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href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_history_of_written_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_history_of_written_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>The history of written history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_history_of_written_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The history of written history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_history_of_written_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hellenic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hellenic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roman world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Historical journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches_to_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches_to_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Approaches to history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Approaches_to_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Approaches to history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Approaches_to_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Determinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Determinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theory_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Theory and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Histories_of_historical_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histories_of_historical_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Histories of historical writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histories_of_historical_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Feminist historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thematic_and_regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thematic_and_regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Thematic and regional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thematic_and_regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Historiography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="علم التاريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم التاريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiograf%C3%ADa" title="Historiografía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historiografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarix%C5%9F%C3%BCnasl%C4%B1q" title="Tarixşünaslıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tarixşünaslıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ইতিহাস-সঙ্কলনবিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইতিহাস-সঙ্কলনবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografi" title="Historiografi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Historiografi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Тарихнамә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тарихнамә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гістарыяграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гістарыяграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гістарыяграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гістарыяграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Историография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Историография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografija" title="Historiografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historiografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia" title="Historiografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Historiografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Историографи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Историографи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografie" title="Historiografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Historiografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanesyddiaeth" title="Hanesyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanesyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografi" title="Historiografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Historiografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichtsschreibung" title="Geschichtsschreibung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichtsschreibung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiograafia" title="Historiograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Historiograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιστοριογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστοριογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Historiography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiograf%C3%ADa" title="Historiografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historiografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografio" title="Historiografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historiografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia" title="Historiografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Historiografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تاریخ‌نگاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie" title="Historiographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Historiographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografy" title="Historiografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Historiografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staireola%C3%ADocht" title="Staireolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staireolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiograf%C3%ADa" title="Historiografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historiografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պատմագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատմագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title="इतिहास-लेख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इतिहास-लेख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografija" title="Historiografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Historiografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografio" title="Historiografio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historiografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografi" title="Historiografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Historiografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographia" title="Historiographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Historiographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagnaritun" title="Sagnaritun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sagnaritun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storiografia" title="Storiografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storiografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטוריוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ისტორიოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისტორიოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Историография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Историография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographia" title="Historiographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historiographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiogr%C4%81fija" title="Historiogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Historiogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie" title="Historiographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Historiographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoriografija" title="Istoriografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Istoriografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiogr%C3%A1fia" title="Historiográfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Historiográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയോഗ്രഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയോഗ്രഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8" title="इतिहासलेखन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इतिहासलेखन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="التأريخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التأريخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografi" title="Historiografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Historiografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storiografie" title="Storiografie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Storiografie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Түүхийн товчоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Түүхийн товчоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedschrijving" title="Geschiedschrijving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedschrijving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="史学史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="史学史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storiografia" title="Storiografia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Storiografia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografi" title="Historiografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Historiografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoriografia" title="Istoriografia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istoriografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarixshunoslik" title="Tarixshunoslik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tarixshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%87" title="تاریخ لیکنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاریخ لیکنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischriagrafi" title="Ischriagrafi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ischriagrafi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia" title="Historiografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historiografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia" title="Historiografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Historiografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoriografie" title="Istoriografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoriografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Историография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Историография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia" title="Historiografia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historiografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_(zapisovanie_dej%C3%ADn)" title="Historiografia (zapisovanie dejín) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Historiografia (zapisovanie dejín)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografija" title="Historiografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historiografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografi" title="Historiografi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Historiografi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia" title="Historiografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Historiografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografi" title="Historiografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Historiografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyograpiya" title="Historyograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Historyograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வரலாற்றுவரைவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரலாற்றுவரைவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="ประวัติศาสตร์นิพนธ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์นิพนธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Таърихнигорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таърихнигорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihyaz%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Tarihyazımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarihyazımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Історіографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історіографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تاریخ نگاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاریخ نگاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storiografia" title="Storiografia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Storiografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADt_ch%C3%A9p_s%E1%BB%AD" title="Thuật chép sử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuật chép sử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenotemipenav" title="Jenotemipenav – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jenotemipenav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyograpiya" title="Historyograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Historyograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="史学史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="史学史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="史學史 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史學史" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="史学史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="史学史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q50675#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Historiography</b> is about the writing of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">historical methods</a>. Thus it looks at <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">authors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Source" class="mw-disambig" title="Source">sources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretation">interpretation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Style" class="mw-disambig" title="Style">style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>. It is sometimes called "the history of history". The word historiography can also refer to a body of historical work. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_history_of_written_history">The history of written history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: The history of written history" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: The history of written history"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For thousands of years people have been telling <a href="/wiki/Story" class="mw-disambig" title="Story">stories</a> about the past, and making written records of the actions of <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and other famous persons. After 500 BC, they began writing more organized histories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenic_world">Hellenic world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Hellenic world" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Hellenic world"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg/170px-Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg/255px-Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg/340px-Thucydides_Manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of part of a Tenth-century copy of <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Written history appeared first with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>, whose historians greatly contributed to the development of historical methodology. The very first historical works were <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a></i> composed by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus of Halicarnassus</a> (484 BC–ca.425 BC), who became later known as the 'father of history' (<a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>). <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> was the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (ca. 431–355 BC) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_world">Roman world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Roman world" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Roman world"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romans adopted the Greek tradition, becoming the first people to write history in a non-Greek language. The most famous writers are <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s (100 BC–44 BC) <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Bellum Gallicum</a></i>. Livy (59 BC–AD 17) who records the rise of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> from city-state to world dominion.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (c. 46 - 127) and <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> (c. 69-after 130) introduced <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a> as a branch of history. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (c. 56–c. 117) criticizes Roman <a href="/wiki/Immorality" class="mw-redirect" title="Immorality">immorality</a> by praising <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">German</a> virtues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Medieval Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Medieval Europe"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg/170px-Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg/255px-Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg/340px-Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>A page of <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, the Church and of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middles Ages historical writing often took the form of <a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">annals</a> or chronicles recording events year by year but this style tended to hampered the analysis of events and causes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this type of writing are <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</a> which were the work of several different writers and start during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a> and one copy of which was still being updated in 1154. </p><p>History was written about states or nations during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The study of history changed during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> described the history of certain ages that were important according to him, instead of describing events in a chronological order. History became an independent discipline. It was not called <i>philosophia historiae</i> anymore, but merely history (<i>historia</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Modern era" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Modern era"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern historiography began with Leopold Ranke in the 19th century, who was very critical on the sources used in history. The French Annales School radically changed history during the 20th century. Fernand Braudel wanted history to become more scientific by demanding more mathematical evidence in history, in order to make the history discipline less subjective. Furthermore, he added a social-economic and geographic framework to answer historical questions. Other French historians, like Philippe Ariès and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> described history of daily life topics such as death and sexuality. They wanted history to be written about all topics and that all questions should be asked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_journals">Historical journals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Historical journals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Historical journals"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical journals for academic historians to exchange ideas started in the nineteenth century. The early journals were similar to the <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a> used in the physical sciences, and were seen as a means by which history could be <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionalised</a>. Journals also helped historians to establish various historiographical approaches, the most notable example of which was <i>Annales. Économies. Sociétés. Civilisations.</i> a publication instrumental in establishing the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales School (not yet started)">Annales School</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9467161">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>1840 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historisk_tidsskrift_(Denmark)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historisk tidsskrift (Denmark) (not yet started)">Historisk tidsskrift</a></i> (Denmark)</li> <li>1859 <i><a href="/wiki/Historische_Zeitschrift" title="Historische Zeitschrift">Historische Zeitschrift</a></i> (Germany)</li> <li>1866 <i>Archivum historicum</i>, later <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiallinen_arkisto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiallinen arkisto (not yet started)">Historiallinen arkisto</a></i> (Finland, published in Finnish)</li> <li>1871 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historisk_tidsskrift_(Norway)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historisk tidsskrift (Norway) (not yet started)">Historisk tidsskrift</a></i> (Norway)</li> <li>1876 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revue_Historique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revue Historique (not yet started)">Revue Historique</a></i> (France)</li> <li>1881 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historisk_tidskrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historisk tidskrift (not yet started)">Historisk tidskrift</a></i> (Sweden)</li> <li>1886 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Historical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Historical Review (not yet started)">English Historical Review</a></i> (UK)</li> <li>1895 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Historical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Historical Review (not yet started)">American Historical Review</a></i> (USA)</li> <li>1914 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Valley_Historical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mississippi Valley Historical Review (not yet started)">Mississippi Valley Historical Review</a></i> (renamed 1964 the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_American_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of American History (not yet started)">Journal of American History</a></i>) (USA)</li> <li>1916 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Journal_of_Negro_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Journal of Negro History (not yet started)">The Journal of Negro History</a></i></li> <li>1916 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historisk_tidskrift_f%C3%B6r_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historisk tidskrift för Finland (not yet started)">Historisk tidskrift för Finland</a></i> (Finland, published in Swedish)</li> <li>1918 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_American_historical_review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanic American historical review (not yet started)">Hispanic American historical review</a></i></li> <li>1928 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandia_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scandia (journal) (not yet started)">Scandia</a></i> (Sweden)</li> <li>1929 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales School (not yet started)">Annales. Économies. Sociétés. Civilisations</a> </i></li> <li>1952 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Past_%26_Present&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Past & Present (not yet started)">Past & present: a journal of historical studies</a></i> (Great Britain)</li> <li>1953 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vierteljahrshefte_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (not yet started)">Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</a></i> (Germany)</li> <li>1956 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_Historical_Society_of_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (not yet started)">Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria</a></i> (Nigeria)</li> <li>1960 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_African_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of African History (not yet started)">Journal of African History</a></i> (Cambridge)</li> <li>1960 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_and_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technology and Culture (not yet started)">Technology and culture: the international quarterly of the Society for the History of Technology</a></i> (USA)</li> <li>1975 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geschichte_und_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geschichte und Gesellschaft (not yet started)">Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift für historische Sozialwissenschaft</a></i> (Germany)</li> <li>1976 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Family_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Family History (not yet started)">Journal of Family History</a></i></li> <li>1982 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storia_della_Storiografia_%E2%80%94_History_of_Historiography_%E2%80%94_Histoire_de_l%27Historiographie_%E2%80%94_Geschichte_der_Geschichtsschreibung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storia della Storiografia — History of Historiography — Histoire de l'Historiographie — Geschichte der Geschichtsschreibung (not yet started)">Storia della Storiografia — History of Historiography — Histoire de l'Historiographie — Geschichte der Geschichtsschreibung</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cisi.unito.it/stor/home.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151216001544/http://www.cisi.unito.it/stor/home.htm">Archived</a> 2015-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>1982 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subaltern_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subaltern Studies (not yet started)">Subaltern Studies</a></i> (Oxford University Press)</li> <li>1986 <i>Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 20.und 21. Jahrhunderts</i>, new title since 2003: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stiftung-sozialgeschichte.de/">Sozial.Geschichte. Zeitschrift für historische Analyse des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts</a></i> (Germany)</li> <li>1990 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender and history (not yet started)">Gender and history</a></i></li> <li>1990 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Geschichte/LHOMME/">L'Homme. Zeitschrift für feministische Geschichtswissenschaft</a></i> (Austria)</li> <li>1990 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Wirtschaftsgeschichte/OeZG/">Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften</a> (ÖZG)</i></li> <li>1992 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_History_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's History Review (not yet started)">Women's History Review</a></i></li> <li>1993 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historische-anthropologie.uni-goettingen.de/">Historische Anthropologie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911031945/http://www.historische-anthropologie.uni-goettingen.de/">Archived</a> 2009-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches_to_history">Approaches to history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Approaches to history" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Approaches to history"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The question of how a historian approaches historical events is one of the most important questions within historiography. It is commonly recognised by historians that, in themselves, individual historical facts are not particularly meaningful. Such facts will only become useful when assembled with other historical evidence, and the process of assembling this evidence is understood as a particular historiographical approach. </p><p>Some of the more common historigraphical approaches are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales School (not yet started)">Annales School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determinism">Determinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Determinism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Determinism"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Determinism means that historians view history as being caused more by certain factors than by other factors. The two most common types of determinism are geographic determinism and economic determinism. Geographic determinism means that historians think history is mostly caused by <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>. Frederick Jackson Turner was a proponent of geographic determinism. Economic determinism means that historians think history is mostly caused by <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. Charles Beard was a proponent of economic determinism. Other historians believe that history is caused mostly by <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> or mostly by a struggle for <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a>, but these are usually not labeled as determinism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Bibliography" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliography"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9467161"><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_and_philosophy">Theory and philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Theory and philosophy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Theory and philosophy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Ankersmit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Ankersmit (not yet started)">Frank Ankersmit</a> (ed), <i>A New Philosophy of History</i>, 1995, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-02100-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-02100-9">0-226-02100-9</a></li> <li>Michael Bentley, <i>Modern Historiography: An Introduction</i>, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20267-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20267-1">0-415-20267-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Bloch (not yet started)">Marc Bloch</a>, <i>The Historian's Craft</i> [1940?]</li> <li>Peter Burke, <i>History and Social Theory</i>, Polity Press, Oxford, 1992</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._H._Carr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. H. Carr (not yet started)">E. H. Carr</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=What_is_History%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="What is History? (not yet started)">What is History?</a></i> 1961, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-70391-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-70391-X">0-394-70391-X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R.G._Collingwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.G. Collingwood (not yet started)">R.G. Collingwood</a>, <i>The Idea of History</i>, 1936, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285306-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285306-6">0-19-285306-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Elton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Elton (not yet started)">Geoffrey Elton</a>, <i>The Practice of History</i>, 1969, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22980-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22980-9">0-631-22980-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Evans (not yet started)">Richard J. Evans</a> <i>In Defence of History</i>, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1862071047" title="Special:BookSources/1862071047">1862071047</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hackett_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hackett Fischer (not yet started)">David Hackett Fischer</a>, <i>Historians' Fallacies: Towards a Logic of Historical Thought</i>, Harper & Row, 1970.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Jenkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Jenkins (not yet started)">Keith Jenkins</a>, <i>Rethinking History</i>, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30443-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30443-1">0-415-30443-1</a></li> <li>Keith Jenkins, ed. <i>The Postmodern History Reader</i> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Marwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Marwick (not yet started)">Arthur Marwick</a>, <i>The Nature of History</i>, 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-10941-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-10941-4">0-333-10941-4</a></li> <li>Alun Munslow. <i>The Routledge Companion to Historical Studies</i> (2000)</li> <li>John Tosh, <i>The Pursuit of History</i>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-77254-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-77254-0">0-582-77254-0</a></li> <li>W.H. Walsh, <i>An Introduction to Philosophy of History</i>, 1951.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayden_White" title="Hayden White">Hayden White</a>, <i>The Content of Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation</i>, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4115-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4115-1">0-8018-4115-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histories_of_historical_writing">Histories of historical writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Histories of historical writing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Histories of historical writing"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Geoffrey Barraclough, <i>History: Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences,</i> (1978)</li> <li>Michael Bentley (ed.), <i>Companion to Historiography</i>, Routledge, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28557-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28557-7">0-415-28557-7</a> 990pp; 39 chapters by experts</li> <li>Ernst Breisach, <i>Historiography: Ancient, Medieval and Modern</i>, 2nd edition, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-07278-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-07278-9">0-226-07278-9</a></li> <li>H. Floris Cohen, <i>The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry</i>, Chicago, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-11280-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-11280-2">0-226-11280-2</a></li> <li>Mark T. Gilderhus, <i>History an Historiographical Introduction</i>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-044824-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-044824-9">0-13-044824-9</a></li> <li>Georg G. Iggers, <i>Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge</i> (2005)</li> <li>Susan Kinnell, <i>Historiography: An Annotated Bibliography of Journal Article, Books and Dissertations</i>, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87436-168-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87436-168-0">0-87436-168-0</a></li> <li>Lloyd Kramer and Sarah Maza, eds. <i>A Companion to Western Historical Thought</i> Blackwell 2006. 520pp; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4961-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4961-7">978-1-4051-4961-7</a>.</li> <li>Arnaldo Momigliano, <i>The Classical Foundation of Modern Historiography</i>, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07870-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07870-5">0-520-07870-5</a></li> <li>Philippe Poirrier, <i>Aborder l'histoire</i>, Paris, Seuil, 2000.</li> <li>Philippe Poirrier,<i>Les enjeux de l'histoire culturelle</i>, Paris, Seuil, 2004.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_historiography">Feminist historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Feminist historiography" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Feminist historiography"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ritter_Beard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Ritter Beard (not yet started)">Mary Ritter Beard</a>, <i>Woman as force in history: A study in traditions and realities</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerda_Lerner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerda Lerner (not yet started)">Gerda Lerner</a>, <i>The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History</i>, New York: Oxford University Press 1979</li> <li>Bonnie G. Smith, <i>The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice</i>, Harvard UP 2000</li> <li>Mary Spongberg, <i>Writing women's history since the Renaissance</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002</li> <li>Judith M. Bennett, <i>History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thematic_and_regional">Thematic and regional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Thematic and regional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Thematic and regional"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>John Ernest. <i>Liberation Historiography: African American Writers and the Challenge of History, 1794-1861</i>. University of North Carolina Press, 2004</li> <li>Frank Farrell. <i>Themes in Australian History: Questions, Issues and Interpretation in an Evolving Historiography</i> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Ferro" title="Marc Ferro">Marc Ferro</a>, <i>Cinema and History</i>, Wayne State University Press, 1988</li> <li>R. Darcy and Richard C. Rohrs, <i>A Guide to Quantitative History</i> (1995)</li> <li>Hudson, Pat. <i>History by Numbers: An Introduction to Quantitative Approaches</i> (2002)</li> <li>James W. Loewen, <i>Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong</i>, Touchstone Books 1996</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessa_Morris-Suzuki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tessa Morris-Suzuki (not yet started)">Tessa Morris-Suzuki</a>, <i>The Past Within Us: Media, Memory, History</i>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-513-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-513-4">1-85984-513-4</a></li> <li>Gary Nash, Charlotte Crabtree, and Ross Dunn. <i>History on Trial: Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past,</i> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Novick" title="Peter Novick">Peter Novick</a>, <i>That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession</i> (1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34328-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34328-3">0-521-34328-3</a></li> <li>Thomas Söderqvist. <i>The Historiography of Contemporary Science and Technology</i> (1997)</li> <li>Sommer, Barbara W. <i>The Oral History Manual</i> (2003)</li> <li>Jan Vansina, "Oral Tradition as History," University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1985</li> <li>Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim. <i>Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory</i> (1982)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Journals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Journals"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cromohs.unifi.it/index.html">Cromohs — cyber review of modern historiography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228121338/http://www.cromohs.unifi.it/index.html">Archived</a> 2017-12-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><i>History and Theory</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisi.unito.it/stor/home.htm">History of Historiography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151216001544/http://www.cisi.unito.it/stor/home.htm">Archived</a> 2015-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historians" title="List of historians">List of historians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy09.html">Livy's History of Rome: Book 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, John (1998). <i>The past and its presenters: an introduction to issues in historiography</i>, Hodder & Stoughton, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-67934-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-67934-4">0-340-67934-4</a>, p. 78-79.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.activehistory.co.uk/historiography/index.htm">Series of accessible, interactive online lectures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open2.net/historyandthearts/history/natureofhistory/index.html">BBC Historiography Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011151356/http://open2.net/historyandthearts/history/natureofhistory/index.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cusd.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/ib/histo.html">Summary of key historiographical schools</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201220727/http://www.cusd.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/ib/histo.html">Archived</a> 2010-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/int18.html">Philosophy of History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905120345/http://www.galilean-library.org/int18.html">Archived</a> 2005-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> introduced at The Galilean Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/tucker.html">Scientific Historiography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055620/http://www.galilean-library.org/tucker.html">Archived</a> 2010-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, explained in an interview with Aviezer Tucker at the Galilean Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historiographyinternational.org/">International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018074814/http://historiographyinternational.org/">Archived</a> 2007-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography&oldid=8295294">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography&oldid=8295294</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">History</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> 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