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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bosnia dan Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemboja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemboja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kemboja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemboja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Kanada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republik_Czech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republik_Czech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Republik Czech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republik_Czech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republik_Dominika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republik_Dominika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Republik Dominika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republik_Dominika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Mesir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kawasan_Ekonomi_Eropah_(termasuk_Kesatuan_Eropah_(EU))" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kawasan_Ekonomi_Eropah_(termasuk_Kesatuan_Eropah_(EU))"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah (termasuk Kesatuan Eropah (EU))</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kawasan_Ekonomi_Eropah_(termasuk_Kesatuan_Eropah_(EU))-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perancis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perancis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Perancis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perancis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>Jerman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yunani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yunani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>Yunani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yunani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">28</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">29</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">30</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">31</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">32</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">33</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">34</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">35</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">36</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Itali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">37</span> <span>Itali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jepun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jepun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">38</span> <span>Jepun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jepun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">39</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">40</span> <span>Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea_Utara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea_Utara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">41</span> <span>Korea Utara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea_Utara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea_Selatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea_Selatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">42</span> <span>Korea Selatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea_Selatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">43</span> <span>Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">44</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">45</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">46</span> <span>Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">47</span> <span>Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">48</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">49</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">50</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">51</span> <span>Namibia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">52</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">53</span> <span>Belanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">54</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">55</span> <span>Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">56</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">57</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">58</span> <span>Oman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">59</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">60</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filipina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">61</span> <span>Filipina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">62</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">63</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">64</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">65</span> <span>Rusia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Saudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Saudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">66</span> <span>Arab Saudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Saudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">67</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">68</span> <span>Singapura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">69</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">70</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afrika_Selatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrika_Selatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">71</span> <span>Afrika Selatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrika_Selatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sepanyol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sepanyol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">72</span> <span>Sepanyol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sepanyol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">73</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">74</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">75</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">76</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">77</span> <span>Turki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">78</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">79</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amerika_Syarikat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerika_Syarikat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">80</span> <span>Amerika Syarikat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amerika_Syarikat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Amerika Syarikat</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amerika_Syarikat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federally_incorporated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federally_incorporated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">80.1</span> <span>Federally incorporated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federally_incorporated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State,_Territory_or_Commonwealth_incorporated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State,_Territory_or_Commonwealth_incorporated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">80.2</span> <span>State, Territory or Commonwealth incorporated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State,_Territory_or_Commonwealth_incorporated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perkongsian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perkongsian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">80.2.1</span> <span>Perkongsian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perkongsian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limited_Liability_Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limited_Liability_Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">80.2.2</span> <span>Limited Liability Companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limited_Liability_Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">80.2.3</span> <span>Corporations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbekistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbekistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">81</span> <span>Uzbekistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbekistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">82</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">83</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">84</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">85</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jenis badan perniagaan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 19 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondernemingsvorm" title="Ondernemingsvorm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ondernemingsvorm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenis_badan_usaha" title="Jenis badan usaha – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jenis badan usaha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selskabsform" title="Selskabsform – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Selskabsform" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettev%C3%B5tlusvorm" title="Ettevõtlusvorm – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ettevõtlusvorm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Τύποι επιχειρηματικών οντοτήτων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τύποι επιχειρηματικών οντοτήτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_of_business_entity" title="Type of business entity – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Type of business entity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipos_de_entidad_empresarial" title="Tipos de entidad empresarial – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tipos de entidad empresarial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="انواع نهاد کسب‌وکار – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انواع نهاد کسب‌وکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စီးပွားရေးလုပ်ငန်း အမျိုးအစားများ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီးပွားရေးလုပ်ငန်း အမျိုးအစားများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selskapsform" title="Selskapsform – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Selskapsform" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selskapsform" title="Selskapsform – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Selskapsform" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formy_prawne_w_Polsce" title="Formy prawne w Polsce – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Formy prawne w Polsce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipos_de_empresas" title="Tipos de empresas – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tipos de empresas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipul_juridic_a_unei_companii" title="Tipul juridic a unei companii – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tipul juridic a unei companii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeps_o_business_entity" title="Teeps o business entity – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Teeps o business entity" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" title="Types of business entity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Types of business entity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Врсте предузећа по државама – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Врсте предузећа по државама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhti%C3%B6muoto" title="Yhtiömuoto – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhtiömuoto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticari_i%C5%9Fletme" title="Ticari işletme – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ticari işletme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1269299#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jenis_badan_perniagaan" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan:Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan (laman tidak wujud) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa 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laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jenis_badan_perniagaan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Jenis_badan_perniagaan" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Jenis_badan_perniagaan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&oldid=5520242" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&id=5520242&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJenis_badan_perniagaan"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJenis_badan_perniagaan"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Jenis+badan+perniagaan"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Types_of_business_entity" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1269299" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Types of companies" dilencongkan ke sini. Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Company (disambiguation) (laman tidak wujud)">company (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Rencana ini <b>memerlukan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">petikan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_yang_boleh_dipercayai" title="Wikipedia:Sumber yang boleh dipercayai">rujukan</a> tambahan untuk <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pengesahan" title="Wikipedia:Pengesahan">pengesahan</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Sila bantu <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit">memperbaiki rencana ini</a> dengan menambahkan petikan ke <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_yang_boleh_dipercayai" title="Wikipedia:Sumber yang boleh dipercayai">sumber-sumber yang boleh dipercayai</a>. Bahan yang tidak disahkan mungkin akan dipertikai dan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pengesahan" title="Wikipedia:Pengesahan">dipadam</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Cari sumber:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jenis+badan+perniagaan%22">"Jenis badan perniagaan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jenis+badan+perniagaan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">berita</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jenis+badan+perniagaan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">akhbar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jenis+badan+perniagaan%22+-wikipedia">buku</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jenis+badan+perniagaan%22">sarjana</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jenis+badan+perniagaan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" class="extiw" title="en:Help:Maintenance template removal">Ketahui cara dan masa untuk membuang pesanan templat ini</a>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6349617">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scales of justice"><img alt="Scales of justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; background:#aaddff;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_syarikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang syarikat (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang syarikat</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;;padding-top:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Syarikat" title="Syarikat">Syarikat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Perniagaan" title="Perniagaan">Perniagaan</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilikan_tunggal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilikan tunggal (laman tidak wujud)">Pemilikan tunggal</a> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian (laman tidak wujud)">Perkongsian</a><br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian umum (laman tidak wujud)">Umum</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_terhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian terhad (laman tidak wujud)">Terhad</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability partnership (laman tidak wujud)">LLP</a>)</div> <a href="/wiki/Perbadanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbadanan">Perbadanan</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usahasama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usahasama (laman tidak wujud)">Usahasama</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; background:#aaddff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> Amerika Syarikat</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=S_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S corporation (laman tidak wujud)">S corporation</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C corporation (laman tidak wujud)">C corporation</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">LLC</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">LLLP</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Series_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Series LLC (laman tidak wujud)">Series LLC</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delaware_General_Corporation_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delaware General Corporation Law (laman tidak wujud)">Delaware corporation</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevada corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Nevada corporation</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_business_trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massachusetts business trust (laman tidak wujud)">Massachusetts business trust</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; background:#aaddff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> UK / Ireland / Commonwealth</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited company (laman tidak wujud)">Limited company</a><br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_company_limited_by_shares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private company limited by shares (laman tidak wujud)">by shares</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_limited_by_guarantee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Company limited by guarantee (laman tidak wujud)">by guarantee</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">Public</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proprietary company (laman tidak wujud)">Proprietary</a>)</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unlimited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unlimited company (laman tidak wujud)">Unlimited company</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_interest_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community interest company (laman tidak wujud)">Community interest company</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; background:#aaddff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> Kesatuan Eropah / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Ekonomi_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">EEA</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statut_Syarikat_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statut Syarikat Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">SE</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masyarakat_Kerjasama_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masyarakat Kerjasama Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">SCE</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syarikat_Eropah_Swasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syarikat Eropah Swasta (laman tidak wujud)">SPE</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_Kepentingan_Ekonomi_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumpulan Kepentingan Ekonomi Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">EEIG</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; background:#aaddff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> Lain-lain tempat</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktiebolag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktiebolag (laman tidak wujud)">AB</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansvarlig_selskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansvarlig selskap (laman tidak wujud)">ANS</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktieselskab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktieselskab (laman tidak wujud)">A/S</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksjeselskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksjeselskap (laman tidak wujud)">AS</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (laman tidak wujud)">GmbH</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha">K.K.</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naamloze_Vennootschap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naamloze Vennootschap (laman tidak wujud)">N.V.</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osakeyhti%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osakeyhtiö (laman tidak wujud)">OY</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_entiti_perniagaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenis entiti perniagaan (laman tidak wujud)"><i>lagi</i></a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; background:#aaddff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> Doktrin</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_governance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporate governance (laman tidak wujud)">Corporate governance</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability (laman tidak wujud)">Limited liability</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_judgment_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business judgment rule (laman tidak wujud)">Business judgment rule</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_affairs_doctrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal affairs doctrine (laman tidak wujud)">Internal affairs doctrine</a> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel (laman tidak wujud)">De facto corporation and<br />corporation by estoppel</a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piercing_the_corporate_veil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piercing the corporate veil (laman tidak wujud)">Piercing the corporate veil</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rochdale_Principles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rochdale Principles (laman tidak wujud)">Rochdale Principles</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; background:#aaddff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> Kawasan berkaitan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kontrak" title="Kontrak">Kontrak</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosedur_awam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosedur awam (laman tidak wujud)">Prosedur awam</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Undang-undang_syarikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Undang-undang syarikat (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Undang-undang_syarikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Undang-undang syarikat (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Undang-undang_syarikat&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Business_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Business administration (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Business administration</a> </p><p>Sebuah <b>badan perniagaan</b> adalah entiti yang ditubuhkan dan ditadbir seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_komersial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang komersial (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang komersial</a> untuk melibatkan diri dalam <a href="/wiki/Perniagaan" title="Perniagaan">perniagaan</a> aktiviti, kerja-kerja amal, atau aktiviti-aktiviti lain boleh dibenarkan. Selalunya, entiti perniagaan dibentuk untuk menjual produk atau perkhidmatan. Terdapat banyak jenis <a href="/wiki/Entiti_perniagaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Entiti perniagaan">entiti perniagaan</a> yang ditakrifkan dalam sistem undang-undang pelbagai negara. Ini termasuk <a href="/wiki/Perbadanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbadanan">perbadanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerjasama" title="Kerjasama">kerjasama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian (laman tidak wujud)">perkongsian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peniaga_tunggal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peniaga tunggal (laman tidak wujud)">peniaga tunggal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syarikat_liabiliti_terhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Syarikat liabiliti terhad">syarikat liabiliti terhad</a> dan lain-lain jenis dibenarkan secara khusus dan dilabelkan entiti. Kaedah-kaedah tertentu berbeza-beza mengikut negara dan mengikut negeri atau wilayah. Antara jenis-jenis ini disenaraikan di bawah mengikut negara. Untuk panduan, bersamaan anggaran dalam undang-undang syarikat negara-negara berbahasa Inggeris yang diberikan dalam kebanyakan kes, contohnya ≈: <a href="/wiki/Syarikat_awam" title="Syarikat awam">syarikat awam</a> (UK dan Ireland) ≈: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK dan Ireland) ≈: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_terhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian terhad (laman tidak wujud)">perkongsian terhad</a>, </p> <dl><dd>= Perkongsian Tidak Terhad</dd> <dd>= Syarikat Chartered</dd> <dd>= Syarikat Berkanun</dd> <dd>= Syarikat induk</dd> <dd>= Anak syarikat</dd> <dd>= Syarikat tunggal</dd> <dd>= NGO</dd> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Walau bagaimanapun, peraturan-peraturan yang mengawal jenis tertentu entiti, malah mereka digambarkan sebagai lebih kurang sama, berbeza daripada bidang kuasa. </p><p>Apabila membuat atau penyusunan semula perniagaan, tanggungjawab undang-undang bergantung kepada jenis entiti perniagaan yang dipilih.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Albania"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Albania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Albania"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh.a._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sh.a. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">Sh.A.</a> (Shoqeri Aksionere): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>Sh.p.k. (Shoqeri me pergjegjesi te kufizuar): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>Shoqeri komandite: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_terhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian terhad (laman tidak wujud)">perkongsian terhad</a></li> <li>Shoqeri kolektive: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian umum (laman tidak wujud)">perkongsian umum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argentina"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Argentina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Argentina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a> (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ <a href="/wiki/Syarikat_awam_berhad" title="Syarikat awam berhad">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>S.R.L. (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">limited liability company</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(USA)</li> <li>S.C.S. (Sociedad en Comandita Simple): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>S.C.p.A. (Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a> with shares</li> <li>Soc.Col. (Sociedad Colectiva): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a> (USA)</li> <li>S.C.e I. (Sociedad de Capital e Industria)</li> <li>S.E. (Sociedad del Estado): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=State-owned_enterprise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State-owned enterprise (laman tidak wujud)">state-owned enterprise</a></li> <li>S.G.R. (Sociedad de Garantía Reciproca)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Australia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Australia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporations_Act_2001&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporations Act 2001 (laman tidak wujud)">Corporations Act 2001</a></div> <ul><li>Inc. (Incorporated): restricted to non-profit associations</li> <li>Ltd. (Limited): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). The suffix Ltd. may also be used by a private company limited by guarantee, such as a charity or university (these may obtain dispensation from the Registrar of Companies to operate without the suffix).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No_liability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No liability (laman tidak wujud)">NL</a> (No liability): A type of mining, speculative, or research company with no right to call up the unpaid issue price of shares.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pty._Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pty. Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Pty. Ltd.</a> (Proprietary Limited Company): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK) ATF Trust. In Australia companies can act as a trustee for a trust.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unlimited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unlimited company (laman tidak wujud)">Pty.</a> (Unlimited Proprietary) company with a share capital: A company, similar to its limited company (Ltd., or Pty. Ltd.) counterpart, but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austria"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Austria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Austria"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gen (Genossenschaft; types: Erwerbs- und Wirtschaftsgenossenschaft): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a></li> <li>Privatstiftung: ≈ private foundation</li> <li>Verein: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">nonprofit association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_business_entity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Types of business entity (laman tidak wujud)">European business entities</a></li> <li>e.U. (eingetragenes Einzelunternehmen): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_trader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole trader (laman tidak wujud)">sole trader</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> (US)</li> <li>Kapitalgesellschaften: ≈ companies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> (Aktiengesellschaft): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). Minimum capital €70,000.</li> <li>GmbH (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (laman tidak wujud)">Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung</a>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). Minimum capital €35,000.</li></ul></li> <li>Personengesellschaften: ≈ partnerships <ul><li><i>unincorporated (i.e. unregistered and without legal personality)</i>: <ul><li>stG (stille Gesellschaft): ≈ partnership by estoppel (i.e., no partnership agreement)</li> <li>GesbR (Gesellschaft des bürgerlichen Rechts): ≈ partnership by contract (i.e., formed by partnership agreement); statutes and regulations concerning Austrian companies, especially with regards to the companies register (<i>Firmenbuch</i>), do not apply.</li></ul></li> <li><i>incorporated (i.e. registered and with legal personality)</i>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offene_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offene Gesellschaft (laman tidak wujud)">OG</a> (offene Gesellschaft): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommanditgesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommanditgesellschaft (laman tidak wujud)">KG</a> (Kommanditgesellschaft): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a> <ul><li>GmbH & Co. KG: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommanditgesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommanditgesellschaft (laman tidak wujud)">KG</a> in which a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (laman tidak wujud)">GmbH</a> is the general partner.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Obsolete: <ul><li>Erwerbsgesellschaft: small-sized partnerships (not qualifying as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Offene_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offene Gesellschaft (laman tidak wujud)">OG</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommanditgesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommanditgesellschaft (laman tidak wujud)">KG</a>, respectively. Converted into OGs or KGs as of 1. 1. 2007) <ul><li>OEG (Offene Erwerbsgesellschaft): small general partnership</li> <li>KEG (Kommanditerwerbsgesellschaft): small limited partnership</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><small>See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usp.gv.at/Portal.Node/usp/public/content/gruendung/gruendungsfahrplan_gesellschaften/gesellschaftsformen/Seite.470202.html">help.gv.at</a> (Austrian government site, in German)</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belarus"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Belarus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Belarus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ААТ (Адкрытае акцыянернае таварыства Adkritaye Aktsiyanernaye Tavaristva): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), open</li> <li>ЗАТ (Закрытае ацыянернае таварыства Zakritaye Aktsiyanernaye Tavaristva): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), closed</li> <li>ІП (Індывідуяльны прадпрымальнік Individuyalni Pradprimalnik): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>ПУП PUP (Прыватнае унітарнае прадпрыемства Privatnaye Unitarnaye Pradpriyemstva): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_unitary_enterprise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private unitary enterprise (laman tidak wujud)">private unitary enterprise</a></li> <li>ТАА (Таварыства з абмежаванай адказнасцю Tavaristva z Abmezhavanaj Adkaznastsiu): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgium"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Belgium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Belgium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch language (laman tidak wujud)">Dutch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language (laman tidak wujud)">French</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German language (laman tidak wujud)">German</a> names may be used. </p> <ul><li><i>foundations</i>: <ul><li>private stichting / fondation privée: ≈ private foundation</li> <li>stichting van openbaar nut / fondation d'utilité publique: ≈ public foundation</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>coentreprises (<i>joint ventures</i>): <ul><li>ESV (economisch samenwerkingsverband) / GIE (groupement d'intérêt économique): ≈ economic interest grouping</li> <li>stille handelsvennootschap / société interne: ≈ contractual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_venture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint venture (laman tidak wujud)">joint venture</a> (i.e., no JV company is created)</li> <li>tijdelijke handelsvennootschap / société momentanée: ≈ equity <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_venture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint venture (laman tidak wujud)">joint venture</a> (i.e., JV company is created)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>VZW (vereniging zonder winstoogmerk) / ASBL (association sans but lucratif) / VoG (Vereinigung ohne Gewinnerzielungsabsicht): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">nonprofit association</a></li> <li>vereniging in deelneming / SEP (société en participation): ≈ equity partnership</li> <li>feitelijke vereniging / société de fait: ≈ de facto partnership, partnership by estoppel</li></ul> <ul><li>eenmanszaak / entreprise individuelle: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_trader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole trader (laman tidak wujud)">sole trader</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> (US)</li> <li>VOF (vennootschap onder firma) / SNC (société en nom collectif): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>Comm.V (gewone commanditaire vennootschap) / SCS (société en commandite simple): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>Comm.VA (commanditaire vennootschap op aandelen) / SCA (société en commandite par actions): ≈ publicly traded partnership</li> <li>BVBA (besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid) / SPRL (société privée à responsabilité limitée): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK) <ul><li>EBVBA (eenpersoons besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid) / SPRLU (société privée à responsabilité limitée unipersonnelle): single member Ltd.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap" title="Naamloze vennootschap">NV</a> (naamloze vennootschap) / <a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">SA</a> (societé anonyme): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li><i>co-operative companies</i>: <ul><li>CVBA (coöperatieve vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid) / SCRL (société coopérative à responsabilité limitée): ≈ limited liability <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a></li> <li>CVOA (coöperatieve vennootschap met onbeperkte aansprakelijkheid) / SCRI (société coopérative à responsabilité illimitée): ≈ unlimited liability cooperative</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Bosnia dan Herzegovina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bosnia dan Herzegovina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>d.d. (dioničko društvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK) ≈ <a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> (Germany)</li> <li>a.d. (akcionarsko društvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK) ≈ <a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> (Germany)</li> <li>d.n.o. (društvo s neograničenom solidarnom odgovornošću): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>d.o.o. (društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK) ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (laman tidak wujud)">GmbH</a> (Germany)</li> <li>k.d. (komanditno društvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>s.p. (samostalni preduzetnik): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">Sole proprietorship</a> (UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazil"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Brazil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Brazil"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sociedade limitada (Ltda.): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a> (Sociedade anônima): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>Sociedade simples: <a href="/w/index.php?title=PLLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLLC (laman tidak wujud)">PLLC</a></li> <li>Sociedade em comandita simples: ≈ ordinary limited partnership</li> <li>Sociedade em nome coletivo: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>Sociedade em conta de participação: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>Sociedade em comum: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>Cooperativa ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a></li> <li>Empresa individual (firma individual): ≈ individual proprietorship / sole proprietorship</li> <li>Empresa Individual de Responsabilidade Limitada (EIRELI): Same as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a>, but without partners.</li> <li>Micro empreendedor individual: ≈ individual enterprise</li> <li>Empresa pública: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government-owned_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government-owned corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Government-owned corporation</a></li> <li>Sociedade de economia mista: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government-owned_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government-owned corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Government-owned corporation</a></li> <li>Associação em sentido estrito (sem finalidade lucrativa): ≈ nonprofit association</li> <li>Organização não governamental: ≈ nonprofit association</li> <li>Organização da sociedade civil de interesse público: ≈ nonprofit association</li> <li>Organização social: ≈ nonprofit association</li> <li>Serviços sociais autônomos: ≈ nonprofit association</li> <li>Fundação privada: ≈ private foundation</li> <li>Fundação pública: ≈ public foundation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulgaria"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Bulgaria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bulgaria"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD / <i>АД</i> (aktsionerno drujestvo / <i>акционерно дружество</i>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_stock_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint stock company (laman tidak wujud)">joint stock company</a> ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>ADSITz / <i>АДСИЦ</i> (aktsionerno druzhestvo sus spetsialna investitsionna tsel / <i>акционерно дружество със специална инвестиционна цел</i>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_estate_investment_trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Real estate investment trust (laman tidak wujud)">real estate investment trust</a></li> <li>EAD / <i>ЕАД</i> (ednolichno aktsionerno druzhestvo / <i>еднолично акционерно дружество</i>): type of AD with a single member</li> <li>EOOD / <i>ЕООД</i> (ednolichno druzhestvo s ogranichena otgovornost / <i>еднолично дружество с ограничена отговорност</i>): type of OOD with a single member</li> <li>ET / <i>ЕТ</i> (ednolichen turgovetz / <i>едноличен търговец</i>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>OOD / <i>ООД</i> (drujestvo s ogranichena otgovornost / <i>дружество с ограничена отговорност</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>KD / <i>КД</i> (komanditno druzhestvo / <i>командитно дружество</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>KDA / <i>КДА</i> (komanditno druzhestvo s aktzii / <i>командитно дружество с акции</i>): limited partnership with shares</li> <li>SD / <i>СД</i> (subiratelno druzhestvo / <i>събирателно дружество</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a>, but having <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_personality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal personality (laman tidak wujud)">legal personality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kemboja"><a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Kemboja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kemboja"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>SP (Sole Proprietorship)</li> <li>GP (General Partnership)</li> <li>LP (Limited Partnership)</li> <li>SM Pte Ltd. (Single Member Private Limited Company):</li> <li>Pte Ltd. (Private Limited Company): ≈ [private limited company (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a>)] (UK)</li> <li>Plc Ltd. (Public Limited Company): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>PEEC (Public Establishment with Economic characteristics)</li> <li>State Company: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a></li> <li>State Joint Venture Company: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a></li> <li>Import Export Co., Ltd</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanada"><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Kanada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kanada"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada entities can be incorporated under either federal or provincial (or territorial) law. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unlimited_liability_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unlimited liability corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Unlimited liability corporations</a> can be formed in Alberta "AULC" and Nova Scotia "NSULC". </p><p>The word or expression "Limited", <i>Limitée</i>, "Incorporated", <i>Incorporée</i>, "Corporation" or <i>Société par actions de régime fédéral</i> or the corresponding abbreviation "Ltd.", <i>Ltée</i>, "Inc.", "Corp." or <i>S.A.R.F.</i> forms part of the name of every entity incorporated under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_Business_Corporations_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canada Business Corporations Act (laman tidak wujud)">Canada Business Corporations Act</a> (R.S., 1985, c. C-44). ≈ Ltd. or Plc (UK) </p><p>As an exception, entities registered prior to 1985 may continue to be designated <i>Société commerciale canadienne</i> or by the abbreviation <i>S.C.C.</i> </p><p>Under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_Cooperatives_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canada Cooperatives Act (laman tidak wujud)">Canada Cooperatives Act</a> (1998, c. 1), a co-operative must have the word "cooperative", "co-operative", "coop", "co-op", <i>coopérative</i>, "united" or "pool", or another grammatical form of any of those words, as part of its name. </p><p>Unlike in many other Western countries, Canadian businesses generally only have one form of incorporation available. The aforementioned AULC and NSULC are generally not used as operating business structures, but are instead used to create favorable tax positions for either Americans investing in Canada or vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather, Canadian businesses are generally formed under one of the following structures: </p> <ul><li>SP (Sole Proprietorship): No formal business structure is established</li> <li>GP (General Partnership): Either a formal structure with a partnership agreement, or an informal structure, in which case the Partnerships Act for the province will apply</li> <li>LP (Limited Partnership): An investment structure, limiting both the liability and the participation of the investor. An investor who takes an active role will be deemed a general partner, and become exposed to unlimited liability.</li> <li>Corporation</li> <li>Joint Venture: A business activity shared by two or more business entities. The joint venture's activities must be finite in terms of either time or scope.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chile"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Chile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Chile"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>SpA (Sociedad por acciones): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a> with shares</li> <li>EIRL (Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada): individual enterprise with limited liability</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a> (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>S.G.R. (Sociedad de Garantía Recíproca)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>LTDA. (Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: China"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>有限公司: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). See also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partnership_(China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partnership (China) (laman tidak wujud)">Partnership (China)</a>.</li> <li>股份有限公司: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colombia"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Colombia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Colombia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a></b> (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Corporation</a> (US)</li> <li><b>S.A.S.</b> (Sociedades por Acciones Simplificada): Similar to the French S.A.S (<i>societé par actions simplifiée</i>)</li> <li><b>Ltda.</b> (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_company_limited_by_shares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private company limited by shares (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">LLC</a> (US)</li> <li><b>S.C.</b> (Sociedad Colectiva): <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">General partnership</a></li> <li><b>S. en C.</b> (Comandita Simple): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">Limited partnership</a></li> <li><b>S.C.A.</b> (Comandita por Acciones): Publicly traded partnership</li> <li><b>E.U.</b> (Empresa Unipersonal): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">Sole proprietorship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Croatia"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Croatia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Croatia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Types of legal person business entities:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>d.d.</b> (dioničko društvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li><b>d.o.o.</b> (društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK); minimum capital: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_kuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Croatian kuna (laman tidak wujud)">HRK</a> 20,000 <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>j.d.o.o.</b> (jednostavno društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću): simple Ltd.; minimum capital: HRK 10 (same liabilities as an Ltd., but annually has to set aside 25% of profit to collect enough equity capital to become d.o.o.)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>j.t.d.</b> (javno trgovačko društvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li><b>k.d.</b> (komanditno društvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li><b>GIU</b> (gospodarsko interesno udruženje): economic interest grouping</li> <li><b>zadruga</b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Types of natural person business entities: </p> <ul><li><b>obrt</b>: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a>; several types: <i>slobodni</i>, <i>vezani</i>, and <i>povlašteni obrt</i> (free, tied, and privileged proprietorship registered according to profession; tied and privileged proprietorships are those only master craftsmen can register,) <i>paušalni obrt</i>, <i>obrt-dohodaš</i>, <i>obrt-dobitaš</i> (flat-rate proprietorship, income tax p., profits tax p.; these are registered according to the type of taxation; first two are obligated to pay income tax and the last one is obligated to pay profits tax), <i>sezonski obrt</i> (seasonal proprietorship, that runs for a limited number of months during a year)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>ortakluk</b>: partnership of two or more sole proprietors</li> <li><b>slobodna djelatnost</b>: free profession; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-employment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-employment (laman tidak wujud)">self-employment</a> but only for certain types of professions: e.g. artists, journalists, lawyers, etc.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freelancing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freelancing (laman tidak wujud)">freelancing</a> (similar to sole proprietors in their obligations)</li> <li><b>domaća radinost</b> and <b>sporedno zanimanje</b>: home business and side profession; limited forms of self-employment aimed at registering supplementary income from, say, small repairs or hobbies <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>OPG</b> (obiteljsko poljoprivredno gospodarstvo): family run agricultural business <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republik_Czech"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Republic">Republik Czech</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Republik Czech" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Republik Czech"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akciov%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akciová společnost (laman tidak wujud)">a.s.</a>, akc. spol. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Akciov%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akciová společnost (laman tidak wujud)">Akciová společnost</a>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). Minimum share capital <a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_koruna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czech koruna (laman tidak wujud)">CZK</a> 2m (20m for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_Public_Offering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Initial Public Offering (laman tidak wujud)">IPOs</a>). Must have a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supervisory_board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supervisory board (laman tidak wujud)">supervisory board</a> in addition to the management board.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spole%C4%8Dnost_s_ru%C4%8Den%C3%ADm_omezen%C3%BDm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Společnost s ručením omezeným (laman tidak wujud)">s.r.o.</a>, spol. s r.o. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spole%C4%8Dnost_s_ru%C4%8Den%C3%ADm_omezen%C3%BDm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Společnost s ručením omezeným (laman tidak wujud)">Společnost s ručením omezeným</a>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>v.o.s. (veřejná obchodní společnost): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>k.s. (komanditní společnost): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>o.p.s. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Obecn%C4%9B_prosp%C4%9B%C5%A1n%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obecně prospěšná společnost (laman tidak wujud)">obecně prospěšná společnost</a>): ≈ One of the legal forms for non-governmental non-profit organizations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denmark"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Denmark" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Denmark"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Enkeltmandsvirksomhed: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>Forening: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">association</a></li> <li>I/S (Interessentskab): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a>.</li> <li>IVS (Iværksætterselskab): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private limited company (laman tidak wujud)">private limited company</a> startup with limited equity capital. Must use 25% of profit to collect enough equity capital to become an ApS.</li> <li>ApS (Anpartsselskab): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private limited company (laman tidak wujud)">private limited company</a>.</li> <li>A/S (Aktieselskab): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">public limited company</a>.</li> <li>K/S (Kommanditselskab): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>P/S (Partnerselskab <i>or</i> Kommanditaktieselskab): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partnership_limited_by_shares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partnership limited by shares (laman tidak wujud)">partnership limited by shares</a></li> <li>A.M.B.A. (Andelsselskab med begrænset ansvar): limited liability <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-operative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-operative (laman tidak wujud)">co-operative</a>.</li> <li>F.M.B.A. (Forening med begrænset ansvar): limited liability <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">voluntary association</a>.</li> <li>S.M.B.A. (Selskab med begrænset ansvar): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">limited liability company</a>.</li> <li>Partsrederi: A form of combined and continued ownership of a merchant vessel.</li> <li>Erhvervsdrivende fond: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commercial_foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commercial foundation (laman tidak wujud)">commercial foundation</a></li> <li>G/S (Gensidigt selskab): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutual_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutual organization (laman tidak wujud)">mutual organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republik_Dominika"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Dominika" title="Republik Dominika">Republik Dominika</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Republik Dominika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Republik Dominika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>C. por A. (Compañía por Acciones), also abbreviated CXA<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">public limited company</a></li> <li>S.A.S (Sociedad Anónima Simplificada): ≈ [(Simplified public limited company)]</li> <li>SRL. (Sociedad de Resposabilidad Limitada): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_Liability_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited Liability Company (laman tidak wujud)">Limited Liability Company</a></li> <li>EIRL. (Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ [(Sole proprietor Limited Liability Company)]</li> <li>Sociedad En Comandita Simple.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecuador"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Ecuador" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ecuador"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">public limited company</a></li> <li>C.A. (Compañía Anónima)</li> <li>Cía. Ltda. (Compañía Limitada): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_Liability_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited Liability Company (laman tidak wujud)">Limited Liability Company</a></li> <li>EP (Empresa Pública)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesir"><a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Mesir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Mesir"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>SAE (Sharikat al-Mossahamah) ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). Minimum capital <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Pound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyptian Pound (laman tidak wujud)">EGP</a> 250,000.</li> <li>LLC (Limited Liability Company) ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). No Minimum capital .</li> <li>Sharikat Tadamun ≈ شركة تضامن <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>Sharikat Tawssiyah Bassita ≈ شركات توصية بسيطة <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>Sharikat Tawssiyah Belashom ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability partnership (laman tidak wujud)">LLP</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estonia"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Estonia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Estonia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>FIE (Füüsilisest isikust ettevõtja): ≈ sole trader (UK), sole proprietorship (US)</li> <li>Partnerships: <ul><li>UÜ (Usaldusühing): ≈ limited partnership</li> <li>TÜ (Täisühing): ≈ general partnership</li></ul></li> <li>Companies: <ul><li>OÜ (Osaühing): ≈ (Ltd.) private limited company (UK), (LLC) limited liability company (US)</li> <li>AS (Aktsiaselts): ≈ (PLC) public limited company (UK), corporation (US)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Tulundusühistu: ≈ persatuan perdagangan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kawasan_Ekonomi_Eropah_(termasuk_Kesatuan_Eropah_(EU))"><span id="Kawasan_Ekonomi_Eropah_.28termasuk_Kesatuan_Eropah_.28EU.29.29"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Ekonomi_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah</a> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union">EU</a>))</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah (termasuk Kesatuan Eropah (EU))" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah (termasuk Kesatuan Eropah (EU))"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Perkongsian: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EEIG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EEIG (laman tidak wujud)">EEIG</a> (European Economic Faedah Grouping): sebuah entiti EU undang-undang yang direka untuk membolehkan kerjasama rentas sempadan antara syarikat. Ia mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liabiliti_tidak_terhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liabiliti tidak terhad (laman tidak wujud)">liabiliti tidak terhad</a> dan tidak bertanggungjawab ke atas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cukai_syarikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cukai syarikat (laman tidak wujud)">cukai syarikat</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Syarikat: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societas_Cooperativa_Europaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Societas Cooperativa Europaea (laman tidak wujud)">SCE</a> (Societas Cooperativa Europaea): <a href="/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi">Koperasi</a> Eropah (<i>Societas Cooperativa Europaea</i> adalah Latin untuk "Koperasi Persatuan Eropah").</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Societas_Europaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Societas Europaea (laman tidak wujud)">SE</a> (Societas Europaea): a European (Public) Limited Company (<i>Societas Europaea</i> is <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "European Company").</li> <li><i>(proposed)</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syarikat_Sendirian_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syarikat Sendirian Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">SPE</a> (Societas Privata Europaea): sebuah syarikat Eropah sendirian berhad, bersamaan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GmbH (laman tidak wujud)">GmbH</a>, dan lain-lain Bentuk syarikat sedang dicadangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Suruhanjaya_Eropah" title="Suruhanjaya Eropah">Suruhanjaya Eropah</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Sebuah SE atau SCE boleh diwujudkan melalui pendaftaran dalam mana-mana negara anggota EU / EEA, dan adalah tertakluk kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statut_Syarikat_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statut Syarikat Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">Statut Syarikat Eropah</a>. Ia boleh menempatkan semula pejabat berdaftar kepada seseorang pun dari EU / EEA Negara Anggota dengan formaliti minimum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finland"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Finland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Finland"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>General economic entities</i> </p> <ul><li>Ay (avoin yhtiö, Swedish: <i>öppet bolag</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a> (use optional)</li> <li>Ky (kommandiittiyhtiö, Swedish <i>kommanditbolag</i>, <i>Kb</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>Oy (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osakeyhti%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osakeyhtiö (laman tidak wujud)">osakeyhtiö</a>, Swedish: <i>aktiebolag</i>, <i>Ab</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). Minimum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Share_capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Share capital (laman tidak wujud)">share capital</a> €2500.</li> <li>Oyj (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Julkinen_osakeyhti%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julkinen osakeyhtiö (laman tidak wujud)">julkinen osakeyhtiö</a>, Swedish: <i>publikt aktiebolag</i>, <i>Abp</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>osk (osuuskunta, Swedish: <i>andelslag</i>, <i>Anl.</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a></li> <li>T:mi (toiminimi), Yksityinen elinkeinonharjoittaja (Swedish: <i>firma</i>/<i>F:ma</i>, <i>enskild näringsidkare</i>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> (use optional)</li></ul> <p>Singkatan biasanya dalam bahasa Finland, tetapi nama-nama <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sweden" title="Bahasa Sweden">Swedish</a> juga boleh digunakan sama ada sebagai sedang atau dalam kombinasi dengan Finland, contohnya '<i>Oy Yritys Ab</i>. </p><p><i>Non-profit entities</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekister%C3%B6ity_yhdistys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekisteröity yhdistys (laman tidak wujud)">rekisteröity yhdistys</a>, abbr. ry (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">förening</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>, abbr. rf): registered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">association</a>, capable of acting as a legal person</li> <li>rekisteröity puolue, abbr. rp <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">registrerat parti</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>): registered political party</li> <li>säätiö, abbr. rs (Swedish: <i>stiftelse</i>): foundation</li> <li>uskonnollinen yhdyskunta (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">religionssamfund</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>), religious community<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>voluntary associations chartered by statute law (e.g. Finnish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Cross (laman tidak wujud)">Red Cross</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Defence_Training_Association_of_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Defence Training Association of Finland (laman tidak wujud)">National Defence Training Association of Finland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish Bar Association (laman tidak wujud)">Finnish Bar Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <p><i>For-profit entities of public law</i> </p> <ul><li>valtion liikelaitos (Swedish: <i>statens affärsverk</i>): commercial government agency, expected to fund themselves, but debts directly backed by state funds — distinguished from regular companies where the government owns stock. (See: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Finnish_government_enterprises&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Finnish government enterprises (laman tidak wujud)">List of Finnish government enterprises</a>)</li> <li>kunnallinen liikelaitos (Swedish: <i>kommunal affärsverk</i>): municipal enterprise, similar as previous but run by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Municipalities of Finland (laman tidak wujud)">municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siida (laman tidak wujud)">paliskunta</a>: a reindeer herding corporation, governed like a stock company except that the "stocks" are reindeer<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Economic entities for special purpose</i> </p> <ul><li>asunto-osakeyhtiö (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">bostadsaktiebolag</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>), a limited liability company for the ownership, construction and maintenance of an apartment building<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>julkinen keskinäinen vakuutusyhtiö, abbreviated jy (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">publikt ömsesidigt försäkringsbolag</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Vakuutusyhtiölaki_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakuutusyhtiölaki-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public mutual insurance company</li> <li>keskinäinen kiinteistöosakeyhtiö (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">ömsesidiga fastighetsaktiebolag</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a limited liability company for the ownership, maintenance and construction of real property.</li> <li>keskinäinen vakuutusyhtiö (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">ömsesidigt försäkringsbolag</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Vakuutusyhtiölaki_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakuutusyhtiölaki-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mutual insurance company</li> <li>laivaisännistöyhtiö (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">partrederi</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>), a type of general partnership for the owning of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cargo_ship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cargo ship (laman tidak wujud)">merchantman</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>säästöpankki (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">sparbank</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a type of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loans_and_savings_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loans and savings association (laman tidak wujud)">loans and savings association</a></li></ul> <p><i>Real estate law corporations</i> </p><p>In the corporations of real estate law, the ownership or membership may be vested either in the real property or in a legal or natural person, depending on the corporation type. In many cases, the membership or ownership of such corporation is obligatory for a person or property that fulfils the legal requirements for membership or wishes to engage in certain activities. </p> <ul><li>keskivedenkorkeuden muuttamista varten perustettu yhteisö (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">Sammanslutning som bildas för höjning av medelvattenståndet</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a corporation of water law for the permanent change of the median water level</li> <li>ojitusyhteisö (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">dikningssammanslutning</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Vesilaki_587/2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vesilaki_587/2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a corporation of water law for the construction and maintenance of ditches</li> <li>säännöstely-yhteisö (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">regleringssammanslutning</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Vesilaki_587/2011_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vesilaki_587/2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a corporation of water law for the regulation of water level in a body of water</li> <li>tiekunta (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">väglag</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>), a type of limited-liability corporation for the maintenance of private road<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>uittoyhteisö (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">flottningssammanslutning</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a corporation of water law for timber-floating</li> <li>vesioikeudellinen yhteisö (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">vattenrättslig sammanslutning</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a corporation of water law for a project that involves economic use of bodies of water</li> <li>yhteisalue (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">samfälliga område</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a corporation for the maintenance of a real property jointly used by several other properties or persons</li> <li>yhteismetsä (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Svensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Svensk">Svensk</a>: <i lang="sv">samfälld skog</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sv is deprecated </span>),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a jointly owned forest</li> <li>osakaskunta (historically "jakokunta"), a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partition unit (laman tidak wujud)">partition unit</a>, i.e. a corporation for maintenance of the commons.</li></ul> <p>In addition to native types, European Union types are implemented: </p> <ul><li>SE (Eurooppayhtiö), <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Company_Statute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Company Statute (laman tidak wujud)">European Company</a></li> <li>SCE (Eurooppaosuuskunta), <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Cooperative_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Cooperative Society (laman tidak wujud)">European Cooperative Society</a></li> <li>EEIG (Eurooppalainen taloudellinen etuyhtymä, Swedish: <i>europeisk ekonomisk intressegruppering</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Economic_Interest_Grouping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Economic Interest Grouping (laman tidak wujud)">European Economic Interest Grouping</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perancis"><a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Perancis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perancis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Micro-entreprise: special framework for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_business&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small business (laman tidak wujud)">minute businesses</a>, a recent addition to French business law -with both revenue and pre-tax net income caps, of which Auto-entrepreneur (below) is a special case</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freelancer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freelancer (laman tidak wujud)">Freelancers</a>, individual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_contractor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent contractor (laman tidak wujud)">independent contractors</a>: <ul><li>Auto-entrepreneur: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-employed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-employed (laman tidak wujud)">self-employed</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_contractor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent contractor (laman tidak wujud)">independent contractor</a> (US), a recent addition to French business law -with both a revenue cap and a specific set of derogatory <a href="/w/index.php?title=Income_tax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Income tax (laman tidak wujud)">income tax</a> rates</li> <li>Profession libérale: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> such as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical practice (laman tidak wujud)">medical practice</a>, an enduring entity stemming from the protected status designed for "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Profession (laman tidak wujud)">liberal professions</a>" with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_Trader_Insolvency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole Trader Insolvency (laman tidak wujud)">unlimited personal liability</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27exercice_lib%C3%A9ral" class="extiw" title="fr:Société d'exercice libéral">Sociétés d'exercice libéral</a>: the incorporated equivalent of the latter, sole shareholder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability (laman tidak wujud)">limited liability</a> being key</li> <li>EI (Entreprise individuelle/entreprise en nom personnel):</li> <li>EURL, SASU (U- unipersonnelle): limited liability, sole shareholder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited company (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd. company</a> (UK) or single member close corporation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investment_fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Investment fund (laman tidak wujud)">Investment funds</a>/companies: <ul><li>FCP (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fond_commun_de_placement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fond commun de placement (laman tidak wujud)">Fond commun de placement</a>): unincorporated investment fund</li> <li>Société d'investissement à capital fixe: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Investment_trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Investment trust (laman tidak wujud)">investment trust</a> (UK); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-end_fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Closed-end fund (laman tidak wujud)">closed-end fund</a> (CEF), closed-end company (US); listed investment company (LIC) (Au)</li> <li>SICAV (Société d'investissement à capital variable): ≈ investment company with variable capital (ICVC), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-ended_investment_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-ended investment company (laman tidak wujud)">open-ended investment company</a> (OEIC) (UK); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutual_fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutual fund (laman tidak wujud)">mutual fund</a>, open-end company (US)</li></ul></li> <li>GIE (Groupement d'intérêt économique): economic interest grouping</li> <li>Association: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">nonprofit association</a> <ul><li>Association non-déclarée: ≈ unincorporated association (UK)</li> <li>Association déclarée: ≈ incorporated association (Au)</li></ul></li> <li>Partnerships (<i>société de personnes</i>): <ul><li>SEP (Société en participation): ≈ equity partnership</li> <li>SNC (Société en nom collectif): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a> (GP)</li> <li>SCS (Société en commandite simple): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a> (LP)</li> <li>SCA (Société en commandite par actions): ≈ publicly traded partnership (PTP) (US)</li></ul></li> <li>Companies (<i>société de capitaux</i>): <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%C3%A0_responsabilit%C3%A9_limit%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Société à responsabilité limitée (laman tidak wujud)">SARL</a>, SàRL (Société à responsabilité limitée): ≈ private limited company (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a>) (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">limited liability company</a> (US) <ul><li>EURL (Entreprise unipersonnelle à responsabilité limitée): ≈ single shareholder limited company (SME Pvt) (UK)</li></ul></li> <li>stock companies (<i>société par actions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">SA</a> (Société anonyme): ≈ public limited company (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a>) (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporation (laman tidak wujud)">corporation</a> (US/Can) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_coop%C3%A9rative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Société coopérative (laman tidak wujud)">SCOP</a> (Société coopérative de production): ≈ cooperative corporation (Can)</li> <li>SEM (Société d'économie mixte): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government-owned_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government-owned corporation (laman tidak wujud)">government-owned corporation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_par_actions_simplifi%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Société par actions simplifiée (laman tidak wujud)">SAS</a> (Société par actions simplifiée): ≈ unlisted public company (Au), close corporation (CC) (S. Africa), private corporation (Can); often used for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subsidiary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subsidiary (laman tidak wujud)">subsidiaries</a>; minimum of one director and two members/shareholders; no limit on share capital; liability can be restricted to director; no "one share - one vote" principle</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jerman"><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Jerman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jerman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Einzelunternehmen: individual entrepreneur ≈ sole trader (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> (US)</li> <li>e.K./e.Kfm./e.Kfr. (eingetragener Kaufmann/eingetragene Kauffrau): registered entrepreneur ≈ sole trader (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> (US)</li> <li>Partenreederei: A form of combined and continued ownership of a single merchant vessel.</li> <li>e.G. (eingetragene Genossenschaft): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a></li> <li>e.V. (eingetragener Verein): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">association</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Perkongsian (<i>Personengesellschaften</i>) <ul><li>GbR (Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts): no minimum capital, two or more partner, unlimited liability of partners.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Innengesellschaft: ≈ anonymous partnership (S. Africa)</li> <li>registered business partnerships (<i>Personenhandelsgesellschaften</i>) <ul><li>OHG (offene Handelsgesellschaft): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a>; no minimum capital, unlimited liability of partners.</li> <li>KG (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommanditgesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommanditgesellschaft (laman tidak wujud)">Kommanditgesellschaft</a>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>In case the general partner is a limited company, the legal form of the general partner must be included in the name of the company, resulting in combined legal forms such as: <ul><li>GmbH & Co. KG: the general partner is a GmbH</li> <li>AG & Co. KG: the general partner is an AG</li> <li>GmBH & Co. OHG: each of the general partners are a GmbH</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>PartG (Partnerschaftsgesellschaft): ≈ professional (service) partnership</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Syarikat terhad (<i>Kapitalgesellschaften</i>) <ul><li>KGaA (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommanditgesellschaft_auf_Aktien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien (laman tidak wujud)">Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien</a>): ≈ publicly traded partnership (US) <ul><li>Although it is a <i>Kapitalgesellschaft</i> ≈ limited company, the KGaA has at least one general partner whose liability is not limited</li> <li>As with the KG, the legal form of the general partner must be included if it is another limited company, resulting in combined legal forms such as: <ul><li>GmbH & Co. KGaA: the general partner is a GmbH</li> <li>AG & Co. KGaA: the general partner is an AG</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>GmbH (<span class="nowrap"><small>English: </small><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span><span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' dalam 'muka'">m</span><span title="'b' dalam 'beli'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (laman tidak wujud)">Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung</a>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private limited company (laman tidak wujud)">private limited company</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a>) (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">limited liability company</a> (LLC) (US). Minimum capital €25,000. <ul><li>If under the trade name "Unternehmergesellschaft (haftungsbeschränkt)", its minimum capital is €1 (times the number of shares).</li> <li>The "mit beschränkter Haftung (mbH)" suffix (<span class="nowrap"><small>English: </small><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' dalam 'muka'">m</span><span title="'b' dalam 'beli'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) ("with limited liability") is sometimes added to the name of a firm that already ends in "-gesellschaft" ("company"), e.g., "Mustermann Dental-Handelsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung" ("dental trading company with limited liability"), which would be abbreviated as "Mustermann Dental-Handelsgesellschaft mbH".</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> (Aktiengesellschaft): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">public limited company</a> (plc) (UK), corporation (US). Minimum capital €50,000.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yunani"><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bahagian: Yunani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Yunani"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A.E. (Anónimi Etería / Ανώνυμη Εταιρεία, Α.Ε.): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), minimum capital €24,000 <ul><li>A.V.E.E. (Anónimi Viomihanikí Emborikí Etería / Ανώνυμη Βιομηχανική Εμπορική Εταιρεία, Α.Β.Ε.Ε.)</li></ul></li> <li>E.E. (Eterórithmi Etería / Ετερόρρυθμη Εταιρία, Ε.Ε.): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>E.P.E. (Etería Periorisménis Euthínis / Εταιρεία Περιορισμένης Ευθύνης, Ε.Π.Ε.): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK), minimum capital €4,500 <ul><li>M.E.P.E. (Monoprósopi Etería Periorisménis Euthínis / Μονοπρόσωπη Ε.Π.Ε., Μ.Ε.Π.Ε.): type of E.P.E. with a single member</li></ul></li> <li>O.E. (Omórithmi Etería / Ομόρρυθμη Εταιρεία, Ο.Ε.): <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a> <ul><li>O.V.E.E. (Omórithmi Viomihanikí Emborikí Etería / Ομόρρυθμη ��ιομηχανική Εμπορική Εταιρεία, Ο.Β.Ε.Ε.)</li></ul></li> <li>I.K.E. (Idiotiki kefaleouhiki Eteria / Ιδιωτική Κεφαλαιουχική Εταιρεία) = Private Company, minimum capital=€0. The shares do not take the form just of capital but also warranties, labor offer etc. This form is a composite form between A.E. E.P.E and O.E. which is greatly affected by the Articles of Incorporation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guatemala"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bahagian: Guatemala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Guatemala"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>y Cía. S. C. (Sociedad Colectiva)</li> <li>y Cía. S. en C. (Sociedad en Comandita Simple)</li> <li>Cía. Ltda. (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada)</li> <li>S. A. (Sociedad Anónima)</li> <li>Cía. S. C. A (Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Haiti"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bahagian: Haiti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Haiti"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Standardized Company; Legal Form, Sociedad Anónima (SA) – Stock Corporation; Minimum Capital Requirement, 25,000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hong_Kong"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bahagian: Hong Kong" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hong Kong"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ltd (Limited/有限公司): may denote either a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_company_limited_by_shares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private company limited by shares (laman tidak wujud)">private</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public company (laman tidak wujud)">public company</a> limited by shares, or a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Company_limited_by_guarantee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Company limited by guarantee (laman tidak wujud)">company limited by guarantee</a>. Under the Companies Ordinance, the name of a Hong Kong incorporated company may be registered in English, Chinese, or both.</li></ul> <ul><li>Unltd or Ultd (Unlimited/無限公司): similar to a limited liability company (Ltd) but whose members or shareholders do not benefit from limited liability should the company ever go into formal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquidation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liquidation (laman tidak wujud)">liquidation</a>. It is not a requirement under company law to add or state the word or designation Unlimited (無限公司) or its abbreviations (Unltd or Ultd) at the ending of its legal company name, and most <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unlimited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unlimited company (laman tidak wujud)">unlimited companies</a> do not.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungary"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bahagian: Hungary" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hungary"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>e.v. (egyéni vállalkozó): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>e.c. (egyéni cég): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> registered at "companies house"</li> <li>bt. (betéti társaság): partnership, at least one unlimited/general partner and one limited partner</li> <li>kkt. (közkereseti társaság): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>kft. (korlátolt felelősségű társaság): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK) <ul><li>kht. (közhasznú társaság): community interest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK) (not registrable anymore, must use nonprofit kft. instead)</li></ul></li> <li>kv. (közös vállalat): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_venture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint venture (laman tidak wujud)">joint venture</a></li> <li>rt. (részvénytársaság) limited company with shares (not registrable anymore, must use zrt. or nyrt. depending on publicness): <ul><li>zrt. (zártkörűen működő részvénytársaság): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_company_limited_by_shares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private company limited by shares (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>nyrt. (nyilvánosan működő részvénytársaság): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Of these, only nyrt., zrt., the formerly used rt., and kft. have <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_personality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal personality (laman tidak wujud)">legal personality</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iceland"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bahagian: Iceland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Iceland"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>ehf. (einkahlutafélag) </td> <td>≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK) </td> <td> <ul><li>Minimum capital: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelandic króna (laman tidak wujud)">ISK</a> 500,000 (£2,750; €3,260; $4,250).</li> <li>Minimum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareholder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shareholder (laman tidak wujud)">shareholders</a>: 1.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>einstaklingsfyrirtæki </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hf. (hlutafélag) </td> <td>≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK) </td> <td> <ul><li>Minimum capital: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelandic króna (laman tidak wujud)">ISK</a> 4,000,000 (£22,000; €26,100; $34,000).</li> <li>Minimum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareholder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shareholder (laman tidak wujud)">shareholders</a>: 2.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ohf. (opinbert hlutafélag) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government-owned_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government-owned corporation (laman tidak wujud)">government-owned corporation</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>samlagsfélag </td> <td>≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>samvinnufélag </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sf. (sameignarfélag) </td> <td>≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ses. (sjálfseignarstofnun) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-profit_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-profit organization (laman tidak wujud)">non-profit organization</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Minimum capital: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelandic króna (laman tidak wujud)">ISK</a> 1,000,000 (£5,500; €6,520; $8,500).</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bahagian: India" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: India"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_company_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian company law (laman tidak wujud)">Indian company law</a></div> <ul><li>Sole Proprietorship - liability is unlimited. <ul><li>No registration.</li></ul></li> <li>Partnership - liability is joint and unlimited. <ul><li>Registration not compulsory.</li> <li>Active partners take part in day-to-day operations of the business, in addition to investing in it. Active partners are entitled to a share of the enterprise's profits.</li> <li>Sleeping partners invest in the business and are entitled to a share of its profits, but do not participate in day-to-day operations.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_Liability_Partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited Liability Partnership (laman tidak wujud)">Limited Liability Partnership</a> - Liability is limited</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_joint_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindu joint family (laman tidak wujud)">HUF (Hindu Undivided Family)</a> - businesses owned by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint family (laman tidak wujud)">joint family</a> belonging to <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> religion. Even though <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> families are not governed by the Hindu law, they can still form a HUF.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">Cooperative</a></li> <li>Dormant company - A company which has been created for a future project or for holding assets including intellectual property of the company</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_business&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Family business (laman tidak wujud)">Family Owned Business</a></li> <li>Pvt. Ltd. (Private Limited Company): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). May have 2–200 shareholders; shares are held privately and can not be offered to public.</li> <li>Small company - A company other than a public company whose paid up share capital is not more than 50 lakh rupees and turnover does not exceed two crore rupees.</li> <li>Ltd. (Public Limited Company): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>Public Sector Unit (PSU) - Alternatively known as Public Sector Enterprise (PSE). It may be public limited company listed on stock exchanges with major ownership by a state government or a central government of India or it may be unlisted entity with major ownership by a state government or a central government of India. Some of these entities are formed as business entities through special legislation, where these entities are governed by the statutes of these legislation and may or may not be governed by company laws like a typical business entity.</li> <li>One person company - It is a type of private company which can have only one director and member.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unlimited_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unlimited Company (laman tidak wujud)">Unlimited Company</a>. A company, similar to its limited company (Ltd., or Pvt. Ltd.) counterpart, but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited.</li> <li>Incorporated Company</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indonesia"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bahagian: Indonesia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Indonesia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yayasan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation (nonprofit organization) (laman tidak wujud)">foundation</a></li> <li>UD (Usaha Dagang): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>Fa (Firma): a partnership firm for the purpose of dealing with third parties.</li> <li>Koperasi: a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a>, where the clients/customers are also the owner</li> <li>Maatschap (Persekutuan Perdata): a professional partnership, where the partners are treated as natural persons for tax and liability purposes e.g. Kantor Akuntan Publik Siddharta, Siddharta & Wijaya.</li> <li>Persekutuan Komanditer (Dutch: CV – Commanditaire Vennootschaap): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>Perum (Perusahaan Umum), Perjan (Perusahaan Jawatan): state-owned entities e.g. Perum Peruri, Perjan Rumah Sakit Fatmawati</li> <li>Persero: state-owned or majority state-owned PT Tbk or PT, e.g. PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk</li> <li>PT (Perseroan Terbatas): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK), e.g. PT Astra Honda Motor</li> <li>PT Tbk (Perseroan Terbatas Terbuka or Perseroan Terbuka): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). Listed on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia_Stock_Exchange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange (laman tidak wujud)">Indonesia Stock Exchange</a>, e.g. PT Multi Bintang Indonesia Tbk. Formerly also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch language (laman tidak wujud)">Dutch</a> NV (<a href="/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap" title="Naamloze vennootschap">Naamloze Vennootschap</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iran"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Sunting bahagian: Iran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=34" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Iran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>شرکت سهامی عام (<i>Sherkat Sahami Am</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), public</li> <li>شرکت سهامی خاص (<i>Sherkat Sahami Khas</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), private</li> <li>شرکت با مسئولیت محدود (<i>Sherkat ba Masouliyat Mahdoud</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>شرکت مختلط غیر سهامی (<i>Sherkat Mokhtalet Gheyr Sahami</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>شرکت مختلط سهامی (<i>Sherkat Mokhtalet Sahami</i>): mixed joint-stock partnership</li> <li>شرکت تضامنی (<i>Sherkat Tazamoni</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>شرکت نسبی (<i>Sherkat Nasabi</i>): proportional liability partnership</li> <li>شرکت تعاونی تولید و مصرف (<i>Sherkat Ta’avoni Tolid va Masraf</i>): production and consumption cooperative</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Sunting bahagian: Ireland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=35" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ireland"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to <a href="#United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> below, though without the class <i>Community Interest Company</i>. There were two forms of Company Limited by Guarantee, but only the form <i>without a share capital</i> is now used. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irish language (laman tidak wujud)">Irish</a> names may also be used, such as <i>cpt</i> (cuideachta phoibli theoranta) for plc, and <i>Teo</i> (Teoranta) for Ltd. </p> <ul><li>Limited Company – Four types: <ul><li>Private company limited by shares – If company is wound up, members' liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares they hold. Maximum number of members in the Republic of Ireland is 99.</li> <li>Company limited by guarantee not having a share capital - Public company. Must have at least seven members. Members' liability limited to amount they have undertaken to contribute to company assets. If wound up, liability does not exceed amount specified in memorandum. If a guarantee company does not have a share capital, members are not required to buy shares (such as charities).</li> <li>Company limited by guarantee having a share capital - As with a private company if the maximum number of members is 99. Members have liability either for the amount, if any, that is unpaid on the shares they hold, or for the amount they have undertaken to contribute to company assets, in the event that it is wound up.</li> <li>A public limited company. Must have at least seven members. Liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on shares they hold. Unlawful to issue any form of prospectus except in compliance with the Companies Acts 1963–2006. Nominal value of Company's allotted share capital must satisfy specified minimums which must be fully paid before company commences business or exercises any borrowing powers.</li></ul></li> <li>Single Member Company – Private company limited by shares or a guarantee company having a share capital, which is incorporated with one member, or whose membership is reduced to one person. Must have at least two directors and one secretary. Sole member can dispense with holding General Meetings including Annual General Meetings.</li> <li>Unlimited Company - No limit on liability of members. Creditors may have recourse to shareholders for unpaid liabilities of the company. Must have at least two shareholders.</li> <li>Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (UCITS) - Public limited companies formed under EU Regulation and the Companies Acts 1963–2006. Sole object of a UCIT is collective investment in transferable securities of capital raised from the public that operates on the principle of risk-spreading. Central Bank of Ireland must approve all registrations of UCITS.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israel"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Sunting bahagian: Israel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=36" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Israel"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>B.M./BM/בע"מ (Be'eravon Mugbal) literally: by limited liability/warranty, usually translated "Ltd." in English, pronounced "BE'AM" in Hebrew.</li> <li>Company (corporation) - Formed and registered in Israel in accordance with Israeli law. Most companies limit liability of their members in the form of shares. In this case the term "Limited" or the abbreviation "Ltd." must appear as part of the full name of the Company. <ul><li>Private Company, 1-50 shareholders, 1 director, may not offer or sell stock or debentures to the public. Articles must containt restriction on transfer of shares.</li> <li>Public Company, minimum 7 shareholders, may offer stock or debentures to the public after issuing a prospectus with specified information. Must publish annual report that includes audited financial statements and directors' report, filed with Register of Companies, available to the public.</li></ul></li> <li>Foreign Company (branch) - Company formed overseas may have a branch or local office in Israel. Must register as a foreign company with Register of Companies within one month of its establishment. If the company uses "limited" as part of its name, it must display its name and the country where it is formed in every invoice, letter, announcement, advertisement, or other official publication. No requirement to publish financial statements of a private company.</li> <li>Partnership - Entity that consists of persons who contract to form a partnership. Personal liability of the partners is not limited unless they are limited partners of limited partnerships. A foreign partnership is also permitted to do business in Israel.</li> <li>Self-employed - A self-employed person works entirely for him/herself and is entirely liable for the business. Same rules of registration apply.</li> <li>Cooperative - Entity found mainly in agriculture (such as a kibbutz or moshav), or transportation, or certain types of marketing operations associated with agricultural products.</li> <li>Non profit organization - Mainly academic institutions, hospitals, charitable organizations, and municipalities. Non profits are subject to a special law governing their formation and operations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Itali"><a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Sunting bahagian: Itali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=37" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Itali"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Forme individuali: <ul><li>Artigiano</li> <li>Lavoratore autonomo</li> <li>Libero professionista</li> <li>Imprenditore ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_trader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole trader (laman tidak wujud)">sole trader</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> (US)</li></ul></li> <li>Società di persone (Partnerships): <ul><li>S.s. (Società semplice): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a> (non commercial)</li> <li>S.n.c. (Società in nome collettivo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a> (commercial)</li> <li>S.a.s (Società in accomandita semplice): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li></ul></li> <li>Società di capitali (Companies): <ul><li>S.p.a. (Società per azioni):<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint-stock_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint-stock company (laman tidak wujud)">joint-stock company</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporation (laman tidak wujud)">corporation</a> (US)</li> <li>S.a.p.a (Società in accomandita per azioni): ≈ publicly traded partnership</li> <li>S.r.l. (Società a responsabilità limitata): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">LLC</a> (US)</li></ul></li> <li>Cooperative: <ul><li>S.c.r.l. (Società cooperativa a responsabilità limitata) cooperative limited (liability) company</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jepun"><a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Sunting bahagian: Jepun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=38" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jepun"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Business corporations are referred to as <i>kaisha</i> (会社) and are formed under the Companies Law of 2005. There are currently (2015) 4 types and each of them has legal personality: </p> <ul><li>株式会社 (<i><a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_kaisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabushiki kaisha">kabushiki-kaisha</a></i> or <i>kabushiki-gaisha</i>, "K.K.") - lit. "stock company," the most typical form of business corporation.</li> <li>有限会社 (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugen_kaisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugen kaisha (laman tidak wujud)">yūgen-kaisha</a></i> or <i>yūgen-gaisha</i>, "Y.K.") - lit. "limited company," a close corporation form for smaller businesses, abolished in 2006</li> <li>合同会社 (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Godo_kaisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godo kaisha (laman tidak wujud)">gōdō-kaisha</a></i> or <i>gōdō-gaisha</i>, "G.K.") - lit. "amalgamated company," a close corporation form similar to the American LLC, introduced in 2006, used instead of abolished "Y.K."</li> <li>合名会社 (<i>gōmei-kaisha</i> or <i>gōmei-gaisha</i>, "GMK") - corporation similar to a general partnership</li> <li>合資会社 (<i>gōshi-kaisha</i> or <i>gōshi-gaisha</i>, "GSK") - corporation similar to a limited partnership</li></ul> <p>Partnerships are referred to as <i>kumiai</i> (組合). Each of these 4 types has no legal personality though other corporations, which include "<i>kumiai</i>" in their name, have: </p> <ul><li>任意組合 (<i>nin'i kumiai</i>, "NK") - general partnership (Civil Code)</li> <li>匿名組合 (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokumei_kumiai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokumei kumiai (laman tidak wujud)">tokumei kumiai</a></i>, "TK") - anonymous partnership, an investment bilateral contract (Commercial Code, Book 2 Ch.4 Article 535 et seq)</li> <li>投資事業有限責任組合 (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">tōshi jigyō yūgen sekinin kumiai</a></i>) - limited partnership for investment (Limited Partnership for Investment Act 1998, Rev.2004)</li> <li>有限責任事業組合 (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability partnership (laman tidak wujud)">yūgen sekinin jigyō kumiai</a></i>) - similar to a Limited Liability Partnership (Limited Liability Partnership Act of 2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jordan"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Sunting bahagian: Jordan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=39" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jordan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Partnership (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Partnership_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Partnership Company (laman tidak wujud)">General Partnership Company</a></i>).</li> <li>Limited Liability (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_Liability_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited Liability Company (laman tidak wujud)">Limited Liability Company</a></i>).</li> <li>Limited Liability in Shares (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_Liability_in_Shares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited Liability in Shares (laman tidak wujud)">Limited Liability in Shares</a></i>).</li> <li>Public Shareholding (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_listed_stock_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public listed stock company (laman tidak wujud)">Public listed stock company</a></i>).</li> <li>Private Shareholding Companies (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_listed_stock_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private listed stock company (laman tidak wujud)">Private listed stock company</a></i>).</li> <li>Foreign Company (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_Jordanian_company_operating_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="None Jordanian company operating in Jordan (laman tidak wujud)">None Jordanian company operating in Jordan</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kazakhstan"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Sunting bahagian: Kazakhstan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=40" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kazakhstan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>АО (Aktsionernoe obschestvo/<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Акционерное общество">Акционерное общество</a>): Joint stock company</li> <li>ТОО (Tovarishchestvo s ogranichennoy otvetstvennostyu/<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E" class="extiw" title="ru:Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью">Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью</a>): limited liability partnership</li> <li>TDO/ТДО (Tovarishchestvo s dopolnitelnoyu otvetstvennostyu/Товарищество с дополнительной ответственностью) Additional liability partnership</li> <li>GP/ГП (Gosudarstvenoe predpriyatie/<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Государственное предприятие">Государственное предприятие</a>): State company</li> <li>КТ (Komanditnoe Tovarishchestvo; Командитное товарищество)</li> <li>ОО (Obshestvennoe Obedinenie / Общественное объединение) Social association</li> <li>PT/ПТ (Polnoe Tovarishchestvo / Полное товарищество) Full partnership</li> <li>PtK/ПтК (Potrebibitelskii Kooperativ / Потребительский кооператив)</li> <li>PrK/ПрК (Proizvodstvenni Kooperativ / Производственный кооператив)</li> <li>РО (Relitioznoe Obedinenie / Религиозное объединение)</li> <li>Ur/Учр (Urezdenie/Учреждение)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korea_Utara">Korea Utara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Sunting bahagian: Korea Utara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=41" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Korea Utara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="box-Bahagian_kosong plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Bahagian ini kosong.</b><br />Anda boleh bantu dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=">menambah isi bahagian ini.</a> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korea_Selatan"><a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Sunting bahagian: Korea Selatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=42" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Korea Selatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>주식회사 or 株式會社 (<i>jusik hoesa</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>유한회사 or 有限會社 (<i>yuhan hoesa</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>합자회사 or 合資會社 (<i>hapja hoesa</i>): corporation similar to a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>합명회사 or 合名會社 (<i>hapmyeong hoesa</i>): corporation similar to a <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latvia"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Sunting bahagian: Latvia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=43" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Latvia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>SIA (Sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>AS (Akciju sabiedrība): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>IK (Individuālais komersants): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>PS (Pilnsabiedrība)</li> <li>KS (Komandītsabiedrība): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>ĀKF (Ārzemju komersanta filiāle): branch of a foreign enterprise</li> <li>BO (Bezpeļņas organizācija): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonprofit_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonprofit organization (laman tidak wujud)">nonprofit organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lebanon"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Sunting bahagian: Lebanon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=44" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lebanon"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_anonyme_libanaise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Société anonyme libanaise (laman tidak wujud)">s.a.l.</a> (Société Anonyme Libanaise ): a form of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_stock_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint stock company (laman tidak wujud)">joint stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A0rl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sàrl (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.R.L.</a> (Société à responsabilité limitée): a form of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_Liability_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited Liability Company (laman tidak wujud)">Limited Liability Company</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partnership (laman tidak wujud)">Partnership</a></li></ul> <ol><li>S.N.C.(Société en Nom Collectif): General partnership</li> <li>S.C.S.(Société en Commandite Simple): Partnership in commendam</li></ol> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holding_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holding Company (laman tidak wujud)">Holding Company</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offshore_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offshore company (laman tidak wujud)">Offshore company</a></li> <li>Branch of Foreign Company</li> <li>Representative Office</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithuania"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Sunting bahagian: Lithuania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=45" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lithuania"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>UAB (Uždaroji akcinė bendrovė): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>AB (Akcinė bendrovė): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>VšĮ (Viešoji įstaiga): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-profit_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-profit organization (laman tidak wujud)">non-profit organization</a></li> <li>IĮ (Individuali įmonė): ≈ personal enterprise</li> <li>Individuali veikla = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> (does not possess legal personality of its own)</li> <li>TŪB (Tikroji ūkinė bendrija): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>KŪB (Komanditinė ūkinė bendrija): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>MB (Mažoji bendrija) : ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small partnership (laman tidak wujud)">small partnership</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luxembourg"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Sunting bahagian: Luxembourg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=46" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Luxembourg"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a> (Société anonyme): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A0rl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sàrl (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.R.L.</a> (Société à responsabilité limitée): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>Société en commandite simple (SECS): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macedonia"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Macedonia">Macedonia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Sunting bahagian: Macedonia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=47" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Macedonia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A.D./А.Д. (Akcionersko Društvo/ Акционерско друштво): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK) or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint-stock_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint-stock company (laman tidak wujud)">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li>D.O.O./Д.О.О. (Društvo so Ograničena Odgovornost/ Друштво со ограничена одговорност): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>D.O.O.E.L./Д.О.О.Е.Л. (Društvo so Ograničena Odgovornost od Edno Lice / Друштво со ограничена одговорност основано од едно лице): type of DOO with a single member</li> <li>K.D./К.Д. (Komanditno Društvo /Командитно друштво): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>K.D.A./К.Д.А. (Komanditno Društvo so Akcie /Командитно друштво со акции): ≈ limited partnership with shares</li> <li>J.T.D./Ј.Т.Д. (Javno Trgovsko Društvo /Јавно трговско друштво): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">General partnership</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malaysia"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=48" title="Sunting bahagian: Malaysia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=48" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Malaysia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Berhad">Bhd.</a> (Berhad): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendirian_Berhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sendirian Berhad">Sdn. Bhd.</a> (Sendirian Berhad): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_company_limited_by_shares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private company limited by shares (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexico"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=49" title="Sunting bahagian: Mexico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=49" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Mexico"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Business entities according to the "Ley General de Sociedades Mercantiles" (General Law of Business entities)</dt></dl> <ul><li>S.A. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociedad_An%C3%B3nima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociedad Anónima (laman tidak wujud)">Sociedad Anónima</a>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>S. de R.L.(Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>Associates name and "y compañía" or Associates name and "y sucesores"(Sociedad en Nombre Colectivo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>S. en C. (Sociedad en Comandita Simple): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>S. en C. por A. (Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Master limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">master limited partnership</a></li></ul> <p>Note: Any of these entities can be incorporated as a "Capital Variable" entity, in which case has to add the " de C.V." sufix to its company name. Example: "S.A. de C.V.", "S. de R.L. de C.V." </p> <dl><dt>Business entities according to the "Ley del Mercado de Valores" (Stock Market Law)</dt></dl> <ul><li>S.A.B. (Sociedad Anónima Bursátil)</li> <li>S.A.P.I. (Sociedad Anónima Promotora de Inversión)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mongolia"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=50" title="Sunting bahagian: Mongolia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=50" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Mongolia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ХК (Khuvitsaat Kompani/Хувьцаат Компани): ≈ joint stock company</li> <li>ХХК (Khyazgaarlagdmal Khariutslagatai Kompani/ Хязгаарлагдмал Хариуцлагатай Компани): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">p.l.c</a> (UK) limited liability company</li> <li>ТББ (Teriin vus Vaigruullaga/Төрийн Бус Байгууллага):≈ non governmental organization</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namibia"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=51" title="Sunting bahagian: Namibia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=51" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Namibia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Close Corporation*</li> <li>Companies (Private, Public and Section 21)*</li> <li>Sole Trader*</li> <li>Partnership*</li> <li>Trusts*</li> <li>Co-operatives*</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nepal"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=52" title="Sunting bahagian: Nepal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=52" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nepal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Private Limited Company: Liability, limited by shares; Name, cannot be deceptively similar to another registered company; Management, at least 1 director; Shareholders, limited to 1-50 excluding persons who are employed by company, prohibition against any invitation to the public to subscribe for shares; Founders, 1-50; Nationality, Nepalese company; Company purpose, any lawful purpose except industry on Negative List; Formation, file Memorandum and Articles of Association with Registrar of Companies.</li> <li>Public Limited Company: Liability, limited by shares; Name, cannot be deceptively similar to another registered company; Management, at least 3 directors; Shareholders, minimum 7, no maximum, share subscription by public pursuant to a prospectus that complies with Companies Act of 2007 and Securities Act; a Private Limited Company can convert to Public Limited Company by complying with Companies Act of 2007; Founders, minimum 7; Nationality, Nepalese company; Company purpose, any lawful purpose except industry on Negative List; Formation, file Memorandum and Articles of Association with Registrar of Companies.</li> <li>Branch: Liability, main company remains liable; Name, same as main company; Nationality, foreign company; Company purpose, any lawful purpose except industry on Negative List; Formation, file Memorandum and Articles of Association with Registrar of Companies, plus permission to work in Nepal by concerned authority; Founders, main branch.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belanda"><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=53" title="Sunting bahagian: Belanda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=53" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Belanda"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stichting: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_(non-profit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation (non-profit) (laman tidak wujud)">foundation</a>. Can run a business. No profit distribution to founders or board members.</li> <li><i>mutual societies</i> (associations which are allowed to pay dividends to their members; liability may be unlimited (W.A. - Wettelijke Aansprakelijkheid), limited (B.A. - Beperkte Aansprakelijkheid) or exempt (U.A. - Uitsluiting van Aansprakelijkheid)): <ul><li>Coöperatie: ≈ co-operative society</li> <li>Onderlinge waarborgmaatschappij: ≈ mutual insurance company</li></ul></li> <li>Mts (Maatschap): ≈ group practice (of professionals, e.g. doctors, accountants, lawyers); share facilities not profits, members are treated as natural persons for tax and liability purposes.</li> <li>Eenmanszaak: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_trader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole trader (laman tidak wujud)">sole trader</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> (US)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>incorporated entities</i>: <ul><li>vof (Vennootschap onder firma): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">GP</a></li> <li>cv (Commanditaire vennootschap): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besloten_Vennootschap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besloten Vennootschap (laman tidak wujud)">bv</a> (Besloten vennootschap): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">LLC</a> (US). Shares are privately registered and not freely transferable. The name means "closed company", stemming from the fact that the (group of) shareholder(s) is cannot be changed without consent from the majority of shareholder(s).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naamloze_Vennootschap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naamloze Vennootschap (laman tidak wujud)">nv</a> (Naamloze vennootschap): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Corp.</a> (US). Minimum issued share capital upon incorporation: €45,000. Literally translated, the title has the "nameless company", owing to the fact that shareholders are not formally known as such in company statutes and other legal documents.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Companies are registered on the Companies Register and with a regional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chamber of Commerce (laman tidak wujud)">Chamber of Commerce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=54" title="Sunting bahagian: New Zealand" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=54" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: New Zealand"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ltd (Limited): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). Names of limited liability companies that were registered under the Companies Act 1993 (but not those that were registered under the Companies Act 1955) must end with the word "Limited", the words "Tāpui (Limited)", or the suffix "Ltd".</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Look-through_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Look-through company (laman tidak wujud)">Look-through company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicaragua"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=55" title="Sunting bahagian: Nicaragua" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=55" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nicaragua"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commercial Code establishes the following types of companies: </p> <ul><li>S.A.: Sociedad Anónima</li> <li>Cia.: Sociedad en Nombre Colectivo</li> <li>Cia. Ltda.: Sociedad en Nombre Colectivo de Responsabilidad Limitada</li> <li>S.C.S.: Sociedad en Comandita Simple</li> <li>S.C.A.: Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nigeria"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=56" title="Sunting bahagian: Nigeria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=56" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nigeria"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Limited (Ltd.): a private company limited by shares</li> <li>Public Limited Company (PLC): a public company limited by shares</li> <li>Limited by Guarantee (Ltd./Gte.): a company limited by guarantee (non-profit company)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unlimited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unlimited company (laman tidak wujud)">Unlimited</a> (ULtd.): A company with a share capital, similar to its limited company (Ltd., or PLC.) counterparts, but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norway"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=57" title="Sunting bahagian: Norway" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=57" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Norway"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allmennaksjeselskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allmennaksjeselskap (laman tidak wujud)">ASA</a> (Allmennaksjeselskap): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). Minimum capital <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_krone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwegian krone (laman tidak wujud)">NOK</a> 1,000,000</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksjeselskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksjeselskap (laman tidak wujud)">AS</a> (Aksjeselskap): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). Minimum capital NOK 30,000.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansvarlig_selskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansvarlig selskap (laman tidak wujud)">ANS</a> (Ansvarlig selskap): <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a> with mutual liability</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selskap_med_begrenset_ansvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selskap med begrenset ansvar (laman tidak wujud)">BA</a> (Selskap med begrenset ansvar): cooperatives and companies created by legislatation</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borettslag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borettslag (laman tidak wujud)">BL</a> (Borettslag): housing share company</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selskap_med_delt_ansvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selskap med delt ansvar (laman tidak wujud)">DA</a> (Selskap med delt ansvar): general partnership with apportioned liability</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkeltpersonforetak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enkeltpersonforetak (laman tidak wujud)">Enkeltpersonforetak</a>: sole proprietorship</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etat (laman tidak wujud)">Etat</a>: state, county or municipal agency</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommunalt_foretak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommunalt foretak (laman tidak wujud)">FKF</a> (Fylkeskommunalt foretak): county enterprise</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health Trust (laman tidak wujud)">HF</a> (helseforetak): subsidiary health enterprise</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkommunalt_selskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkommunalt selskap (laman tidak wujud)">IKS</a> (Interkommunalt selskap): inter-municipal enterprise (owners' liability)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommunalt_foretak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommunalt foretak (laman tidak wujud)">KF</a> (Kommunalt foretak): municipal enterprise (owner's liability)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommandittselskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommandittselskap (laman tidak wujud)">KS</a> (Kommandittselskap): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norskregistrert_utenlandsk_foretak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norskregistrert utenlandsk foretak (laman tidak wujud)">NUF</a> (Norskregistrert utenlandsk foretak): foreign enterprise registered in Norway</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regional_health_authority_(Norway)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regional health authority (Norway) (laman tidak wujud)">RHF</a> (regionalt helseforetak): regional health enterprise</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statsforetak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statsforetak (laman tidak wujud)">SF</a> (Statsforetak): state enterprise</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparebank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparebank (laman tidak wujud)">Sparebank</a>: savings bank</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stiftelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stiftelse (laman tidak wujud)">Stiftelse</a>: a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation (nonprofit organization) (laman tidak wujud)">foundation</a>, with capital but without members or shareholders. It is allowed to make a profit, but is more suited for non-commercial purposes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oman"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=58" title="Sunting bahagian: Oman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=58" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Oman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>SAOG (Société Anonyme Omanaise Générale) Public Joint Stock Company<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SAOC (Société Anonyme Omanaise Close) Closed Joint Stock Company<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pakistan"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=59" title="Sunting bahagian: Pakistan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=59" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pakistan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ltd. (Limited): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>SME Pvt(ltd): Single member company</li> <li>Pvt. Ltd. (Private Limited Company): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unlimited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unlimited company (laman tidak wujud)">Unlimited company</a>. A company, similar to its limited company (Ltd., or Pvt. Ltd.) counterpart, but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peru"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=60" title="Sunting bahagian: Peru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=60" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Peru"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a> (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>Sociedad Anónima Abierta (S.A.A.): To qualify to register as an S.A.A., a company must meet one or more conditions laid down in Article 249 of Peru's General Corporation Law. Those conditions state there must be a primary public offering of shares or convertible bonds in stocks, which are held by more than 750 shareholders, more than 35% of its capital belonging to 175 shareholders, or that all shareholders entitled to vote approve the adjustment to the scheme. The S.A.A. is then audited by the Comisión Nacional Supervisora de Empresas y Valores (CONASEV).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filipina"><a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=61" title="Sunting bahagian: Filipina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=61" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Filipina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Co. (Company): boleh digunakan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian umum (laman tidak wujud)">perkongsian umum</a></li> <li>Coop. (Cooperative)</li> <li>Corp. (Corporation)</li> <li>Ent. (Enterprise) - Usahawan</li> <li>Inc. (Incorporated)</li> <li>LLC (Limited Liability Company)</li> <li>Ltd. (Limited), Ltd. Co. (Limited Company): untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_terhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian terhad (laman tidak wujud)">perkongsian terhad</a></li></ul> <p>Older forms (now rarely used) </p> <ul><li>Cía (Compañía): untuk perkongsian dan lain-lain bentuk perniagaan semasa pemerintahan Sepanyol</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">SA</a> (Sociedad Anónima): yang ditubuhkan di bawah pemerintahan Sepanyol</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poland"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=62" title="Sunting bahagian: Poland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=62" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Poland"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>Przedsiębiorstwo Państwowe: state enterprise (has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_personality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal personality (laman tidak wujud)">legal personality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a> (spółka akcyjna): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). Minimum share capital PLN 100,000 (approx. €25,000)(has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_personality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal personality (laman tidak wujud)">legal personality</a>).</li> <li>s.c. (spółka cywilna): "civil partnership", not a partnership or a company, but rather an agreement on the sharing of profits, losses and ownership of a business. Can be likened to a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">voluntary association</a>.</li> <li>S.K.A. (spółka komandytowo-akcyjna): limited partnership with shares. Minimum share capital <a href="/wiki/Zloty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zloty">PLN</a> 50,000 (approx. €12,500).</li> <li>sp.j. (spółka jawna): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>sp.k. (spółka komandytowa): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>sp.p. (spółka partnerska): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited liability partnership</a> May also be denoted by the addition of <i>i partner(zy)</i> ("and partner(s)") to the firm's name. Can only be used for the purpose of practicing as a licensed professional listed in the appropriate provision of the Commercial Companies Code. The partners are fully liable for the partnership's debts, with the exception of debts incurred by other partners practicing their licensed profession and employees under their direction.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_(polish)_limited_liability_company_(sp._z_o.o.)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The (polish) limited liability company (sp. z o.o.) (laman tidak wujud)">Sp. z o.o.</a> (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). Minimum share capital <a href="/wiki/Zloty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zloty">PLN</a> 5,000 (approx. €1,250)(has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_personality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal personality (laman tidak wujud)">legal personality</a>).</li> <li>Spółdzielnia: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a>. Has legal personality. May also be denoted by the word <i>Spółdzielczy</i> in the firm's name(has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_personality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal personality (laman tidak wujud)">legal personality</a>).</li></ul> <p><small>References: (Polish) Commercial Companies Code of 15 September 2000 (Dz.U. N<sup>o</sup> 94 item 1037 as amended); (Polish) Civil Code of 23 April 1964 (Dz.U. N<sup>o</sup> 16 item 93 as amended); (Polish) Law on Cooperatives of 16 September 1982 (Dz.U. 2003 N<sup>o</sup> 188 item 1848 as amended)</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portugal"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=63" title="Sunting bahagian: Portugal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=63" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Portugal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>CRL (Cooperativa de Responsabilidade Limitada): limited liability <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a> (Sociedade Anónima): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), and these are further classified as: <ul><li>S.A., Sociedade Aberta: ≈ publicly traded corporation (literally "open company").</li> <li>S.F., Sociedade Fechada: ≈ privately held (closely held) corporation (literally "closed company")</li></ul></li> <li>Lda. (Limitada): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK), and these might be: <ul><li>Unipessoal Lda.: single member company (literally: "Unipersonal Ltd.")</li></ul></li> <li>SGPS (Sociedade Gestora de Participações Sociais): holding corporation (literally "shareholding management company")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romania"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=64" title="Sunting bahagian: Romania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=64" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Romania"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a> (Societate pe Acţiuni): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>S.C.A. (societate în comandită pe acţiuni): limited partnership with shares</li> <li>S.C.S. (societate în comandită simplă): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>S.N.C. (societate în nume colectiv): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>S.R.L. (societate cu răspundere limitată): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>PFA (persoana fizica autorizata): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-employed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-employed (laman tidak wujud)">self-employed</a> (UK)</li> <li>O.N.G. (Organizație Non-Guvernamentală): ≈ Non-state pension fund (literally: Non-Governmental Organization)</li></ul> <p>limited liability company "societate cu raspundere limitata" (SRL); joint stock company "societate pe actiuni" (SA); </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rusia"><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=65" title="Sunting bahagian: Rusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=65" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Types_of_business_entity_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Types of business entity in Russia (laman tidak wujud)">Types of business entity in Russia</a></div> <ul><li>Nekommercheskaya organizatsiya/некоммерческая организация: non-profit organization (there are many types of non-profits in Russia; the type depends on the ownership of the assets (non-state pension fund/Негосударственный пенсионный фонд, for example))</li> <li>GP/ГП, GUP/ГУП (Gosudarstvennoye unitarnoye predpriyatie/Государственное унитарное предприятие): state (unitary) enterprise</li> <li>IP/ИП (Individualny predprinimatel/Индивидуальный предприниматель): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>OOO (Obshchestvo s ogranichennoy otvetstvennostyu/Общество с ограниченной ответственностью): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">LLC</a> (US)</li> <li>OAO (Otkrytoye aktsionernoye obshchestvo/Открытое акционерное общество): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), publicly traded shares (similar to a corporation in the US)</li> <li>kooperativ/кооператив: cooperative (many types, which differ by the type of activity, e.g. agricultural or production)</li> <li>ZAO/ЗАО (Zakrytoe aktsionernoye obshchestvo/Закрытое акционерное общество): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private limited company (laman tidak wujud)">ltd</a> (UK), privately held shares (similar to a close corporation, or closely held corporation, in the US) (maximum fifty "owners of capital" (not shareholders). If there are more than fifty "owners of capital", they have a year to transform into a "OAO")</li> <li>Prostoye Tovarishestvo (general partnership) and Kommanditnoe Tovarishestvo (limited partnership). These types of business entities are not popular (approximately 0.5% of the total number of business entities).</li> <li>Hozyaystvennoe Partnerstvo (business partnership) is a "secret" entity. There is no equivalent in other jurisdictions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_Saudi"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=66" title="Sunting bahagian: Arab Saudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=66" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Arab Saudi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Private Limited Company ( شركة ذات مسئولية محدودة)</li> <li>Joint-Stock company ( شركة مساهمة )</li> <li>General Partnership Company ( شركة تضامن )</li> <li>Limited Partnership (شركة التوصية البسيطة )</li> <li>Foreign Company ( شركة أجنبية )</li> <li>Individual Establishment ( مؤسسة فردية )</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serbia"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=67" title="Sunting bahagian: Serbia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=67" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Serbia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>a.d./a.д. (akcionarsko društvo / aкционарско друштво): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK) ≈ <a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> (Germany)</li> <li>d.o.o./д.о.о. (društvo sa ograničenom odgovornošću / друштво сa ограниченом одговорношћу): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK) ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (laman tidak wujud)">GmbH</a> (Germany)</li> <li>k.d./к.д. (komanditno društvo / командитно друштво): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">Limited partnership</a> (UK)</li> <li>o.d./о.д. (ortačko društvo / ортачко друштво): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">General partnership</a> (UK)</li> <li>preduzetnik : ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">Sole proprietorship</a> (UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Singapura"><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=68" title="Sunting bahagian: Singapura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=68" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Singapura"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Private Limited Company, Sole Proprietorship and Partnership are the predominant types of business found in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>LLP (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited liability partnership</a>): owners have the flexibility of operating as a partnership while enjoying limited liability. An LLP can sue and be sued, acquire and hold property, and have a common seal.</li> <li>Ltd/Bhd/Pte Ltd/Sdn Bhd (private limited company/Sendiran Berhad): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). Maximum 50 shareholders. There also exist "exempt private companies", being either owned by no more than 20 non-corporate shareholders, or wholly state-owned and designated by the finance <a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_minister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political minister (laman tidak wujud)">minister</a> as exempt.</li> <li>Ltd/Bhd (public limited company/Berhad): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). There also exist public companies limited by guarantee, which conduct non-profit activities; the finance minister may approve the registration of such companies without the addition of the word "Limited" or "Berhad" to the name.</li> <li>Singapore subsidiary company is a popular term used for a form of Singapore business entity. A subsidiary company can have different structures but is essentially a Private Limited Company and so is a separate legal entity. Characteristics of a Singapore subsidiary company include: i) 100% foreign ownership is allowed, ii) the company enjoys low tax incentives as per a resident company, iii) repatriation of profits is allowed and iv) the minimum paid up capital required is S$1.</li> <li>Other forms including Pte exist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slovakia"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=69" title="Sunting bahagian: Slovakia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=69" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Slovakia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>a.s. (Akciová spoločnosť)): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). Minimum share capital <a href="/w/index.php?title=EURO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EURO (laman tidak wujud)">EUR</a> €25,000. Must have a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supervisory_board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supervisory board (laman tidak wujud)">supervisory board</a> in addition to the management board.</li> <li>s.r.o., spol. s r.o. (Spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>k.s. (Komanditná spoločnosť): ≈ LLP. or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability partnership (laman tidak wujud)">Limited liability partnership</a> (UK). Must have at least one "general partner" with unlimited liability.</li> <li>v.o.s. (Verejná obchodná spoločnosť): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a> or unlimited partnership</li> <li>družstvo: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">Cooperative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slovenia"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=70" title="Sunting bahagian: Slovenia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=70" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Slovenia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>d.d. (Delniška družba): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK)</li> <li>d.o.o. (Družba z omejeno odgovornostjo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK)</li> <li>d.n.o. (Družba z neomejeno odgovornostjo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unlimited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unlimited company (laman tidak wujud)">Unlimited company</a> (UK)</li> <li>k.d. (Komanditna družba): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">LP</a> (UK)</li> <li>s.p. (Samostojni podjetnik): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">Sole proprietorship</a> (UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afrika_Selatan"><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=71" title="Sunting bahagian: Afrika Selatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=71" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Afrika Selatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Perniagaan tunggal/Alleeneienaar</li> <li>Business trust/Trust</li> <li>Perkongsian/Vennootskap</li> <li>Syarikat/Maatskappye <ul><li>Company limited by guarantee <ul><li>Incorporated association not for gain/vereniging sonder winsoogmerk (section 21 company/artikel 21-maatskappy): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">nonprofit association</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Companies having a share capital <ul><li>Private company/privaat maatskappy: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private limited company (laman tidak wujud)">private limited company</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">limited liability company</a> (US); has 1–50 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareholder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shareholder (laman tidak wujud)">shareholders</a>, one or more directors. The name must end "(Pty) Ltd"; registration number ends /07. Registration number and directors' names must appear on all correspondence. <ul><li>Section 53(b) company (unlimited liability company): ≈ professional limited liability company (PLLC) (US)</li></ul></li> <li>Public company/publieke maatskappy: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">public limited company</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporation (laman tidak wujud)">corporation</a> (US); has at least 7 shareholders (unless it is a wholly owned subsidiary of another company) and at least two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_directors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of directors (laman tidak wujud)">directors</a>. The company's name must end in "LTD"; its registration number ends in /06.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>CC/BK (Close corporation/beslote korporasie): Has 1–10 non-corporate members. The name must end "CC" or "BK"; registration number ends /23. Registration number and members' names must appear on all correspondence. On 1 May 2011 the new Companies Act (Act 71 of 2008) came into force and disallows any new incorporations under this form.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sepanyol"><a href="/wiki/Sepanyol" title="Sepanyol">Sepanyol</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=72" title="Sunting bahagian: Sepanyol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=72" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sepanyol"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.</a> (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), minimum capital €60,101.21</li> <li>S.L. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">Sociedad Limitada</a>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK), minimum capital €3,012</li> <li>S.L.N.E. (Sociedad Limitada Nueva Empresa): similar to S.L., it was introduced in 2003 to speed up new company registration (registration can be completed in one day), minimum capital €3,012</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociedad_An%C3%B3nima_Deportiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociedad Anónima Deportiva (laman tidak wujud)">S.A.D.</a> (Sociedad Anónima Deportiva): a limited liability sports corporation</li> <li>S.L.L. (Sociedad Limitada Laboral): a labour limited corporation</li> <li>S.C. (Sociedad Colectiva): roughly a <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>S.Cra. (Sociedad Comanditaria): roughly a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>S.Coop. (Sociedad Cooperativa): a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a> that typically is owned and democratically controlled by its workers <ul><li>Other initialisations are used for cooperatives; Sociedad Anónima Laboral (SAL);<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some are region specific e.g. Sociedad Cooperativa Catalana Limitada (SCCL)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=73" title="Sunting bahagian: Sweden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=73" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sweden"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AB (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktiebolag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktiebolag (laman tidak wujud)">Aktiebolag</a>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). Minimum capital SEK 50,000.</li> <li>AB (publ) (Publikt aktiebolag): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). Minimum capital <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_krona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish krona (laman tidak wujud)">SEK</a> 500,000.</li> <li>Ek. för. (Ekonomisk förening): economic association (minimum three members) <ul><li>Bostadsrättsförening: home-owners' association</li> <li>Hyresrättsförening: home-renters' association</li> <li>Kooperativ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">cooperative</a></li></ul></li> <li>Enskild firma: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>HB (Handelsbolag): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>KB (Kommanditbolag): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>Enkelt bolag: Regulated partnership between two parts (Companies or private persons)</li> <li>Ideell förening: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-profit_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-profit organization (laman tidak wujud)">non-profit organization</a></li> <li>Stiftelse: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation (nonprofit organization) (laman tidak wujud)">Foundation</a> has capital or property but no members or owners (shareholders)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switzerland"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=74" title="Sunting bahagian: Switzerland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=74" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Switzerland"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> (Aktiengesellschaft)</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">SA</a> (Société anonyme)</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.A._(corporation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.A. (corporation) (laman tidak wujud)">SA</a> (Società anonima)</td> <td>≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK) or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incorporation_(business)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incorporation (business) (laman tidak wujud)">Inc.</a> (US). Min. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Share_capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Share capital (laman tidak wujud)">share capital</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_franc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss franc (laman tidak wujud)">CHF</a> 100,000. Bearer or registered shares, of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Par_value&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Par value (laman tidak wujud)">par value</a> of min. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_franc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss franc (laman tidak wujud)">CHF</a> 0.01 each. Details of shareholders generally not publicly available (except for main shareholders and management shares of publicly listed companies). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GmbH (laman tidak wujud)">GmbH</a> (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung)</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A0rl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sàrl (laman tidak wujud)">Sàrl</a> (Société à responsabilité limitée)</td> <td>Sagl (Società a garanzia limitata)</td> <td>≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">LLC</a> (US). Min. capital <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_franc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss franc (laman tidak wujud)">CHF</a> 20,000. Registered shares only, of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Par_value&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Par value (laman tidak wujud)">par value</a> of min. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_franc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss franc (laman tidak wujud)">CHF</a> 100 each. Name, address and share of each owner (and any changes) publicly recorded in the Official Register of Commerce.<<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://zefix.admin.ch/">http://zefix.admin.ch/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706221252/http://www.zefix.admin.ch/">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-07-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Stiftung / fondation / fondazione:≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation (nonprofit organization) (laman tidak wujud)">foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investment_fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Investment fund (laman tidak wujud)">investment fund</a></i> (Anlagefonds / fonds de placement / fondo di investimento) <ul><li>Investmentgesellschaft mit festem Kapital / SICAF (société d'investissement à capital fixe) / SICAF (società di investimento a capitale fisso):≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Investment_trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Investment trust (laman tidak wujud)">investment trust</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-end_fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Closed-end fund (laman tidak wujud)">closed-end company</a> (US)</li> <li>Investmentgesellschaft mit variablem Kapital / SICAV (société d'investissement à capital variable) / SICAV (società di investimento a capitale variabile):≈ OEIC (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-ended_investment_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-ended investment company (laman tidak wujud)">open-ended investment company</a>) (UK), open-end company (US)</li></ul></li> <li>Verein / association / associazione:≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluntary association (laman tidak wujud)">non-profit association</a></li> <li>wIG (wirtschaftliche Interessengemeinschaft) / GIE (groupement d'intérêt économique) / gruppo di interesse economico:≈ EIG (economic interest grouping)</li> <li>Einzelunternehmen / RI (raison individuelle) / ditta indivduale:≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_trader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole trader (laman tidak wujud)">sole trader</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a> (US)</li></ul> <ul><li>Gesellschaft "business entities" <ul><li><i>partnerships</i> (Rechsgemeinschaft / société de personnes / società di persone) <ul><li>eG (einfache Gesellschaft) / société simple / società semplice:≈ partnership by contract</li> <li>KolG (Kollektivgesellschaft) / SNC (société en nom collectif) / società in nome collettivo:≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">GP</a></li> <li>KG (Kommanditgesellschaft) / SC (société en commandite) / società in accomandita:≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">LP</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>trading companies</i> (Körperschaft / société de capitaux / società di capitale) <ul><li>KomAG (Kommanditaktiengesellschaft) / SCA (société en commandite par actions) / società in accomandita per azioni:≈ publicly traded partnership (PTP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GmbH (laman tidak wujud)">GmbH</a> (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) / <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A0rl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sàrl (laman tidak wujud)">Sàrl</a> (société à responsabilité limitée) / Sagl (società a garanzia limitata):≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private limited company (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">LLC</a> (US)</li> <li>AG (Aktiengesellschaft) / SA (société anonyme) / SA (società anonima):≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Corp.</a> (US/Can)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Genossenschaft / Scoop (société coopérative) / società cooperativa:≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-operative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-operative (laman tidak wujud)">co-operative</a></li> <li>Zweigniederlassung / succursale / succursale:≈ branch (of a company)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taiwan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of China (laman tidak wujud)">Taiwan</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=75" title="Sunting bahagian: Taiwan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=75" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Taiwan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>無限公司 (Unlimited Company)</li> <li>有限公司 (Limited Company)</li> <li>兩合公司 (Limited Partnership)</li> <li>股份有限公司 (Public Limited Company or Corporation)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thailand"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=76" title="Sunting bahagian: Thailand" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=76" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Thailand"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>บริษัทมหาชนจำกัด, name format บริษัท <i>corporation name</i> จำกัด (มหาชน): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK). Minimum 15 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareholders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shareholders (laman tidak wujud)">shareholders</a>.</li> <li>บริษัทเอกชนจำกัด (name format บริษัท <i>corporation name</i> จำกัด): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). Minimum three shareholders.</li> <li>ห้างหุ้นส่วนจำกัด (name format ห้างหุ้นส่วน <i>corporation name</i> จำกัด): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>ห้างหุ้นส่วนสามัญนิติบุคคล (name format ห้างหุ้นส่วน <i>corporation name</i>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turki"><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=77" title="Sunting bahagian: Turki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=77" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Turki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Code of Obligations (fifth book of Civil Code) (Act No: 6098) </p> <ul><li>Adi Şirket : ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple Partnership (laman tidak wujud)">Simple Partnership</a> (has no legal personality)</li></ul> <p>According to the Commercial Code (Act No: 6102) </p><p>Şahıs şirketleri ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partnerships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partnerships (laman tidak wujud)">Partnerships</a> </p> <ul><li>Koll. Şti. (Kolektif şirket): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collective partnership (laman tidak wujud)">Collective partnership</a></li> <li>Kom. Şti (Komandit şirket) ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commandite_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commandite partnership (laman tidak wujud)">Commandite partnership</a> Can be established as simple commandite partnership or as commandite company divided into shares (Sermayesi paylara bölünmüş komandit şirket).</li></ul> <p>Sermaye şirketleri ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Companies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Companies (laman tidak wujud)">Companies</a> </p> <ul><li>A.Ş. / A.O. (<span title="Turki-language text"><i lang="tr">Anonim Şirket / Anonim Ortaklık</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: tr is deprecated </span>): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_stock_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint stock company (laman tidak wujud)">Joint stock company</a> Minimum capital is TRY 50.000. Bearer or registered shares, of a minimum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Par_value&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Par value (laman tidak wujud)">par value</a> of TRY 0,01 each. Only type of company that can be publicly traded in Turkish Law.</li> <li>Ltd. Şti. / L.Ş. / L.O. (Limited şirket / Limited Ortaklık) ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited company (laman tidak wujud)">Limited company</a> Minimum capital is TRY 10.000. Registered shares only, of a minimum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Par_value&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Par value (laman tidak wujud)">par value</a> of TRY 25 each.</li></ul> <p>According to the Capital Markets Act (Act No: 6362) </p> <ul><li>HAAO (<span title="Turki-language text"><i lang="tr">Halka Açık Anonim Ortaklık</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: tr is deprecated </span>) ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Publicly_held_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publicly held corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Publicly held corporation</a> This essentially is a special type of A.O. These type of companies can only be established as A.O.'s. When there are no specific rules under Capital Markets legislation, A.O. rules under Turkish Commercial Code will be applied to HAAO's.</li></ul> <p>According to the Cooperatives Act (Act No: 1136) </p> <ul><li>Koop. (Kooperatif Şirket) ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative (laman tidak wujud)">Cooperative</a></li></ul> <p>Other entitites: </p> <ul><li>(irtibat bürosu): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liaison_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liaison Office (laman tidak wujud)">Liaison Office</a></li> <li>Şahıs Firması: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_Proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole Proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">Sole Proprietorship</a></li> <li>Şb. (Şube): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Branch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Branch (laman tidak wujud)">Branch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ukraine"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=78" title="Sunting bahagian: Ukraine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=78" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ukraine"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>DAT/ДАТ (Державне акціонерне товариство Derzhavne Aktsionerne Tovaristvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), national</li> <li>FOP/ФОП (фізична особа підприємець F O P): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorship</a></li> <li>KT (Командитне товариство Comanditne Tovaristvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">limited partnership</a></li> <li>PT/ПT (Повне товариство Povne Tovaristvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General partnership (laman tidak wujud)">general partnership</a></li> <li>TDV/ТДВ (Товариство з додатковою відповідальністю Tovaristvo z Dodatkvoyu Vidpovividalnistyu): "additional liability company"</li> <li>TOV/TOB (Товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю Tovaristvo z Obmezhenoyu Vidpovividalnistyu): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). Minimum capital = 1 minimum wage (UAH 960 -29.05.2011) .</li> <li>PP/ПП (Приватне підприємство Privatne Pidpriemstvo): ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> (UK). No minimum capital.</li> <li>VAT/ВАТ( Вiдкрите акцiонерне товариство Vidkrite Aktsionerne Tovaristvo) or PAT/ПАТ (Публічне акціонерне товариство Publisne Aktsionerne Tovaristvo) since 29.04.2009: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), public. Minimum capital <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hryvnia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hryvnia (laman tidak wujud)">UAH</a> 630,000.</li> <li>ZAT/ЗАТ (Закрите акцiонерне товариство Zakrite Aktsionerne Tovaristvo)or PrAT/ПрАТ (Приватне акціонерне товариство Pritvatne Aktsionerne Tovaristvo) since 29.04.2009:: ≈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_limited_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public limited company (laman tidak wujud)">plc</a> (UK), private.</li> <li>AТ/AТ (Акціонерне товариство Aktsionerne Tovaristvo): ≈ JSC.</li></ul> <p>Company formation is regulated by the Ukrainian Civil Code and Commercial Code, Law of Commercial companies, Law of stock companies, law and order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=79" title="Sunting bahagian: United Kingdom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=79" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: United Kingdom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>CIC atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_interest_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community interest company (laman tidak wujud)">community interest company</a></li> <li>CIO atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charitable_Incorporated_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charitable Incorporated Organisation (laman tidak wujud)">Charitable Incorporated Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_and_provident_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial and provident society (laman tidak wujud)">Industrial and provident society</a>, contohnya <a href="/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi">koperasi</a> (yang tidak termasuk Ltd. pada akhir namanya) atau amal</li> <li>Perkongsian: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongisn_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongisn umum (laman tidak wujud)">Perkongisn umum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LLP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LLP (laman tidak wujud)">LLP</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_liabiliti_terhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian liabiliti terhad (laman tidak wujud)">Perkongsian liabiliti terhad</a></li> <li>LP or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_terhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian terhad (laman tidak wujud)">Perkongsian terhad</a></li></ul></li> <li>Companies: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ltd. (laman tidak wujud)">Ltd.</a> or <i>Cyf</i> (Terhad, atau bahsa Wales <i>Cyfyngedig</i>): a [syarikat swasta [berhad dengan saham]], saham yang tidak diniagakan secara awam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarikat_awam_berhad" title="Syarikat awam berhad">plc</a> <i> dengan Ccc </i> (syarikat awam berhad, atau <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales"> Bahasa Wales</a> <i> Cwmni Cyfyngedig Cyhoeddus </i>): sebuah syarikat yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saham_(kewangan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saham (kewangan) (laman tidak wujud)"> berkongsi</a> s boleh didagangkan kepada umum. Memerlukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_saham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modal saham (laman tidak wujud)">modal saham</a> minimum yang berkuasa untuk £ 50.000;<sup id="cite_ref-business-link-set-up_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business-link-set-up-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang mana ia mesti telah diperuntukkan saham dengan nilai sekurang-kurangnya £ 50,000 dan sekurang-kurangnya 25% mesti dibayar penuh sebelum memulakan perniagaan.</li> <li>[Syarikat Swasta [terhad oleh jaminan]]. Syarikat sedemikian mesti termasuk Limited atau Ltd. pada akhir namanya (jadi tidak boleh mudah dibezakan daripada sebuah syarikat persendirian berhad menurut syer), kecuali ia tidak boleh mengagihkan keuntungannya. Syarikat jaminan biasanya digunakan oleh bukan untuk organisasi keuntungan, yang mungkin meninggalkan Ltd. pada akhir nama-nama mereka.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syarikat_Unlimited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syarikat Unlimited (laman tidak wujud)">Syarikat Unlimited</a> (atau Wales <i> Anghyfyngedig </i>). Sebuah syarikat sama ada dengan atau tanpa modal syer yang ahli-ahli atau pemegang saham tidak mendapat manfaat daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liabiliti_terhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liabiliti terhad (laman tidak wujud)">liabiliti terhad</a> sekiranya syarikat itu pernah pergi ke rasmi <a href="/wiki/Pembubaran" title="Pembubaran">pembubaran</a>. Ia bukan suatu kehendak di bawah undang-undang syarikat untuk menambah atau menyatakan perkataan atau jawatan yang tidak terhad atau singkatan yang di akhir nama syarikat undang-undang, dan paling (Unltd., atau Ultd.) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syarikat_sendirian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syarikat sendirian (laman tidak wujud)">Syarikat tidak terhad</a> tidak ada. Syarikat-syarikat yang tidak terhad dikecualikan dari memfailkan <a href="/wiki/Penyata_kewangan" title="Penyata kewangan"> akaun</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendaftar_Syarikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendaftar Syarikat (laman tidak wujud)">Pendaftar Syarikat</a> untuk didedahkan kepada umum, tertakluk kepada beberapa pengecualian (melainkan jika syarikat itu merupakan anak syarikat berkelayakan atau induk syarikat terhad semasa perakaunan tempoh).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">Sole proprietorship</a> (Sole traders)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amerika_Syarikat"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=80" title="Sunting bahagian: Amerika Syarikat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=80" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Amerika Syarikat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di Amerika Syarikat, negeri-negeri individu menggabungkan kebanyakan perniagaan. Hanya sesetengah khas ditubuhkan oleh kerajaan persekutuan. </p><p>Bagi tujuan cukai persekutuan, <a href="/wiki/Perkhidmatan_Hasil_Dalam_Negeri" title="Perkhidmatan Hasil Dalam Negeri">Perkhidmatan Hasil Dalam Negeri</a> mempunyai berasingan [cukai korporat [di Amerika Syarikat # Entiti klasifikasi | entiti klasifikasi]] peraturan. Di bawah peraturan cukai, entiti boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Perbadanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbadanan">perbadanan</a>, yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian (laman tidak wujud)">Perkongsian</a>, yang <a href="/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi">Koperasi</a> atau entiti diabaikan. Syarikat boleh menjadi sama ada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbadanan_Subchapter_S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbadanan Subchapter S (laman tidak wujud)">perbadanan Subchapter S</a> atau [perbadanan C []]. Entiti diabaikan mempunyai satu pemilik (atau pasangan suami isteri sebagai pemilik) yang tidak diiktiraf untuk tujuan cukai sebagai satu entiti berasingan daripada pemiliknya. Jenis-jenis entiti diabaikan termasuk ahli tunggal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liabiliti_syarikat_terhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liabiliti syarikat terhad (laman tidak wujud)"> LLC</a> s; anak-anak syarikat berkelayakan bab S dan berkelayakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanah_pelaburan_hartanah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanah pelaburan hartanah (laman tidak wujud)">amanah pelaburan hartanah</a> anak syarikat. Status cukai telus Entiti kira ini tidak menjejaskan status di bawah undang-undang negeri. Sebagai contoh, bagi tujuan cukai persekutuan, LLC tunggal-ahli (SMLLC) tidak diambil kira, supaya semua aset dan liabilitinya dianggap sebagai dimiliki oleh ahli tunggal. Tetapi di bawah undang-undang negeri, yang SMLLC boleh kontrak atas namanya sendiri dan pemiliknya biasanya tidak bertanggungan bagi hutang dan obligasi entiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Presti_and_Naegele_Newsletter_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presti_and_Naegele_Newsletter-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk diiktiraf sebagai <a href="/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi">Koperasi</a> bagi tujuan cukai Koperasi mesti mengikut peraturan tertentu di bawah Sub Bab T daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod_Hasil_Dalam_Negeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kod Hasil Dalam Negeri (laman tidak wujud)">Kod Hasil Dalam Negeri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IRS_Sub_Chapter_T_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRS_Sub_Chapter_T-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federally_incorporated">Federally incorporated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=81" title="Sunting bahagian: Federally incorporated" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=81" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Federally incorporated"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perkataan utama bagi bank adalah "negara". Sebuah bank disewa oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pejabat_Pengawal_Mata_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pejabat Pengawal Mata Wang (laman tidak wujud)">Pejabat Pengawal Mata Wang</a> (OCC) mesti mempunyai perkataan "kebangsaan" namanya. Sebuah bank disewa oleh kerajaan tidak boleh mempunyai "negara" namanya. Untuk sebuah bank simpanan (sebelum ini dikenali sebagai simpanan dan persatuan pinjaman) atau kredit kesatuan, kata kunci adalah "persekutuan," dan peraturan yang sama terpakai; satu persekutuan bertauliah bank simpanan atau kredit kesatuan mesti mempunyai perkataan "Persekutuan" dalam nama, manakala sebuah bank simpanan negeri yang disewa atau kesatuan kredit tidak boleh mempunyai "persekutuan" namanya. </p> <ul><li>NA (<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National bank (laman tidak wujud)">National Association</a>), gelaran yang digunakan oleh bank-bank yang disewa oleh Pejabat Pengawal Mata Wang (OCC)</li> <li>NT & SA (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanah_Negara_dan_Persatuan_Simpanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanah Negara dan Persatuan Simpanan (laman tidak wujud)">Amanah Negara dan Persatuan Simpanan</a>), jawatan yang kurang biasa digunakan oleh bank-bank negara</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesatuan_Kredit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesatuan Kredit (laman tidak wujud)"> Federal Credit Union</a>, disewa oleh National Credit Union Association (NCUA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_Simpanan_Persekutuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank Simpanan Persekutuan (laman tidak wujud)">Bank Simpanan Persekutuan</a>, yang sebelum ini dikenali sebagai simpanan persekutuan dan persatuan pinjaman</li></ul> <p>Banyak unit kerajaan persekutuan dibentuk khas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbadanan_milik_Kerajaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbadanan milik Kerajaan (laman tidak wujud)"> perbadanan awam</a>, sementara beberapa organisasi swasta telah menerima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Kongres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Kongres (laman tidak wujud)"> sewa khas dari Kongres</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State,_Territory_or_Commonwealth_incorporated"><span id="State.2C_Territory_or_Commonwealth_incorporated"></span>State, Territory or Commonwealth incorporated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=82" title="Sunting bahagian: State, Territory or Commonwealth incorporated" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=82" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: State, Territory or Commonwealth incorporated"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_corporate_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States corporate law (laman tidak wujud)">United States corporate law</a></div> <p>The following are the main business designations and types: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">Sole proprietorship</a></b>: a business consisting of a single owner (which may itself be a business entity), not in a separately recognized business form.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perkongsian">Perkongsian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=83" title="Sunting bahagian: Perkongsian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=83" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perkongsian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Partnership (laman tidak wujud)">General Partnership</a></b>: is a partnership in which all the partners are jointly and separately liable for the debts of the partnership. In most U.S. states, it can be created by agreement without requiring a public filing. The partners may themselves be legal entities or individuals.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">LP</a> <b>Limited Partnership</b>: a partnership where at least one partner (the general partner, which may itself be an entity or an individual) has unlimited liability for the LP's debts) and one or more partners (the limited partners) have limited liability (which means that they are not responsible for the LP's debts beyond the amount they agreed to invest). Limited partners generally do not participate in the management of the entity or its business.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability partnership (laman tidak wujud)">LLP</a> <b>Limited Liability Partnership</b>: a partnership where a partner's liability for the debts of the partnership is limited except in the case of liability for acts of professional negligence or malpractice. In some states, LLPs may only be formed for purposes of practicing a licensed profession, typically attorneys, accountants and architects. This is often the only form of limited partnership allowed for law firms (as opposed to general partnerships).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_limited_partnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability limited partnership (laman tidak wujud)">LLLP</a> <b>Limited Liability Limited Partnership</b>: a combination of LP and LLP, available in some states.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limited_Liability_Companies">Limited Liability Companies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=84" title="Sunting bahagian: Limited Liability Companies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=84" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Limited Liability Companies"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">LLC</a>, LC, Ltd. Co. <b>Limited Liability Company</b> (Syarikat Liabiliti Terhad): satu bentuk perniagaan yang pemiliknya menikmati liabiliti terhad, tetapi yang bukan merupakan <a href="/wiki/Perbadanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbadanan">perbadanan</a>. Singkatan yang dibenarkan berbeza-beza mengikut negeri. Perhatikan bahawa di beberapa negeri <i> Ltd. </i> dengan sendirinya tidak singkatan sah untuk LLC, kerana di beberapa negeri (contoh: <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>), ia mungkin menandakan perbadanan sebaliknya. Lihat juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siri_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siri LLC (laman tidak wujud)">Siri LLC</a>. Untuk keperluan pajak persekutuan, secara umum, yang LLC dengan dua atau lebih ahli dianggap sebagai suatu perkongsian, dan LLC dengan seorang ahli dianggap sebagai pemilik tunggal.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">PLLC</a> <b>Professional Limited Liability Company</b>: beberapa negeri tidak membenarkan profesional tertentu untuk membentuk LLC yang akan menghadkan liabiliti akibat daripada perkhidmatan profesional menyediakan seperti doktor, rawatan perubatan; peguam, nasihat undang-undang; dan akauntan, perakaunan; arkitek, perkhidmatan seni bina; apabila syarikat itu ditubuhkan menawarkan khidmat profesional. Sebaliknya negeri-negeri membenarkan PLLC atau menurut adat LLC, had liabiliti hanya terpakai kepada bahagian perniagaan, seperti pemiutang syarikat itu, yang bertentangan dengan sisi perkhidmatan pelanggan / pelanggan, tahap penjagaan perubatan, perkhidmatan undang-undang, atau perakaunan yang diberikan kepada pelanggan. Ini bertujuan untuk mengekalkan standard etika yang tinggi yang profesional ini telah komited untuk dengan menjadi berlesen dalam profesion mereka dan menghalang mereka daripada menjadi imun (atau sekurang-kurangnya mengehadkan imuniti mereka) kepada penyelewengan guaman.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corporations">Corporations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=85" title="Sunting bahagian: Corporations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=85" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Corporations"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Corp.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incorporation_(business)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incorporation (business) (laman tidak wujud)">Inc.</a> <b>Corporation, Incorporated</b>: used to denote <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporation (laman tidak wujud)">corporations</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public company (laman tidak wujud)">public</a> or otherwise). These are the only terms universally accepted by all 51 corporation chartering jurisdictions in the United States. However, in some states other suffixes may be used to identify a corporation, such as Ltd., Co./Company, or the Italian term S.p.A. (in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>; see under <a href="#Italy">Italy</a>). Some states that allow the use of "Company" prohibit the use of "and Company", "and Co.", "& Company" or "& Co.". In most states <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_proprietorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole proprietorship (laman tidak wujud)">sole proprietorships</a> and partnerships may register a fictitious "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Doing_business_as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doing business as (laman tidak wujud)">doing business as</a>" name with the word "Company" in it. For a full list of allowed designations by state, see the table below.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Professional corporation</a></b> abbreviated as PC or P.C. are those corporate entities for which many corporation statutes make special provision, regulating the use of the corporate form by licensed professionals such as attorneys, architects, accountants, and doctors.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doing_Business_As&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doing Business As (laman tidak wujud)">Doing Business As</a></b>: denotes a business name used by a person or entity that is different from the person's or entity's true name. DBAs are not separate entities and do not shield the person or entity who uses the DBA as a business name from liability for debts or lawsuits. Filing requiments vary and are not permitted for some types of businesses or professional practices.</li></ul> <p>See also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delaware_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delaware corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Delaware corporation</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevada corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Nevada corporation</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_business_trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massachusetts business trust (laman tidak wujud)">Massachusetts business trust</a>. Required designations for corporations, by U.S. state, territory or commonwealth: </p> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="margin:auto; border:#88a; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf; border:1px solid #88a; vertical-align:bottom;"> <td style="width: 10%;">State, Territory or Commonwealth </td> <td>Required in Corporation name </td> <td style="width: 20%;">Authority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td>"corporation," or "incorporated," or an abbreviation of one of such words, or if a banking corporation the words "bank," "banking," or "bankers"</td> <td>§ 10-2B-4.01(a)(1) Code of Alabama 1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td>"corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited", or an abbreviation of one of these words; may not contain the word "city", "borough", or "village" or otherwise imply that the corporation is a municipality.</td> <td>§10.06.105 (a) and (b), Alaska Corporations Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td>"association", "bank", "company", "corporation", "limited" or "incorporated" or an abbreviation of one of these words or the equivalent in a foreign language. Corporation may not use "bank", "deposit", "credit union", "trust" or "trust company" unless it also has a license to operate one. May not use "limited liability company" or "limited company" or the abbreviations "L.L.C.", "L.C.", "LLC" or "LC"</td> <td>§10-401 Arizona Revised Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td>"Corporation", "Company", or "Incorporated", or shall contain an abbreviation of one of those words; but the name may not end with the word "Company" nor the abbreviation "Co." if the final word or abbreviation is immediately preceded by "and" or any symbol for "and"</td> <td>§4-26-401 (1), Arkansas Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated" or "limited" or an abbreviation of one of such words is required and for a statutory close corporations for corporate provisions to apply. May not contain "bank," " trust," "trustee" or "credit union" unless approved by the Commissioner of Financial Institutions.</td> <td>§202(a), California Corporations Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", "company", "limited", "corp.", inc.", "co." or "ltd"; If the corporation is a professional corporation, it must contain the term or abbreviation "professional corporation", "p.c.", or "pc".</td> <td>§7-90-601, Colorado Revised Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", "company", "Societa per Azioni" or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", "S.p.A." or "ltd."</td> <td>§33-655 General Statutes of Connecticut </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td>"association," "company," "corporation," "club," "foundation," "fund," "incorporated," "institute," "society," "union," "syndicate," or "limited," (or abbreviations thereof, with or without punctuation), or words (or abbreviations thereof, with or without punctuation) of like import of foreign countries or jurisdictions (provided they are written in Roman characters or letters)</td> <td>Title 8, §102, Delaware Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Columbia (laman tidak wujud)">District of Columbia</a></td> <td>"corporation," "company," "incorporated," or "limited," or shall contain an abbreviation of 1 of such words</td> <td>§ 29-101.08 District of Columbia Official Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>"corporation," "company," or "incorporated" or the abbreviation "Corp.," "Inc.," or "Co.," or the designation "Corp," "Inc," or "Co,"</td> <td>§607.0401 Florida Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td>'corporation,' 'incorporated,' 'company,' or 'limited,' or the abbreviation 'corp.,' 'inc.,' 'co.,' or 'ltd.,' or words or abbreviations of like import in another language; must not be longer than 80 characters</td> <td>O.C.G.A. § 14-2-401 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></td> <td>"corporation," "incorporated," "company," or "limited," or the abbreviation "corp.," "inc.," "co.," or "ltd.," or words or abbreviations of like import in another language; if the word "company" or its abbreviation is used, it shall not be immediately preceded by the word "and" or an abbreviation or symbol representing the word "and."</td> <td>Title 18, § 2110, Guam Code Annotated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", or "ltd."</td> <td>§414-51 Hawaii Revised Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td>"corporation," "incorporated," "company," "limited," or the abbreviation "corp.," "inc.," "co.," or "ltd.," or words or abbreviations of like import in another language; provided however, that if the word "company" or its abbreviation is used it shall not be immediately preceded by the word "and" or by an abbreviation of or symbol representing the word "and"</td> <td>§30-1-401 Idaho Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td>"corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited", or an abbreviation of one of such words</td> <td>805 ILCS 5/4.05 Illinois Compiled Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd.", or words or abbreviations of like import in another language</td> <td>§ 23-1-23-1 Indiana Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd.", or words or abbreviations of like import in another language.</td> <td>§490.401 Iowa Acts </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>(except for banks) "association," "church," "college," "company," "corporation," "club," "foundation," "fund," "incorporated," "institute," "society," "union," "university," "syndicate" or "limited," or one of the abbreviations "co.," "corp.," "inc.," "ltd.," or words or abbreviations of like import in other languages if they are written in Roman characters or letters</td> <td>§17-6002 Kansas Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated" or the abbreviation "Inc.," or the word "company" or the abbreviation "Co."; but if the word "company" or the abbreviation "Co." is used, it may not be immediately preceded by the word "and" or the abbreviation "&."</td> <td>§273.177 Kentucky Revised Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td>(except for railroad, telegraph and telephone corporations) "Corporation", "Incorporated" or "Limited", or the abbreviation of any of those words, or may contain instead the word "Company" or the abbreviation "Co." if the latter word or abbreviation is not immediately preceded by the word "and" or the symbol "&". No corporate name shall contain the phrase "doing business as" or the abbreviation "d/b/a". Only a bank or bank holding company is allowed to use any of "bank", "banker", "banking", "savings", "safe deposit", "trust", "trustee", "building and loan", "homestead", "credit union", "insurance", "casualty", "redevelopment corporation", or "electric cooperative".</td> <td>§12:23 Louisiana Revised Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td>words or abbreviations of words that describe the nature of the entity, including "professional association," "corporation," "company," "incorporated," "chartered," "limited," "limited partnership," "limited liability company," "professional limited liability company," "limited liability partnership," "registered limited liability partnership," "service corporation" or "professional corporation"; beginning July 1, 2007, may also include "limited liability limited partnership"</td> <td>for business corporations: Title 13-C § 401 Maine Revised Statutes; for non-profit corporations: Title 13-B § 301-A Maine Revised Statutes; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td>For <i>Corporations</i>: "Company", if it is not preceded by the word "and" or a symbol for the word "and"; "Corporation", "Incorporated" or "Limited" or abbreviations; for Limited liability companies: "limited liability company", "L.L.C.", "LLC", "L.C.", or "LC"; for <i>Limited liability partnerships</i>: "limited liability partnership", "L.L.P." or "LLP"; for <i>Limited partnerships</i>: "limited partnership", "L.P.", or "LP"; for <i>Limited liability limited partnerships</i>: "limited liability limited partnership", "L.L.L.P.", or "LLLP"; for <i>Professional corporations</i>: "chartered", "chtd.", "professional association", "P.A.", "professional corporation", or "P.C."</td> <td>Maryland Code CORPORATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS § 1-502 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>"any name which, in the judgment of the secretary, indicates that it is a corporation"</td> <td>GENERAL LAWS OF MASSACHUSETTS Chapter 155: Section 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td>"corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited" or shall contain 1 of the following abbreviations, corp., co., inc., or ltd.</td> <td>Act 284 of 1972 Section 450.1211 MICHIGAN BUSINESS CORPORATION ACT </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td>nonprofit corporations are not required to use any of these words; for business corporations, they must use "corporation," "incorporated," or "limited," or shall contain an abbreviation of one or more of these words, or the word "company" or the abbreviation "Co." if that word or abbreviation is not immediately preceded by the word "and" or the character "&"</td> <td>Chapter 302A, Section 302A.115 Minnesota Statutes (for Business Corporations); Chapter 317A, Section 317A.115 Minnesota Statutes (for non-profit corporations) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td>"corporation," "incorporated," "company" or "limited," or the abbreviation "corp.," "inc.," "co." or "ltd." or words or abbreviations of like import in another language</td> <td>§ 79-4-4.01 Mississippi code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>"corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited", or shall end with an abbreviation of one of said words</td> <td> <p>Chapter 351 Section 351.110 Missouri Revised Statutes </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited"; the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd."; or words or abbreviations of similar meaning in another language</td> <td>35-1-308 Montana Code Annotated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>corporation, incorporated, company, or limited, or the abbreviation corp., inc., co., or ltd., or words or abbreviations of like import in another language, except that a corporation organized to conduct a banking business under the Nebraska Banking Act may use a name which includes the word bank without using any such words or abbreviations</td> <td>Section 21-2028 State of Nebraska Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td>No specific requirements stated except that a name appearing to be that of a natural person and containing a given name or initials must not be used as a corporate name except with an additional word or words such as "Incorporated," "Limited," "Inc.," "Ltd.," "Company," "Co.," "Corporation," "Corp.," or other word which identifies it as not being a natural person</td> <td>78.035 Nevada Revised Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td>Contain the word "corporation," "incorporated," or "limited" or the abbreviation "corp." ""inc.", or "ltd."</td> <td>New Hampshire Revised Statutes TITLE XXVII; Section 293-A:4.01 for business corporations </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>Shall contain the word "corporation," "company," "incorporated," or shall contain an abbreviation of one of those words, or shall include the abbreviation Ltd.</td> <td>New Jersey Statutes 14A:2-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td>contain the separate word "corporation," "company," "incorporated" or "limited" or shall contain a separate abbreviation of one of these words</td> <td>New Mexico Statutes Unannotated 53-11-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a></td> <td>Shall contain the word "corporation", "incorporated" or "limited", or an abbreviation of one of such words; there is also a long list of words a business corporation is not allowed to use without additional approval from other agencies including "board of trade", "state police", "urban development", "chamber of commerce", "state trooper", "urban relocation", "community renewal", "tenant relocation", "acceptance", "endowment", "loan", "annuity", "fidelity", "mortgage", "assurance", "finance", "savings" and many others</td> <td>New York State Consolidated Laws, Business Corporations Law §301; Not-For-Profit Corporations Law, §301 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td>a <i>corporation</i> must contain the word "corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd."; a <i>limited liability company</i> must contain the words "limited liability company" or the abbreviation "L.L.C." or "LLC", or the combination "ltd. liability co.", "limited liability co.", or "ltd. liability company"; a <i>limited partnership</i> that is not a limited liability limited partnership must contain the words "limited partnership", the abbreviation "L.P." or "LP", or the combination "ltd. partnership"; a <i>limited liability limited partnership</i> must contain the words "registered limited liability limited partnership" or "limited liability limited partnership" or the abbreviation "L.L.L.P.", "R.L.L.L.P.", "LLLP", or "RLLLP"; a <i>registered limited liability partnership'</i>s name must contain the words "registered limited liability partnership" or "limited liability partnership" or the abbreviation "L.L.P.", "R.L.L.P.", "LLP" or "RLLP".</td> <td>North Carolina General Statutes § 55D‑20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td> <td>must contain the word "company", "corporation", "incorporated", "limited", or an abbreviation of one or more of these words; may not contain the words "limited liability company", "limited partnership", "limited liability partnership", "limited liability limited partnership", or any abbreviation of these words.</td> <td>North Dakota century Code 10-19.1-13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td>It shall end with or include the word or abbreviation "company," "co.," "corporation," "corp.," "incorporated," or "inc."</td> <td>Ohio Revised Code §1701.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td>The name of the corporation which shall contain one of the words "association", "company", "corporation", "club", "foundation", "fund", "incorporated", "institute", "society", "union", "syndicate", or "limited" or abbreviations thereof, with or without punctuation</td> <td>Oklahoma Statutes §18-1006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td>For private corporations it shall contain one or more of the words "corporation," "incorporated," "company" or "limited" or an abbreviation of one or more of those words; shall not contain the word "cooperative." For non-profit corporations there is no specific requirement except the name cannot imply a purpose not dictated in its articles of incorporation and cannot contain the word "cooperative" or the phrase "limited partnership."</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Revised_Statutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oregon Revised Statutes (laman tidak wujud)">Oregon Revised Statutes</a> 60.094 for Private Corporations; ORS 65.094 for Non-Profit corporations </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>Corporation, Corp., Company, Co., Incorporated, Inc., Limited, Ltd., Association., Fund., Syndicate or words or abbreviations of like import in languages other than English.</td> <td>Pennsylvania Code, Chapter 19, §23.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td>Corporation, Corp. or Inc., or words or abbreviations of like import in other languages, provided they are written in roman letters or characters.</td> <td>Title 14, Subtitle 4, §2602, Laws of Puerto Rico. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td>"corporation," "company," "incorporated," or "limited," or an abbreviation of one of these words</td> <td>Rhode Island General Laws § 7-1.2-401 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd.", or words or abbreviations of like import in another language</td> <td>South Carolina Code of Laws Section 33-4-101 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td> <td>corporation, incorporated, company, or limited, or the abbreviation, corp., inc., co., or ltd., or terms or abbreviations of like import in another language</td> <td>South Dakota Codified Laws 47-1A-401 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td>"corporation," "incorporated," "company," or the abbreviation "corp.," "inc.," "co.," or words or abbreviations of like import in another language (provided they are written in Roman characters or letters); existing corporations which were formed using only "limited" or "ltd" are not required to change their name</td> <td>§ 48-14-101 Tennessee Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>"company," "corporation," "incorporated," or "limited," or an abbreviation of one of those words.</td> <td>Texas Business Organizations Code § 5.054 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Virgin Islands (laman tidak wujud)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></td> <td>name shall be such as to indicate that it is a corporation as distinguished from a natural person or partnership.</td> <td>Title Thirteen, § 2, Virgin Islands Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", "company"; the abbreviation: "corp.", "inc." or "co." or words or abbreviations of like import to the words or abbreviations listed in another language; without the written consent of the United States Olympic Committee, may not contain the words "Olympic", "Olympiad", or "Citius Altius Fortius"; without the written consent of the Division of Consumer Protection may not contain the words "university", "college" or "institute"</td> <td>§ 16-10a-401 Utah Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td> <td>"corporation," "incorporated," "company," or "limited," or the abbreviation "corp.," "inc.," "co.," or "ltd.," or words or abbreviations of like import in another language; shall not have the word "cooperative" or any abbreviation thereof as part of its name unless the corporation is a worker cooperative corporation;</td> <td>Title 11A, § 4.01 Vermont Statutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td>"corporation," "incorporated," "company," or "limited," or the abbreviation "corp.," "inc.," "co.," or "ltd."</td> <td>§ 13.1-630. Code of Virginia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_(U.S._state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington (U.S. state) (laman tidak wujud)">Washington</a></td> <td>"corporation," "incorporated," "company," or "limited," or the abbreviation "corp.," "inc.," "co.," or "ltd."; must not include "Bank," "banking," "banker," "trust," "cooperative," or any combination of the words "industrial" and "loan," or any combination of any two or more of the words "building," "savings," "loan," "home," "association," and "society,"</td> <td>§ 23B.04.010 Revised Code of Washington </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", "company" or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co." or "ltd.", or words or abbreviations of like import in another language</td> <td>§31D-4-401 West Virginia Code </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td>"corporation", "incorporated", "company" or "limited" or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co." or "ltd." or words or abbreviations of like import in another language</td> <td>§180.0401 Wisconsin Statutes (for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stock corporation (laman tidak wujud)">Stock corporations</a>) and §181.0401 Wisconsin Statutes (for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-stock_corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-stock corporation (laman tidak wujud)">non-stock corporations</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td>Unclear; apparently any of "corporation," "company," "incorporated," and probably the usual abbreviations of "Corp." "Co." and "Inc."</td> <td>§ 17-16-401. Wyoming Statutes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzbekistan"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=86" title="Sunting bahagian: Uzbekistan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=86" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Uzbekistan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>MChJ (Mas'uliyati Cheklangan Jamiyat/Масъулияти Чекланган Жамият): limited liability company</li> <li>QMJ (Qo'shimcha ma'suliyatli jamiyat/Қўшимча масъулиятли жамият): additional liability company</li> <li>AJ (Aksiyadorlik jamiyati/Акциядорлик жамияти): joint-stock company <ul><li>OAJ (Ochiq aksiyadorlik jamiyati/Очиқ акциядорлик жамияти): public joint-stock company</li> <li>YoAJ (Yopiq aksiyadorlik jamiyati/Ёпиқ акциядорлик жамияти): closed joint-stock company</li></ul></li> <li>XK (Xususiy korxona/Хусусий корхона): private company</li> <li>XT (Xususiy tadbirkorlik/Хусусий тадбиркорлик): sole proprietorship</li> <li>OK (Oilaviy korxona/Оилавий корхона): family company</li> <li>UK (Unitar korxona/Унитар корхона): unitary enterprise</li> <li>QK (Qo'shma korxona/Қўшма корхона): joint venture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnam"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=87" title="Sunting bahagian: Vietnam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=87" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Vietnam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cty TNHH (Cong ty trach nhiem huu han / "Company with Limited Liablity"): Limited Liability Company</li> <li>Cty TNHH MTV (Cong ty trach nhiem huu han mot thanh vien/ "Limited Liablity Company with a Single member") since 2005</li> <li>Cty CP (Cong ty co phan / "Company with Joint Stock"): Joint Stock Company</li> <li>Cong ty hop danh / "Company of Partners": Partnership</li> <li>Doanh nghiep hop danh / "Enterprise Partnership": Partnership</li> <li>DNNN (Doanh nghiep nha nuoc / "Enterprise of the State"): State-Owned Enterprise</li> <li>DNTN (Doanh nghiep tu nhan / "Enterprise Private"): Proprietorship</li> <li>DTNN (Doanh nghiep co von dau tu nuoc ngoai "Enterprise with Foreign Investment"): Foreign Investment Enterprise</li> <li>HTX (Hop tac xa/ Co-operation)</li></ul> <ul><li>Chi Nhanh : Branch Company</li> <li>Nhom Cty (Cong Ty / "Group Company"): Holding Company</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=88" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=88" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_company_registers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of company registers (laman tidak wujud)">List of company registers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&veaction=edit&section=89" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenis_badan_perniagaan&action=edit&section=89" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/business-legal-structures">"Choose a legal structure for a new business"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=GOV.UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOV.UK (laman tidak wujud)">GOV.UK</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choose+a+legal+structure+for+a+new+business&rft.pub=GOV.UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fbusiness-legal-structures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJenis+badan+perniagaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_liability_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited liability company (laman tidak wujud)">Limited liability company</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsya-consultores.com.ar/sgr.htm">"Sociedades de Garantía Reciproca"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sociedades+de+Garant%C3%ADa+Reciproca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsya-consultores.com.ar%2Fsgr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJenis+badan+perniagaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819135305/http://www.sepyme.gob.ar/programas/sgr/">"Sociedades de Garantía Reciproca"</a>. Argentina Ministry of Industry. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sepyme.gob.ar/programas/sgr/">yang asal</a> pada 2013-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sociedades+de+Garant%C3%ADa+Reciproca&rft.pub=Argentina+Ministry+of+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sepyme.gob.ar%2Fprogramas%2Fsgr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJenis+badan+perniagaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camagazine.com/archives/print-edition/2006/january-february/regulars/camagazine7794.aspx">"NS vs. Alberta ULCs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2015-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=salinan+arkib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inarinpaliskunnat.org%2Forganisaatio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJenis+badan+perniagaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2009/20091599">Asunto-osakeyhtiölaki (1599/2009)</a>. 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BGB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="wikisource:it:Codice civile/Libro V/Titolo V#Capo V: Della società per azioni"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikisource.org/wiki/it:Codice_civile/Libro_V/Titolo_V#Capo_V:_Della_societ%C3%A0_per_azioni"><i>Libro Quinto - Titolo V: Delle società: Capo V: Della società per azioni</i> </a></span> (dalam bahasa Itali) – melalui <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libro+Quinto+-+Titolo+V%3A+Delle+societ%C3%A0%3A+Capo+V%3A+Della+societ%C3%A0+per+azioni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJenis+badan+perniagaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kvk.nl/over-de-kvk/uw-inschrijving-bij-de-kamer-van-koophandel/inschrijven-bij-de-kamer-van-koophandel/">"Inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sultanate of Oman, Capital Market Authority.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Require+to+obtain+pre+approval+to+carry+on+business+of+the+companies+operating+in+the+field+of+securities&rft.pub=Sultanate+of+Oman%2C+Capital+Market+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oman.om%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2F5564db004159243788d28864c24b0e76%2F%25D9%2586%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25B0%25D8%25AC%2B-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25B7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%2B%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2B%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2B%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%2B%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2B.doc%3FMOD%3DAJPERES%26CACHEID%3D5564db004159243788d28864c24b0e76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJenis+badan+perniagaan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput"><span title=" Pautan mati ditandakan pada September 2021">pautan mati kekal</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810030349/http://www.sni.org.pe/servicios/legal/reportelegal/content/view/2131/30">"Sociedad Anonima Cerrada y Abierta"</a>. 27 July 2007. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sni.org.pe/servicios/legal/reportelegal/content/view/2131/30/">yang asal</a> pada 2011-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emz.co.za/blog/14-the-new-companies-act-that-was-always-spoken-about-is-now-a-reality.aspx">yang asal</a> pada 2012-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2015-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28The+new+companies%27+act+that+was+always+spoken+about+is+now+a+reality%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emz.co.za%2Fblog%2F14-the-new-companies-act-that-was-always-spoken-about-is-now-a-reality.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJenis+badan+perniagaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gabilos.com/comosehace/formasjuridicas/textoSociedadAnonLaboral.htm">"Gábilos - Sociedad Anónima Laboral"</a>, <i>www.gabilos.com</i> (dalam bahasa Spanish)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.gabilos.com&rft.atitle=G%C3%A1bilos+-+Sociedad+An%C3%B3nima+Laboral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gabilos.com%2Fcomosehace%2Fformasjuridicas%2FtextoSociedadAnonLaboral.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJenis+badan+perniagaan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elclubdelemprenedor.org/sccl.pdf">"SOCIETAT COOPERATIVA CATALANA LIMITADA (SCCL)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>www.elclubdelemprenedor.org</i> (dalam bahasa Spanish)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.elclubdelemprenedor.org&rft.atitle=SOCIETAT+COOPERATIVA+CATALANA+LIMITADA+%28SCCL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elclubdelemprenedor.org%2Fsccl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJenis+badan+perniagaan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput"><span title=" Pautan mati ditandakan pada September 2021">pautan mati kekal</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-business-link-set-up-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-business-link-set-up_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES&itemId=1073789599">"Types of Limited Company"</a>. 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