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Verfügbar in 5 Sprachen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 Sprachen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystalovn" title="Krystalovn – Dänisch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krystalovn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oven" title="Crystal oven – Englisch" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Crystal oven" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCXO" title="OCXO – Französisch" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OCXO" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Französisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%A1lyk%C3%A1lyha" title="Kristálykályha – Ungarisch" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kristálykályha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallugn" title="Kristallugn – Schwedisch" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristallugn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Schwedisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1572918#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Links auf Artikel in anderen Sprachen bearbeiten" class="wbc-editpage">Links bearbeiten</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namensräume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quarzofen" title="Seiteninhalt anzeigen [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Quarzofen" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion zum Seiteninhalt [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sprachvariante ändern" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Deutsch</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ansichten"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quarzofen"><span>Lesen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&veaction=edit" title="Diese Seite mit dem VisualEditor bearbeiten [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&action=edit" title="Den Quelltext dieser Seite bearbeiten [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&action=history" title="Frühere Versionen dieser Seite [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Versionsgeschichte</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Werkzeuge" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Werkzeuge</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Werkzeuge</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Weitere Optionen" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aktionen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quarzofen"><span>Lesen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&veaction=edit" title="Diese Seite mit dem VisualEditor bearbeiten [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&action=edit" title="Den Quelltext dieser Seite bearbeiten [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&action=history"><span>Versionsgeschichte</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allgemein </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Linkliste/Quarzofen" title="Liste aller Seiten, die hierher verlinken [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links auf diese Seite</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:%C3%84nderungen_an_verlinkten_Seiten/Quarzofen" rel="nofollow" title="Letzte Änderungen an Seiten, die von hier verlinkt sind [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Änderungen an verlinkten Seiten</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&oldid=239590890" title="Dauerhafter Link zu dieser Seitenversion"><span>Permanenter Link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&action=info" title="Weitere Informationen über diese Seite"><span>Seiteninformationen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Zitierhilfe&page=Quarzofen&id=239590890&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Hinweise, wie diese Seite zitiert werden kann"><span>Artikel zitieren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:URL-K%C3%BCrzung&url=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuarzofen"><span>Kurzlink</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuarzofen"><span>QR-Code herunterladen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drucken/exportieren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Quarzofen&action=show-download-screen"><span>Als PDF herunterladen</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&printable=yes" title="Druckansicht dieser Seite [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Druckversion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In anderen Projekten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_ovens" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1572918" title="Link zum verbundenen Objekt im Datenrepositorium [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-Datenobjekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Erscheinungsbild</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>beheizter Quarzoszillator</b>, manchmal auch als <b>Quarzofen</b> und <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><i>Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator</i></span> (OCXO) bezeichnet, ist ein <a href="/wiki/Quarzoszillator" title="Quarzoszillator">Quarzoszillator</a>, der in einer beheizten und <a href="/wiki/Temperaturregler" title="Temperaturregler">temperaturgeregelten</a> Kammer untergebracht ist. Die in Quarzoszillatoren eingesetzten <a href="/wiki/Schwingquarz" title="Schwingquarz">Schwingquarze</a> unterliegen einer kleinen, für präzise Anwendungen jedoch bedeutsamen thermischen Abhängigkeit der <a href="/wiki/Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Schwingkreisfrequenz</a>, was auch als thermische Drift bezeichnet wird. Durch das Regeln der Temperatur des Schwingquarzes und der Oszillatorschaltung auf einen Wert über der Raumtemperatur, kann die Schwingkreisfrequenz stabilisiert und so eine höhere Genauigkeit als ohne Heizung erzielt werden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allgemeines">Allgemeines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Allgemeines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Allgemeines"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Vectron_OX-402_OCXO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vectron_OX-402_OCXO.jpg/220px-Vectron_OX-402_OCXO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vectron_OX-402_OCXO.jpg/330px-Vectron_OX-402_OCXO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vectron_OX-402_OCXO.jpg/440px-Vectron_OX-402_OCXO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Beheizter Quarzoszillator auf einer <a href="/wiki/Lochrasterplatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lochrasterplatine">Lochrasterplatine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Early_NBS_crystal_oscillator_frequency_standards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Early_NBS_crystal_oscillator_frequency_standards.jpg/220px-Early_NBS_crystal_oscillator_frequency_standards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Early_NBS_crystal_oscillator_frequency_standards.jpg/330px-Early_NBS_crystal_oscillator_frequency_standards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Early_NBS_crystal_oscillator_frequency_standards.jpg/440px-Early_NBS_crystal_oscillator_frequency_standards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Mehrere historische OCXOs die 1929 als Frequenznormal bei der <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> verwendet wurden</figcaption></figure> <p>Im Gegensatz zu <a href="/wiki/Temperaturkompensierter_Quarzoszillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperaturkompensierter Quarzoszillator">temperaturkompensierten Quarzoszillatoren</a> (TCXO), welche die störenden temperaturbedingten Frequenzabweichungen mittels einer Temperaturmessung und kalibrierten Korrekturwerten minimieren, wird bei einem beheizten Quarzoszillator der Temperatureinfluss durch eine aktive Heizung und das Halten der Temperatur auf konstant hohem Niveau minimiert. Anwendungen von beheizten Quarzoszillatoren sind unter anderem einfache <a href="/wiki/Frequenznormal" title="Frequenznormal">Frequenznormale</a> und digitale <a href="/wiki/Frequenzz%C3%A4hler" title="Frequenzzähler">Frequenzzähler</a>, wo eine höhere Genauigkeit als bei nicht stabilisierten Schwingquarzen benötigt wird und zugleich eine geringere Genauigkeit als bei <a href="/wiki/Atomuhr" title="Atomuhr">Atomuhren</a> tolerierbar ist. </p><p>Die typische Betriebstemperatur liegt bei +75 °C, kann aber je nach konkretem Typ und Anwendung im Bereich von +30 °C bis +85 °C liegen und wird mit dem Quarzhersteller abgestimmt.<sup id="cite_ref-oven1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oven1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Als <a href="/wiki/Quarzschnitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarzschnitt">Quarzschnitte</a> für die im Ofen eingesetzten Quarze kommen der <a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-Schnitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-Schnitt (Seite nicht vorhanden)">AC-Schnitt</a> und <a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-Schnitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-Schnitt (Seite nicht vorhanden)">SC-Schnitt</a> zur Anwendung. Ein Auswahlkriterium für die Temperatur zur Steigerung der Stabilität ist jener Betriebspunkt, wo die Quarzfrequenz als Funktion der Temperatur keine oder nur eine möglichst kleine Steigung aufweist. Eine weitere Verbesserung ergibt sich, wenn <a href="/wiki/Leistungstransistor" title="Leistungstransistor">Leistungstransistoren</a> statt <a href="/wiki/Heizwiderstand" title="Heizwiderstand">Heizwiderständen</a> als Heizelement im Ofen eingesetzt werden. Der Grund liegt darin, dass die Verlustwärme von bipolaren Leistungstransistoren direkt proportional zum Strom ist, während bei Heizwiderständen eine quadratische Abhängigkeit vorliegt. Die quadratische Abhängigkeit erschwert das Konstanthalten der Temperatur.<sup id="cite_ref-Frerking_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frerking-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Kurzzeitstabilität von beheizten Quarzoszillatoren über einige Sekunden liegt bei rund 10<sup>−12</sup>, die erreichbare Langzeitstabilität liegt im Bereich von 10<sup>−8</sup>, welche je nach Type nach einigen Stunden bis einigen Tagen in Betrieb erreicht wird. Der relative Wert 10<sup>−8</sup> entspricht einer maximalen Abweichung von 1 <a href="/wiki/Hertz_(Einheit)" title="Hertz (Einheit)">Hz</a> bei einer Oszillatorfrequenz von 100 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-nist1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In folgender Tabelle aus <sup id="cite_ref-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sind die Daten einiger Oszillatoren im Vergleich zusammengestellt: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oszillatortyp</th> <th>rel. Messunsicherheit</th> <th>Alterung / 10 Jahre </th></tr> <tr> <td>Quarzoszillator</td> <td>10<sup>−5</sup> bis 10<sup>−4</sup></td> <td>10 bis 20 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quarzofen (OCXO)<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap">5 bis 10 MHz</span><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap">15 bis 100 MHz</span></td> <td><br />2 × 10<sup>−8</sup><br /> 5 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td> <td><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap">2 × 10<sup>−8</sup> bis 2 × 10<sup>−7</sup></span><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap">2 × 10<sup>−6</sup> bis 11 × 10<sup>−9</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium-Atomuhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidium-Atomuhr">Rubidium-Atomuhr</a><sup id="cite_ref-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">10<sup>−9</sup></span></td> <td>10<sup>−12</sup> bis 10<sup>−11</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GPSDO" class="mw-redirect" title="GPSDO">GPSDO</a><sup id="cite_ref-zti_z300r7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zti_z300r7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">4 × 10<sup>−8</sup> bis 10<sup>−11</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-spectruminstruments_net-tm3specs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectruminstruments_net-tm3specs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leapsecond_ds58540a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leapsecond_ds58540a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>10<sup>−13</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chip-Scale-Atomic-Clock" title="Chip-Scale-Atomic-Clock">Chip-Scale-Atomic-Clock</a> (CSAC)</td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">2,5 × 10<sup>−10</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-appp1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appp1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atomuhr" title="Atomuhr">Atomuhr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">10<sup>−11</sup> bis 10<sup>−12</sup></span></td> <td>10<sup>−12</sup> bis 10<sup>−11</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historisch und vor der Verfügbarkeit von Atomuhren wurden beheizte Quarzoszillatoren in mehrfacher Ausführung als <a href="/wiki/Frequenznormal" title="Frequenznormal">Frequenznormal</a> verwendet, unter anderem setzte die <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> im Jahr 1929 mehrere OCXOs mit einer Betriebsfrequenz von 100 kHz ein.<sup id="cite_ref-nist2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Literatur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Literatur"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bernd Neubig, Wolfgang Briese: <cite style="font-style:italic">Das Grosse Quarzkochbuch</cite>. Franzis-Verlag, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3772358535" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7723-5853-5</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qsl.net/dk1ag/buch.html">Online</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Quarzofen&rft.au=Bernd+Neubig%2C+Wolfgang+Briese&rft.btitle=Das+Grosse+Quarzkochbuch&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3772358535&rft.pub=Franzis-Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oven1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oven1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freecircuitdiagram.com/2009/05/02/temperature-controller-for-crystal-oven/">Temperature Controller for Crystal Oven</a>, FreeCircuitDiagram vom 2. Mai 2009 (englisch).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frerking-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Frerking_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin E. Frerking: <cite style="font-style:italic">Fifty years of progress in quartz crystal frequency standards</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium</cite>. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 1996, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>33–46</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512022233/http://www.ieee-uffc.org/main/history.asp?file=frerking">archive.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Quarzofen&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+progress+in+quartz+crystal+frequency+standards&rft.au=Marvin+E.+Frerking&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+1996+IEEE+International+Frequency+Control+Symposium&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=33-46&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronic+Engineers" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nist1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nist1_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r254095491">.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915112757/http://tf.nist.gov/general/enc-no.htm">Time and Frequency from A to Z</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="/wiki/Web-Archivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Web-Archivierung">Memento</a></span> des <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">.mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-position:center right!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:10px!important;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/MediaWiki_external_link_icon.svg")!important;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:0.857em!important;padding-right:1em!important}</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftf.nist.gov%2Fgeneral%2Fenc-no.htm">Originals</a></span> vom 15. September 2008 im <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) <small class="archiv-bot"><span class="wp_boppel noviewer" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="i"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pictogram_voting_info.svg/15px-Pictogram_voting_info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pictogram_voting_info.svg/23px-Pictogram_voting_info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pictogram_voting_info.svg/30px-Pictogram_voting_info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span> <b>Info:</b> Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß <a href="/wiki/Benutzer:InternetArchiveBot/Anleitung/Archivlink" title="Benutzer:InternetArchiveBot/Anleitung/Archivlink">Anleitung</a> und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.</small><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://IABotmemento.invalid/http://tf.nist.gov/general/enc-no.htm">@1</a></span><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tf.nist.gov/general/enc-no.htm">@2</a></span><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/tf.nist.gov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/tf.nist.gov (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/tf.nist.gov</a></span>, NIST glossary (englisch).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ieee_li-precision_frequency_generation_4-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs/precision_frequency_generation.pdf"><i>Tutorial Precision Frequency Generation Utilizing OCXO and Rubidium Atomic Standards with Applications for Commercial, Space, Military, and Challenging Environments IEEE Long Island Chapter March 18, 2004.</i></a> (PDF; 4,2 MB)<span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 31. Januar 2011</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AQuarzofen&rft.title=Tutorial+Precision+Frequency+Generation+Utilizing+OCXO+and+Rubidium+Atomic+Standards+with+Applications+for+Commercial%2C+Space%2C+Military%2C+and+Challenging+Environments+IEEE+Long+Island+Chapter+March+18%2C+2004&rft.description=Tutorial+Precision+Frequency+Generation+Utilizing+OCXO+and+Rubidium+Atomic+Standards+with+Applications+for+Commercial%2C+Space%2C+Military%2C+and+Challenging+Environments+IEEE+Long+Island+Chapter+March+18%2C+2004&rft.identifier=&rft.date="> </span> 091116 ieee.li</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zti_z300r7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zti_z300r7_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160553/http://www.zti-telecom.com/BrochuresN/z300_Rev7.pdf"><i>z300 High Precision Time Server synchronized by GPS.</i></a> (PDF; 512 kB) Archiviert vom <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r250917974" /><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zti-telecom.com%2FBrochuresN%2Fz300_Rev7.pdf">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">18. Juli 2011</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 31. Januar 2011</span>.</span> <small class="archiv-bot"><span class="wp_boppel noviewer" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="i"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pictogram_voting_info.svg/15px-Pictogram_voting_info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pictogram_voting_info.svg/23px-Pictogram_voting_info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pictogram_voting_info.svg/30px-Pictogram_voting_info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span> <b>Info:</b> Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß <a href="/wiki/Benutzer:InternetArchiveBot/Anleitung/Archivlink" title="Benutzer:InternetArchiveBot/Anleitung/Archivlink">Anleitung</a> und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.</small><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://IABotmemento.invalid/http://www.zti-telecom.com/BrochuresN/z300_Rev7.pdf">@1</a></span><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zti-telecom.com/BrochuresN/z300_Rev7.pdf">@2</a></span><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.zti-telecom.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.zti-telecom.com (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.zti-telecom.com</a></span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AQuarzofen&rft.title=z300+High+Precision+Time+Server+synchronized+by+GPS&rft.description=z300+High+Precision+Time+Server+synchronized+by+GPS&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110718160553%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.zti-telecom.com%2FBrochuresN%2Fz300_Rev7.pdf&rft.date=&rft.source=http://www.zti-telecom.com/BrochuresN/z300_Rev7.pdf"> </span> 091117 zti-telecom.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spectruminstruments_net-tm3specs-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-spectruminstruments_net-tm3specs_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectruminstruments.net/tm3specs.pdf"><i>Time and Frequency - Precisely the Way You Need It Time and Frequency - Precisely the Way You Need It.</i></a> (PDF; 188 kB)<span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 31. Januar 2011</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AQuarzofen&rft.title=Time+and+Frequency+-+Precisely+the+Way+You+Need+It+Time+and+Frequency+-+Precisely+the+Way+You+Need+It&rft.description=Time+and+Frequency+-+Precisely+the+Way+You+Need+It+Time+and+Frequency+-+Precisely+the+Way+You+Need+It&rft.identifier=&rft.date="> </span> 091118 spectruminstruments.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leapsecond_ds58540a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-leapsecond_ds58540a_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/hp58540a/ds-58540a.pdf"><i>GPS Time and Frequency Reference Receiver.</i></a> (PDF; 2,1 MB)<span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 31. Januar 2011</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AQuarzofen&rft.title=GPS+Time+and+Frequency+Reference+Receiver&rft.description=GPS+Time+and+Frequency+Reference+Receiver&rft.identifier=&rft.date="> </span> 091118 leapsecond.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appp1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-appp1_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Svenja Knappe, Vishal Shah, Peter D. D. Schwindt, Leo Hollberg, John Kitching, Li-Anne Liew, John Moreland: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">A microfabricated atomic clock</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Applied Physics Letters</cite>. 85. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 30. August 2004, <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220003-6951%22&key=cql">0003-6951</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1460–1462</span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1787942">10.1063/1.1787942</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApPhL..85.1460K">2004ApPhL..85.1460K</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Quarzofen&rft.atitle=A+microfabricated+atomic+clock&rft.au=Svenja%26%2332%3BKnappe%2C%26%2332%3BVishal%26%2332%3BShah%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+D.+D.%26%2332%3BSchwindt%2C+...&rft.date=2004-08-30&rft.doi=10.1063%2F1.1787942&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0003-6951&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.pages=1460-1462&rft.volume=85.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nist2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nist2_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Michael A. Lombardi, Thomas P. Heavner, Steven R. Jefferts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/publications/nist-primary-frequency-standards-and-realization-si-second"><i>NIST Primary Frequency Standards and the Realization of the SI Second.</i></a> NIST, 1. Dezember 2007,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 16. November 2023</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AQuarzofen&rft.title=NIST+Primary+Frequency+Standards+and+the+Realization+of+the+SI+Second&rft.description=NIST+Primary+Frequency+Standards+and+the+Realization+of+the+SI+Second&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpublications%2Fnist-primary-frequency-standards-and-realization-si-second&rft.creator=Michael+A.+Lombardi%2C+Thomas+P.+Heavner%2C+Steven+R.+Jefferts&rft.publisher=NIST&rft.date=2007-12-01"> </span></span> </li> </ol></div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&oldid=239590890">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quarzofen&oldid=239590890</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorien" title="Wikipedia:Kategorien">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Elektrischer_Oszillator" title="Kategorie:Elektrischer Oszillator">Elektrischer Oszillator</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteckte Kategorien: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte_Weblinks/Ungepr%C3%BCfte_Archivlinks_2019-05" title="Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2019-05">Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2019-05</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite_web/tempor%C3%A4r" title="Kategorie:Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite web/temporär">Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite web/temporär</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 29. 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