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if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = [{"id":5450000,"link":"http://twitter.com/@ZuzannaBennett","name":"Twitter","link_domain":"twitter.com","icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain=twitter.com"}]</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett?swp=tc-au-6429816","location":"/ZuzannaBennett?swp=tc-au-6429816","scheme":"https","host":"swansea.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/ZuzannaBennett","search":"swp=tc-au-6429816","httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-a9b4a10c-41f8-4136-ada8-d53eb33b25e5"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-a9b4a10c-41f8-4136-ada8-d53eb33b25e5"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Zuzanna Bennett" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/474989/3139068/3695758/s200_zuzanna.bennett.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Zuzanna Bennett</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/">Swansea University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/Departments/Classics_Ancient_History_and_Egyptology/Documents">Classics, Ancient History and Egyptology</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Graduate Student</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Zuzanna" data-follow-user-id="474989" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="474989"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">100</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">29</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">PhD candidate at Swansea University. My thesis is examining Ancient Egyptian demons in the Coffin Texts.<br /><span class="u-fw700">Supervisors: </span>Dr Kasia Szpakowska<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="474989">View All (15)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="474989" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptology"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" 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data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-ffddd704-ea81-41d9-9114-5a29433288a8"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-ffddd704-ea81-41d9-9114-5a29433288a8"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="474989" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Kingdom_Egyptology_"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Middle Kingdom (Egyptology)"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-0ea94fa5-ec54-4bb2-a35a-b1bbf077a3cf"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-0ea94fa5-ec54-4bb2-a35a-b1bbf077a3cf"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="474989" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Funerary_Belief_Egyptology_"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" 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class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Conference-Presentations" data-toggle="tab" href="#conferencepresentations" role="tab" title="Conference Presentations"><span>5</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Conference Presentations</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Talks" data-toggle="tab" href="#talks" role="tab" title="Talks"><span>2</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Talks</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>1</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Conference Presentations" id="Conference Presentations"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Conference Presentations by Zuzanna Bennett</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8406010"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/8406010/Conceptions_of_demons_in_the_Middle_Kingdom_Coffin_Texts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conceptions of demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/8406010/Conceptions_of_demons_in_the_Middle_Kingdom_Coffin_Texts">Conceptions of demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life and in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom, images and descriptions of demonic beings were manifested onto objects such as the apotropaic ivory wands, figurines and coffins. Whilst modern scholars would consider these beings to be imaginary, to the Egyptians they were the real embodiment of their hopes and fears. The demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts represented a great potential threat to the continued existence of the ‘spirits’ of the ancient Egyptians after death. Although these beings are rarely depicted visually, their appearance and iconography are often described in the accompanying texts. Nevertheless, the category of ‘demon’ is difficult to distinguish from other entity types that occur in the Coffin Texts, such as deities and animals, due to similarities in names, appearance, functions and behaviours. Thus, scholars have debated over the definition of an ancient Egyptian demon and differed in their opinions of which entities should be considered to be demons. This paper aims to examine how the ancient Egyptians conceived the demonic beings in the afterlife during the Middle Kingdom. Through doing this, new criteria for entity classification will be proposed with the aim of clarifying the etic category of ‘demon’ for ease of academic discourse. These criteria can also be used as a modifiable framework for researchers of other supernatural entities, or demons from other types of material evidence or other time periods.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="8406010"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8406010"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8406010; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8406010]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8406010]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8406010; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='8406010']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8406010, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=8406010]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":8406010,"title":"Conceptions of demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life and in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom, images and descriptions of demonic beings were manifested onto objects such as the apotropaic ivory wands, figurines and coffins. Whilst modern scholars would consider these beings to be imaginary, to the Egyptians they were the real embodiment of their hopes and fears. The demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts represented a great potential threat to the continued existence of the ‘spirits’ of the ancient Egyptians after death. Although these beings are rarely depicted visually, their appearance and iconography are often described in the accompanying texts. Nevertheless, the category of ‘demon’ is difficult to distinguish from other entity types that occur in the Coffin Texts, such as deities and animals, due to similarities in names, appearance, functions and behaviours. Thus, scholars have debated over the definition of an ancient Egyptian demon and differed in their opinions of which entities should be considered to be demons. This paper aims to examine how the ancient Egyptians conceived the demonic beings in the afterlife during the Middle Kingdom. Through doing this, new criteria for entity classification will be proposed with the aim of clarifying the etic category of ‘demon’ for ease of academic discourse. These criteria can also be used as a modifiable framework for researchers of other supernatural entities, or demons from other types of material evidence or other time periods. "},"translated_abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life and in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom, images and descriptions of demonic beings were manifested onto objects such as the apotropaic ivory wands, figurines and coffins. Whilst modern scholars would consider these beings to be imaginary, to the Egyptians they were the real embodiment of their hopes and fears. The demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts represented a great potential threat to the continued existence of the ‘spirits’ of the ancient Egyptians after death. Although these beings are rarely depicted visually, their appearance and iconography are often described in the accompanying texts. Nevertheless, the category of ‘demon’ is difficult to distinguish from other entity types that occur in the Coffin Texts, such as deities and animals, due to similarities in names, appearance, functions and behaviours. Thus, scholars have debated over the definition of an ancient Egyptian demon and differed in their opinions of which entities should be considered to be demons. This paper aims to examine how the ancient Egyptians conceived the demonic beings in the afterlife during the Middle Kingdom. Through doing this, new criteria for entity classification will be proposed with the aim of clarifying the etic category of ‘demon’ for ease of academic discourse. These criteria can also be used as a modifiable framework for researchers of other supernatural entities, or demons from other types of material evidence or other time periods. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8406010/Conceptions_of_demons_in_the_Middle_Kingdom_Coffin_Texts","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-09-19T23:35:11.529-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":474989,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"conference_presentation","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Conceptions_of_demons_in_the_Middle_Kingdom_Coffin_Texts","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life and in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom, images and descriptions of demonic beings were manifested onto objects such as the apotropaic ivory wands, figurines and coffins. Whilst modern scholars would consider these beings to be imaginary, to the Egyptians they were the real embodiment of their hopes and fears. The demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts represented a great potential threat to the continued existence of the ‘spirits’ of the ancient Egyptians after death. Although these beings are rarely depicted visually, their appearance and iconography are often described in the accompanying texts. Nevertheless, the category of ‘demon’ is difficult to distinguish from other entity types that occur in the Coffin Texts, such as deities and animals, due to similarities in names, appearance, functions and behaviours. Thus, scholars have debated over the definition of an ancient Egyptian demon and differed in their opinions of which entities should be considered to be demons. This paper aims to examine how the ancient Egyptians conceived the demonic beings in the afterlife during the Middle Kingdom. Through doing this, new criteria for entity classification will be proposed with the aim of clarifying the etic category of ‘demon’ for ease of academic discourse. These criteria can also be used as a modifiable framework for researchers of other supernatural entities, or demons from other types of material evidence or other time periods. ","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":394,"name":"Egyptology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptology"},{"id":7457,"name":"Demonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demonology"},{"id":35525,"name":"Middle Kingdom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Kingdom"},{"id":324176,"name":"Definitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Definitions"},{"id":380041,"name":"Coffin Texts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coffin_Texts"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429737"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429737/Are_ancient_Egyptian_demons_in_the_Coffin_Texts_maintainers_of_order_or_chaotic_destroyers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Are ancient Egyptian demons in the Coffin Texts maintainers of order or chaotic destroyers?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429737/Are_ancient_Egyptian_demons_in_the_Coffin_Texts_maintainers_of_order_or_chaotic_destroyers">Are ancient Egyptian demons in the Coffin Texts maintainers of order or chaotic destroyers?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture. Chaos, or isfet, could impose on the Egyptians in the form of sickness, misfortune, foreign invaders or supernatural attackers. It was the role of the Pharaoh to maintain the order, or maat, of the state, which is frequently demonstrated in the monumental depictions of Pharaoh smiting foreign enemies. In mythology, the sun god Re had to repeatedly maintain order by defeating the chaotic serpent demon Apep on a daily basis. In daily life, protective demons could be used to counteract and banish demonic entities that caused misfortune and sickness, amongst other things. <br /> <br />The various demons that resided along the paths to the afterlife are described in funerary literature such as the Coffin Texts. Some of these entities are stationed at certain locations, such as at gates or on top of mounds, and acted as gatekeepers or guardians of the sacred afterlife. These demons had the potential power to destroy any inimical or ignoble beings that they encountered but they would allow worthy beings to pass by unharmed. Other entities seem more mobile and could perhaps attack approaching beings without warning, trying to cut off the heads or steal the hearts of the beings that they encountered. In this way, demonic beings in the Coffin Texts seem to present a great threat to deceased humans on their journey to the idyllic afterlife. <br /> <br />This paper will examine whether the demons in the ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts are as chaotic and destructive as they first appear, or whether they actually serve the purpose of maintaining the maat ‘order’ of the afterlife. <br /> <br />Keywords: Ancient Egypt, Demons, Coffin Texts, Afterlife, Guardians, Destroyers</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429737"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429737"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429737; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429737]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429737]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429737; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6429737']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6429737, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6429737]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6429737,"title":"Are ancient Egyptian demons in the Coffin Texts maintainers of order or chaotic destroyers?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture. Chaos, or isfet, could impose on the Egyptians in the form of sickness, misfortune, foreign invaders or supernatural attackers. It was the role of the Pharaoh to maintain the order, or maat, of the state, which is frequently demonstrated in the monumental depictions of Pharaoh smiting foreign enemies. In mythology, the sun god Re had to repeatedly maintain order by defeating the chaotic serpent demon Apep on a daily basis. In daily life, protective demons could be used to counteract and banish demonic entities that caused misfortune and sickness, amongst other things. \r\n\r\nThe various demons that resided along the paths to the afterlife are described in funerary literature such as the Coffin Texts. Some of these entities are stationed at certain locations, such as at gates or on top of mounds, and acted as gatekeepers or guardians of the sacred afterlife. These demons had the potential power to destroy any inimical or ignoble beings that they encountered but they would allow worthy beings to pass by unharmed. Other entities seem more mobile and could perhaps attack approaching beings without warning, trying to cut off the heads or steal the hearts of the beings that they encountered. In this way, demonic beings in the Coffin Texts seem to present a great threat to deceased humans on their journey to the idyllic afterlife. \r\n\r\nThis paper will examine whether the demons in the ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts are as chaotic and destructive as they first appear, or whether they actually serve the purpose of maintaining the maat ‘order’ of the afterlife.\r\n\r\nKeywords: Ancient Egypt, Demons, Coffin Texts, Afterlife, Guardians, Destroyers\r\n","organization":"Swansea University Postgraduate History and Classics Forum Annual Symposium 2014, 'Order and Chaos'"},"translated_abstract":"Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture. Chaos, or isfet, could impose on the Egyptians in the form of sickness, misfortune, foreign invaders or supernatural attackers. It was the role of the Pharaoh to maintain the order, or maat, of the state, which is frequently demonstrated in the monumental depictions of Pharaoh smiting foreign enemies. In mythology, the sun god Re had to repeatedly maintain order by defeating the chaotic serpent demon Apep on a daily basis. In daily life, protective demons could be used to counteract and banish demonic entities that caused misfortune and sickness, amongst other things. \r\n\r\nThe various demons that resided along the paths to the afterlife are described in funerary literature such as the Coffin Texts. Some of these entities are stationed at certain locations, such as at gates or on top of mounds, and acted as gatekeepers or guardians of the sacred afterlife. These demons had the potential power to destroy any inimical or ignoble beings that they encountered but they would allow worthy beings to pass by unharmed. Other entities seem more mobile and could perhaps attack approaching beings without warning, trying to cut off the heads or steal the hearts of the beings that they encountered. In this way, demonic beings in the Coffin Texts seem to present a great threat to deceased humans on their journey to the idyllic afterlife. \r\n\r\nThis paper will examine whether the demons in the ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts are as chaotic and destructive as they first appear, or whether they actually serve the purpose of maintaining the maat ‘order’ of the afterlife.\r\n\r\nKeywords: Ancient Egypt, Demons, Coffin Texts, Afterlife, Guardians, Destroyers\r\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6429737/Are_ancient_Egyptian_demons_in_the_Coffin_Texts_maintainers_of_order_or_chaotic_destroyers","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-03-16T03:02:03.955-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":474989,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"conference_presentation","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Are_ancient_Egyptian_demons_in_the_Coffin_Texts_maintainers_of_order_or_chaotic_destroyers","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture. Chaos, or isfet, could impose on the Egyptians in the form of sickness, misfortune, foreign invaders or supernatural attackers. It was the role of the Pharaoh to maintain the order, or maat, of the state, which is frequently demonstrated in the monumental depictions of Pharaoh smiting foreign enemies. In mythology, the sun god Re had to repeatedly maintain order by defeating the chaotic serpent demon Apep on a daily basis. In daily life, protective demons could be used to counteract and banish demonic entities that caused misfortune and sickness, amongst other things. \r\n\r\nThe various demons that resided along the paths to the afterlife are described in funerary literature such as the Coffin Texts. Some of these entities are stationed at certain locations, such as at gates or on top of mounds, and acted as gatekeepers or guardians of the sacred afterlife. These demons had the potential power to destroy any inimical or ignoble beings that they encountered but they would allow worthy beings to pass by unharmed. Other entities seem more mobile and could perhaps attack approaching beings without warning, trying to cut off the heads or steal the hearts of the beings that they encountered. In this way, demonic beings in the Coffin Texts seem to present a great threat to deceased humans on their journey to the idyllic afterlife. \r\n\r\nThis paper will examine whether the demons in the ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts are as chaotic and destructive as they first appear, or whether they actually serve the purpose of maintaining the maat ‘order’ of the afterlife.\r\n\r\nKeywords: Ancient Egypt, Demons, Coffin Texts, Afterlife, Guardians, Destroyers\r\n","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429835"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429835/What_s_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What’s in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the Ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429835/What_s_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways">What’s in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the Ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE). This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. However, this paper will transform our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The highly descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function. This paper will provide a new perspective as to how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429835"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429835"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429835; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429835]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429835]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429835; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6429835']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6429835, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6429835]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6429835,"title":"What’s in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the Ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE). This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. However, this paper will transform our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The highly descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function. This paper will provide a new perspective as to how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective.","organization":"UWICAH Postgraduate Conference 2013, 'Transformations'"},"translated_abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE). This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. However, this paper will transform our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The highly descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function. This paper will provide a new perspective as to how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6429835/What_s_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-03-16T03:07:17.613-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":474989,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"conference_presentation","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"What_s_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE). This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. However, this paper will transform our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The highly descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function. This paper will provide a new perspective as to how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective.","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429619"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429619/_Exploring_a_New_World_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ‘Exploring a New World: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429619/_Exploring_a_New_World_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_">‘Exploring a New World: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife. Some of these beings are described in the ancient Egyptian funerary texts of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE), known as the Coffin Texts. Most frequently found decorating the coffins of nobles, these texts served as a guide to the deceased to ensure they reached the afterlife. Contained on the bottom of some coffins was a map of the paths leading to the afterlife. These maps indicated that the journey to the afterlife would be difficult, with roads and waterways winding through hills, full of wrong turns and dead ends. But navigating through the maze of paths was not the only challenge that the deceased had to face. Along the paths were stationed demonic guardians, charged with the task of protecting the afterlife from intruders and the unworthy. These demons were evidently terrifying beings, with names ranging from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. To demonstrate that they could legitimately reside in the afterlife, the deceased had to overcome these demonic obstacles and successfully navigate through an unknown landscape. This paper will explore how the deceased achieved this by examining the interactions between the deceased and the demons that were encountered on the journey through a new and terrifying world.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429619"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429619"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429619; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429619]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429619]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429619; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6429619']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6429619, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6429619]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6429619,"title":"‘Exploring a New World: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife. 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","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429816"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429816/_Overcoming_Fear_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ‘Overcoming Fear: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429816/_Overcoming_Fear_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_">‘Overcoming Fear: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429816"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429816"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429816; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Talks" id="Talks"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Talks by Zuzanna Bennett</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429868"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429868/What_s_in_a_name_Demonic_names_in_the_Book_of_Two_Ways"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What’s in a name? Demonic names in the Book of Two Ways." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429868/What_s_in_a_name_Demonic_names_in_the_Book_of_Two_Ways">What’s in a name? Demonic names in the Book of Two Ways.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom. This lecture will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429868"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429868"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429868; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429868]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429868]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429868; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6429868']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6429868, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6429868]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6429868,"title":"What’s in a name? 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","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429861"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429861/The_problem_with_ancient_Egyptian_demons"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The problem with ancient Egyptian demons" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429861/The_problem_with_ancient_Egyptian_demons">The problem with ancient Egyptian demons</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429861"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429861"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429861; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Zuzanna Bennett</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="7595756"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/7595756/Whats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What's in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34147464/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/7595756/Whats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways">What's in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom. This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from 'He whose face and tongue are dreadful' to 'Aggressive one'. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. This paper will provide a new perspective on how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective. It will develop our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="716517a851b0059376e54a4432d207c2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":34147464,"asset_id":7595756,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34147464/download_file?st=MTczNDUxOTE2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="7595756"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7595756"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7595756; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7595756]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7595756]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7595756; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='7595756']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7595756, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "716517a851b0059376e54a4432d207c2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=7595756]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":7595756,"title":"What's in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"journal_name":"Rosetta 15.5: 1-18","grobid_abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom. This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from 'He whose face and tongue are dreadful' to 'Aggressive one'. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. This paper will provide a new perspective on how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective. It will develop our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":7,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"grobid_abstract_attachment_id":34147464},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7595756/Whats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-07-08T02:12:39.133-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":474989,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34147464,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34147464/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"bennett.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34147464/download_file?st=MTczNDUxOTE2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Whats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_percept.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34147464/bennett-libre.pdf?1404810777=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_percept.pdf\u0026Expires=1734522768\u0026Signature=C2axAYjv47VRBM0mzIN~e96WoM4aIkZrm-KJvn1CCajs29zo04JsiDmhX7IFzC5xkw7xMEjJoOo7JdFP1ROnVH9y8WTNKESJOh4ChuwnaytrwTAz~cVrndolikWhwD9w5yZSkD94Uj9ROmsFHYySvEisYl8bxysw47tSDqK80zwhohsBIv0I6cuHPaidvZgSqHehhTNI1u4XUFJ8H9XLQZnLR-adSNg0t9L12OQeqaem~1lQnms1A8EbNzXfPGJBfNUu3VWwP0l7Pi~YXcNEmKUrqTgCYMLXtLugWkBhgJldKzFHQ532am4uv6aiqObYomFAYRaVNoqwzKiVVjlltw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Whats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom. 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These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function.","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[{"id":34147464,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34147464/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"bennett.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34147464/download_file?st=MTczNDUxOTE2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Whats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_percept.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34147464/bennett-libre.pdf?1404810777=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_percept.pdf\u0026Expires=1734522769\u0026Signature=Mb0KRr8UjUYqdET2-rFAPWJu9OmoYgOYT4jY8C67EUch7OVKl5myuYpiUAfNrufuQCm9kguWqKoCgqbn1u0vWcmODIybaC3vTeuYnSl-9VYjMaKT2fRlbChlZfuRv-et3icNNw9JBJ39MFxcZqEMqR0YBd9f9kbL0dvDH~vDh4LzHW1uP2WYUVoMCe2wdtqiKhUdEZx1g8YQatI8IsVMHXl~ILV75QjL0EwZuiOWdvVZJPJuLsPoavdD-li9Z1nCrnRyMxCjwQZDS~1ZbPaoTsTyzFSNNia7jmzWlTuVL1S2rrXBVDnATzoIR3PxHDJxHoa0-Cfg6G-WGHdpgBLeqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":34147465,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34147465/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"bennett.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34147465/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Whats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_percept.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34147465/bennett-libre.pdf?1404810776=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_percept.pdf\u0026Expires=1734522769\u0026Signature=aZHkuGQMwsWvs2fr2BZG0DovwR6QEvBME9jyp3sByX4zljgRdK0TfBCbiGSaPIPp6sjaEqQkc5jqvGIEgzh9bbZJ6kJDZuRL88MQPY6fqgoaBw5N6rbLPltw6eW-N9etabLheeuYmMeqcDCRrN6X~SHUe8xL2weDcGauTexlyI43jd2E71LGHSF73RWylaJ~TZIeGC92ljQx0vP5vp7ugwqpKrb~~3K-AhF4FLLlIFMUPFlgBwmfPM1PJUo4UMZgMD8k6yRYauROiOsNLOFGorb4enzwxKYhh8Tg1Zlbg3LqK14mIoGCmPpoZLLJuf7Gxh73CPX1aIBFKa36~W3QEA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":394,"name":"Egyptology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptology"},{"id":56352,"name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Egypt"},{"id":179375,"name":"Demons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demons"},{"id":380041,"name":"Coffin Texts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coffin_Texts"}],"urls":[{"id":3153845,"url":"http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue15supp/bennett.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="1253324" id="conferencepresentations"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8406010"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/8406010/Conceptions_of_demons_in_the_Middle_Kingdom_Coffin_Texts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conceptions of demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/8406010/Conceptions_of_demons_in_the_Middle_Kingdom_Coffin_Texts">Conceptions of demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life and in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom, images and descriptions of demonic beings were manifested onto objects such as the apotropaic ivory wands, figurines and coffins. Whilst modern scholars would consider these beings to be imaginary, to the Egyptians they were the real embodiment of their hopes and fears. The demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts represented a great potential threat to the continued existence of the ‘spirits’ of the ancient Egyptians after death. Although these beings are rarely depicted visually, their appearance and iconography are often described in the accompanying texts. Nevertheless, the category of ‘demon’ is difficult to distinguish from other entity types that occur in the Coffin Texts, such as deities and animals, due to similarities in names, appearance, functions and behaviours. Thus, scholars have debated over the definition of an ancient Egyptian demon and differed in their opinions of which entities should be considered to be demons. This paper aims to examine how the ancient Egyptians conceived the demonic beings in the afterlife during the Middle Kingdom. Through doing this, new criteria for entity classification will be proposed with the aim of clarifying the etic category of ‘demon’ for ease of academic discourse. These criteria can also be used as a modifiable framework for researchers of other supernatural entities, or demons from other types of material evidence or other time periods.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="8406010"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8406010"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8406010; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8406010]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8406010]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8406010; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='8406010']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8406010, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=8406010]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":8406010,"title":"Conceptions of demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life and in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom, images and descriptions of demonic beings were manifested onto objects such as the apotropaic ivory wands, figurines and coffins. Whilst modern scholars would consider these beings to be imaginary, to the Egyptians they were the real embodiment of their hopes and fears. The demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts represented a great potential threat to the continued existence of the ‘spirits’ of the ancient Egyptians after death. Although these beings are rarely depicted visually, their appearance and iconography are often described in the accompanying texts. Nevertheless, the category of ‘demon’ is difficult to distinguish from other entity types that occur in the Coffin Texts, such as deities and animals, due to similarities in names, appearance, functions and behaviours. Thus, scholars have debated over the definition of an ancient Egyptian demon and differed in their opinions of which entities should be considered to be demons. This paper aims to examine how the ancient Egyptians conceived the demonic beings in the afterlife during the Middle Kingdom. Through doing this, new criteria for entity classification will be proposed with the aim of clarifying the etic category of ‘demon’ for ease of academic discourse. These criteria can also be used as a modifiable framework for researchers of other supernatural entities, or demons from other types of material evidence or other time periods. "},"translated_abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life and in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom, images and descriptions of demonic beings were manifested onto objects such as the apotropaic ivory wands, figurines and coffins. Whilst modern scholars would consider these beings to be imaginary, to the Egyptians they were the real embodiment of their hopes and fears. The demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts represented a great potential threat to the continued existence of the ‘spirits’ of the ancient Egyptians after death. Although these beings are rarely depicted visually, their appearance and iconography are often described in the accompanying texts. Nevertheless, the category of ‘demon’ is difficult to distinguish from other entity types that occur in the Coffin Texts, such as deities and animals, due to similarities in names, appearance, functions and behaviours. Thus, scholars have debated over the definition of an ancient Egyptian demon and differed in their opinions of which entities should be considered to be demons. This paper aims to examine how the ancient Egyptians conceived the demonic beings in the afterlife during the Middle Kingdom. Through doing this, new criteria for entity classification will be proposed with the aim of clarifying the etic category of ‘demon’ for ease of academic discourse. These criteria can also be used as a modifiable framework for researchers of other supernatural entities, or demons from other types of material evidence or other time periods. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8406010/Conceptions_of_demons_in_the_Middle_Kingdom_Coffin_Texts","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-09-19T23:35:11.529-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":474989,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"conference_presentation","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Conceptions_of_demons_in_the_Middle_Kingdom_Coffin_Texts","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural entities in daily life and in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom, images and descriptions of demonic beings were manifested onto objects such as the apotropaic ivory wands, figurines and coffins. Whilst modern scholars would consider these beings to be imaginary, to the Egyptians they were the real embodiment of their hopes and fears. The demons in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts represented a great potential threat to the continued existence of the ‘spirits’ of the ancient Egyptians after death. Although these beings are rarely depicted visually, their appearance and iconography are often described in the accompanying texts. Nevertheless, the category of ‘demon’ is difficult to distinguish from other entity types that occur in the Coffin Texts, such as deities and animals, due to similarities in names, appearance, functions and behaviours. Thus, scholars have debated over the definition of an ancient Egyptian demon and differed in their opinions of which entities should be considered to be demons. This paper aims to examine how the ancient Egyptians conceived the demonic beings in the afterlife during the Middle Kingdom. Through doing this, new criteria for entity classification will be proposed with the aim of clarifying the etic category of ‘demon’ for ease of academic discourse. These criteria can also be used as a modifiable framework for researchers of other supernatural entities, or demons from other types of material evidence or other time periods. ","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":394,"name":"Egyptology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptology"},{"id":7457,"name":"Demonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demonology"},{"id":35525,"name":"Middle Kingdom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Kingdom"},{"id":324176,"name":"Definitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Definitions"},{"id":380041,"name":"Coffin Texts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coffin_Texts"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429737"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429737/Are_ancient_Egyptian_demons_in_the_Coffin_Texts_maintainers_of_order_or_chaotic_destroyers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Are ancient Egyptian demons in the Coffin Texts maintainers of order or chaotic destroyers?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429737/Are_ancient_Egyptian_demons_in_the_Coffin_Texts_maintainers_of_order_or_chaotic_destroyers">Are ancient Egyptian demons in the Coffin Texts maintainers of order or chaotic destroyers?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture. Chaos, or isfet, could impose on the Egyptians in the form of sickness, misfortune, foreign invaders or supernatural attackers. It was the role of the Pharaoh to maintain the order, or maat, of the state, which is frequently demonstrated in the monumental depictions of Pharaoh smiting foreign enemies. In mythology, the sun god Re had to repeatedly maintain order by defeating the chaotic serpent demon Apep on a daily basis. In daily life, protective demons could be used to counteract and banish demonic entities that caused misfortune and sickness, amongst other things. <br /> <br />The various demons that resided along the paths to the afterlife are described in funerary literature such as the Coffin Texts. Some of these entities are stationed at certain locations, such as at gates or on top of mounds, and acted as gatekeepers or guardians of the sacred afterlife. These demons had the potential power to destroy any inimical or ignoble beings that they encountered but they would allow worthy beings to pass by unharmed. Other entities seem more mobile and could perhaps attack approaching beings without warning, trying to cut off the heads or steal the hearts of the beings that they encountered. In this way, demonic beings in the Coffin Texts seem to present a great threat to deceased humans on their journey to the idyllic afterlife. <br /> <br />This paper will examine whether the demons in the ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts are as chaotic and destructive as they first appear, or whether they actually serve the purpose of maintaining the maat ‘order’ of the afterlife. <br /> <br />Keywords: Ancient Egypt, Demons, Coffin Texts, Afterlife, Guardians, Destroyers</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429737"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429737"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429737; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429737]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429737]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429737; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6429737']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6429737, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6429737]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6429737,"title":"Are ancient Egyptian demons in the Coffin Texts maintainers of order or chaotic destroyers?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture. Chaos, or isfet, could impose on the Egyptians in the form of sickness, misfortune, foreign invaders or supernatural attackers. It was the role of the Pharaoh to maintain the order, or maat, of the state, which is frequently demonstrated in the monumental depictions of Pharaoh smiting foreign enemies. In mythology, the sun god Re had to repeatedly maintain order by defeating the chaotic serpent demon Apep on a daily basis. In daily life, protective demons could be used to counteract and banish demonic entities that caused misfortune and sickness, amongst other things. \r\n\r\nThe various demons that resided along the paths to the afterlife are described in funerary literature such as the Coffin Texts. Some of these entities are stationed at certain locations, such as at gates or on top of mounds, and acted as gatekeepers or guardians of the sacred afterlife. These demons had the potential power to destroy any inimical or ignoble beings that they encountered but they would allow worthy beings to pass by unharmed. Other entities seem more mobile and could perhaps attack approaching beings without warning, trying to cut off the heads or steal the hearts of the beings that they encountered. In this way, demonic beings in the Coffin Texts seem to present a great threat to deceased humans on their journey to the idyllic afterlife. \r\n\r\nThis paper will examine whether the demons in the ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts are as chaotic and destructive as they first appear, or whether they actually serve the purpose of maintaining the maat ‘order’ of the afterlife.\r\n\r\nKeywords: Ancient Egypt, Demons, Coffin Texts, Afterlife, Guardians, Destroyers\r\n","organization":"Swansea University Postgraduate History and Classics Forum Annual Symposium 2014, 'Order and Chaos'"},"translated_abstract":"Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture. Chaos, or isfet, could impose on the Egyptians in the form of sickness, misfortune, foreign invaders or supernatural attackers. It was the role of the Pharaoh to maintain the order, or maat, of the state, which is frequently demonstrated in the monumental depictions of Pharaoh smiting foreign enemies. In mythology, the sun god Re had to repeatedly maintain order by defeating the chaotic serpent demon Apep on a daily basis. In daily life, protective demons could be used to counteract and banish demonic entities that caused misfortune and sickness, amongst other things. \r\n\r\nThe various demons that resided along the paths to the afterlife are described in funerary literature such as the Coffin Texts. Some of these entities are stationed at certain locations, such as at gates or on top of mounds, and acted as gatekeepers or guardians of the sacred afterlife. These demons had the potential power to destroy any inimical or ignoble beings that they encountered but they would allow worthy beings to pass by unharmed. Other entities seem more mobile and could perhaps attack approaching beings without warning, trying to cut off the heads or steal the hearts of the beings that they encountered. In this way, demonic beings in the Coffin Texts seem to present a great threat to deceased humans on their journey to the idyllic afterlife. \r\n\r\nThis paper will examine whether the demons in the ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts are as chaotic and destructive as they first appear, or whether they actually serve the purpose of maintaining the maat ‘order’ of the afterlife.\r\n\r\nKeywords: Ancient Egypt, Demons, Coffin Texts, Afterlife, Guardians, Destroyers\r\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6429737/Are_ancient_Egyptian_demons_in_the_Coffin_Texts_maintainers_of_order_or_chaotic_destroyers","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-03-16T03:02:03.955-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":474989,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"conference_presentation","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Are_ancient_Egyptian_demons_in_the_Coffin_Texts_maintainers_of_order_or_chaotic_destroyers","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Maintaining the balance between order and chaos was highly important in ancient Egyptian culture. Chaos, or isfet, could impose on the Egyptians in the form of sickness, misfortune, foreign invaders or supernatural attackers. It was the role of the Pharaoh to maintain the order, or maat, of the state, which is frequently demonstrated in the monumental depictions of Pharaoh smiting foreign enemies. In mythology, the sun god Re had to repeatedly maintain order by defeating the chaotic serpent demon Apep on a daily basis. In daily life, protective demons could be used to counteract and banish demonic entities that caused misfortune and sickness, amongst other things. \r\n\r\nThe various demons that resided along the paths to the afterlife are described in funerary literature such as the Coffin Texts. Some of these entities are stationed at certain locations, such as at gates or on top of mounds, and acted as gatekeepers or guardians of the sacred afterlife. These demons had the potential power to destroy any inimical or ignoble beings that they encountered but they would allow worthy beings to pass by unharmed. Other entities seem more mobile and could perhaps attack approaching beings without warning, trying to cut off the heads or steal the hearts of the beings that they encountered. In this way, demonic beings in the Coffin Texts seem to present a great threat to deceased humans on their journey to the idyllic afterlife. \r\n\r\nThis paper will examine whether the demons in the ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts are as chaotic and destructive as they first appear, or whether they actually serve the purpose of maintaining the maat ‘order’ of the afterlife.\r\n\r\nKeywords: Ancient Egypt, Demons, Coffin Texts, Afterlife, Guardians, Destroyers\r\n","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429835"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429835/What_s_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What’s in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the Ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429835/What_s_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways">What’s in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the Ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE). This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. However, this paper will transform our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The highly descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function. This paper will provide a new perspective as to how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429835"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429835"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429835; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429835]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429835]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429835; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6429835']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6429835, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6429835]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6429835,"title":"What’s in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the Ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE). This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. However, this paper will transform our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The highly descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function. This paper will provide a new perspective as to how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective.","organization":"UWICAH Postgraduate Conference 2013, 'Transformations'"},"translated_abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE). This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. However, this paper will transform our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The highly descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function. This paper will provide a new perspective as to how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6429835/What_s_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-03-16T03:07:17.613-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":474989,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"conference_presentation","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"What_s_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE). This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. However, this paper will transform our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The highly descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function. This paper will provide a new perspective as to how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective.","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429619"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429619/_Exploring_a_New_World_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ‘Exploring a New World: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429619/_Exploring_a_New_World_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_">‘Exploring a New World: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife. Some of these beings are described in the ancient Egyptian funerary texts of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE), known as the Coffin Texts. Most frequently found decorating the coffins of nobles, these texts served as a guide to the deceased to ensure they reached the afterlife. Contained on the bottom of some coffins was a map of the paths leading to the afterlife. These maps indicated that the journey to the afterlife would be difficult, with roads and waterways winding through hills, full of wrong turns and dead ends. But navigating through the maze of paths was not the only challenge that the deceased had to face. Along the paths were stationed demonic guardians, charged with the task of protecting the afterlife from intruders and the unworthy. These demons were evidently terrifying beings, with names ranging from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. To demonstrate that they could legitimately reside in the afterlife, the deceased had to overcome these demonic obstacles and successfully navigate through an unknown landscape. This paper will explore how the deceased achieved this by examining the interactions between the deceased and the demons that were encountered on the journey through a new and terrifying world.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429619"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429619"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429619; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429619]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429619]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429619; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6429619']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6429619, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6429619]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6429619,"title":"‘Exploring a New World: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife. Some of these beings are described in the ancient Egyptian funerary texts of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE), known as the Coffin Texts. Most frequently found decorating the coffins of nobles, these texts served as a guide to the deceased to ensure they reached the afterlife. Contained on the bottom of some coffins was a map of the paths leading to the afterlife. These maps indicated that the journey to the afterlife would be difficult, with roads and waterways winding through hills, full of wrong turns and dead ends. But navigating through the maze of paths was not the only challenge that the deceased had to face. Along the paths were stationed demonic guardians, charged with the task of protecting the afterlife from intruders and the unworthy. These demons were evidently terrifying beings, with names ranging from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. 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Contained on the bottom of some coffins was a map of the paths leading to the afterlife. These maps indicated that the journey to the afterlife would be difficult, with roads and waterways winding through hills, full of wrong turns and dead ends. But navigating through the maze of paths was not the only challenge that the deceased had to face. Along the paths were stationed demonic guardians, charged with the task of protecting the afterlife from intruders and the unworthy. These demons were evidently terrifying beings, with names ranging from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. To demonstrate that they could legitimately reside in the afterlife, the deceased had to overcome these demonic obstacles and successfully navigate through an unknown landscape. This paper will explore how the deceased achieved this by examining the interactions between the deceased and the demons that were encountered on the journey through a new and terrifying world. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6429619/_Exploring_a_New_World_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-03-16T02:58:41.737-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":474989,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"conference_presentation","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"_Exploring_a_New_World_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife. Some of these beings are described in the ancient Egyptian funerary texts of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BCE), known as the Coffin Texts. Most frequently found decorating the coffins of nobles, these texts served as a guide to the deceased to ensure they reached the afterlife. Contained on the bottom of some coffins was a map of the paths leading to the afterlife. These maps indicated that the journey to the afterlife would be difficult, with roads and waterways winding through hills, full of wrong turns and dead ends. But navigating through the maze of paths was not the only challenge that the deceased had to face. Along the paths were stationed demonic guardians, charged with the task of protecting the afterlife from intruders and the unworthy. These demons were evidently terrifying beings, with names ranging from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. To demonstrate that they could legitimately reside in the afterlife, the deceased had to overcome these demonic obstacles and successfully navigate through an unknown landscape. This paper will explore how the deceased achieved this by examining the interactions between the deceased and the demons that were encountered on the journey through a new and terrifying world. ","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429816"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429816/_Overcoming_Fear_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ‘Overcoming Fear: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429816/_Overcoming_Fear_Demonic_Encounters_in_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Afterlife_">‘Overcoming Fear: Demonic Encounters in the Ancient Egyptian Afterlife’</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429816"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429816"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429816; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="1253365" id="talks"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429868"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429868/What_s_in_a_name_Demonic_names_in_the_Book_of_Two_Ways"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What’s in a name? Demonic names in the Book of Two Ways." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429868/What_s_in_a_name_Demonic_names_in_the_Book_of_Two_Ways">What’s in a name? Demonic names in the Book of Two Ways.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom. This lecture will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429868"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429868"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429868; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429868]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6429868]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429868; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6429868']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6429868, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6429868]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6429868,"title":"What’s in a name? Demonic names in the Book of Two Ways.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom. This lecture will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. ","event_date":{"day":19,"month":3,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"organization":"Friends of the Egypt Centre lecture series"},"translated_abstract":"The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom. 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This lecture will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from ‘He whose face and tongue are dreadful’ to ‘Aggressive one’. ","owner":{"id":474989,"first_name":"Zuzanna","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bennett","page_name":"ZuzannaBennett","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2011-06-06T00:17:13.835-07:00","display_name":"Zuzanna Bennett","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/ZuzannaBennett"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6429861"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429861/The_problem_with_ancient_Egyptian_demons"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The problem with ancient Egyptian demons" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6429861/The_problem_with_ancient_Egyptian_demons">The problem with ancient Egyptian demons</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6429861"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6429861"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6429861; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="1598918" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="7595756"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/7595756/Whats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What's in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/34147464/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/7595756/Whats_in_a_name_Transforming_our_perception_of_the_function_of_demonic_entities_in_the_ancient_Egyptian_Book_of_Two_Ways">What's in a name? Transforming our perception of the function of demonic entities in the ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ancient Egyptians came into contact with a wide range of supernatural beings in daily life and in the afterlife, some of which are described in the texts and images decorating the coffins of the Middle Kingdom. This paper will examine the demonic beings encountered in a section of the Coffin Texts known as the Book of Two Ways, focusing on their varied and often terrifying names, which range from 'He whose face and tongue are dreadful' to 'Aggressive one'. These entities acted as gatekeepers to the afterlife, protecting the deities and spirits that existed within it by destroying any inimical or ignoble beings they encountered. Previously, all guardian demons in the Coffin Texts have been assumed to have this same function and their role has not been examined further. This paper will provide a new perspective on how the guardian demons protected the afterlife individually and as a collective. It will develop our understanding of the function of these demons by analysing how they performed this role. The descriptive names given to the demons highlight the key characteristics of each being. These names provide an insight into how each being behaved and the method with which they enacted their function.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="716517a851b0059376e54a4432d207c2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":34147464,"asset_id":7595756,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34147464/download_file?st=MTczNDUxOTE2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDUxOTE2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="7595756"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7595756"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7595756; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7595756]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7595756]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7595756; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='7595756']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7595756, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "716517a851b0059376e54a4432d207c2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=7595756]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":7595756,"title":"What's in a name? 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