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<li id="toc-Ancient_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lombardy_and_Venice_–_12th_to_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lombardy_and_Venice_–_12th_to_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lombardy and Venice – 12th to 18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lombardy_and_Venice_–_12th_to_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florence_–_14th_and_15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florence_–_14th_and_15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Florence – 14th and 15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florence_–_14th_and_15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Outcomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern application</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_application-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern application subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Within_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Within organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Public policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_proposals_for_sortition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_proposals_for_sortition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political proposals for sortition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_proposals_for_sortition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political proposals for sortition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_proposals_for_sortition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supplement_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplement_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Supplement legislatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplement_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deliberative_opinion_poll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deliberative_opinion_poll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Deliberative opinion poll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deliberative_opinion_poll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replace_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replace_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Replace legislatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replace_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hire_public_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hire_public_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hire public officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hire_public_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديمارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaculaci%C3%B3n" title="Insaculación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Insaculación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хвърляне на жребий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хвърляне на жребий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaculaci%C3%B3" title="Insaculació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Insaculació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losverfahren" title="Losverfahren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Losverfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Εκλογή με κλήρωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλογή με κλήρωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaculaci%C3%B3n" title="Insaculación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Insaculación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zozketa" title="Zozketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zozketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%87" title="تقسیم با قرعه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقسیم با قرعه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirage_au_sort_en_politique" title="Tirage au sort en politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tirage au sort en politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EC%B2%A8" title="추첨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추첨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Ընտրություն վիճակահանմամբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընտրություն վիճակահանմամբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorteggio" title="Sorteggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sorteggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="סורטיציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סורטיציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottocratie" title="Lottocratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lottocratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybieranie_poprzez_losowanie" title="Wybieranie poprzez losowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybieranie poprzez losowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Выборы по жребию – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выборы по жребию" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sortition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottokratia" title="Lottokratia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lottokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81" title="การจับสลาก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจับสลาก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="抽签式民主 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抽签式民主" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q70196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A joint <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral-systems-gears.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Positive results</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/100px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/150px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/200px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums">Referendum types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_referral" title="Legislative referral">Legislative referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Recall referendum">Recall referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">Referendums by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Referendums in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Italy" title="Referendums in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Iran" title="Referendums in Iran">Iran</a></li> 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mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_referendum" title="Electronic referendum">E-referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">History of direct democracy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">in USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">Popular assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's jury">Citizen's jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_budgeting" title="Participatory budgeting">Participatory budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_direct_democracy_parties" title="List of direct democracy parties">List of direct democracy parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_title" title="Ballot title">Ballot title</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sortition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Direct_Democracy" title="Template:Direct Democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Direct_Democracy" title="Template talk:Direct Democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Direct_Democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Direct Democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>, <b>sortition</b> is the selection of public <a href="/wiki/Officer" title="Officer">officials</a> or jurors at random, i.e. by <a href="/wiki/Lottery_(probability)" title="Lottery (probability)">lottery</a>, in order to obtain a representative sample.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OECD_2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>, sortition was the traditional and primary method for appointing political officials, and its use was regarded as a principal characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sortition is often classified as a method for both <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative democracy</a>. </p><p>Today sortition is commonly used to select prospective jurors in <a href="/wiki/Common_law_(legal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common law (legal system)">common-law</a> systems. What has changed in recent years is the increased number of <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">citizen groups with political advisory power</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with calls for making sortition more consequential than <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a>, as it was in <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Athens">Ancient Athens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy#Selection_by_lot" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy § Selection by lot</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> developed in the 6th century BC out of what was then called <a href="/wiki/Isonomia" title="Isonomia">isonomia</a> (equality of law and political rights). Sortition was then the principal way of achieving this fairness. It was utilized to pick most<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates">magistrates</a> for their governing committees, and for their juries (typically of 501 men). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGMA_Kleroterion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AGMA_Kleroterion.jpg/220px-AGMA_Kleroterion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AGMA_Kleroterion.jpg/330px-AGMA_Kleroterion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AGMA_Kleroterion.jpg/440px-AGMA_Kleroterion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kleroterion" title="Kleroterion">kleroterion</a> in the Ancient Agora Museum (Athens)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Athenians believed sortition, not elections, to be democratic<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and used complex procedures with purpose-built allotment machines (<i><a href="/wiki/Kleroterion" title="Kleroterion">kleroteria</a></i>) to avoid the corrupt practices used by oligarchs to buy their way into office. According to the author <a href="/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Mogens Herman Hansen</a>, the citizen's court was superior to the assembly because the allotted members swore an oath which ordinary citizens in the assembly did not, therefore the court could annul the decisions of the assembly. Most Greek writers who mention democracy (including <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) emphasize the role of selection by lot, or state outright that being allotted is more democratic than elections (which were seen as oligarchic). <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however questioned whether randomly-selected decision-makers had enough expertise. </p><p>Past scholarship maintained that sortition had roots in the use of chance to divine the will of the gods, but this view is no longer common among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Ancient Greek mythology, Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades used sortition to determine who ruled over which domain. Zeus got the sky, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>, to be eligible to be chosen by lot, citizens self-selected themselves into the available pool, then lotteries in the kleroteria machines. The magistracies assigned by lot generally had terms of service of one year. A citizen could not hold any particular magistracy more than once in his lifetime, but could hold other magistracies. All male citizens over 30 years of age, who were not disenfranchised by <a href="/wiki/Atimia" title="Atimia">atimia</a>, were eligible. Those selected through lot underwent examination called <a href="/wiki/Dokimasia" title="Dokimasia">dokimasia</a> to ensure citizenship and consider life, character, and at times, property; capacity for a post was assumed. Rarely were selected citizens discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Magistrates, once in place, were subjected to constant monitoring by the Assembly. Magistrates appointed by lot had to render account of their time in office upon their leave, called euthynai. However, any citizen could request the suspension of a magistrate with due reason. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Kleroterion" title="Kleroterion">Kleroterion</a> was used to select eligible and willing citizens to serve jury duty. This bolstered the initial <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian system of democracy</a> by getting new and different jury members from each tribe to avoid corruption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> James Wycliffe Headlam explains that the Athenian Council (500 administrators randomly selected), would commit occasional mistakes such as levying taxes that were too high. Headlam found minor instances of corruption but deemed systematic oppression and organized fraud as impossible due to widely (and randomly) distributed power combined with checks-and-balances.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, power did not tend to go to those who sought it. The Athenians used an intricate machine, a <a href="/wiki/Kleroterion" title="Kleroterion">kleroterion</a>, to allot officers. Headlam found the Athenians largely trusted the system of random selection, regarding it as the most natural and the simplest way of appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While sortition was used for most positions, elections were sometimes used for positions like for military commanders (<a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tangian2020_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tangian2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lombardy_and_Venice_–_12th_to_18th_century"><span id="Lombardy_and_Venice_.E2.80.93_12th_to_18th_century"></span>Lombardy and Venice – 12th to 18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lombardy and Venice – 12th to 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>brevia</i> was used in the city states of Lombardy during the 12th and 13th centuries and in Venice until the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Imprint_Academic_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imprint_Academic-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men, who were chosen randomly, swore an oath that they were not acting under bribes, and then they elected members of the council. Voter and candidate eligibility probably included property owners, councilors, guild members, and perhaps, at times, artisans. The Doge of Venice was determined through a complex process of nomination, voting and sortition. </p><p>Lot was used in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian system</a> only in order to select members of the committees that served to nominate candidates for the Great Council. A combination of election and lot was used in this multi-stage process. Lot was not used alone to select magistrates, unlike in Florence and Athens. The use of lot to select nominators made it more difficult for political sects to exert power, and discouraged campaigning.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By reducing intrigue and power moves within the Great Council, lot maintained cohesiveness among the Venetian nobility, contributing to the stability of this republic. Top magistracies generally still remained in the control of elite families.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Florence_–_14th_and_15th_century"><span id="Florence_.E2.80.93_14th_and_15th_century"></span>Florence – 14th and 15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Florence – 14th and 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scrutiny</i> was used in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a> for over a century starting in 1328.<sup id="cite_ref-Imprint_Academic_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imprint_Academic-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nominations and voting together created a pool of candidates from different sectors of the city. The names of these men were deposited into a sack, and a lottery draw determined who would get to be a magistrate. The scrutiny was gradually opened up to minor guilds, reaching the greatest level of Renaissance citizen participation in 1378–1382. </p><p>In Florence, lot was used to select magistrates and members of the Signoria during republican periods. Florence utilized a combination of lot and scrutiny by the people, set forth by the ordinances of 1328.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1494, Florence founded a Great Council in the model of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. The nominatori were thereafter chosen by lot from among the members of the Great Council, indicating an increase in aristocratic power.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Enlightenment">The Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, many of the political ideals originally championed by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_democracy" title="Greek democracy">democratic city-states of ancient Greece</a> were revisited. The use of sortition as a means of selecting the members of government while receiving praise from notable <a href="/wiki/List_of_intellectuals_of_the_Enlightenment" title="List of intellectuals of the Enlightenment">Enlightenment thinkers</a>, received almost no discussion during the formation of the American and French republics. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Laws</a></i> provides one of the most cited discussions of the concept in Enlightenment political writing. In which, he argues sortition is natural to democracy, just as elections are to aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He echoes the philosophy of much earlier thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, who found elections as aristocratic.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Montesquieu caveats his support by saying that there should also be some mechanisms to ensure the pool of selection is competent and not corrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> also found that a mixed model of sortition and election provided a healthier path for democracy than one or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a>, also found the Venetian model of sortition compelling, recommending it for his ideal republic of Oceana.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, in contrast, worried that those randomly selected to serve would be less effective and productive than self-selected politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bernard Manin, a French political theorist, was astonished to find so little consideration of sortition in the early years of representative government. He wonders if perhaps the choosing of rulers by lot may have been viewed as impractical on such a large scale as the modern state, or if elections were thought to give greater political consent than sortition.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/David_Van_Reybrouck" title="David Van Reybrouck">David Van Reybrouck</a> disagrees with Manin's theories on the lack of consideration of sortition. He suggests that the relatively limited knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> played a major role, with the first thorough examination coming only in 1891 with <i>Election by Lot at Athens.</i> He also argues that wealthy enlightenment figures preferred to retain more power by holding elections, with most not even offering excuses on the basis of practicality but plainly saying they preferred to retain significant elite power,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing commentators of 18th century France and the United States suggesting that they simply dislodged a hereditary aristocracy to replace it with an elected aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because financial gain could be achieved through the position of mayor, some parts of Switzerland used random selection during the years between 1640 and 1837 to prevent corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USCAR_Court_select_juries_by_sortition.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/USCAR_Court_select_juries_by_sortition.JPG/220px-USCAR_Court_select_juries_by_sortition.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/USCAR_Court_select_juries_by_sortition.JPG/330px-USCAR_Court_select_juries_by_sortition.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/USCAR_Court_select_juries_by_sortition.JPG 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">USCAR Court</a> select juries by sortition</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the random selection can be done, the pool of candidates must be defined. Systems vary as to whether they allot from eligible volunteers, from those screened by education, experience, or a passing grade on a test, or screened by election by those selected by a previous round of random selection, or from the membership or population at large. A multi-stage process in which random selection is alternated with other screening methods can be used, as in the Venetian system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Chaum" title="David Chaum">David Chaum</a> proposed selecting a random sample of eligible voters to study and vote on a public policy,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll" title="Deliberative opinion poll">Deliberative opinion polling</a> invites a random sample to deliberate together before voting on a policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly#Common_interest" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly § Common interest</a></div> <p>Andranik Tangian critiques <a href="/wiki/Electoral_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral politics">electoral politics</a> as over-representing politically active people and groups in a society.<sup id="cite_ref-Tangian2008_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tangian2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tangian2020_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tangian2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly#Cognitive_diversity" title="Citizens' assembly">Cognitive diversity</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd" title="Wisdom of the crowd">wisdom of the crowd</a>) utilizes a variety of perspectives and cognitive skills to find better solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to numerous scholars such as Page and Landemore,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this diversity is more important to creating successful ideas than the average ability level of a group. Page argues that random selection of persons of average intelligence perform better than a collection of the best individual problem solvers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "diversity trumps ability theorem"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is central to the arguments for sortition.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly#Efficiency" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly § Efficiency</a></div> <p>Some argue that randomly-allocating decision-making is more <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficient</a> than representative democracy through elections.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Burnheim" title="John Burnheim">John Burnheim</a> critiques representative democracy as requiring citizens to vote for a large package of policies and preferences bundled together in one representative or party, much of which a voter might not want. He argues that this does not translate voter preferences as well as sortition, where a group of people have the time and the ability to focus on a single issue.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By allowing decision-makers to focus on positive-sum endeavors rather than zero-sum elections, it could help to lessen <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">political polarization</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the influence of money and interest-groups in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies show an overrepresentation of psychopathic and narcissistic traits in elected officials, which can be solved through sortition by not selecting for people who seek power.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation">Participation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly#Participation" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly § Participation</a></div> <p>Burnheim also notes the importance of legitimacy for the effectiveness of the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legitimacy does depend on the success in achieving representativeness, which if not met, could limit the use cases of sortition to serving as consultative or political agenda-setting bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oliver Dowlen points to the <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> nature of all citizens having an equal chance of entering office irrespective of any bias in society that appear in representative bodies that can make them more representative.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To bolster legitimacy, other sortition bodies have been used and proposed to set the rules to improve accountability without the need for elections.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of a variable percentage of randomly selected independent legislators in a Parliament can increase the global efficiency of a legislature, in terms of both number of laws passed and average social welfare obtained<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this work is consistent with a 2010 paper on how the adoption of random strategies can improve the efficiency of hierarchical organizations<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As participants grow in competence by contributing to deliberation, they also become more engaged and interested in civic affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most societies have some type of citizenship education, but sortition-based committees allow ordinary people to develop their own democratic capacities through direct participation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_application">Modern application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sortition is most commonly used to form <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliberative_mini-public&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deliberative mini-public (page does not exist)">deliberative mini-publics</a> like <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">citizens' assemblies</a> (or the smaller citizen juries).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OECD has counted almost 600 examples of citizens' assemblies with members selected by lottery for public decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_the_short_match.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Drawing_the_short_match.jpg/220px-Drawing_the_short_match.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Drawing_the_short_match.jpg/330px-Drawing_the_short_match.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Drawing_the_short_match.jpg/440px-Drawing_the_short_match.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Drawing straws within a small group: one of four matches is broken to be shorter than the others, and the four are presented to the group to draw from, the chooser of the short match being selected</figcaption></figure> <p>Sortition is commonly used in selecting juries in Anglo-Saxon<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> legal systems and in small groups (e.g., picking a school class monitor by <a href="/wiki/Drawing_straws" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawing straws">drawing straws</a>). In public decision-making, individuals are often determined by allotment if other forms of selection such as <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> fail to achieve a result. Examples include certain hung elections and certain votes in the UK Parliament. Some contemporary thinkers like <a href="/wiki/David_Van_Reybrouck" title="David Van Reybrouck">David Van Reybrouck</a> have advocated a greater use of selection by lot in today's <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political systems</a>. </p><p>Sortition is also used in military conscription, as one method of awarding US green cards, and in placing students into some schools, university classes, and university residences.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_organizations">Within organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Within organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sortition also has potential for helping large associations to govern themselves democratically without the use of elections. Co-ops, employee-owned businesses, housing associations, Internet platforms, student governments, and other large membership organizations whose members generally do not know many other members yet seek to run their organization democratically often find elections problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the Samaritan Ministries Health Plan using a panel of 13 randomly selected members to resolve select disputes<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the New Zealand Health Research council awarding funding at random to applicants considered equally qualified.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32025338_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32025338-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_assembly&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">citizens' assembly</a> is a group of people selected by lottery from the general population to deliberate on important public questions so as to exert an influence.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of deliberative mini-publics include citizens' jury, citizens' panel, people's panel, people's jury, policy jury, consensus conference and citizens' convention.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A citizens' assembly uses elements of a <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> to create public policy.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members form a representative cross-section of the public, and are provided with time, resources and a broad range of viewpoints to learn deeply about an issue. Through skilled facilitation, the assembly members weigh <a href="/wiki/Trade-off" title="Trade-off">trade-offs</a> and work to find common ground on a shared set of recommendations. Citizens' assemblies can be more representative and deliberative than public engagement, polls, legislatures or <a href="/wiki/Ballot_initiatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot initiatives">ballot initiatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Citizens'_assembly_:2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizens'_assembly_:2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Citizens'_assembly_:02_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizens'_assembly_:02-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They seek quality of participation over quantity. They also have added advantages in issues where politicians have a conflict of interest, such as initiatives that will not show benefits before the next election or decisions that impact the types of income politicians can receive. They also are particularly well-suited to complex issues with trade-offs and values-driven dilemmas.<sup id="cite_ref-Citizens'_assembly_:10_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizens'_assembly_:10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> With <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> as the most famous government to use sortition, theorists and politicians have used citizens' assemblies and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative democracy</a> in a variety of modern contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> has found their use increasing since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Citizens'_assembly_:11_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizens'_assembly_:11-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Citizens'_assembly_:9_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizens'_assembly_:9-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_proposals_for_sortition">Political proposals for sortition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political proposals for sortition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplement_legislatures">Supplement legislatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Supplement legislatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a> suggests that an advanced democratic state could form groups which he calls minipopuli. Each group would consist of perhaps a thousand citizens randomly selected, and would either set an agenda of issues or deal with a particular major issue. It would hold hearings, commission research, and engage in debate and discussion. Dahl suggests having the minipopuli as supplementing, rather than replacing, legislative bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudia Chwalisz has also advocated for using citizens' assemblies selected by sortition to inform policymaking on an ongoing basis.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deliberative_opinion_poll">Deliberative opinion poll</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Deliberative opinion poll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll" title="Deliberative opinion poll">Deliberative opinion poll</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deliberative_opinion_poll&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll" title="Deliberative opinion poll">deliberative opinion poll</a>, sometimes called a deliberative poll, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">opinion poll</a> taken before and after significant <a href="/wiki/Deliberation" title="Deliberation">deliberation</a>. Professor <a href="/wiki/James_S._Fishkin" title="James S. Fishkin">James S. Fishkin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> first described the concept in 1988. The typical deliberative opinion poll takes a <a href="/wiki/Simple_random_sample" title="Simple random sample">random</a>, representative sample of citizens and engages them in deliberation on current issues or proposed policy changes through small-group discussions and conversations with competing experts to create more informed and reflective public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-Deliberative_opinion_poll_Luskin_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deliberative_opinion_poll_Luskin-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deliberative polls have been run around the world, including recent experiments to conduct discussions virtually in the United States, Hong Kong, Chile, Canada and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replace_legislatures">Replace legislatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Replace legislatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Burnheim" title="John Burnheim">John Burnheim</a> envisioned a political system in which many small <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_juries" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' juries">citizens' juries</a> would deliberate and make decisions about public policies.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His proposal included the dissolution of the state and of bureaucracies. The term demarchy was coined by Burnheim and is now sometimes used to refer to any political system in which sortition plays a central role.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Burnheim preferred using only volunteers,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Frey" title="Christopher Frey">Christopher Frey</a> uses the German term <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lottokratie</i></span> and recommends testing lottocracy in town councils. Lottocracy, according to Frey, will improve the direct involvement of each citizen and minimize the systematical errors caused by <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by Burnheim, Marxist economists <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cockshott" title="Paul Cockshott">Paul Cockshott</a> and Allin Cottrell propose that, to avoid formation of a new social elite in a post-capitalist society, citizens' committees chosen by lot (or partially chosen by lot) should make major decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Donovan proposes that the percentage of voters who do not turnout have their representatives chosen by sortition. For example, with 60% voter turnout a number of legislators are randomly chosen to make up 40% of the overall parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of proposals for an entire legislative body to be chosen by sortition have been made for the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denmark,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and France.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Etienne_Chouard" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Chouard">Étienne Chouard</a> advocates strongly that those seeking power (elected officials) should not write the rules, making sortition the best choice for creating constitutions and other rules around the allocation of power within a democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and others propose replacing elections with bodies that use sortition to decide on key issues.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hire_public_officials">Hire public officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hire public officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sortition_Tasmania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sortition_Tasmania.png/400px-Sortition_Tasmania.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sortition_Tasmania.png/600px-Sortition_Tasmania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sortition_Tasmania.png/800px-Sortition_Tasmania.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Proposed changes to the legislature of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tasmania" title="Parliament of Tasmania">Parliament of Tasmania</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">single legislative body</a> of 50–100 people is selected randomly from the population and makes laws. One of their duties is the selection of seven members of an <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">executive council</a>. </figcaption></figure><p>Simon Threlkeld proposed a wide range of public officials be chosen by randomly sampled juries, rather than by politicians or popular election.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jury_selection" title="Jury selection">Jury selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_egalitarianism" title="Political egalitarianism">Political egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumptive_inclusion" title="Presumptive inclusion">Presumptive inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd" title="Wisdom of the crowd">Wisdom of the crowd</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, Politics 1301a28-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, Politics 4.1294be</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, Republic VIII, 557a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herodotus-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus The Histories 3.80.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. The Funeral Oration of Pericles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon. <i><a href="/wiki/Memorabilia_(Xenophon)" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)">Memorabilia</a></i> Book I, 2.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isocrates. <i>Areopagiticus</i> (section 23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Burke (1790), <i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEngelstad1989" class="citation journal cs1">Engelstad, Fredrik (1989). "The assignment of political office by lot". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Information" title="Social Science Information">Social Science Information</a></i>. <b>28</b> (1): 23–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F053901889028001002">10.1177/053901889028001002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144352457">144352457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Information&rft.atitle=The+assignment+of+political+office+by+lot&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-50&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F053901889028001002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144352457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Engelstad&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD_2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2020" class="citation book cs1">OECD (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/innovative-citizen-participation-and-new-democratic-institutions_339306da-en"><i>Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave</i></a>. 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International Conference on "Democracy as Idea and Practice", University of Oslo, Oslo January 13–15, 2010. 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The University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electionbylotat00headgoog/page/n95">77</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Election+by+Lot+at+Athens&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=The+University+Press&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Headlam&rft.aufirst=James+Wycliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectionbylotat00headgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadlam1891" class="citation book cs1">Headlam, James Wycliffe (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electionbylotat00headgoog"><i>Election by Lot at Athens</i></a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4619-4910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4619-4910-7"><bdi>978-1-4619-4910-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861693063">861693063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+principles+of+representative+government&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861693063&rft.isbn=978-1-4619-4910-7&rft.aulast=Manin&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofrepr0000mani%2Fpage%2F71%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Reybrouck2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Van_Reybrouck" title="David Van Reybrouck">Van Reybrouck, David</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029781182"><i>Against elections : the case for democracy</i></a>. Kofi A. Annan, Liz Waters (First US ed.). New York. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-811-2"><bdi>978-1-60980-811-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029781182">1029781182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+elections+%3A+the+case+for+democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=74-75&rft.edition=First+US&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029781182&rft.isbn=978-1-60980-811-2&rft.aulast=Van+Reybrouck&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1029781182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManin1997" class="citation book cs1">Manin, Bernard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofrepr0000mani/page/63/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>The Principles of Representative Government</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4619-4910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4619-4910-7"><bdi>978-1-4619-4910-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861693063">861693063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Representative+Government&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861693063&rft.isbn=978-1-4619-4910-7&rft.aulast=Manin&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofrepr0000mani%2Fpage%2F63%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouricius2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bouricius, Terrill (April 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publicdeliberation.net/jpd/vol9/iss1/art11">"Democracy Through Multi-Body Sortition: Athenian Lessons for the Modern Day"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Deliberation</i>. <b>9</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16997%2Fjdd.156">10.16997/jdd.156</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Deliberation&rft.atitle=Democracy+Through+Multi-Body+Sortition%3A+Athenian+Lessons+for+the+Modern+Day&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16997%2Fjdd.156&rft.aulast=Bouricius&rft.aufirst=Terrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicdeliberation.net%2Fjpd%2Fvol9%2Fiss1%2Fart11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Reybrouck2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Van_Reybrouck" title="David Van Reybrouck">Van Reybrouck, David</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1048327708"><i>Against Elections: the case for democracy</i></a>. Seven Stories Press. pp. 75–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-811-2"><bdi>978-1-60980-811-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048327708">1048327708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Elections%3A+the+case+for+democracy&rft.pages=75-78&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048327708&rft.isbn=978-1-60980-811-2&rft.aulast=Van+Reybrouck&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1048327708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReybrouck2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Van_Reybrouck" title="David Van Reybrouck">Reybrouck, David van</a> (2016). <i>Against elections: the case for democracy</i>. 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Andrews UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-700-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-700-1"><bdi>978-1-84540-700-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sortition%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.isbn=978-1-84540-700-1&rft.aulast=Delannoi&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft.au=Dowlen%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3nZCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSortition%2Bqi%26pg%3DPP31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowlen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dowlen, Oliver (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00746.x">"Sorting Out Sortition: A Perspective on the Random Selection of Political Officers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Studies_(journal)" title="Political Studies (journal)">Political Studies</a></i>. <b>57</b> (2): 298–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2008.00746.x">10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00746.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3217">0032-3217</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144381781">144381781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Sorting+Out+Sortition%3A+A+Perspective+on+the+Random+Selection+of+Political+Officers&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=298-315&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144381781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0032-3217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2008.00746.x&rft.aulast=Dowlen&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2008.00746.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManin1997" class="citation book cs1">Manin, Bernard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/861693063"><i>The principles of representative government</i></a>. Cambridge. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4619-4910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4619-4910-7"><bdi>978-1-4619-4910-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861693063">861693063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+principles+of+representative+government&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861693063&rft.isbn=978-1-4619-4910-7&rft.aulast=Manin&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F861693063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPluchinoGarofaloRapisardaSpagano2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pluchino, A.; Garofalo, C.; Rapisarda, A.; Spagano, S.; Caserta, M. 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New York: Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-901-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-901-2"><bdi>978-1-64313-901-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1259049405">1259049405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+20&rft.btitle=The+digital+republic%3A+on+freedom+and+democracy+in+the+21st+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1259049405&rft.isbn=978-1-64313-901-2&rft.aulast=Susskind&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fon1259049405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMartin1999" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Lyn; Martin, Brian (December 30, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRmGAAAAMAAJ"><i>Random Selection in Politics</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=The+campaign+beat+%E2%80%93+Jean-Luc+M%C3%A9lenchon%27s+call+for+a+Sixth+Republic&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20170412-presidential-election-polls-jean-luc-melenchon-francois-hollande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laec.fr/chapitre/1/la-6e-republique">"L'urgence démocratique – La 6e République"</a>. <i>LAEC.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LAEC.fr&rft.atitle=L%27urgence+d%C3%A9mocratique+%E2%80%93+La+6e+R%C3%A9publique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaec.fr%2Fchapitre%2F1%2Fla-6e-republique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsnNpcJtwoo"><i>Sortition as a sustainable protection against oligarchy</i></a>, February 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sortition+as+a+sustainable+protection+against+oligarchy&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKsnNpcJtwoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span>. Talk by <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Chouard" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Chouard">Étienne Chouard</a>. 0:43:03</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828182918/http://ragemag.fr/populiste-nest-pas-un-gros-mot-entretien-avec-etienne-chouard">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Populiste n'est pas un gros mot", entretien avec Etienne Chouard"</a> ["Populist is not a big word", interview with Etienne Chouard]. <i>Ragemag</i> (in French). August 24, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ragemag.fr/populiste-nest-pas-un-gros-mot-entretien-avec-etienne-chouard">the original</a> on August 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ragemag&rft.atitle=%22Populiste+n%27est+pas+un+gros+mot%22%2C+entretien+avec+Etienne+Chouard&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fragemag.fr%2Fpopuliste-nest-pas-un-gros-mot-entretien-avec-etienne-chouard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrelkeld1998" class="citation journal cs1">Threlkeld, Simon (Summer 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://equalitybylot.com/2015/11/06/threlkeld-juries-not-referenda/">"A Blueprint for Democratic Law-Making: Give Citizen Juries the Final Say"</a>. <i>Social Policy</i>: 5–9 – via Equality by Lot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Policy&rft.atitle=A+Blueprint+for+Democratic+Law-Making%3A+Give+Citizen+Juries+the+Final+Say&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=5-9&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Threlkeld&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fequalitybylot.com%2F2015%2F11%2F06%2Fthrelkeld-juries-not-referenda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrelkeld1997" class="citation journal cs1">Threlkeld, Simon (Summer 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://equalitybylot.com/2015/11/08/threlkeld-democratizing-public-institutions/">"Democratizing Public Institutions: Juries for the selection of public officials"</a>. <i>Humanist in Canada</i> (120): 24–25, 33 – via Equality by Lot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanist+in+Canada&rft.atitle=Democratizing+Public+Institutions%3A+Juries+for+the+selection+of+public+officials&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=24-25%2C+33&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Threlkeld&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fequalitybylot.com%2F2015%2F11%2F08%2Fthrelkeld-democratizing-public-institutions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASortition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Lottocracy: Democracy Without Elections</i> (2024) by Alexander Guerrero</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insa.site/#mapping">Organizations around the world that promote sortition</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electoral_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template talk:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare-Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" 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