De centrala delarna domineras av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turandepressionen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turandepressionen [inte skriven än]">Turandepressionen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topografi_och_hydrografi">Topografi och hydrografi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Topografi och hydrografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Topografi och hydrografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I söder bildar bergskedjan <a href="/wiki/Kopet-Dag" title="Kopet-Dag">Kopet-Dag</a>, vars högsta topp är på 2 912 meter över havsnivå, gräns mot <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Balkan_(provins)" title="Balkan (provins)">Balkanbergen</a> i väst och <a href="/wiki/Kugitangtau" title="Kugitangtau">Kugitangtau</a> längst i öst, med landets högsta topp, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajribaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajribaba [inte skriven än]">Ajribaba</a>, på 3 139 meter, vid gränsen mot Uzbekistan, är de enda övriga bergsområdena. Den lägsta punkten i landet är <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geologi)" title="Depression (geologi)">depressionen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktjanaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktjanaj [inte skriven än]">Aktjanaj</a> på 81 meter under havets nivå. Landets största sjö, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarykamysj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarykamysj [inte skriven än]">Sarykamysj</a>, har dock en vattenyta som ibland understiger Aktjanaj (lägsta noteringen är 110 meter under havsnivån). Floden <a href="/wiki/Amu-Darja" title="Amu-Darja">Amu-Darja</a> löper genom landets norra del, och <a href="/wiki/Hari_Rud" title="Hari Rud">Hari Rud</a> genom dess södra, innan den senare upphör i Karakum, dessa floder försörjer ett nätverk av kanaler med vatten, vilket gör <a href="/wiki/Bevattning" class="mw-redirect" title="Bevattning">bevattningen</a> av jordbruksmark möjlig ungefär hälften av den odlade marken används till att odla bomull, vilken Turkmenistan är stor producent av, men de främsta inkomstkällorna är ändå råolja och naturgas som landet har betydande resurser av. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klimat">Klimat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Klimat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Klimat"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkmenistan har ett <a href="/wiki/Subtropiskt_klimat" title="Subtropiskt klimat">subtropiskt</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96kenklimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ökenklimat">ökenklimat</a>, med lite regn. Vintrarna är milda och torra med mest nederbörd mellan januari och maj. Mest nederbörd faller i Kopet-Dag-bergen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miljöproblem"><span id="Milj.C3.B6problem"></span>Miljöproblem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Miljöproblem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Miljöproblem"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Några av de största miljöproblemen i landet är <a href="/wiki/%C3%96kenspridning" title="Ökenspridning">ökenspridning</a> och salt i jord och <a href="/wiki/Grundvatten" title="Grundvatten">grundvatten</a>. Till detta kommer förorening av marken på grund av jordbrukets <a href="/wiki/Insekticid" title="Insekticid">insektsbekämpningsmedel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styre_och_politik">Styre och politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Styre och politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Styre och politik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Författning_och_styre"><span id="F.C3.B6rfattning_och_styre"></span>Författning och styre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Författning och styre" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Författning och styre"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkmenistans statsskick är presidentialistisk republik, där presidenten är både statschef och regeringschef. Landets konstitution (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090320070457/http://www.legislationline.org/upload/legislations/4f/56/33fa31942510288eb01ea3a1508a.pdf">[1]</a>) antogs den 18 maj 1992; den nuvarande versionen antogs den 15 augusti 2003. Turkmenistan har ett enpartisystem där endast medlemmar av den nu avlidne auktoritäre president <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Nijazov" title="Saparmurat Nijazov">Saparmurat Nijazovs</a> parti, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistans_demokratiska_parti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmenistans demokratiska parti [inte skriven än]">Turkmenistans demokratiska parti</a>, är tillåtna att ställa upp i val till de två nominellt lagstiftande parlamentssamlingarna, folkrådet (eller folkförsamlingen; <i>Halk Maslahaty</i>) och församlingen (<i>Mejlis</i>). Regeringen utses av presidenten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrativ_indelning">Administrativ indelning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Administrativ indelning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Administrativ indelning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistans_provinser" title="Turkmenistans provinser">Turkmenistans provinser</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:TurkmenistanNumbered.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkmenistans provinser."><img alt="Turkmenistans provinser." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png/250px-TurkmenistanNumbered.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Turkmenistans provinser.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkmenistan är indelat i ett stadsdistrikt på provinsnivå runt huvudstaden <a href="/wiki/Asjchabad" title="Asjchabad">Asjchabad</a> samt följande fem provinser (<i>welayatlar</i>), med provinshuvudstad inom parentes: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Achal" title="Achal">Achal</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%84nev" title="Änev">Änev</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_(provins)" title="Balkan (provins)">Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nebitdag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebitdag">Nebitdag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz_(provins)" title="Daşoguz (provins)">Daşoguz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebap" title="Lebap">Lebap</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_(provins)" title="Mary (provins)">Mary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary_(stad)" title="Mary (stad)">Mary</a>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politik">Politik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Politik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Saparmurat Nijazov, tidigare byråkrat i <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionens_kommunistiska_parti" title="Sovjetunionens kommunistiska parti">kommunistpartiet</a> i Sovjet, behöll absolut kontroll över landet fram till sin död 2006. All opposition är förbjuden och Nijazov har genomfört en välutvecklad <a href="/wiki/Personkult" title="Personkult">personkult</a> runt sig. Hans bok, <i><a href="/wiki/Ruhnama" title="Ruhnama">Ruhnama</a></i>, spelar en central roll i landets kultur och utbildningsväsen. Enligt grundlagen väljs presidenten genom allmänna val för en femårsperiod, men det senaste (och hittills andra) valet hölls dock den 21 juni 1992, i vilket Nijazov ensam deltog och i vilket han sades ha fått 99,5 procent av rösterna. Nijazovs mandatperiod förlängdes på obestämd tid av folkrådet den 28 december 1999. I november 2005 röstade folkrådet ner Nijazovs förslag om att hålla presidentval år 2009. </p><p>Nijazovs död den 21 december 2006 skapade ett maktvakuum i landet, då ingen bestämd efterträdare utsetts. Enligt konstitutionen skulle parlamentets talman, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96vezgeldi_Atajev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Övezgeldi Atajev [inte skriven än]">Övezgeldi Atajev</a>, övertagit presidentposten, men i stället utnämndes den vice premiärministern <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a> till interimspresident (och därtill till chef för den kommission som ska organisera statsbegravningen). Folkförsamlingen godkände den 26 december 2006 sex nomineringar till kandidatur till presidentvalet, däribland Berdimuchamedovs, trots att denne såsom interimspresident enligt Turkmenistans konstitution inte är tillåten att ställa upp. I valet den 11 februari 2007 vann Berdimuhamedow med 89% av rösterna och insvors till president den 14 februari 2007. </p><p>Berdymuchamedov har upphävt vissa av sin föregångares lagar. 2008 infördes en ny konstitution som bland annat innehåller flerpartisystem och marknadsekonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-sr_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sr-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dock verkar det, liksom kring hans föregångare, ha bildats en personkult kring Berdymuchamedov.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internationella_relationer">Internationella relationer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Internationella relationer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Internationella relationer"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gurbanguly_Berdimuhammedow_-_Putin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhammedow_-_Putin.jpg/250px-Gurbanguly_Berdimuhammedow_-_Putin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhammedow_-_Putin.jpg/375px-Gurbanguly_Berdimuhammedow_-_Putin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhammedow_-_Putin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a> med <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkmenistans utrikes- och försvarspolitik domineras av <a href="/wiki/Neutralitet" title="Neutralitet">neutralitet</a> och <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>. Ett fördrag gjorde 1992 <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a> till garant för Turkmenistans nationella säkerhet och en gradvis övergång av försvarsmaktens ledning från ryska till turkmenska händer. De sista ryska gränstrupperna drog sig tillbaka 1999. För att balansera det ryska inflytandet slöt Turkmenistan 1999 ett avtal om begränsat militärt samarbete med <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a>. </p><p>Turkmenistan var medlem i <a href="/wiki/Oberoende_staters_samv%C3%A4lde" title="Oberoende staters samvälde">Oberoende staters samvälde</a> (OSS) fram till 26 augusti 2005 då det avsade sig sitt permanenta medlemskap och i stället blev associerad medlem. För att befästa sin neutralitet har Turkmenistan vägrat att delta i OSS:s multilaterala militära samarbete. Ett undantag utgörs dock landets medverkan i den Kaspiska flottiljen tillsammans med Ryssland och <a href="/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan">Kazakstan</a>. I slutet av 2001 tilläts att <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> fick föra humanitära, men inte militära, förnödenheter till <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> via Turkmenistan. USA utbildar också de turkmenska gränstrupperna och har försett dem med modernt materiel, allt i syfte att hindra det stora flödet av <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> från Afghanistan via Turkmenistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Försvar"><span id="F.C3.B6rsvar"></span>Försvar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Försvar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Försvar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den turkmeniska försvarsmakten bestod 2006 av en armé med 21 000 man, ett flygvapen om 4 300 man och en flotta om 700 man. Försvarsmaterielen är ett arv från den sovjetiska tiden och blir efterhand alltmer omodern. Armén är organiserad i fem <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4romr%C3%A5de" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärområde">militärområden</a> och hade 2007 tre motorskyttedivisioner, ett raketartilleriregemente, ett pansarvärnsregemente, ett ingenjörsregemente, två luftvärnsrobotbrigader och en fallskärmsjägarbataljon. Flygvapnet har två <a href="/wiki/Flygdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Flygdivision">flygdivisioner</a> och flottan har en liten örlogsbas i <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy" title="Türkmenbaşy">Türkmenbaşy</a>. Planer fanns på att införa en yrkesarmé 2005, men de har inte genomförts, bl.a. därför att värnplikten ses som ett sätt att minska <a href="/wiki/Arbetsl%C3%B6shet" title="Arbetslöshet">arbetslösheten</a>. Vapenföra män är <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rnplikt" title="Värnplikt">värnpliktiga</a> från 18 års ålder. Första tjänstgöring är sedan 2002 höjd från 18 till 24 månader. <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rnpliktsv%C3%A4gran" class="mw-redirect" title="Värnpliktsvägran">Värnpliktsvägran</a> är förbjuden och straffbar; det finns ingen möjlighet till <a href="/wiki/Vapenfri_tj%C3%A4nst" title="Vapenfri tjänst">vapenfri tjänstgöring</a>. Det går däremot bra att genom mutor eller politiska förbindelser bli <a href="/wiki/Frikallelse" title="Frikallelse">frikallad</a>. Grov pennalism från både befälet och äldre värnpliktiga, de mycket dåliga sanitära förhållandena i kasernerna, de små och dåliga livsmedelsransonerna, ansträngande tjänstgöring och allvarliga stammotsättningar gör att desertering och <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvmord" title="Självmord">självmord</a> är ett mycket stort problem i den turkmeniska försvarsmakten. För att minska risken för desertering, kommenderas de värnpliktiga till tjänstgöring i förband som är förlagda utanför deras traditionella stamterritorier. Trots detta rymmer många värnpliktiga, säljer sina uniformer och vapen och gömmer sig hos sina släktingar.<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2022-04)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi_och_infrastruktur">Ekonomi och infrastruktur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ekonomi och infrastruktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ekonomi och infrastruktur"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rysslands ovilja att transitera turkmensk gas till marknader som kunde betala i hårdvaluta, samt ökande skuld till sina största kunder i det tidigare Sovjet, ledde 1994 till ett tvärt fall i industriproduktionen. Detta medförde då att budgeten gick från överskott till ett litet underskott. </p><p>Turkmenistan har genomfört försiktiga ekonomiska reformer, och hoppas att försäljning av bomull och gas ska utveckla ekonomin. Problem som hindrar denna utveckling är bland annat en utbredd fattigdom (35 procent av befolkningen är fattig) och en stor utlandsskuld. Osäkerheten om Turkmenistans ekonomi är stor, eftersom ekonomisk <a href="/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik">statistik</a> är statshemligheter. Privatiseringen förblir begränsad. </p><p>Mellan 1998 och 2002 präglades Turkmenistans ekonomi av fortsatt avsaknad av adekvata exportrutter för naturgas och av förpliktelser att betala utlandsskuld baserad på <a href="/wiki/Kortfristig_skuld" title="Kortfristig skuld">kortfristiga lån</a>. Samtidigt har värdet av den totala exporten stigit kraftigt på grund av högre internationella olje- och gaspriser. </p><p>President Nijazov har förskingrat mycket av landets intäkter på självglorifiering, omfattande renoveringar av städer, särskilt <a href="/wiki/Asjchabad" title="Asjchabad">Asjchabad</a>, samtidigt som människor utanför huvudstaden lever i fattigdom. Presidenten har lovat fritt vatten, elektricitet och gas, men det saknas ofta. </p><p>Turkmenistan är genomfartsland för <a href="/wiki/Narkotika" title="Narkotika">narkotika</a> från <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> till <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a>, samt för råvaror för <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">herointillverkning</a> till Afghanistan.<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2022-04)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Näringsliv"><span id="N.C3.A4ringsliv"></span>Näringsliv</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Näringsliv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Näringsliv"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jordbruk">Jordbruk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: Jordbruk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Jordbruk"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkmenistan är till största delen öken, där det finns ett intensivt <a href="/wiki/Jordbruk" title="Jordbruk">jordbruk</a> i konstbevattnade <a href="/wiki/Oas" title="Oas">oaser</a>. Hälften av det som odlas är <a href="/wiki/Bomull" title="Bomull">bomull</a>, vilket gör landet till tionde största bomullsproducenten i världen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energi_och_råvaror"><span id="Energi_och_r.C3.A5varor"></span>Energi och råvaror</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitt: Energi och råvaror" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Energi och råvaror"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektriciteten produceras nästan uteslutande av <a href="/wiki/Fossila_br%C3%A4nslen" title="Fossila bränslen">fossila bränslen</a>. </p><p>Landet har också den femte största tillgången på <a href="/wiki/Naturgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturgas">naturgas</a> i världen, och därtill stora fyndigheter av <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>. Utöver naturgas och olja finns i landet även <a href="/wiki/Kol_(br%C3%A4nsle)" title="Kol (bränsle)">kol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svavel" title="Svavel">svavel</a> och <a href="/wiki/Natriumklorid" title="Natriumklorid">salt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastruktur">Infrastruktur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitt: Infrastruktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Infrastruktur"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Utbildning">Utbildning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utbildning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utbildning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utbildningen är allmän och obligatorisk för en period som nyligen sänktes från 11 till 9 år<sup style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tidl%C3%B6shet" title="Wikipedia:Tidlöshet">när?</a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Befolkning">Befolkning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitt: Befolkning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Befolkning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demografi">Demografi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Redigera avsnitt: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=23" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Demografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Population_of_Turkmenistan.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Population_of_Turkmenistan.PNG/250px-Population_of_Turkmenistan.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Population_of_Turkmenistan.PNG/500px-Population_of_Turkmenistan.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Befolkningsutveckling i Turkmenistan 1950–2009.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Större_städer"><span id="St.C3.B6rre_st.C3.A4der"></span>Större städer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Redigera avsnitt: Större städer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=24" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Större städer"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Större städer är <a href="/wiki/Asjchabad" title="Asjchabad">Asjchabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a> (tidigare Tjardzjou), <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz" title="Daşoguz">Daşoguz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebitdag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebitdag">Nebitdag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_(stad)" title="Mary (stad)">Mary</a> och <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy" title="Türkmenbaşy">Türkmenbaşy</a> (tidigare Krasnovodsk). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urbanisering">Urbanisering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Redigera avsnitt: Urbanisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=25" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Urbanisering"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2006 hade Turkmenistan 5 042 920 invånare, vilket då gav 12 invånare per km². Eftersom landet till största del består av öken är stora delar ytterst glesbefolkade. Städerna ligger främst i oaser. Omkring 47 procent av befolkningen är urban. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minoriteter">Minoriteter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Redigera avsnitt: Minoriteter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=26" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Minoriteter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Större <a href="/wiki/Etnicitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Etnicitet">etniska</a> grupper är <a href="/wiki/Turkmener" title="Turkmener">turkmener</a> (85 procent), <a href="/wiki/Uzbeker" title="Uzbeker">uzbeker</a> (7 procent), <a href="/wiki/Ryssar" title="Ryssar">ryssar</a> (3 procent) och <a href="/wiki/Kazaker" title="Kazaker">kazaker</a> (2 procent). Resterande 3 procent är främst fördelat på <a href="/wiki/Ukrainare" title="Ukrainare">ukrainare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerer" title="Azerer">azerer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenier" title="Armenier">armenier</a> och <a href="/wiki/Tatarer" title="Tatarer">tatarer</a>. De mest talade språken är <a href="/wiki/Turkmeniska" title="Turkmeniska">turkmeniska</a> (72 procent), <a href="/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska">ryska</a> (12 procent) och <a href="/wiki/Uzbekiska" title="Uzbekiska">uzbekiska</a> (9 procent).<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2022-04)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Språk"><span id="Spr.C3.A5k"></span>Språk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Redigera avsnitt: Språk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=27" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Språk"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officiellt språk är <a href="/wiki/Turkmenska" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenska">turkmenska</a>, men <a href="/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska">ryska</a> används enligt grundlagen från 1992 som "interetniskt kommunikationsspråk". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Redigera avsnitt: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=28" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Religion"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De större religiösa tillhörigheterna är <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">muslimer</a> (89 procent) och <a href="/wiki/Rysk-ortodoxa_kyrkan" title="Rysk-ortodoxa kyrkan">rysk-ortodoxa</a> (9 procent). </p><p>Den stora majoriteten av muslimerna är <a href="/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni">sunniter</a> tillhörande den <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" title="Hanafi">hanafitiska</a> rättskolan. Det finns också mindre grupper shiamuslimer bland etniska perser, azerer och kurder i <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy" title="Türkmenbaşy">Türkmenbaşy</a> och längs gränsen till Iran. </p><p>De flesta etniska ryssarna i landet tillhör den rysk-ortodoxa kyrkan. Det finns tretton rysk-ortodoxa kyrkor i Turkmenistan. En präst i <a href="/wiki/Asjchabad" title="Asjchabad">Asjchabad</a> leder kyrkan i landet, underställd ärkebiskopen i <a href="/wiki/Tasjkent" title="Tasjkent">Tasjkent</a> i Uzbekistan.<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2022-04)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internationella_rankningar">Internationella rankningar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Redigera avsnitt: Internationella rankningar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=29" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Internationella rankningar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Organisation </th> <th>Undersökning </th> <th>Rankning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Foundation" title="Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/index/country/turkmenistan">Index of Economic Freedom 2022</a> </td> <td>165 av 180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reportrar_utan_gr%C3%A4nser" title="Reportrar utan gränser">Reportrar utan gränser</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2021">Pressfrihetsindex 2021</a> </td> <td>178 av 180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021/index/tkm">Korruptionsindex 2021</a> </td> <td>169 av 180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FN:s_utvecklingsprogram" title="FN:s utvecklingsprogram">FN:s utvecklingsprogram</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/en/content/latest-human-development-index-ranking">Human Development Index 2020</a> </td> <td>111 av 189 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=30" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=31" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWorldFactbook_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612214157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html">”Turkmenistan”</a>. <i><span>The World Factbook</span></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. 25 augusti 2016. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html">originalet</a> den 12 juni 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612214157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20070612214157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 16 september 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Turkmenistan&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.date=25+augusti+2016&rft.pub=%5B%5BCentral+Intelligence+Agency%7CCIA%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070612214157%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Ftx.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Turkmenistan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006054812/http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/2015/02/the-results-of-census-in-turkmenistan/">”The results of census in Turkmenistan”</a> (på <a href="/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska">Engelska</a>). Chronicles of Turkmenistan. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/2015/02/the-results-of-census-in-turkmenistan/">originalet</a> den 6 oktober 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006054812/http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/2015/02/the-results-of-census-in-turkmenistan/">https://web.archive.org/web/20161006054812/http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/2015/02/the-results-of-census-in-turkmenistan/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 16 september 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+results+of+census+in+Turkmenistan&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Chronicles+of+Turkmenistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20161006054812%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrono-tm.org%2Fen%2F2015%2F02%2Fthe-results-of-census-in-turkmenistan%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Turkmenistan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf.org-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_3-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_3-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_3-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">”World Economic Outlook database: April 2022”</a> (på engelska). <a href="/wiki/Internationella_valutafonden" title="Internationella valutafonden">Internationella valutafonden</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 augusti 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+database%3A+April+2022&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BInternationella+valutafonden%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D512%2C914%2C612%2C171%2C614%2C311%2C213%2C911%2C314%2C193%2C122%2C912%2C313%2C419%2C513%2C316%2C913%2C124%2C339%2C638%2C514%2C218%2C963%2C616%2C223%2C516%2C918%2C748%2C618%2C624%2C522%2C622%2C156%2C626%2C628%2C228%2C924%2C233%2C632%2C636%2C634%2C238%2C662%2C960%2C423%2C935%2C128%2C611%2C321%2C243%2C248%2C469%2C253%2C642%2C643%2C939%2C734%2C644%2C819%2C172%2C132%2C646%2C648%2C915%2C134%2C652%2C174%2C328%2C258%2C656%2C654%2C336%2C263%2C268%2C532%2C944%2C176%2C534%2C536%2C429%2C433%2C178%2C436%2C136%2C343%2C158%2C439%2C916%2C664%2C826%2C542%2C967%2C443%2C917%2C544%2C941%2C446%2C666%2C668%2C672%2C946%2C137%2C546%2C674%2C676%2C548%2C556%2C678%2C181%2C867%2C682%2C684%2C273%2C868%2C921%2C948%2C943%2C686%2C688%2C518%2C728%2C836%2C558%2C138%2C196%2C278%2C692%2C694%2C962%2C142%2C449%2C564%2C565%2C283%2C853%2C288%2C293%2C566%2C964%2C182%2C359%2C453%2C968%2C922%2C714%2C862%2C135%2C716%2C456%2C722%2C942%2C718%2C724%2C576%2C936%2C961%2C813%2C726%2C199%2C733%2C184%2C524%2C361%2C362%2C364%2C732%2C366%2C144%2C146%2C463%2C528%2C923%2C738%2C578%2C537%2C742%2C866%2C369%2C744%2C186%2C925%2C869%2C746%2C926%2C466%2C112%2C111%2C298%2C927%2C846%2C299%2C582%2C487%2C474%2C754%2C698%2C%26s%3DPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2022%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Turkmenistan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hdirapport2022-4"><a href="#cite_ref-hdirapport2022_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">”Human Development Report 2021/2022”</a> (på engelska) (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/20px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png/40px-Noia_64_mimetypes_pdf.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>). United Nations Development Programme. sid. 284-287<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 december 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.atitle=&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B284-287&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Turkmenistan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ui-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ui_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ui_5-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ui.se/landguiden/lander-och-omraden/asien/turkmenistan/">”Turkmenistan”</a>. <i><span>www.ui.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ui.se/landguiden/lander-och-omraden/asien/turkmenistan/">https://www.ui.se/landguiden/lander-och-omraden/asien/turkmenistan/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 31 oktober 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Turkmenistan&rft.atitle=www.ui.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ui.se%2Flandguiden%2Flander-och-omraden%2Fasien%2Fturkmenistan%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Turkmenistan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sr-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-sr_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sr_6-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224105952/http://www.sr.se/cgi-bin/ekot/artikel.asp?Artikel=2338044">”Flerpartisystem och marknadsekonomi”</a>. Sveriges Radio. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sr.se/cgi-bin/ekot/artikel.asp?Artikel=2338044">originalet</a> den 24 februari 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224105952/http://www.sr.se/cgi-bin/ekot/artikel.asp?Artikel=2338044">https://web.archive.org/web/20090224105952/http://www.sr.se/cgi-bin/ekot/artikel.asp?Artikel=2338044</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 september 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Flerpartisystem+och+marknadsekonomi&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Sveriges+Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090224105952%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sr.se%2Fcgi-bin%2Fekot%2Fartikel.asp%3FArtikel%3D2338044&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Turkmenistan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2017/02/12/turkmenistans-ledare-far-forstas-fornyat-fortroende-i-presidentval">”Turkmenistans ledare får (förstås) förnyat förtroende i presidentval”</a> (på svenska). <i><span>svenska.yle.fi</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2017/02/12/turkmenistans-ledare-far-forstas-fornyat-fortroende-i-presidentval">https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2017/02/12/turkmenistans-ledare-far-forstas-fornyat-fortroende-i-presidentval</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 31 oktober 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Turkmenistans+ledare+f%C3%A5r+%28f%C3%B6rst%C3%A5s%29+f%C3%B6rnyat+f%C3%B6rtroende+i+presidentval&rft.atitle=svenska.yle.fi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvenska.yle.fi%2Fartikel%2F2017%2F02%2F12%2Fturkmenistans-ledare-far-forstas-fornyat-fortroende-i-presidentval&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Turkmenistan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62605">Another Personality Cult Blossoms in Turkmenistan</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allmänna_källor"><span id="Allm.C3.A4nna_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Allmänna källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Redigera avsnitt: Allmänna källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=32" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Allmänna källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Geographica - Atlas och uppslagsverk över världens folk och länder</i> <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-3-8331-4129-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-3-8331-4129-4">ISBN 978-3-8331-4129-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=33" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/">Presidentens webbplats</a> (engelska)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gundogar.org/?022000000000000000011000000">Oppositionell nyhetssajt</a> (ryska, engelska)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202213648/http://www.eurasianet.org/turkmenistan.project/">Turkmenistanprojektet (OSI)</a> (engelska, ryska)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkmenistan">Bilder & media</a></div></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="navbox-inner collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Navigeringsmallar_Turkmenistan" title="Mall:Navigeringsmallar Turkmenistan"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Navigeringsmallar_Turkmenistan&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Länkar till relaterade artiklar</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /></div><table class="navbox-inner navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /></div><table class="navbox-inner collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#FFEFD5;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Asien" title="Mall:Asien"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Asien&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Asien" title="Asien">Asien</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien">Armenien</a><sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbajdzjan" title="Azerbajdzjan">Azerbajdzjan</a><sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cypern" title="Cypern">Cypern</a><sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a><sup>3</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filippinerna" title="Filippinerna">Filippinerna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6renade_arabemiraten" title="Förenade arabemiraten">Förenade arabemiraten</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien">Georgien</a><sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien">Indonesien</a><sup>4</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen">Jemen</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jordanien" title="Jordanien">Jordanien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kambodja" title="Kambodja">Kambodja</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan">Kazakstan</a><sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kirgizistan" title="Kirgizistan">Kirgizistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Maldiverna" title="Maldiverna">Maldiverna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mongoliet" title="Mongoliet">Mongoliet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nordkorea" title="Nordkorea">Nordkorea</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Palestinska_myndigheten" title="Palestinska myndigheten">Palestina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a><sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Saudiarabien" title="Saudiarabien">Saudiarabien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sydkorea" title="Sydkorea">Sydkorea</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan">Tadzjikistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Turkiet" title="Turkiet">Turkiet</a><sup>1</sup><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sttimor" title="Östtimor">Östtimor</a><sup>2</sup></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";background:#FFEFD5;" colspan="2">Geografiska anmärkningar: (1) Delvis i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>; (2) Delvis i <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>; (3) Mestadels i Afrika; (4) Delvis i <a href="/wiki/Oceanien" title="Oceanien">Oceanien</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /></div><table class="navbox-inner collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:OSS" title="Mall:OSS"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:OSS&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Oberoende_staters_samv%C3%A4lde" title="Oberoende staters samvälde">Oberoende staters samvälde (OSS)</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien">Armenien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbajdzjan" title="Azerbajdzjan">Azerbajdzjan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan">Kazakstan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kirgizistan" title="Kirgizistan">Kirgizistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Moldavien" title="Moldavien">Moldavien</a>*<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan">Tadzjikistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a>*<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><br /><small>* Associerad medlemstat</small></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flag_of_the_CIS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /></div><table class="navbox-inner collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:OSSE" title="Mall:OSSE"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:OSSE&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Organisationen_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4kerhet_och_samarbete_i_Europa" title="Organisationen för säkerhet och samarbete i Europa">Organisationen för säkerhet och samarbete i Europa (OSSE)</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien">Albanien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien">Armenien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbajdzjan" title="Azerbajdzjan">Azerbajdzjan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Belgien" title="Belgien">Belgien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnien_och_Hercegovina" title="Bosnien och Hercegovina">Bosnien och Hercegovina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien">Bulgarien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cypern" title="Cypern">Cypern</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Danmark" title="Danmark">Danmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien">Georgien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Grekland" title="Grekland">Grekland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Heliga_stolen" title="Heliga 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title="Litauen">Litauen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Moldavien" title="Moldavien">Moldavien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Nederländerna">Nederländerna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nordmakedonien" title="Nordmakedonien">Nordmakedonien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Rumänien">Rumänien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz">Schweiz</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Serbien" title="Serbien">Serbien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakien" title="Slovakien">Slovakien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenien" title="Slovenien">Slovenien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien">Spanien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige">Sverige</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan">Tadzjikistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tjeckien" title="Tjeckien">Tjeckien</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Turkiet" title="Turkiet">Turkiet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ungern" title="Ungern">Ungern</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterrike" title="Österrike">Österrike</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:OSCE_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="OSSE:s logotyp"><img alt="OSSE:s logotyp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/OSCE_logo.svg/120px-OSCE_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/OSCE_logo.svg/250px-OSCE_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /></div><table class="navbox-inner collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" 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