The Large Hadron Collider

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href="/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks" hreflang="en" title="Blowing out 70 candles: CERN celebrates seven decades of discoveries and looks ahead to a brilliant future of science and innovation"> <span> Blowing out 70 candles: CERN celebrates seven... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-01T10:00:00Z">1 October, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <p class="cern-btn"><a class="cern-btn" href="/news?audience=23">Latest news</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-0 col-sm-0 col-md-6 col-lg-6 col-item-megamenu"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4 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It consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way.</p> </span> </div> <div class="background__veil"></div> <div class="background-component background__cds_media" style="height: 100%;"> <figure class="cds-image" data-record-id="2302977" data-filename="201802-030_10" id="CERN-PHOTO-201802-030-10"> <a href="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-030-10" title="View on CDS"> <img alt="LHC tunnel pt1 various angle" src="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-030-10/file?size=large"/> </a> <figcaption> LHC tunnel pt1 various angle <span> (Image: CERN)</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="endof-cern-header-blocks"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-small" ></div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p>The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and most powerful <a href="/about/how-accelerator-works">particle accelerator</a>. It first started up on 10 September 2008, and remains the latest addition to CERN’s <a href="/about/accelerators">accelerator complex</a>. The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way.</p> <section class="blurb"><figure class="cds-image align-left" id="CERN-PHOTO-201401-013-24"><a href="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201401-013-24" title="View on CDS"><img alt="LS1,LHC" src="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201401-013-24/file?size=medium"></a> <figcaption><span>(Image: Anna Pantelia/CERN)</span></figcaption></figure> <p class="column-right image-align">Inside the accelerator, two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at <a href="/about/engineering/vacuum-empty-interplanetary-space">ultrahigh vacuum</a>. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by <a href="/about/engineering/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets">superconducting electromagnets</a>. The electromagnets are built from coils of special electric cable that operates in a superconducting state, efficiently conducting electricity without resistance or loss of energy. This requires chilling the magnets to ‑271.3°C – <a href="/about/engineering/cryogenics-low-temperatures-high-performance">a temperature colder than outer space</a>. For this reason, much of the accelerator is connected to a distribution system of liquid helium, which cools the magnets, as well as to other supply services.</p> <figure class="cds-image align-right" id="CERN-HI-1308206-20"><a href="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HI-1308206-20" title="View on CDS"><img alt="LS1,Magnets,TI2,PMI2,LHC,dipole,descent,replacement" src="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HI-1308206-20/file?size=large"></a> <figcaption>Replacing one of the LHC's dipole magnets<span> (Image: Maximilien Brice/CERN)</span></figcaption></figure></section> <p class="column-right image-align">Thousands of magnets of different varieties and sizes are used to direct the beams around the accelerator. These include 1232 dipole magnets, 15 metres in length, which bend the beams, and 392 quadrupole magnets, each 5–7 metres long, which focus the beams. Just prior to collision, another type of magnet is used to "squeeze" the particles closer together to increase the chances of collisions. The particles are so tiny that the task of making them collide is akin to firing two needles 10 kilometres apart with such precision that they meet halfway.</p> <p class="column-right image-align">All the controls for the accelerator, its services and technical infrastructure are housed under one roof at the CERN Control Centre. From here, the beams inside the LHC are made to collide at four locations around the accelerator ring, corresponding to the positions of four <a href="/about/how-detector-works">particle detectors</a> – <a href="/about/experiments/atlas">ATLAS</a>, <a href="/about/experiments/cms">CMS</a>, <a href="/about/experiments/alice">ALICE</a> and <a href="/about/experiments/lhcb">LHCb.</a></p> <figure><iframe frameborder="0" height="450" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m0!3m2!1sen!2sch!4v1434635066180!6m8!1m7!1sTsMp-M25mKDOj7LvRtkdgQ!2m2!1d46.25464!2d6.056934!3f352.96!4f-7.780000000000001!5f0.7820865974627469" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe> <figcaption>Explore the CERN Control Centre with Google Street View (Image: Google Street View)</figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none box-effects"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper enable-effects "> <div class="component-media-content box-pattern simple-display brochure" style="background-image:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201401-013-4/file?size=large'); 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