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This pathbreaking book is a vigorous and thought - provok- ing reassessment of competing external\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , although the Italians never produced adequate geolo- gical charts , that natural resources , particularly oil and chrome , could be found in abundance in Albania . 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He spoke specifically and covetously of Shkodra , Shëngjin , and more extensive Yugoslav access to the Adriatic , which would be made possible\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e further con- cessions . The last remaining holdout to Ciano\u0026#39;s \u0026quot; final solution \u0026quot; was Victor Em- manuel . The Italian king informed Mussolini frankly that he was not in agree- ment with the new policy on Albania because he did 16\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e to the status of embassies.57 Following the presentation of these demands , Jacomoni made it clear to Zog that the situation was now extremely serious . The king was given a simple choice . If he accepted the demands , Ciano would\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , reacted favorably when informed of the invasion plans.60 British prime minis- ter Neville Chamberlain\u0026#39;s actions in March and early April confirmed Mussolini\u0026#39;s ideas concerning Western inertia . On 23 March the Duce received a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e had always emphasized numbers rather than quality , could not be counted on to be of much use to either side . Indeed , as we have seen , the Albanian military seems to have played only a minor role in the invasion . This left only\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Ciano arrived at Tirana city hall at noon and was met by Dr. Mihal Sherko , secretary general of the Albanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as well as Xhafer Bey Ypi , the former prime minister and chief inspector of the court\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA27","page_number":"27","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e shortly before the invasion and returned to Albania in the company of Ciano . Sereqi had been promised a significant role in the Italian puppet state . There were also , of course , many petty opportunists who saw the coming of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e had bestowed on Tirana.91 Ciano argued that it was Zog himself who , realizing that disorder and dissension within the country had reached too great a level , had asked the fascist government for troops and arms to quell the unrest\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA38","page_number":"38","snippet_text":"... Albanian delegation of forty - nine to \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e to officially present the Albanian crown to Victor Emmanuel III . Few of the persons included seemed to count for much in the country , indicating perhaps that there was not 38 Chapter 2."},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , and Serreqi was finally rewarded for his betrayal by pro- motion to the rank of general of division.35 These awards seem to have been enough , because Ciano noted that , for the first time since the invasion , the Albanians\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e hoped to raise his comparatively low status by having the Albanian government confer upon him the title of Altesse Serenissme . And needless to say , his elevation had been preceded by the obligatory spate of telegrams to Mussolini\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e and signed a treaty with Ciano at the Palazzo Chigi providing for the unification of the diplomatic and consular services of Italy and Albania . Foreign ministries were given a specific amount of time to apply for permission to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e in 1924. Ryan described him as a respectable person with a considerable amount of energy . But as with other officials appointed by Ciano , Mborja\u0026#39;s principal qualification was that he had been a friend of the Ciano family in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA54","page_number":"54","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e . Zog , with overwhelming firepower , quickly crushed the insurrection and arrested and sentenced to death many Catholics , including a number of priests . \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e asked that they be spared . This put Zog in a rather awkward position\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA55","page_number":"55","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e . Perhaps his most novel suggestion was the construction of a large mosque in \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e . Victor Emmanuel supported the idea , although this is hardly surprising , since the king enthusiastically supported any program that struck at the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA60","page_number":"60","snippet_text":"... at the Quirinale Palace in \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e - the Albanian crown of Skenderbeg is offered to the Italian king , Victor Emmanuel III , 16 April 1939. ( Jacomoni ) ITALIAN GREATER ALBANIA Ciano was willing to exaggerate Italian popularity."},{"page_id":"PA63","page_number":"63","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e even went so far as to offer to return her wedding gifts . She refused.12 The Italians hoped to contrast Zog\u0026#39;s unpopularity with at least the ap- pearance of popular support for their actions . Much publicity was given to messages\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA65","page_number":"65","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e - forty people in 10 groups of four - to tour Albania . Although they only stayed for ten days , the Italian authorities announced that a permanent dental center was to be established in Elbasan . Mussolini instructed Jacomoni to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e had spent since the early 1920s.30 Initial reports of Italian activity were quite favorable . Ruth Mitchell commented at the end of April 1939 , \u0026quot; What a great improvement there is in the condition of the people already . . . . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA68","page_number":"68","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e also allotted 200 million lire for the first stage of railroad construction connecting the oil fields with the port of Vlora , as well as a line from Durrës to Elbasan , near the Greek frontier . Considerably less useful but also a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA74","page_number":"74","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e to discuss his new determi- nation to launch a surprise attack on Greece by the end of September . On 12 August 1940 Mussolini told Ciano , Jacomoni , and Viscounti Prasca that un- less Corfu and Çamëria were yielded without a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA81","page_number":"81","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e - described the invasion as grotesquely mismanaged with farcical strategy and nonexistent tactics - units were put into the line in a haphazard manner , a division at a time , wherever a break occurred.106 Ciano came under fire as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA83","page_number":"83","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e and were flying between Foggia and Albania.116 At the same time , preparations were made for what was called ... \u003cb\u003eRome\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e tattered reputation in the eyes of the Albanians by effecting a favorable territorial settlement . He was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA84","page_number":"84","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e to formulate claims . A maximum and a minimum program were drawn up . The maximum program was a Greater Albania of two and a half million to three million people , including Podgorica , Novi Pazar , Ohrid , Bitol , Florina\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA90","page_number":"90","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e problems were self - imposed . On the whole , the Italians behaved badly . After an initial burst of activity they settled into disorganization , lack of direc- tion , corruption , and a preference for form over content\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e that as late as November 1940 , they thought it unlikely that the quiet in the land would soon be disturbed . By the end of 1941 these same observers complained about the security situation in Tirana itself.54 By that point the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA113","page_number":"113","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e . Arrests and exiles continued throughout the summer of 1939 and increased in number as the Italians began to realize how unpopular they were . Italian authorities had explained the occasional resis- tance and continuing violence\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA116","page_number":"116","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e . \u0026quot; 101 Vërlaci hurried to \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e and complained bitterly to Ciano and Mussolini . Ciano noted , \u0026quot; I saw Vërlaci who spat venom when talking about Jacomoni and this is natural because he was shown the door . . . . When he saw\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , in the meantime , decided to heed Ciano\u0026#39;s persistent warnings and increased the size of their forces in Albania . Although Ciano\u0026#39;s estimates of Italian troop strength in Albania were certainly low , an increase was warranted and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA157","page_number":"157","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e had no good reason for a dearth of information — and the British . Like the British and the Italians , the Germans lacked proper intelligence upon which to base policy decisions . This problem was never entirely resolved . German\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA158","page_number":"158","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e in no uncertain terms that the Italians considered Alba- nia to be one of their provinces and that Pannwitz did not seem to appreciate that fact . Ciano had complained about Pannwitz prior to this incident ; his crimes included an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA160","page_number":"160","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e for extensive consultations with Mackensen . Based upon the sometimes contradictory material Schliep forwarded - a prob- lem about which Ribbentrop himself complained - the foreign minister sketched the basis of German policy\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA173","page_number":"173","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , had accepted the portfolio of minister at the reinstated foreign ministry . It seems , however , that he never actually agreed ; nor did he ultimately ever serve . The Austrian - educated Vehbi Frashëri was appointed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA177","page_number":"177","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , where an SS commando raid had recently captured 120 million francs in notes , the plates , twenty - three sacks of gold coin , and twenty - nine cases of gold bars from the main branch of the National Bank of Albania . The gold\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA178","page_number":"178","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e ) and manufactured goods , both in short supply in Alba- nia . The gold was sold on the free market to offset the National Bank of Albania\u0026#39;s dearth of notes . The most important articles the Germans imported included sugar\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA237","page_number":"237","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e . Fiqri Dine and Prengë Previzi — although the Germans assumed the latter had been taken in by the partisans - escaped to Greece.65 Many others , including Anton Harapi and Ibrahim Biçaku , failed to heed the German advice to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA258","page_number":"258","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e committed itself to spending in Albania close to three times what it had spent between 1922 and 1939 , when Mussolini was desperately attempting to subjugate the Albanian economy . Although Italian - owned companies earned some 142\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA265","page_number":"265","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e . Like the Italians , the Germans failed to understand the needs of the average Albanian . The Germans , like their predecessors , attached themselves to a small Westernized elite , most of whom spoke German . Be- cause no more\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA285","page_number":"285","snippet_text":"... sources of Italian influence in Albania . 141 . 9. Denis Mack Smith , Mussolini\u0026#39;s Roman Empire ( London : Longman , 1976 ) , p . 10. Ibid . 11. Ibid . , pp . 140-141 . 12. Ibid . 13. USDS 765.75 / 366 : \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , no . 285 Notes /"},{"page_id":"PA286","page_number":"286","snippet_text":"Bernd Jürgen Fischer. 13. USDS 765.75 / 366 : \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , no . 349 , 4 May 1937 . 14. Count Galeazzo Ciano , Ciano\u0026#39;s Hidden Diary , 1937-1938 ( New York : Dutton , 1953 ) , p . 4 . 15. Ibid . , p . March 1938. ) 94. ( The Anschluss refers to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA287","page_number":"287","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , 13 April 1939 . 66. WO 208/62 , Report on Albania , chap . 9 , Armed Forces ; Hubert Neuwirth , \u0026quot; Widerstand und Kollaboration in Albanien ( 1939-1944 ) : Eine historische Analyse des kulturellen Musters von Freund und Feind\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA288","page_number":"288","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , 4 April 1939 . 93. FO 371/23717 R2333 / 1335 / 90 , \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , 4 April 1939 . 94. FO 371/23713 R2759 / 1335 / 90 , Budapest , 11 April 1939 ; FO 371/23717 R3219 / 3219 / 90 , Durrës , 18 August 1939 . 95. CGR , roll T120 / 313 , Nr\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA289","page_number":"289","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Perth , 9 April 1939 . 14. FO 371/23712 R26631 / 1335 / 90 , \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Perth , 10 April 1939 . 15. FO 371/23712 R2712 / 1335 / 90 , \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Perth , 11 April 1939 . 16. Ciano , The Ciano Diaries , p . 63 ; Omari , The People\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA293","page_number":"293","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Dixon , 24 May 1939 . 34. Ciano , The Ciano Diaries , p . 81 ; FO 371/23715 R8487 / 1335 / 90 , Durrës , Grafftey - Smith , 25 September 1939 . 35. FO 371/24866 R6808 / 6586 / 90 , Hodgkinson Report , 19 June 1940 . 36. CGR\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA295","page_number":"295","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , 27 November 1940 ; Badoglio , Italy in the Second World War , p . 28 ; Knox , Mussolini Unleashed , p . 233 . 92. Pollo and Puto , The History of Albania , p . 227 . 93. FO 371/29712 R442 / 149 / 90 , Athens , Palairet , Maitland\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA296","page_number":"296","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Rinteln , 27 November 1940 . 115. Mack Smith , Mussolini\u0026#39;s Roman Empire , p . 232 . 116. Knox , Mussolini Unleashed , p . 273 . 117. Charles B. Burdick , \u0026quot; Operation Cyclamen : Germany and Albania , 1940- 1941 , \u0026quot; Journal of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA298","page_number":"298","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Pfeiffer , 16 September 1942 . 21. FO 371/24868 R4454 / 1426 / 90 , Durrës , Grafftey - Smith , 2 April 1940 , and FO 371/24866 R5807 / 503 / 90 , Durrës , Grafftey - Smith , 4 May 1940 . 22. Ramadan Marmullaku , Albania and the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA300","page_number":"300","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Mackensen , 4 December 1941 . 97. FO 371/24866 R2018 / 503 / 90 , Durrës , Grafftey - Smith , 26 January 1940 . 98. Ciano , The Ciano Diaries , p . 366 . 99. An uncle of Zog\u0026#39;s , Esad Pasha played a significant , yet entirely self\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA302","page_number":"302","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Bismarck , 3 February 1943 , and CGR roll T120 / 340 , Nr . 703 , \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Mackensen , 13 February 1943 . 55. Institute of Marxist - Leninist Studies , History of the Party of Labor , p . 156 ; Kasneci , Steeled in the Heat of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA303","page_number":"303","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Mackensen , 2 May 1943 . 81. FO 371/37144 R1465 / 1067 / 90 , Reuters Agency Communicated , 13 May 1943 . 82. CGR , roll T120 / 340 , Nr . 2273 , \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Mackensen , 15 May 1943 ; FO 37144 R1463 / 1067 / 90 , Reuters Agency\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA307","page_number":"307","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Ritter , 11 September 1943 . 68. Neubacher , Sonderauftrag Südost , p . 113 . 69. Ibid . , p . 112 . 70. Pano , The People\u0026#39;s Republic of Albania , p . 54 71. CGR , roll T501 / 258 , Final Wehrmacht Report on Albania . 72. Schmidt\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA308","page_number":"308","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , Ritter , 16 September 1943 ; FO 371 48093 R744 / 361 / 6 / 90 , OSS report , 21 December 1944 . 91. Kühmel , “ Deutschland und Albanien , ” pp . 227-228 . 92. CGR , roll T501 / 258 , Final Wehrmacht Report on Albania ; Kühmel\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA322","page_number":"322","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e : La libreria dello stato , 1952 ff . League of Nations . League of Nations Treaty Series : Publication of Treaties and Interna- tional Engagements Registered with the Secretariat of the League . 205 vols . Lausanne : Imprimerie\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA324","page_number":"324","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e : Feltrinelli , 1961 . Gilbert , Martin . The Second World War : A Complete History . New York : Holt , 1989 . Gross , H. \u0026quot; Albanien zwischen den Mächten : Ein Beitrag zur Erschliessung un- entwickelter Gebiete\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C\u0026pg=PA324\u0026vq=Rome"},{"page_id":"PA336","page_number":"336","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , 5 , 6 , 14-16 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 54 , 55 , 63 , 65 , 67 , 68 , 74 , 83 , 84 , 90 , 102 , 113 , 116 , 139 , 157 , 158 , 160 , 168 , 177 , 178 , 237 Roosevelt , Franklin , 32 Rose , Michael , 201 Rosi\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C\u0026pg=PA336\u0026vq=Rome"},{"page_id":"PA337","page_number":"337","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRome\u003c/b\u003e , 40 , 81 Unthi , 17 U.S. Census Bureau , 242 U.S. Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) , 146 , 152 , 249 , 276 U.S. State Department , 242 , 249 Ustashi regime , 176 Uzbegs , 225 Valle , Giuseppe , 26 Vardar valley , 197 Vatican\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C\u0026pg=PA337\u0026vq=Rome"}],"search_query_escaped":"Rome"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>