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1.3 Magnetic field and core </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_field_and_core-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Atmosphere and climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_and_rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Orbit and rotation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orbit and rotation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbit_in_respect_to_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_in_respect_to_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Orbit in respect to Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_in_respect_to_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Observability </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observability subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Phases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daylight_apparitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daylight_apparitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Daylight apparitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daylight_apparitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Transits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashen_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashen_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ashen light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashen_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation_and_exploration_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation_and_exploration_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Observation and exploration history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observation_and_exploration_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observation and exploration history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observation_and_exploration_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early observation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venus_and_early_modern_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venus_and_early_modern_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Venus and early modern astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venus_and_early_modern_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century_advances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century_advances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Early 20th century advances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century_advances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Space age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_and_future_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_and_future_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Active and future missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_and_future_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_for_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_for_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Search for life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Search_for_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Search for life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Search_for_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planetary_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Planetary protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Human presence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_presence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human presence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crewed_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crewed_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Crewed flight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crewed_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Habitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Modern culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cartographic_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartographic_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Cartographic resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartographic_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Venus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 249 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-249" aria-hidden="true" > 249 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%98%E1%88%83%E1%88%AB" title="ዘሃራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዘሃራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शुक्र – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शुक्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frig_(tungol)" title="Frig (tungol) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Frig (tungol)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الزهرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الزهرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Արուսեակ (մոլորակ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արուսեակ (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nus_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Vènus (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vènus (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শুক্ৰ গ্ৰহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শুক্ৰ গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्र ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="शुक्र ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyja_Ko%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Mbyja Ko'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyja Ko'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(planet)" title="Venera (planet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Venera (planet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زؤهره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زؤهره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus" title="Vénus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vénus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শুক্র গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শুক্র গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Kim-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сулпан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сулпан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вэнэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэнэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="शुक (ग्रह) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शुक (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makakadanlag" title="Makakadanlag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Makakadanlag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="པ་སངས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་སངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_(planedenn)" title="Gwener (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwener (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Баасан (гараг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Баасан (гараг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benus" title="Benus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Benus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu%C5%A1e_(planeta)" title="Venuše (planeta) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Venuše (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nthand%C3%A1" title="Nthandá – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nthandá" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hweva" title="Hweva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hweva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_(planed)" title="Gwener (planed) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwener (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C9%9B%C5%8Bmariga" title="Biɛŋmariga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Biɛŋmariga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planet)" title="Venus (planet) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8)" title="ڤينوس (كوكب) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤينوس (كوكب)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biinis" title="Biinis – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biinis" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus_(planet)" title="Wenus (planet) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wenus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्रग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शुक्रग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenus" title="Veenus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veenus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Αφροδίτη (πλανήτης) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφροδίτη (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8ner_(astronom%C3%A9ia)" title="Vèner (astronoméia) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vèner (astronoméia)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuso_(planedo)" title="Venuso (planedo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venuso (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu_(praneta)" title="Venu (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Venu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artizarra" title="Artizarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artizarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زهره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زهره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhrgrah" title="Sukhrgrah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sukhrgrah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Vénus (planète) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vénus (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenus_(planeet)" title="Fenus (planeet) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fenus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ineas_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Véineas (pláinéad) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Véineas (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlag" title="Badlag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Badlag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kervank%C4%B1ran" title="Kervankıran – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kervankıran" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%ACbhinn_(planaid)" title="An Rìbhinn (planaid) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Rìbhinn (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venasi" title="Venasi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Venasi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="رۊجا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊجا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="શુક્ર (ગ્રહ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શુક્ર (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शुक्र – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="शुक्र" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEm-s%C3%AAn" title="Kîm-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kîm-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Венера һариг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Венера һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%84%B1" title="금성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABloa" title="Hōkūloa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōkūloa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Վեներա (մոլորակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեներա (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शुक्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शुक्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus" title="Wenus – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wenus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuso" title="Venuso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Venuso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benus" title="Benus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Benus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%96%E1%93%84%E1%94%85" title="ᕖᓄᔅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕖᓄᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvlu%C4%A1iaqpak" title="Uvluġiaqpak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uvluġiaqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бонвæрнон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бонвæрнон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVenus" title="IVenus – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IVenus" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNokhwezi" title="UNokhwezi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNokhwezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(reikistjarna)" title="Venus (reikistjarna) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Venus (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_(astronomia)" title="Venere (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venere (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="נוגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniis%C9%A9" title="Feniisɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Feniisɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶುಕ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶುಕ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulundagis" title="Sulundagis – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sulundagis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ვენერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვენერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="شۆکُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شۆکُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus" title="Wenus – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wenus" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Шолпан (ғаламшар) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шолпан (ғаламшар)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_(planet)" title="Gwener (planet) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwener (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umubumbe_wa_Venus" title="Umubumbe wa Venus – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umubumbe wa Venus" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhura" title="Zuhura – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zuhura" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%27anda" title="Ng'anda – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ng'anda" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venis_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Venis (planèt) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Venis (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nis_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Vénis (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vénis (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelaw%C3%AAj_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Gelawêj (gerstêrk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gelawêj (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чолпон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чолпон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81" title="ດາວສຸກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວສຸກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Venera (planēta) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Venera (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Venus (Planéit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Venus (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(planeta)" title="Venera (planeta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Venera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_(astronomia)" title="Venere (astronomia) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Venere (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Venus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokw%C9%9Bt%C9%9B" title="Mokwɛtɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokwɛtɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/venus" title="venus – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="venus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vener_(pianeta)" title="Vener (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vener (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nusz" title="Vénusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vénusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venosy_(planeta)" title="Venosy (planeta) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Venosy (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="ശുക്രൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശുക്രൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_(pjaneta)" title="Venere (pjaneta) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Venere (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्र ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शुक्र ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="ვენერა (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვენერა (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فينوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فينوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="روجا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روجا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhrah" title="Zuhrah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zuhrah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯏꯂꯥꯢ ꯊꯄꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯂꯥꯢ ꯊꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ADng-s%C4%ADng" title="Gĭng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nus" title="Bénus – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bénus" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Циле – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Циле" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сугар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сугар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="သောကြာဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောကြာဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlalpol" title="Citlalpol – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlalpol" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Venus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archives/%E1%90%8B%E1%90%A7%E1%93%AD_%E1%90%8A%E1%91%96%E1%95%81" title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐋᐧᓭ ᐊᑖᕁ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐋᐧᓭ ᐊᑖᕁ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्रग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शुक्रग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="लुँनगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुँनगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere" title="Venere – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Venere" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%B0%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%9F%DF%8F" title="ߛߌ߰ߟߏߟߏ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߌ߰ߟߏߟߏ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenus" title="Fenus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fenus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Venus" title="Planeten Venus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Venus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nus_(planeta)" title="Vènus (planeta) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vènus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88%D3%B1%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Чолгашӱдыр – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чолгашӱдыр" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ଶୁକ୍ର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶୁକ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkalcha" title="Bakkalcha – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bakkalcha" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(sayyora)" title="Venera (sayyora) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Venera (sayyora)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="وینس (سیارا) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وینس (سیارا)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زهره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زهره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinos" title="Viinos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Viinos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ភពសុក្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភពសុក្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nere" title="Vénere – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vénere" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus" title="Wenus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wenus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(planeta)" title="Vénus (planeta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vénus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87olpan" title="Çolpan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çolpan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%B9rua" title="Taùrua – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Taùrua" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenu%C3%9F_(Planneet)" title="Veenuß (Planneet) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Veenuß (Planneet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukor" title="Shukor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Shukor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planet)" title="Venus (planet) – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Venus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27aska" title="Ch'aska – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'aska" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D2%A5%D1%8D" title="Дьэллэҥэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьэллэҥэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="शुक्रः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शुक्रः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nere_(praneta)" title="Vènere (praneta) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vènere (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venusi" title="Venusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Venusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8niri_(pianeta)" title="Vèniri (pianeta) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vèniri (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="සිකුරු ග්‍රහලොව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිකුරු ග්‍රහලොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="وينس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وينس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu%C5%A1a" title="Venuša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Venuša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Дьньница – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Дьньница" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynus" title="Wynus – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wynus" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxaraxir" title="Waxaraxir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waxaraxir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ڤینۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤینۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(planeta)" title="Venera (planeta) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Venera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhara" title="Juhara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Juhara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benus_(planeta)" title="Benus (planeta) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Benus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="வெள்ளி (கோள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளி (கோள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama%E1%B8%8Dan" title="Amaḍan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amaḍan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatrit_(amtiweg)" title="Tatrit (amtiweg) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tatrit (amtiweg)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Чулпан (планета) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чулпан (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="శుక్రుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శుక్రుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวศุกร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวศุกร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cier" title="Cier – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cier" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зуҳра – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зуҳра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎠᎾᏥᏍᏓᏂᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎾᏥᏍᏓᏂᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%BCs" title="Venüs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Venüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenera" title="Wenera – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wenera" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1na%CC%B1ndan" title="A̱na̱ndan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱na̱ndan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шолбан – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Шолбан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%81" title="زہرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زہرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ۋېنېرا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋېنېرا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqhaemh" title="Ndaundeiqhaemh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqhaemh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nere_(astronomia)" title="Vènere (astronomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vènere (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vener" title="Vener – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vener" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Kim" title="Sao Kim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venud" title="Venud – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Venud" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veen%C3%BCs" title="Veenüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Veenüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoele_do_bierdj%C3%AE" title="Sitoele do bierdjî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sitoele do bierdjî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCli%27wai" title="Jüli'wai – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Jüli'wai" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%99%BD" title="太白 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="太白" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weenus" title="Weenus – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Weenus" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ווענוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווענוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80g%C3%B9%C3%A0l%C3%A0" title="Àgùàlà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àgùàlà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – 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For the deity, see <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus (mythology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Venus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Venus (disambiguation)">Venus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Venus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_2_Approach_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Venus_2_Approach_Image.jpg/290px-Venus_2_Approach_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Venus_2_Approach_Image.jpg/435px-Venus_2_Approach_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Venus_2_Approach_Image.jpg/580px-Venus_2_Approach_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1024" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">True colour image of Venus, as captured by <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a>. A cloud layer permanently obscures the surface.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Beige">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈviːnəs/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/22\/En-us-Venus.ogg\/En-us-Venus.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Venus.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/En-us-Venus.ogg/En-us-Venus.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Venus.ogg" title="File:En-us-Venus.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman religion">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">goddess of love</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Goddess_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddess Venus">goddess Venus</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venusian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Venusian (disambiguation)">Venusian</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/vɪˈnjuːziən, -ʒən/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lexico_Venusian-1">[1]</a> rarely <a href="/wiki/Cytherean" title="Cytherean">Cytherean</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɪθəˈriːən/</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> or Venerean / Venerian <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/vɪˈnɪəriən/</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Beige"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-horizons-5">[5]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.728213 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (108.94 million km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.718440 AU (107.48 million km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.723332 AU (108.21 million km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.006772<a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>224.701 d<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></li> <li>0.615198 <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a></li> <li>1.92 Venus <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (synodic)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">583.92 days<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">35.02 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly#Mean_anomaly_at_epoch" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">50.115°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>3.39458° to <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a></li> <li>3.86° to <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a></li> <li>2.15° to <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a><a href="#cite_note-Souami_Souchay_2012-7">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of ascending node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">76.680°<a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">54.884°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Satellites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Beige">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6,051.8±1.0 km<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-8">[8]</a></li> <li>0.9499 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>4.6023×108 km2</li> <li>0.902 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>9.2843×1011 km3</li> <li>0.857 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>4.8675×1024 kg<a href="#cite_note-Konopliv1999-9">[9]</a></li> <li>0.815 Earths</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.243 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8.87 m/s2 (0.904 <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">g0</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s)<a href="#cite_note-NASA_2015-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−116.75 d (<a href="/wiki/Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">retrograde</a>)<a href="#cite_note-planetary-facts-11">[11]</a> 1 Venus solar day</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal rotation period">Sidereal rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−243.0226 d (retrograde)<a href="#cite_note-Margot_et_al_2021-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.81 m/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.64° (for <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">retrograde</a> rotation) 177.36° (to orbit)<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>18h 11m 2s</li> <li>272.76° <a href="#cite_note-iauwg_ccrsps2000-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-iau2015-15">[14]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">67.16° <a href="#cite_note-iau2015-15">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>0.689 (<a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geometric</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_et_al-16">[15]</a></li> <li>0.76 (<a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Haus_et_al-17">[16]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">232 K (−41 °C) (<a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">blackbody temperature</a>)<a href="#cite_note-American_Chemical_Society_2013-18">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a></th> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center">737 K<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a></th> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center">464 °C</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></th> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center">867 °F</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Absorbed_dose" title="Absorbed dose">absorbed dose</a> <a href="/wiki/Dose_rate" title="Dose rate">rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.1×10−6 μGy/h<a href="#cite_note-radiation-levels-19">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">equivalent dose</a> <a href="/wiki/Dose_rate" title="Dose rate">rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.2×10−6 μSv/h 0.092–22 μSv/h at cloud level<a href="#cite_note-radiation-levels-19">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−4.92 to −2.98<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-20">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude (H)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−4.4<a href="#cite_note-IMCCE-21">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.7″–66.0″<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Beige">Atmosphere<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">93 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> (9.3 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a>) 92 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>96.5% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a></li> <li>3.5% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a></li> <li>0.015% <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a></li> <li>0.0070% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a></li> <li>0.0020% <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a></li> <li>0.0017% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a></li> <li>0.0012% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li> <li>0.0007% <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a></li> <li>Trace <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li>Trace <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li>Trace <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Terra" title="Ishtar Terra">Ishtar Terra</a> in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the <a href="/wiki/Right-hand_rule" title="Right-hand rule">right-hand rule</a> for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the negative hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°. </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>Venus is the second <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planet</a> and is the closest in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">mass and size</a> to its orbital neighbour <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Venus has <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">by far the densest atmosphere</a> of the terrestrial planets, composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> with a thick, global <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> cloud cover. At the surface it has a mean temperature of 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F) and a <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a> 92 times that of Earth's at sea level. These extreme conditions compress carbon dioxide into a <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical state</a> at Venus's surface. Internally, Venus has a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>. Venus lacks an internal dynamo, and its weakly <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus#Induced_magnetosphere" title="Atmosphere of Venus">induced magnetosphere</a> is caused by atmospheric interactions with the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internal_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal heat">Internal heat</a> escapes through <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">active volcanism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240527-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NA-20240527-23">[22]</a> resulting in <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">resurfacing</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>. Venus is one of two planets in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, that have no <a href="/wiki/Moons" class="mw-redirect" title="Moons">moons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_2019-24">[23]</a> Conditions perhaps favourable for <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">life on Venus</a> have been identified at its cloud layers. Venus may have had liquid surface water early in its history with a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable environment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231026-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NA-20231026-26">[25]</a> before a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a> evaporated any water and turned Venus into its present state.<a href="#cite_note-Jakosky-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al_2008-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shiga_2007-29">[28]</a> The rotation of Venus has been slowed and turned against its orbital direction (<a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">retrograde</a>) by the currents and drag of its atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Kane_2022-30">[29]</a> It takes 224.7 Earth days for Venus to complete an orbit around the Sun, and a Venusian <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar year</a> is just under two Venusian days long. The orbits of Venus and Earth are the closest between any two Solar System planets, approaching each other in <a href="/wiki/Synodic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic period">synodic periods</a> of 1.6 years. Venus and Earth have the lowest difference in <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_potential" title="Gravitational potential">gravitational potential</a> of any pair of Solar System planets. This allows Venus to be the most <a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">accessible</a> destination and a useful <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> waypoint for <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary mission">interplanetary flights</a> from Earth. Venus figures prominently <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_culture" title="Venus in culture">in human culture</a> and in the history of astronomy. Orbiting <a href="/wiki/Inferior_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior planet">inferiorly</a> (inside of Earth's orbit), it always appears close to the Sun in Earth's sky, as either a "morning star" or an "evening star". While this is also true for <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, Venus appears more prominent, since it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_natural_objects_in_the_sky" title="List of brightest natural objects in the sky">third brightest object in Earth's sky</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_2005-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2017-32">[31]</a> In 1961, Venus became the target of the first interplanetary flight, <a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a>, followed by many essential <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">interplanetary firsts</a>, such as the first soft landing on another planet by <a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a> in 1970. These probes demonstrated the extreme surface conditions, an insight that has informed predictions about <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Newitz_2013-33">[32]</a> This finding ended the theories and then popular <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction" title="Venus in fiction">science fiction about Venus</a> being a habitable or inhabited planet. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg/310px-Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg/465px-Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg/620px-Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Venus to scale among the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Solar System">Inner Solar System</a> <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">planetary-mass objects</a> beside the Sun, arranged by the order of their orbits outward from the Sun (from left: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, Venus, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>)</figcaption></figure> Venus is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> in the Solar System, meaning that it is a rocky body like Earth. It is similar to Earth in size and mass and is often described as Earth's "sister" or "twin".<a href="#cite_note-Lopes_Gregg_2004-34">[33]</a> Venus is close to spherical due to its slow rotation.<a href="#cite_note-Venus-35">[34]</a> Venus has a diameter of 12,103.6 km (7,520.8 mi)—only 638.4 km (396.7 mi) less than Earth's—and its mass is 81.5% of Earth's, making it the third-smallest planet in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Darling_Venus-36">[35]</a> The surface pressure is 9.3 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">megapascals</a> (93 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bars</a>), and the average surface temperature is 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F), above the <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">critical points</a> of both major constituents and making the surface atmosphere a <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a> out of mainly <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">supercritical carbon dioxide</a> and some supercritical nitrogen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">Geology of Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_Venus" title="Geodynamics of Venus">Geodynamics of Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapping_of_Venus" title="Mapping of Venus">Mapping of Venus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surface_features_of_Venus" title="Surface features of Venus">Surface features of Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2438_pioneer_venus_map_of_venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2438_pioneer_venus_map_of_venus.jpg/330px-2438_pioneer_venus_map_of_venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2438_pioneer_venus_map_of_venus.jpg/495px-2438_pioneer_venus_map_of_venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2438_pioneer_venus_map_of_venus.jpg/660px-2438_pioneer_venus_map_of_venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Color-coded elevation map, showing the elevated <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature#Terra" title="Planetary nomenclature">terrae</a> "continents" in yellow and minor <a href="/wiki/Surface_features_of_Venus" title="Surface features of Venus">features of Venus</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Venusian surface was a subject of speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a> in the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> landers in 1975 and 1982 returned images of a surface covered in sediment and relatively angular rocks.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller_2014-37">[36]</a> The surface was mapped in detail by Magellan in 1990–91. The ground shows evidence of extensive volcanism, and the <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> in the atmosphere may indicate that there have been recent eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito_1984-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_Grinspoon_2001-39">[38]</a> About 80% of the Venusian surface is covered by smooth, volcanic plains, consisting of 70% plains with wrinkle ridges and 10% smooth or lobate plains.<a href="#cite_note-Basilevsky_Head_1995-40">[39]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Highland_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland continent">highland "continents"</a> make up the rest of its surface area, one lying in the planet's northern hemisphere and the other just south of the equator. The northern continent is called <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Terra" title="Ishtar Terra">Ishtar Terra</a> after <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> goddess of love, and is about the size of Australia. <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a>, the highest mountain on Venus, lies on Ishtar Terra. Its peak is 11 km (7 mi) above the Venusian average surface elevation.<a href="#cite_note-planetology-41">[40]</a> The southern continent is called <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythological" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek mythological">Greek mythological</a> goddess of love, and is the larger of the two highland regions at roughly the size of South America. A network of fractures and faults covers much of this area.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-42">[41]</a> There is recent evidence of <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flow on Venus (2024),<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> such as flows on Sif Mons, a shield volcano, and on Niobe Planitia, a flat plain.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> There are visible <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a>. The planet has few <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a>, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young, at 300–600 million years old.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strom1994-46">[45]</a> Venus has some unique surface features in addition to the impact craters, mountains, and valleys commonly found on rocky planets. Among these are flat-topped volcanic features called "<a href="/wiki/Farra_(Venus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farra (Venus)">farra</a>", which look somewhat like pancakes and range in size from 20 to 50 km (12 to 31 mi) across, and from 100 to 1,000 m (330 to 3,280 ft) high; radial, star-like fracture systems called "novae"; features with both radial and concentric fractures resembling spider webs, known as "<a href="/wiki/Arachnoid_(astrogeology)" title="Arachnoid (astrogeology)">arachnoids</a>"; and "coronae", circular rings of fractures sometimes surrounded by a depression. These features are volcanic in origin.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_of_Venus_from_Venera_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Surface_of_Venus_from_Venera_13.jpg/220px-Surface_of_Venus_from_Venera_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Surface_of_Venus_from_Venera_13.jpg/330px-Surface_of_Venus_from_Venera_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Surface_of_Venus_from_Venera_13.jpg/440px-Surface_of_Venus_from_Venera_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Surface panorama taken by Venera 13</figcaption></figure> Most <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Venusian surface features</a> are named after historical and mythological women.<a href="#cite_note-Batson_Russell_1991-48">[47]</a> Exceptions are Maxwell Montes, named after <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, and highland regions <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Regio" title="Alpha Regio">Alpha Regio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_Regio" title="Beta Regio">Beta Regio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovda_Regio" title="Ovda Regio">Ovda Regio</a>. The last three features were named before the current system was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>, the body which oversees <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature" title="Planetary nomenclature">planetary nomenclature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jpl-magellan-49">[48]</a> The longitude of physical features on Venus is expressed relative to its <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a>. The original prime meridian passed through the radar-bright spot at the centre of the oval feature Eve, located south of Alpha Regio.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_1994-50">[49]</a> After the Venera missions were completed, the prime meridian was redefined to pass through the central peak in the <a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(crater)" title="Ariadne (crater)">crater Ariadne</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sedna_Planitia" title="Sedna Planitia">Sedna Planitia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_et_al_2007-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-jpl-magellan2-52">[51]</a> The stratigraphically oldest <a href="/wiki/Tessera_(Venus)" title="Tessera (Venus)">tessera terrains</a> have consistently lower thermal emissivity than the surrounding basaltic plains measured by <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a>, indicating a different, possibly a more <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a>, mineral assemblage.<a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al_2008-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helbert_et_al_2008-53">[52]</a> The mechanism to generate a large amount of felsic crust usually requires the presence of water ocean and <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, implying that habitable condition had existed on early Venus with large bodies of water at some point.<a href="#cite_note-Petkowski_Seager_2021-54">[53]</a> However, the nature of tessera terrains is far from certain.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmore_et_al_2017-55">[54]</a> Studies reported on 26 October 2023 suggest for the first time that Venus may have had <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> during ancient times and, as a result, may have had a more <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable environment</a>, possibly one capable of sustaining <a href="/wiki/Life_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Life forms">life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231026-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NA-20231026-26">[25]</a> Venus has gained interest as a case for research into the development of <a href="/wiki/Earth_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth analogue">Earth-like planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">their habitability</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanism">Volcanism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">Volcanism on Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA00084_Eistla_region_pancake_volcanoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PIA00084_Eistla_region_pancake_volcanoes.jpg/220px-PIA00084_Eistla_region_pancake_volcanoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PIA00084_Eistla_region_pancake_volcanoes.jpg/330px-PIA00084_Eistla_region_pancake_volcanoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PIA00084_Eistla_region_pancake_volcanoes.jpg/440px-PIA00084_Eistla_region_pancake_volcanoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3304" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption>Radar mosaic of two 65 km (40 mi) wide (and less than 1 km (0.62 mi) high) <a href="/wiki/Pancake_dome" title="Pancake dome">pancake domes</a> in Venus's Eistla region</figcaption></figure> Much of the Venusian surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity. Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and it has 167 large volcanoes that are over 100 km (60 mi) across. The only volcanic complex of this size on Earth is the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Big Island</a> of Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-47">[46]</a>: 154  More than 85,000 volcanoes on Venus were identified and mapped.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> This is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth, but because its crust is older and is not subject to the same <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> process. Earth's <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> is continually recycled by <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> at the boundaries of tectonic plates, and has an average age of about 100 million years,<a href="#cite_note-Karttunen_et_al_2007-58">[57]</a> whereas the Venusian surface is estimated to be 300–600 million years old.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frankel-47">[46]</a> Several lines of evidence point to ongoing <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> activity on Venus. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the upper atmosphere dropped by a factor of 10 between 1978 and 1986, jumped in 2006, and again declined 10-fold.<a href="#cite_note-ESA_2012-12-03-59">[58]</a> This may mean that levels had been boosted several times by large volcanic eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-Glaze_1999-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcq2012-61">[60]</a> It has been suggested that Venusian lightning (discussed below) could originate from volcanic activity (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">volcanic lightning</a>). In January 2020, astronomers reported evidence that suggests that Venus is currently volcanically active, specifically the detection of <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, a volcanic product that would weather quickly on the planet's surface.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200109-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20200103-63">[62]</a> This massive volcanic activity is fuelled by a superheated interior, which models say could be explained by energetic collisions from when the planet was young. Impacts would have had significantly higher velocity than on Earth, both because Venus's orbit is faster due to its closer proximity to the Sun and because objects would require higher orbital eccentricities to collide with the planet.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In 2008 and 2009, the first direct evidence for ongoing volcanism was observed by Venus Express, in the form of four transient localized infrared hot spots within the rift zone <a href="/wiki/Ganis_Chasma" title="Ganis Chasma">Ganis Chasma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Ganis_Chasma-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[note 1]</a> near the shield volcano <a href="/wiki/Maat_Mons" title="Maat Mons">Maat Mons</a>. Three of the spots were observed in more than one successive orbit. These spots are thought to represent lava freshly released by volcanic eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2015-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESA_2015-06-18-68">[66]</a> The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800–1,100 K (527–827 °C; 980–1,520 °F) range, relative to a normal temperature of 740 K (467 °C; 872 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Shalygin2015-69">[67]</a> In 2023, scientists reexamined topographical images of the Maat Mons region taken by the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a> orbiter. Using computer simulations, they determined that the topography had changed during an 8-month interval, and concluded that active volcanism was the cause.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Craters">Craters</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The plains of Venus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg/220px-PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg/330px-PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg/440px-PIA00103_Venus_-_3-D_Perspective_View_of_Lavinia_Planitia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact craters</a> on the surface of Venus (false-colour image reconstructed from radar data)</figcaption></figure> Almost a thousand impact craters on Venus are evenly distributed across its surface. On other cratered bodies, such as Earth and the Moon, craters show a range of states of degradation. On the Moon, degradation is caused by subsequent impacts, whereas on Earth it is caused by wind and rain erosion. On Venus, about 85% of the craters are in pristine condition. The number of craters, together with their well-preserved condition, indicates the planet underwent a global resurfacing event 300–600 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strom1994-46">[45]</a> followed by a decay in volcanism.<a href="#cite_note-Romeo_Turcotte_2018-71">[69]</a> Whereas Earth's crust is in continuous motion, Venus is thought to be unable to sustain such a process. Without plate tectonics to dissipate heat from its mantle, Venus instead undergoes a cyclical process in which mantle temperatures rise until they reach a critical level that weakens the crust. Then, over a period of about 100 million years, subduction occurs on an enormous scale, completely recycling the crust.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-47">[46]</a> Venusian craters range from 3 to 280 km (2 to 174 mi) in diameter. No craters are smaller than 3 km, because of the effects of the dense atmosphere on incoming objects. Objects with less than a certain <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> are slowed so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater.<a href="#cite_note-Herrick_Phillips_1993-72">[70]</a> Incoming projectiles less than 50 m (160 ft) in diameter will fragment and burn up in the atmosphere before reaching the ground.<a href="#cite_note-Morrison_Owens_2003-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InteriorOfVenus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spherical cross-section of Venus showing the different layers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InteriorOfVenus.svg/220px-InteriorOfVenus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InteriorOfVenus.svg/330px-InteriorOfVenus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InteriorOfVenus.svg/440px-InteriorOfVenus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> structure of Venus</figcaption></figure> Without data from <a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">reflection seismology</a> or knowledge of its <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">moment of inertia</a>, little direct information is available about the internal structure and <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a> of Venus.<a href="#cite_note-goettel-74">[72]</a> The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth suggests that they share a similar internal structure: a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>. Like that of Earth, the Venusian core is most likely at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate,<a href="#cite_note-Faure_Mensing_2007-75">[73]</a> although a completely solid core cannot be ruled out.<a href="#cite_note-Dumoulin2017-76">[74]</a> The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24% lower in its deep interior than Earth's.<a href="#cite_note-Aitta_2016-77">[75]</a> The predicted values for the moment of inertia based on planetary models suggest a core radius of 2,900–3,450 km.<a href="#cite_note-Dumoulin2017-76">[74]</a> This is in line with the first observation-based estimate of 3,500 km.<a href="#cite_note-O'Callaghan_2021-78">[76]</a> The principal difference between the two planets is the lack of evidence for plate tectonics on Venus, possibly because its crust is too strong to <a href="/wiki/Subduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduct">subduct</a> without water to make it less <a href="/wiki/Viscous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous">viscous</a>. This results in reduced heat loss from the planet, preventing it from cooling and providing a likely explanation for its lack of an internally generated <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo_2002-79">[77]</a> Instead, Venus may lose its internal heat in periodic major resurfacing events.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_field_and_core">Magnetic field and core</h3></div> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a> found Venus's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> to be much weaker than that of Earth. This magnetic field is induced by an interaction between the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Eroshenko_et_al_1969-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kivelson_Russell_1995-81">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] rather than by an internal <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">dynamo</a> as in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetosphere of Venus">Venus's small induced magnetosphere</a> provides negligible protection to the atmosphere against <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a>. The lack of an intrinsic magnetic field on Venus was surprising, given that it is similar to Earth in size and was expected to contain a dynamo at its core. A dynamo requires three things: a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conducting</a> liquid, rotation, and <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>. The core is thought to be electrically conductive and, although its rotation is often thought to be too slow, simulations show it is adequate to produce a dynamo.<a href="#cite_note-Luhmann_Russell_2006-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_2003-83">[81]</a> This implies that the dynamo is missing because of a lack of convection in Venus's core. On Earth, convection occurs in the liquid outer layer of the core because the bottom of the liquid layer is much higher in temperature than the top. On Venus, a global resurfacing event may have shut down plate tectonics and led to a reduced <a href="/wiki/Heat_flux" title="Heat flux">heat flux</a> through the crust. This <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulating</a> effect would cause the mantle temperature to increase, thereby reducing the heat flux out of the core. As a result, no internal geodynamo is available to drive a magnetic field. Instead, the heat from the core is reheating the crust.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo02-84">[82]</a> One possibility is that Venus has no solid inner core,<a href="#cite_note-Konopliv_Yoder_1996-85">[83]</a> or that its core is not cooling, so that the entire liquid part of the core is at approximately the same temperature. Another possibility is that its core has already been completely solidified. The state of the core is highly dependent on the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a>, which is unknown at present.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo02-84">[82]</a> Another possibility is that the absence of a late, large impact on Venus (contra the Earth's "Moon-forming" impact) left the core of Venus stratified from the core's incremental formation, and without the forces to initiate/sustain convection, and thus a "geodynamo".<a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen2017-86">[84]</a> The weak magnetosphere around Venus means that the solar wind is interacting directly with its outer atmosphere. Here, ions of hydrogen and oxygen are being created by the <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">dissociation</a> of water molecules from <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation. The solar wind then supplies energy that gives some of these ions sufficient velocity to escape Venus's gravity field. This erosion process results in a steady loss of low-mass hydrogen, helium, and oxygen ions, whereas higher-mass molecules, such as carbon dioxide, are more likely to be retained. Atmospheric erosion by the solar wind could have led to the loss of most of Venus's water during the first billion years after it formed.<a href="#cite_note-nature450_7170_629-87">[85]</a> However, the planet may have retained a dynamo for its first 2–3 billion years, so the water loss may have occurred more recently.<a href="#cite_note-O'Rourke_et_al_2019-88">[86]</a> The erosion has increased the ratio of higher-mass <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> to lower-mass hydrogen in the atmosphere 100 times compared to the rest of the solar system.<a href="#cite_note-Donahue_et_al_1982-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmosphere_and_climate">Atmosphere and climate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Atmosphere of Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_-_December_23_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The atmosphere of Venus appears darker and lined with shadows. The shadows trace the prevailing wind direction." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Venus_-_December_23_2016.png/220px-Venus_-_December_23_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Venus_-_December_23_2016.png/330px-Venus_-_December_23_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Venus_-_December_23_2016.png/440px-Venus_-_December_23_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Cloud structure of the Venusian atmosphere, made visible through <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> imaging</figcaption></figure> Venus has a dense <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> composed of 96.5% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, 3.5% nitrogen—both exist as supercritical fluids at the planet's surface with a density 6.5% that of water<a href="#cite_note-u3r1a-90">[88]</a>—and traces of other gases including <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SolarSystemEncyclopedia-91">[89]</a> The mass of its atmosphere is 92 times that of Earth's, whereas the pressure at its surface is about 93 times that at Earth's—a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1 km (5⁄8 mi) under Earth's ocean surfaces. The density at the surface is 65 kg/m3 (4.1 lb/cu ft), 6.5% that of water<a href="#cite_note-u3r1a-90">[88]</a> or 50 times as dense as Earth's atmosphere at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F) at sea level. The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>CO2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).<a href="#cite_note-nasa_venus-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-CWRU_2006-93">[91]</a> This makes the Venusian surface hotter than <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>'s, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2004-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prockter_2005-95">[93]</a> even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a>, of 2,600 W/m2 (double that of Earth).<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a> Because of its <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a>, Venus has been identified by scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> as a warning and research object linked to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Newitz_2013-33">[32]</a> <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="font-size: 100%; margin-right: 1em;"> <caption>Venus temperature<a href="#cite_note-Weather-96">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Surface temperature </th></tr> <tr> <td>Maximum</td> <td>900 °F (482 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Normal</td> <td>847 °F (453 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minimum</td> <td>820 °F (438 °C) </td></tr></tbody></table> Venus's atmosphere is rich in primordial <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a> compared to that of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Halliday_2020-97">[95]</a> This enrichment indicates an early divergence from Earth in evolution. An unusually large comet impact<a href="#cite_note-Owen_et_al_1992-98">[96]</a> or accretion of a more massive <a href="/wiki/Primary_atmosphere" title="Primary atmosphere">primary atmosphere</a> from solar nebula<a href="#cite_note-Pepin_1991-99">[97]</a> have been proposed to explain the enrichment. However, the atmosphere is depleted of radiogenic argon, a proxy for mantle degassing, suggesting an early shutdown of major magmatism.<a href="#cite_note-Namiki_Solomon_1998-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Rurke_Korenaga_2015-101">[99]</a> Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere could have been much more like the one surrounding the early Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_2022-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Way_Del_Genio_2020_p.-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Way_Del_Genio_Kiang_Sohl_2016_pp._8376–8383-104">[102]</a> After a period of 600 million to several billion years,<a href="#cite_note-baas39_540-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar forcing">solar forcing</a> from rising luminosity of the Sun and possibly <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large volcanic resurfacing</a> caused the evaporation of the original water and the current atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Steigerwald_2022-106">[104]</a> A runaway greenhouse effect was created once a critical level of greenhouse gases (including water) was added to its atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Kasting-107">[105]</a> Although the surface conditions on Venus are no longer hospitable to any Earth-like life that may have formed before this event, there is speculation on the possibility that life exists in the upper cloud layers of Venus, 50 km (30 mi) up from the surface, where the atmospheric conditions are the most Earth-like in the Solar System,<a href="#cite_note-Tillman_2018-108">[106]</a> with temperatures ranging between 303 and 353 K (30 and 80 °C; 86 and 176 °F), and the pressure and radiation being about the same as at Earth's surface, but with acidic clouds and the carbon dioxide air.<a href="#cite_note-Mullen_2002-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landis_2003-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cockell1999-111">[109]</a> Venus's atmosphere could also have a potential thermal <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> at elevations of 54 to 48 km, with lower elevations inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">cell growth</a> and higher elevations exceeding evaporation temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Patel_Mason_Nordheim_Dartnell_2022_p=114796-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herbst_Banjac_Atri_Nordheim_2019_p=A15-113">[111]</a> The putative detection of an <a href="/wiki/Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption line</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> in Venus's atmosphere, with no known pathway for abiotic production, led to speculation in September 2020 that there could be extant life currently present in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Drake_2020-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greaves_et_al_2020-115">[113]</a> Later research attributed the spectroscopic signal that was interpreted as phosphine to sulphur dioxide,<a href="#cite_note-Lincowski_et_al_2021-116">[114]</a> or found that in fact there was no absorption line.<a href="#cite_note-Beall_2020-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snellan_et_al_2020-118">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11214_2023_956_Fig6_HTML.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/11214_2023_956_Fig6_HTML.webp/220px-11214_2023_956_Fig6_HTML.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/11214_2023_956_Fig6_HTML.webp/330px-11214_2023_956_Fig6_HTML.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/11214_2023_956_Fig6_HTML.webp/440px-11214_2023_956_Fig6_HTML.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Types of cloud layers, as well as temperature and pressure change by altitude in the atmosphere</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_inertia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal inertia">Thermal inertia</a> and the transfer of heat by winds in the lower atmosphere mean that the temperature of Venus's surface does not vary significantly between the planet's two hemispheres, those facing and not facing the Sun, despite Venus's slow rotation. Winds at the surface are slow, moving at a few kilometres per hour, but because of the high density of the atmosphere at the surface, they exert a significant amount of force against obstructions, and transport dust and small stones across the surface. This alone would make it difficult for a human to walk through, even without the heat, pressure, and lack of oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-Moshkin_et_al_1979-119">[117]</a> Above the dense <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2 layer are thick clouds, consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, which is formed by sulphur dioxide and water through a chemical reaction resulting in sulfuric acid hydrate. Additionally, the clouds consist of approximately 1% <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric chloride">ferric chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kras006-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krasnopolsky_2006-121">[119]</a> Other possible constituents of the cloud particles are <a href="/wiki/Ferric_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric sulfate">ferric sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">aluminium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_anhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphoric anhydride">phosphoric anhydride</a>. Clouds at different levels have different compositions and particle size distributions.<a href="#cite_note-kras006-120">[118]</a> These clouds reflect, similar to thick cloud cover on Earth,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] about 70% of the sunlight that falls on them back into space,<a href="#cite_note-Davis_2021-122">[120]</a> and since they cover the whole planet they prevent visual observation of Venus's surface. The permanent cloud cover means that although Venus is closer than Earth to the Sun, it receives less sunlight on the ground, with only 10% of the received sunlight reaching the surface,<a href="#cite_note-ESA_Blog_Navigator_–_Navigator_page_for_active_ESA_blogs_2012-123">[121]</a> resulting in average daytime levels of illumination at the surface of 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a>, comparable to that on Earth "in the daytime with overcast clouds".<a href="#cite_note-sci_news_1976-124">[122]</a> Strong 300 km/h (185 mph) winds at the cloud tops go around Venus about every four to five Earth days.<a href="#cite_note-Rossow_et_al_1990-125">[123]</a> Winds on Venus move at up to 60 times the speed of its rotation, whereas Earth's fastest winds are only 10–20% rotation speed.<a href="#cite_note-science328-126">[124]</a> The surface of Venus is effectively <a href="/wiki/Isothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Isothermal">isothermal</a>; it retains a constant temperature not only between the two hemispheres but between the equator and the poles.<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_et_al_2001-127">[125]</a> Venus's minute <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>—less than 3°, compared to 23° on Earth—also minimizes seasonal temperature variation.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Seasons-128">[126]</a> Altitude is one of the few factors that affect Venusian temperatures. The highest point on Venus, <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a>, is therefore the coolest point on Venus, with a temperature of about 655 K (380 °C; 715 °F) and an atmospheric pressure of about 4.5 MPa (45 bar).<a href="#cite_note-Basilevsky_2003-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGill_2010-130">[128]</a> In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan spacecraft</a> imaged a highly reflective substance at the tops of the highest mountain peaks, a "<a href="/wiki/Venus_snow" title="Venus snow">Venus snow</a>" that bore a strong resemblance to terrestrial snow. This substance likely formed from a similar process to snow, albeit at a far higher temperature. Too volatile to condense on the surface, it rose in gaseous form to higher elevations, where it is cooler and could precipitate. The identity of this substance is not known with certainty, but speculation has ranged from elemental <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> to lead sulfide (<a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Otten_2004-131">[129]</a> Although Venus has no seasons, in 2019 astronomers identified a cyclical variation in sunlight absorption by the atmosphere, possibly caused by opaque, absorbing particles suspended in the upper clouds. The variation causes observed changes in the speed of Venus's zonal winds and appears to rise and fall in time with the Sun's 11-year <a href="/wiki/Sunspot_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunspot cycle">sunspot cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TAJ-20190826-132">[130]</a> The existence of lightning in the atmosphere of Venus has been controversial<a href="#cite_note-Lorentz_2018-133">[131]</a> since the first suspected bursts were detected by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera probes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kranopol'skii_1980-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Philips-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Venera_12-136">[134]</a> In 2006–07, <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> clearly detected <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_electron_wave#R_wave_and_L_wave" title="Electromagnetic electron wave">whistler mode waves</a>, the signatures of lightning. Their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intermittent" class="extiw" title="wikt:intermittent">intermittent</a> appearance indicates a pattern associated with weather activity. According to these measurements, the lightning rate is at least half that on Earth,<a href="#cite_note-Russell_2007-137">[135]</a> however other instruments have not detected lightning at all.<a href="#cite_note-Lorentz_2018-133">[131]</a> The origin of any lightning remains unclear, but could originate from clouds or <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">Venusian volcanoes</a>. In 2007, Venus Express discovered that a huge double <a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">atmospheric polar vortex</a> exists at the south pole.<a href="#cite_note-Hand_2007-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2007_11_28-139">[137]</a> Venus Express discovered, in 2011, that an <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> layer exists high in the atmosphere of Venus.<a href="#cite_note-esaozone-140">[138]</a> On 29 January 2013, <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> scientists reported that the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> of Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to "the ion tail seen streaming from a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> under similar conditions."<a href="#cite_note-ESA-20130129-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space-20130130-142">[140]</a> In December 2015, and to a lesser extent in April and May 2016, researchers working on Japan's Akatsuki mission observed bow-shaped objects in the atmosphere of Venus. This was considered direct evidence of the existence of perhaps the largest stationary <a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">gravity waves</a> in the solar system.<a href="#cite_note-Fukuhara_et_al_2017-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rincon_2017-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chang_2017-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Venus" title="Orbit of Venus">Orbit of Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mars circling the Sun further and slower than Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif/220px-Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif/330px-Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif/440px-Solar_system_orrery_inner_planets.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Venus is the second planet from the Sun, making a full orbit in about 224 days</figcaption></figure> Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 0.72 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (108 million <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 67 million <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>), and completes an orbit every 224.7 days. Although all planetary <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a> are <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a>, Venus's orbit is currently the closest to circular, with an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> of less than 0.01.<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a> Simulations of the early solar system orbital dynamics have shown that the eccentricity of the Venus orbit may have been substantially larger in the past, reaching values as high as 0.31 and possibly impacting early climate evolution.<a href="#cite_note-psj_1_42-146">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11214_2023_956_Fig7_HTML.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/11214_2023_956_Fig7_HTML.webp/220px-11214_2023_956_Fig7_HTML.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/11214_2023_956_Fig7_HTML.webp/330px-11214_2023_956_Fig7_HTML.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/11214_2023_956_Fig7_HTML.webp/440px-11214_2023_956_Fig7_HTML.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Venus and its rotation in respect to its revolution.</figcaption></figure> All planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in an <a href="/wiki/Anticlockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlockwise">anticlockwise</a> direction as viewed from above Earth's north pole. Most planets rotate on their axes in an anticlockwise direction, but Venus rotates clockwise in <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde rotation">retrograde rotation</a> once every 243 Earth days—the slowest rotation of any planet. This Venusian <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal day">sidereal day</a> lasts therefore longer than a Venusian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). Slowed by its strong atmospheric current the length of the day also <a href="/wiki/Day_length_fluctuations" title="Day length fluctuations">fluctuates</a> by up to 20 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-EarthSky_Updates_on_your_cosmos_and_world_2021-147">[145]</a> Venus's equator rotates at 6.52 km/h (4.05 mph), whereas Earth's rotates at 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph).<a href="#cite_note-151">[note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bakich_2000-152">[149]</a> Venus's rotation period measured with Magellan spacecraft data over a 500-day period is smaller than the rotation period measured during the 16-year period between the Magellan spacecraft and Venus Express visits, with a difference of about 6.5 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-slowing_spin-153">[150]</a> Because of the retrograde rotation, the length of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar day</a> on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day, at 116.75 Earth days (making the Venusian solar day shorter than <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>'s 176 Earth days — the 116-day figure is close to the average number of days it takes Mercury to slip underneath the Earth in its orbit [the number of days of Mercury's synodic orbital period]).<a href="#cite_note-planetary-facts-11">[11]</a> One Venusian year is about 1.92 Venusian solar days.<a href="#cite_note-compare-154">[151]</a> To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in <a href="/wiki/Poles_of_astronomical_bodies" title="Poles of astronomical bodies">the west</a> and set in the east,<a href="#cite_note-compare-154">[151]</a> although Venus's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface.<a href="#cite_note-Brunier_2002-155">[152]</a> Venus may have formed from the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a> with a different rotation period and obliquity, reaching its current state because of chaotic spin changes caused by planetary perturbations and <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> effects on its dense atmosphere, a change that would have occurred over the course of billions of years. The rotation period of Venus may represent an equilibrium state between tidal locking to the Sun's gravitation, which tends to slow rotation, and an atmospheric tide created by solar heating of the thick Venusian atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Correia_et_al_2003-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laskar_De_Surgy_2003-157">[154]</a> The 584-day average interval between successive close approaches to Earth is almost exactly equal to 5 Venusian solar days (5.001444 to be precise),<a href="#cite_note-Gold_Soter_1969-158">[155]</a> but the hypothesis of a spin-orbit resonance with Earth has been discounted.<a href="#cite_note-apj2_230_L123-159">[156]</a> Venus has no natural satellites.<a href="#cite_note-icarus202-160">[157]</a> It has several <a href="/wiki/Trojan_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan asteroid">trojan asteroids</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-satellite" title="Quasi-satellite">quasi-satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/524522_Zoozve" title="524522 Zoozve">524522 Zoozve</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikkola_et_al_2004-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlos_De_la_Fuente_Marcos_2012-162">[159]</a> and two other temporary trojans, <a href="/wiki/(322756)_2001_CK32" title="(322756) 2001 CK32">2001 CK32</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_XE133" title="2012 XE133">2012 XE133</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dynamics-163">[160]</a> In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Cassini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a> reported a moon orbiting Venus, which was named <a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith</a> and numerous sightings were reported over the following 200 years, but most were determined to be stars in the vicinity. Alex Alemi's and <a href="/wiki/David_J._Stevenson" title="David J. Stevenson">David Stevenson</a>'s 2006 study of models of the early Solar System at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> shows Venus likely had at least one moon created by a huge <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact event</a> billions of years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Musser_2006-164">[161]</a> About 10 million years later, according to the study, another impact reversed the planet's spin direction and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Tidal_deceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal deceleration">tidal deceleration</a> caused the Venusian moon gradually to spiral inward until it collided with Venus.<a href="#cite_note-Tytell_2006-165">[162]</a> If later impacts created moons, these were removed in the same way. An alternative explanation for the lack of satellites is the effect of strong solar tides, which can destabilize large satellites orbiting the inner terrestrial planets.<a href="#cite_note-icarus202-160">[157]</a> The orbital space of Venus has a <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust#Rings_of_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary dust">dust ring-cloud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Frazier_2021-166">[163]</a> with a suspected origin either from Venus–trailing asteroids,<a href="#cite_note-Garner_2019-167">[164]</a> interplanetary dust migrating in waves, or the remains of the Solar System's original <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">circumstellar disc</a> that formed the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rehm_2021-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbit_in_respect_to_Earth">Orbit in respect to Earth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_pentagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A complex, spiral, floral pattern with five loops encircling the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Venus_pentagram.png/170px-Venus_pentagram.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Venus_pentagram.png/255px-Venus_pentagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Venus_pentagram.png/340px-Venus_pentagram.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Earth is positioned at the centre of the diagram, and the curve represents the direction and distance of Venus as a function of time.</figcaption></figure> Earth and Venus have a near <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a> of 13:8 (Earth orbits eight times for every 13 orbits of Venus).<a href="#cite_note-Bazsó-169">[166]</a> Therefore, they approach each other and reach <a href="/wiki/Inferior_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior conjunction">inferior conjunction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Synodic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic period">synodic periods</a> of 584 days, on average.<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a> The path that Venus makes in relation to Earth viewed geocentrically draws a <a href="/wiki/Pentagram#Pentagram_of_Venus" title="Pentagram">pentagram</a> over five synodic periods, shifting every period by 144°. This pentagram of Venus is sometimes referred to as the petals of Venus due to the path's visual similarity to a flower.<a href="#cite_note-Ottewel_2022-170">[167]</a> When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)#Superior_and_inferior" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">inferior</a> conjunction, it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet at an average distance of 41 million km (25 million mi).<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoreOrLess-171">[168]</a> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles#Orbital_eccentricity" title="Milankovitch cycles">decreasing eccentricity of Earth's orbit</a>, the minimum distances will become greater over tens of thousands of years. From the year 1 to 5383, there are 526 approaches less than 40 million km (25 million mi); then, there are none for about 60,158 years.<a href="#cite_note-Solex11-173">[169]</a> While Venus approaches Earth the closest, Mercury is more often the closest to Earth of all planets.<a href="#cite_note-AIP_Publishing_2019_p.-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> Venus has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_potential" title="Gravitational potential">gravitational potential</a> difference to Earth than any other planet, needing the <a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">lowest delta-v</a> to transfer between them.<a href="#cite_note-Petropoulos_Longuski_Bonfiglio_2000_pp._776–783-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2020-177">[173]</a> Tidally Venus exerts the third strongest <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal force</a> on Earth, after the Moon and the Sun, though significantly less.<a href="#cite_note-Science_Mission_Directorate_2000-178">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observability">Observability</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of the night sky taken from the seashore. A glimmer of sunlight is on the horizon. There are many stars visible. Venus is at the centre, much brighter than any of the stars, and its light can be seen reflected in the ocean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/220px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/330px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/440px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Venus, pictured centre-right, is always brighter than all other planets or stars at their maximal brightness, as seen from Earth. Jupiter is visible at the top of the image.</figcaption></figure> To the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>, Venus appears as a white point of light brighter than any other planet or star (apart from the Sun).<a href="#cite_note-Dickinson_1998-179">[175]</a> The planet's mean <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> is −4.14 with a standard deviation of 0.31.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-20">[19]</a> The brightest magnitude occurs during the crescent phase about one month before or after an inferior conjunction. Venus fades to about magnitude −3 when it is backlit by the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-MallamaSky-180">[176]</a> The planet is bright enough to be seen in broad daylight,<a href="#cite_note-Flanders_2011-181">[177]</a> but is more easily visible when the Sun is low on the horizon or setting. As an <a href="/wiki/Inferior_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior planet">inferior planet</a>, it always lies within about 47° of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-182">[178]</a> Venus "overtakes" Earth every 584 days as it orbits the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-fact-4">[4]</a> As it does so, it changes from the "Evening Star", visible after sunset, to the "Morning Star", visible before sunrise. Although Mercury, the other inferior planet, reaches a maximum elongation of only 28° and is often difficult to discern in twilight, Venus is hard to miss when it is at its brightest. Its greater maximum elongation means it is visible in dark skies long after sunset. As the brightest point-like object in the sky, Venus is a commonly misreported "<a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">unidentified flying object</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ASP_2021-183">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phases">Phases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_Venus" title="Phases of Venus">Phases of Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phases_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram illustrating the phases of Venus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/220px-Phases_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/330px-Phases_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/440px-Phases_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The phases of Venus and evolution of its apparent diameter</figcaption></figure> As it orbits the Sun, Venus displays <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_Venus" title="Phases of Venus">phases</a> like those of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">telescopic</a> view. The planet appears as a small and "full" disc when it is on the opposite side of the Sun (at superior <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunction</a>). Venus shows a larger disc and "quarter phase" at its maximum <a href="/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" title="Elongation (astronomy)">elongations</a> from the Sun, and appears at its brightest in the night sky. The planet presents a much larger thin "crescent" in telescopic views as it passes along the near side between Earth and the Sun. Venus displays its largest size and "new phase" when it is between Earth and the Sun (at inferior conjunction). Its atmosphere is visible through telescopes by the halo of sunlight refracted around it.<a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-182">[178]</a> The phases are clearly visible in a 4" telescope.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Although naked eye visibility of Venus's phases is disputed, records exist of observations of its crescent.<a href="#cite_note-Goines_1995-185">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daylight_apparitions">Daylight apparitions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Occultation_of_Venus_(NHQ201512070001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="venus next to a crescent moon in the blue daytime sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lunar_Occultation_of_Venus_%28NHQ201512070001%29.jpg/220px-Lunar_Occultation_of_Venus_%28NHQ201512070001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lunar_Occultation_of_Venus_%28NHQ201512070001%29.jpg/330px-Lunar_Occultation_of_Venus_%28NHQ201512070001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lunar_Occultation_of_Venus_%28NHQ201512070001%29.jpg/440px-Lunar_Occultation_of_Venus_%28NHQ201512070001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5362" data-file-height="3412" /></a><figcaption>Venus is often visible to the naked eye in daytime, as seen just prior to the lunar occultation of 7 December 2015</figcaption></figure> When Venus is sufficiently bright with enough angular distance from the sun, it is easily observed in a clear daytime sky with the naked eye, though most people do not know to look for it.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Halley">Edmund Halley</a> calculated its maximum naked eye brightness in 1716, when many Londoners were alarmed by its appearance in the daytime. French emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> once witnessed a daytime apparition of the planet while at a reception in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chatfield_2015-187">[183]</a> Another historical daytime observation of the planet took place during the inauguration of the American president <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in Washington, D.C., on 4 March 1865.<a href="#cite_note-Gaherty_2012-188">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transits">Transits</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">Transit of Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transit_of_Venus_viewed_in_Wagga_Wagga_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White disk with a small black dot projected on a screen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Transit_of_Venus_viewed_in_Wagga_Wagga_%282%29.jpg/220px-Transit_of_Venus_viewed_in_Wagga_Wagga_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Transit_of_Venus_viewed_in_Wagga_Wagga_%282%29.jpg/330px-Transit_of_Venus_viewed_in_Wagga_Wagga_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Transit_of_Venus_viewed_in_Wagga_Wagga_%282%29.jpg/440px-Transit_of_Venus_viewed_in_Wagga_Wagga_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2012_transit_of_Venus" title="2012 transit of Venus">2012 transit of Venus</a>, projected to a white card by a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Transit_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit (astronomy)">transit</a> of Venus is the appearance of Venus in front of the Sun, during <a href="/wiki/Inferior_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior conjunction">inferior conjunction</a>. Since the orbit of Venus is slightly inclined relative to Earth's orbit, most inferior conjunctions with Earth, which occur every <a href="/wiki/Synodic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic period">synodic period</a> of 1.6 years, do not produce a transit of Venus above Earth. Consequently, Venus transits above Earth only occur when an inferior conjunction takes place during some days of June or December, the time where the orbits of Venus and Earth cross a straight line with the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_2004-189">[185]</a> This results in Venus transiting above Earth in a sequence of currently 8 years, 105.5 years, 8 years and 121.5 years, forming cycles of 243 years. Historically, transits of Venus were important, because they allowed astronomers to determine the size of the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a>, and hence the size of the Solar System as shown by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1639" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 1639">1639 with the first known observation</a> of a Venus transit (after history's first observed planetary <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury" title="Transit of Mercury">transit in 1631, of Mercury</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom_1998-190">[186]</a> Only seven Venus transits have been observed so far, since their occurrences were calculated in the 1621 by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Cook">Captain Cook</a> sailed to <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> in 1768 to record the third observed transit of Venus, which subsequently resulted in the exploration of the east coast of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Hornsby_1771-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woolley_1969-192">[188]</a> The latest pair was <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 2004">June 8, 2004</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 2012">June 5–6, 2012</a>. The transit could be watched live from many online outlets or observed locally with the right equipment and conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Boyle_2016-193">[189]</a> The preceding pair of transits occurred in <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 1874">December 1874</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1882" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 1882">December 1882</a>. The next transit will occur in December 2117 and December 2125.<a href="#cite_note-Espenak_2004-194">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashen_light">Ashen light</h3></div> A long-standing mystery of Venus observations is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ashen_light" title="Ashen light">ashen light</a>—an apparent weak illumination of its dark side, seen when the planet is in the crescent phase. The first claimed observation of ashen light was made in 1643, but the existence of the illumination has never been reliably confirmed. Observers have speculated it may result from electrical activity in the Venusian atmosphere, but it could be illusory, resulting from the physiological effect of observing a bright, crescent-shaped object.<a href="#cite_note-Baum_2000-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Philips-135">[133]</a> The ashen light has often been sighted when Venus is in the evening sky, when the evening terminator of the planet is towards Earth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation_and_exploration_history">Observation and exploration history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Observations and explorations of Venus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_observation">Early observation</h3></div> Venus is in Earth's sky bright enough to be visible <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">without aid</a>, making it one of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical planets">classical planets</a> that human cultures have known and identified throughout history, particularly for being the third brightest object in Earth's sky after the Sun and the Moon. Because the movements of Venus appear to be discontinuous (it disappears due to its proximity to the sun, for many days at a time, and then reappears on the other horizon), some cultures did not recognize Venus as a single entity;<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a> instead, they assumed it to be two separate stars on each horizon: the morning and evening star.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a> Nonetheless, a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venus_tablet_of_Ammisaduqa" title="Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa">Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> indicate that the ancient Sumerians already knew that the morning and evening stars were the same celestial object.<a href="#cite_note-Sachs_1974-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hobson_2009-198">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa.jpg/220px-Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa.jpg/330px-Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa.jpg/440px-Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="2743" /></a><figcaption>Oldest known recording of Venus positions, of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Venus_tablet_of_Ammisaduqa" title="Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa">Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa</a> (1600 BC).</figcaption></figure> In the Old <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> period, the planet Venus was known as Ninsi'anna, and later as Dilbat.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> The name "Ninsi'anna" translates to "divine lady, illumination of heaven", which refers to Venus as the brightest visible "star". Earlier spellings of the name were written with the <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> sign si4 (= SU, meaning "to be red"), and the original meaning may have been "divine lady of the redness of heaven", in reference to the colour of the morning and evening sky.<a href="#cite_note-Heimpel_1982-200">[196]</a> The Chinese historically referred to the morning Venus as "the Great White" (Tàibái 太白) or "the Opener (Starter) of Brightness" (Qǐmíng 啟明), and the evening Venus as "the Excellent West One" (Chánggēng 長庚).<a href="#cite_note-Needham_1959-201">[197]</a> The ancient Greeks initially believed Venus to be two separate stars: <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a>, the morning star, and <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a>, the evening star. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> credited the realization that they were a single object to <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> in the sixth century BC,<a href="#cite_note-Pliny_1991-202">[198]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> (early fifth century) was probably responsible for this discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Berkert_1972-203">[199]</a> Though they recognized Venus as a single object, the ancient Romans continued to designate the morning aspect of Venus as <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>, literally "Light-Bringer", and the evening aspect as <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Vesper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dobbin_2002-204">[200]</a> both of which are literal translations of their traditional Greek names. In the second century, in his astronomical treatise <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> theorized that both Mercury and Venus were located between the Sun and the Earth. The 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Persian</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> claimed to have observed a <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> (although there is some doubt about it),<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-205">[201]</a> which later astronomers took as confirmation of Ptolemy's theory.<a href="#cite_note-Enc_Irnica-206">[202]</a> In the 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah</a> observed "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun"; these were thought to be the transits of Venus and Mercury by 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory">Maragha</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Qotb_al-Din_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qotb al-Din Shirazi">Qotb al-Din Shirazi</a>, though this cannot be true as there were no Venus transits in Ibn Bajjah's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-Ansari_2002-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[note 4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg/170px-Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg/255px-Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg/340px-Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="3332" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian</a> Mayan <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a>, which calculates appearances of Venus.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venus_and_early_modern_astronomy">Venus and early modern astronomy</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Phases-of-Venus2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Phases-of-Venus2.svg/200px-Phases-of-Venus2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Phases-of-Venus2.svg/300px-Phases-of-Venus2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Phases-of-Venus2.svg/400px-Phases-of-Venus2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Phases-of-Venus-Geocentric.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Phases-of-Venus-Geocentric.svg/200px-Phases-of-Venus-Geocentric.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Phases-of-Venus-Geocentric.svg/300px-Phases-of-Venus-Geocentric.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Phases-of-Venus-Geocentric.svg/400px-Phases-of-Venus-Geocentric.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">In 1610 <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> observed with his telescope that <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_Venus" title="Phases of Venus">Venus showed phases</a>, despite remaining near the Sun in Earth's sky (first image). This proved that it orbits the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and not Earth, as predicted by <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentric model">heliocentric model</a> and disproved Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric model</a> (second image).</div></div></div></div> When the Italian physicist <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> first observed the planet with a telescope in the early 17th century, he found it showed <a href="/wiki/Planetary_phase" title="Planetary phase">phases</a> like the Moon, varying from crescent to gibbous to full and vice versa. When Venus is furthest from the Sun in the sky, it shows a <a href="/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" title="Elongation (astronomy)">half-lit phase</a>, and when it is closest to the Sun in the sky, it shows as a crescent or full phase. This could be possible only if Venus orbited the Sun, and this was among the first observations to clearly contradict the Ptolemaic <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric model</a> that the Solar System was concentric and centred on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-palmieri-211">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fegley-212">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1639_transit_of_Venus" title="1639 transit of Venus">1639 transit of Venus</a> was accurately predicted by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks</a> and observed by him and his friend, <a href="/wiki/William_Crabtree" title="William Crabtree">William Crabtree</a>, at each of their respective homes, on 4 December 1639 (24 November under the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> in use at that time).<a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-213">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_(1618%E2%80%931641).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg/220px-Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg/330px-Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg/440px-Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Lavender" title="William Richard Lavender">William Richard Lavender</a>, Jeremiah Horrocks (1618–1641) (1903), <a href="/wiki/Astley_Hall,_Chorley" title="Astley Hall, Chorley">Astley Hall Museum and Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a> was discovered in 1761 by Russian polymath <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marov2004-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-215">[210]</a> Venus's atmosphere was observed in 1790 by German astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schr%C3%B6ter" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Schröter">Johann Schröter</a>. Schröter found when the planet was a thin crescent, the cusps extended through more than 180°. He correctly surmised this was due to <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scattering</a> of sunlight in a dense atmosphere. Later, American astronomer <a href="/wiki/Chester_Smith_Lyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Smith Lyman">Chester Smith Lyman</a> observed a complete ring around the dark side of the planet when it was at <a href="/wiki/Inferior_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior conjunction">inferior conjunction</a>, providing further evidence for an atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Russell_1899-216">[211]</a> The atmosphere complicated efforts to determine a rotation period for the planet, and observers such as Italian-born astronomer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Cassini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a> and Schröter incorrectly estimated periods of about 24 h from the motions of markings on the planet's apparent surface.<a href="#cite_note-Hussey_1832-217">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hand-drawn sequence of images showing Venus passing over the edge of the Sun's disk, leaving an illusory drop of shadow behind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Venus_Drawing.jpg/220px-Venus_Drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Venus_Drawing.jpg/330px-Venus_Drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Venus_Drawing.jpg/440px-Venus_Drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Black_drop_effect" title="Black drop effect">black drop effect</a>" as recorded during the 1769 transit</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century_advances">Early 20th century advances</h3></div> Little more was discovered about Venus until the 20th century. Its almost featureless disc gave no hint what its surface might be like, and it was only with the development of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> observations that more of its secrets were revealed. Spectroscopic observations in the 1900s gave the first clues about the Venusian rotation. <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Slipher" title="Vesto Slipher">Vesto Slipher</a> tried to measure the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shift</a> of light from Venus, but found he could not detect any rotation. He surmised the planet must have a much longer <a href="/wiki/Rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotation period">rotation period</a> than had previously been thought.<a href="#cite_note-Slipher_1903-218">[213]</a> The first ultraviolet observations were carried out in the 1920s, when <a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank E. Ross">Frank E. Ross</a> found that <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">ultraviolet photographs</a> revealed considerable detail that was absent in visible and <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation. He suggested this was due to a dense, yellow lower atmosphere with high <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_cloud" title="Cirrus cloud">cirrus clouds</a> above it.<a href="#cite_note-Ross_1928-219">[214]</a> It had been noted that Venus had no discernible <a href="/wiki/Oblate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate spheroid">oblateness</a> in its disk, suggesting a slow rotation, and some astronomers concluded based on this that it was <a href="/wiki/Tidally_locked" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidally locked">tidally locked</a> like Mercury was believed to be at the time; but other researchers had detected a significant quantity of heat coming from the planet's nightside, suggesting a quick rotation (a high surface temperature was not suspected at the time), confusing the issue.<a href="#cite_note-Martz_1934-220">[215]</a> Later work in the 1950s showed the rotation was retrograde. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_age">Space age</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions to Venus</a></div> Humanity's first <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">interplanetary spaceflight</a> was achieved in 1961 with the <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft" title="Uncrewed spacecraft">robotic space probe</a> <a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a> of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> programme flying to Venus, but it lost contact en route.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_1-221">[216]</a> The first successful interplanetary mission, also to Venus, was <a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a> of the United States' <a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner programme</a>, passing on 14 December 1962 at 34,833 km (21,644 mi) above the surface of Venus and gathering data on the planet's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Mayer_et_al_1958-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA_1962-223">[218]</a> Additionally <a href="/wiki/Radar_astronomy" title="Radar astronomy">radar observations</a> of Venus were first carried out in the 1960s, and provided the first measurements of the rotation period, which were close to the actual value.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_Carpenter_1963-224">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a>, launched in 1966, became humanity's first probe and lander to reach and impact another celestial body other than the Moon, but could not return data as it crashed into the surface of Venus. In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a> was launched and successfully deployed science experiments in the Venusian atmosphere before impacting. Venera 4 showed the surface temperature was hotter than Mariner 2 had calculated, at almost 500 °C (932 °F), determined that the atmosphere was 95% carbon dioxide (CO 2), and discovered that Venus's atmosphere was considerably denser than Venera 4's designers had anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_2-225">[220]</a> In an early example of space cooperation the data of Venera 4 was joined with the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a> data, analysed by a combined Soviet–American science team in a series of colloquia over the following year.<a href="#cite_note-COSPAR_Group_VII_1969-226">[221]</a> On 15 December 1970, <a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a> became the first spacecraft to <a href="/wiki/Landings_on_other_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Landings on other planets">soft land on another planet</a> and the first to transmit data from there back to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Time_1971-227">[222]</a> In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> swung by Venus to bend its path towards Mercury and took ultraviolet photographs of the clouds, revealing the extraordinarily high wind speeds in the Venusian atmosphere. This was the first interplanetary <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> ever used, a technique which would be used by later probes. Radar observations in the 1970s revealed details of the Venusian surface for the first time. Pulses of radio waves were beamed at the planet using the 300 m (1,000 ft) radio telescope at <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a>, and the echoes revealed two highly reflective regions, designated the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Regio" title="Alpha Regio">Alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_Regio" title="Beta Regio">Beta</a> regions. The observations revealed a bright region attributed to mountains, which was called <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_et_al_1976-228">[223]</a> These three features are now the only ones on Venus that do not have female names.<a href="#cite_note-jpl-magellan-49">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foto_de_Venera_9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/440px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/660px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/880px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>First view and first clear 180-degree panorama of Venus's surface as well as any other planet than Earth (1975, Soviet <a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> lander). Black-and-white image of barren, black, slate-like rocks against a flat sky. The ground and the probe are the focus.</figcaption></figure> In 1975, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a> landers transmitted the first images from the surface of Venus, which were in black and white. NASA obtained additional data with the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus project</a>, consisting of two separate missions:<a href="#cite_note-Colin_Hall_1977-229">[224]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a>, orbiting Venus between 1978 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2005-230">[225]</a> In 1982 the first colour images of the surface were obtained with the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a> landers. After <a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">16</a> operated between 1983 and 1984 in orbit, conducting detailed mapping of 25% of Venus's terrain (from the north pole to 30°N latitude), the Soviet Venera programme came to a close.<a href="#cite_note-Greeley_Batson_2007-231">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/220px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/330px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/440px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vega_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega programme">Vega balloon probe</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Udvar-Hazy Center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></figcaption></figure> In 1985 the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Vega_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega programme">Vega programme</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a> missions carried the last entry probes and carried the first ever extraterrestrial <a href="/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">aerobots</a> for the first time achieving atmospheric flight outside Earth by employing inflatable balloons. Between 1990 and 1994, <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a> operated in orbit until deorbiting, mapping the surface of Venus. Furthermore, probes like <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> (1990),<a href="#cite_note-PDS_Atmospheres_Node_1989-232">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> (1998/1999), and <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> (2006/2007) visited Venus with flybys en route to other destinations. In April 2006, <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a>, the first dedicated Venus mission by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), entered orbit around Venus. Venus Express provided unprecedented observation of Venus's atmosphere. ESA concluded the Venus Express mission in December 2014 deorbiting it in January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Howell_2014-233">[228]</a> In 2010, the first successful interplanetary <a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">solar sail</a> spacecraft <a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a> travelled to Venus for a flyby. Between 2015 and 2024 Japan's <a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a> probe was active in orbit around Venus and <a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> performed flybys in 2020/2021. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wispr_4thflyby.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wispr_4thflyby.gif/220px-Wispr_4thflyby.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wispr_4thflyby.gif/330px-Wispr_4thflyby.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wispr_4thflyby.gif/440px-Wispr_4thflyby.gif 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/WISPR" title="WISPR">WISPR</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> took this visible light footage of the nightside in 2021, showing the hot faintly glowing surface, and its <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a> as large dark patch, through the clouds, which prohibit such observations on the dayside when they are illuminated.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geophysical_Research_Letters_2022-235">[230]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_and_future_missions">Active and future missions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus#Future_missions" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions to Venus § Future missions</a></div> Currently NASA's <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> and <a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> have been performing flybys at Venus. Beside these flybys there are at the moment several <a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">probes under development</a> as well as multiple proposed missions still in their early conceptual stages. Venus has been identified for future research as an important case for understanding: <ul><li>the origins of the solar system and Earth, and if systems and planets like ours are common or rare in the universe.</li> <li>how planetary bodies evolve from their primordial states to today's diverse objects.</li> <li>the development of conditions leading to habitable environments and life.<a href="#cite_note-O'Rourke_Wilson_Borrelli_Byrne_2023_p.-236">[231]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Life_Finder_Descent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Venus_Life_Finder_Descent.png/330px-Venus_Life_Finder_Descent.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Venus_Life_Finder_Descent.png/495px-Venus_Life_Finder_Descent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Venus_Life_Finder_Descent.png/660px-Venus_Life_Finder_Descent.png 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of <a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a>'s probe's planned operations from atmospheric entry to surface impact, with a launch planned for 2025</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_for_life">Search for life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">Life on Venus</a></div> Speculation on the possibility of life on Venus's surface decreased significantly after the early 1960s when it became clear that conditions were extreme compared to those on Earth. Venus's extreme temperatures and atmospheric pressure make water-based life, as currently known, unlikely. Some scientists have speculated that thermoacidophilic <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophile</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> might exist in the cooler, acidic upper layers of the Venusian <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clark_2003-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Redfern_2004-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dartnell2015-239">[234]</a> Such speculations go back to 1967, when <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_J._Morowitz" title="Harold J. Morowitz">Harold J. Morowitz</a> suggested in a <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> article that tiny objects detected in Venus's clouds might be organisms similar to Earth's bacteria (which are of approximately the same size): <dl><dd>While the surface conditions of Venus make the hypothesis of life there implausible, the clouds of Venus are a different story altogether. As was pointed out some years ago, water, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and sunlight—the prerequisites for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>—are plentiful in the vicinity of the clouds.<a href="#cite_note-Sagan_Morowitz_1967-240">[235]</a></dd></dl> In August 2019, astronomers led by Yeon Joo Lee reported that long-term pattern of absorbance and <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> changes in the atmosphere of the planet Venus caused by "unknown absorbers", which may be chemicals or even large colonies of microorganisms high up in the atmosphere of the planet, affect the climate.<a href="#cite_note-TAJ-20190826-132">[130]</a> Their <a href="/wiki/Light_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Light absorption">light absorbance</a> is almost identical to that of micro-organisms in Earth's clouds. Similar conclusions have been reached by other studies.<a href="#cite_note-ES-20190903-241">[236]</a> In September 2020, a team of astronomers led by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Greaves" title="Jane Greaves">Jane Greaves</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a> announced the likely detection of <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>, a gas not known to be produced by any known chemical processes on the Venusian surface or atmosphere, in the upper levels of the planet's clouds.<a href="#cite_note-Bains_et_al_2021-242">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greaves_et_al_2020-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drake_2020-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perkins_2020-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seager_et_al_2020-244">[239]</a> One proposed source for this phosphine is living organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Sample1-245">[240]</a> The phosphine was detected at heights of at least 30 miles (48 km) above the surface, and primarily at mid-latitudes with none detected at the poles. The discovery prompted <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> administrator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a> to publicly call for a new focus on the study of Venus, describing the phosphine find as "the most significant development yet in building the case for life off Earth".<a href="#cite_note-Kooser_2020-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bridenstine_2020-247">[242]</a> Subsequent analysis of the data-processing used to identify phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus has raised concerns that the detection-line may be an artefact. The use of a 12th-order polynomial fit may have amplified noise and generated a false reading (see <a href="/wiki/Runge%27s_phenomenon" title="Runge's phenomenon">Runge's phenomenon</a>). Observations of the atmosphere of Venus at other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in which a phosphine absorption line would be expected did not detect phosphine.<a href="#cite_note-Plait1-248">[243]</a> By late October 2020, re-analysis of data with a proper subtraction of background did not show a <a href="/wiki/Statistically_significant" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistically significant">statistically significant</a> detection of phosphine.<a href="#cite_note-Snellen_et_al_2020-249">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2020-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cordiner_et_al_2021-251">[246]</a> Members of the team around Greaves, are working as part of a project by the <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> to send with the rocket company <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a> the first private interplanetary space craft, to look for organics by entering the atmosphere of Venus with a <a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">probe</a>, set to launch in January 2025.<a href="#cite_note-Venus_Cloud_Life_-_MIT_2023-252">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetary_protection">Planetary protection</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">Committee on Space Research</a> is a scientific organization established by the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Science" title="International Council for Science">International Council for Science</a>. Among their responsibilities is the development of recommendations for avoiding <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">interplanetary contamination</a>. For this purpose, space missions are categorized into five groups. Due to the harsh surface environment of Venus, Venus has been under the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">planetary protection</a> category two.<a href="#cite_note-NRC_2006-253">[248]</a> This indicates that there is only a remote chance that spacecraft-borne contamination could compromise investigations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_presence">Human presence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions to Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VenusLanderTopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/330px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/495px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/660px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Global topographic map of Venus, with all probe landings marked</figcaption></figure> Venus is the place of the first interplanetary human presence, mediated through robotic missions, with the first successful landings on another planet and extraterrestrial body other than the Moon. Currently in orbit is <a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a>, and other probes routinely use Venus for <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> manoeuvres capturing some data about Venus on the way.<a href="#cite_note-Frazier_2021-254">[249]</a> The only nation that has sent <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander probes</a> to the surface of Venus has been the Soviet Union,<a href="#cite_note-255">[note 5]</a> which has been used by Russian officials to call Venus a "Russian planet".<a href="#cite_note-Kolirin1-256">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leman1-257">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crewed_flight">Crewed flight</h3></div> Studies of routes for <a href="/wiki/Crewed_missions_to_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewed missions to Mars">crewed missions to Mars</a> have since the 1960s proposed <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a> missions instead of direct <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunction</a> missions with Venus <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> <a href="/wiki/Flyby_(spaceflight)" title="Flyby (spaceflight)">flybys</a>, demonstrating that they should be quicker and safer missions to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, with better return or abort flight windows, and less or the same amount of radiation exposure from the flight as direct Mars flights.<a href="#cite_note-Rao_2020-258">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Izenberg_McNutt_Runyon_Byrne_2021_pp._100–104-259">[253]</a> Early in the space age the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the United States proposed the <a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a>-MAVR and <a href="/wiki/Manned_Venus_flyby" title="Manned Venus flyby">Manned Venus flyby</a> crewed flyby missions to Venus, though they were never realized. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitation">Habitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Floating_cities_and_islands_in_fiction#Venus" title="Floating cities and islands in fiction">Floating cities and islands in fiction § Venus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization of Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/220px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/330px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/440px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Artist's rendering of a NASA <a href="/wiki/HAVOC" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVOC">High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC)</a> crewed floating outpost on Venus</figcaption></figure> While the surface conditions of Venus are inhospitable, the atmospheric pressure, temperature, and solar and cosmic radiation 50 km above the surface are similar to those at Earth's surface.<a href="#cite_note-Herbst_Banjac_Atri_Nordheim_2019_p=A15-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patel_Mason_Nordheim_Dartnell_2022_p=114796-112">[110]</a> With this in mind, Soviet engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Zhitomirskiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Zhitomirskiy (page does not exist)">Sergey Zhitomirskiy</a> (Сергей Житомирский, 1929–2004) in 1971<a href="#cite_note-Архив_фантастики-260">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inner_Solar_System_2015-261">[255]</a> and NASA aerospace engineer <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_A._Landis" title="Geoffrey A. Landis">Geoffrey A. Landis</a> in 2003<a href="#cite_note-Landis2003-262">[256]</a> suggested the use of <a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">aerostats</a> for crewed exploration and possibly for permanent "<a href="/wiki/Floating_cities_and_islands_in_fiction#Venus" title="Floating cities and islands in fiction">floating cities</a>" in the Venusian atmosphere, an alternative to the popular idea of living on <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">planetary surfaces</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tickle_2015-263">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-Warmflash_2017-264">[258]</a> Among the many engineering challenges for any human presence in the atmosphere of Venus are the corrosive amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Landis2003-262">[256]</a> NASA's <a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Venus_Operational_Concept" title="High Altitude Venus Operational Concept">High Altitude Venus Operational Concept</a> is a mission concept that proposed a crewed aerostat design. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_culture" title="Venus in culture">Venus in culture</a></div> Venus is a primary feature of the night sky, and so has been of remarkable importance in <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Venus" title="Planets in astrology">astrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction" title="Venus in fiction">fiction</a> throughout history and in different cultures. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/220px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/330px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/440px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2623" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Octagram" title="Octagram">eight-pointed star</a> a symbol used in some cultures for Venus, and sometimes combined into a <a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">star and crescent</a> arrangement. Here the eight pointed star is the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Ishtar" title="Star of Ishtar">Star of Ishtar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> Venus goddess, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Solar_symbol" title="Solar symbol">solar disk</a> of her brother <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent moon</a> of their father <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">boundary stone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a>, dating to the twelfth century BC.</figcaption></figure> Several hymns praise Inanna in her role as the goddess of the planet Venus.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green1992-265">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nemet-Nejat-266">[260]</a> Theology professor Jeffrey Cooley has argued that, in many myths, Inanna's movements may correspond with the movements of the planet Venus in the sky.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a> The discontinuous movements of Venus relate to both mythology as well as Inanna's dual nature.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a> In Inanna's Descent to the Underworld, unlike any other deity, Inanna is able to descend into the netherworld and return to the heavens. The planet Venus appears to make a similar descent, setting in the West and then rising again in the East.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a> An introductory hymn describes Inanna leaving the heavens and heading for Kur, what could be presumed to be, the mountains, replicating the rising and setting of Inanna to the West.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Inanna_and_Shukaletuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanna and Shukaletuda">Inanna and Shukaletuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inanna%27s_Descent_into_the_Underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanna's Descent into the Underworld">Inanna's Descent into the Underworld</a> appear to parallel the motion of the planet Venus.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a> In Inanna and Shukaletuda, Shukaletuda is described as scanning the heavens in search of Inanna, possibly searching the eastern and western horizons.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley2-267">[261]</a> In the same myth, while searching for her attacker, Inanna herself makes several movements that correspond with the movements of Venus in the sky.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-196">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> possibly knew by the second millennium BC or at the latest by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">mesopotamian</a> influence that the morning star and an evening star were one and the same.<a href="#cite_note-Parker_1974-268">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quack_2019-269">[263]</a> The Egyptians knew the morning star as Tioumoutiri and the evening star as Ouaiti.<a href="#cite_note-Cattermole_Moore_1997-270">[264]</a> They depicted Venus at first as a <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">heron</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Parker_1974-268">[262]</a> calling it "the crosser" or "star with crosses",<a href="#cite_note-Parker_1974-268">[262]</a> associating it with <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, and later depicting it two-headed with human or falco heads, and associated it with <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Quack_2019-269">[263]</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> (which during the even later <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> was together with <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> identified with <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>). The Greeks used the names <a href="/wiki/Phosphoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphoros">Phōsphoros</a> (Φωσϕόρος), meaning "light-bringer" (whence the element <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>; alternately Ēōsphoros (Ἠωσϕόρος), meaning "dawn-bringer"), for the morning star, and <a href="/wiki/Hesperos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperos">Hesperos</a> (Ἕσπερος), meaning "Western one", for the evening star,<a href="#cite_note-EBLCM-271">[265]</a> both children of dawn <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a> and therefore grandchildren of Aphrodite. Though by the Roman era they were recognized as one celestial object, known as "the star of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>", the traditional two Greek names continued to be used, though usually translated to Latin as <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lūcifer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Vesper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBLCM-271">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cicero-272">[266]</a> Classical poets such as <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> spoke of the star and its light.<a href="#cite_note-Atsma-273">[267]</a> Poets such as <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lord_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Lord Tennyson">Alfred Lord Tennyson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> wrote odes to it.<a href="#cite_note-Sobel_2005-274">[268]</a> The composer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a> included it as <a href="/wiki/The_Planets#Venus" title="The Planets">the second movement</a> of his <a href="/wiki/The_Planets" title="The Planets">The Planets</a> suite. In India, Shukra Graha ("the planet Shukra") is named after the powerful saint Shukra. <a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a> which is used in Indian <a href="/wiki/Vedic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic astrology">Vedic astrology</a><a href="#cite_note-bhalla06-275">[269]</a> means "clear, pure" or "brightness, clearness" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. One of the nine <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a>, it is held to affect wealth, pleasure and reproduction; it was the son of <a href="/wiki/Bhrgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhrgu">Bhrgu</a>, preceptor of the Daityas, and guru of the Asuras.<a href="#cite_note-behari_frawley03-276">[270]</a> The English name of Venus was originally the <a href="/wiki/Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman religion">ancient Roman</a> name for it. Romans named Venus after <a href="/wiki/Venus_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (goddess)">their goddess of love</a>, who in turn was based on the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek</a> goddess of love <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Getty-277">[271]</a> who was herself based on the similar <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> (which is Ishtar in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian religion">Akkadian religion</a>), all of whom were associated with the planet.<a href="#cite_note-Nemet-Nejat-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green1992-265">[259]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Planetary_hours" title="Planetary hours">weekday of the planet</a> and these goddesses is <a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a>, named after the Germanic goddess <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a>, who has been associated with the Roman goddess Venus. Venus is known as Kejora in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>. In Chinese the planet is called Jīn-xīng (金星), the golden planet of the <a href="/wiki/Metal_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal (Wu Xing)">metal element</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean culture">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> cultures refer to the planet literally as the "metal star" (金星), based on the <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">Five elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-De_Groot_1912-278">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crump_1992-279">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hulbert_1909-280">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOER-281">[275]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya civilisation">Maya</a> considered Venus to be the most important celestial body after the Sun and Moon. They called it Chac ek,<a href="#cite_note-Volume_7_of_Mayan_studies-282">[276]</a> or Noh Ek', "the Great Star".<a href="#cite_note-Milbrath-283">[277]</a> The cycles of Venus were important to their calendar and were described in some of their books such as <a href="/wiki/Maya_Codex_of_Mexico" title="Maya Codex of Mexico">Maya Codex of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chile" title="Flag of Chile">Estrella Solitaria</a> ("Lone Star") <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chile" title="Flag of Chile">Flag of Chile</a> depicts Venus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_culture">Modern culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction" title="Venus in fiction">Venus in fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="23756" /></a><figcaption>Venus is portrayed just to the right of the large cypress tree in <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>'s 1889 painting <a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whitney_1986-284">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boime_1984-285">[279]</a></figcaption></figure> The impenetrable Venusian cloud cover gave science fiction writers free rein to speculate on conditions at its surface; all the more so when early observations showed that not only was it similar in size to Earth, it possessed a substantial atmosphere. Closer to the Sun than Earth, the planet was often depicted as warmer, but still <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable</a> by humans.<a href="#cite_note-miller-286">[280]</a> The genre reached its peak between the 1930s and 1950s, at a time when science had revealed some aspects of Venus, but not yet the harsh reality of its surface conditions. Findings from the first missions to Venus showed reality to be quite different and brought this particular genre to an end.<a href="#cite_note-Dick_2001-287">[281]</a> As scientific knowledge of Venus advanced, science fiction authors tried to keep pace, particularly by conjecturing human attempts to <a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">terraform Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seed_2005-288">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venus_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus symbol">Venus symbol</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(planetary_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venus_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venus_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venus_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="33" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The symbol of a circle with a small cross beneath is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Venus_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus symbol">Venus symbol</a>, gaining its name for being used as the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbol</a> for Venus. The symbol is of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> origin, and represents more generally <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>, adopted by biology as <a href="/wiki/Gender_symbol" title="Gender symbol">gender symbol</a> for female,<a href="#cite_note-Schott_2005_pp._1509–1510-289">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-stearn1961-290">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-stearn-291">[285]</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Mars_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars symbol">Mars symbol</a> for male and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury symbol">Mercury symbol</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a>. This gendered association of Venus and Mars has been used to pair them <a href="/wiki/Heteronormative" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronormative">heteronormatively</a>, describing women and men stereotypically as being so different that they can be understood as coming from different planets, an understanding popularized in 1992 by the book titled <a href="/wiki/Men_Are_from_Mars,_Women_Are_from_Venus" title="Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus">Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brammer_2020-292">[286]</a> The Venus symbol was also used in Western <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> representing the element <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (like the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> is also the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Element_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Element mercury">element mercury</a>),<a href="#cite_note-stearn1961-290">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-stearn-291">[285]</a> and since polished copper has been used for mirrors from antiquity the symbol for Venus has sometimes been called Venus mirror, representing the mirror of the goddess, although this origin has been discredited as an unlikely origin.<a href="#cite_note-stearn1961-290">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-stearn-291">[285]</a> Besides the Venus symbol, many other symbols have been associated with Venus, other common ones are the <a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">crescent or particularly the star</a>, as with the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Ishtar" title="Star of Ishtar">Star of Ishtar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Venus" title="Outline of Venus">Outline of Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System#Planets" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Physical properties of planets in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus zone">Venus zone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Misstated as "Ganiki Chasma" in the press release and scientific publication.<a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2015-66">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> The equatorial speed of Earth is given as both about 1674.4 km/h and 1669.8 km/h by reliable sources. The simplest way to determine the correct figure is to multiply Earth's radius of 6378137 m (WGS84) and Earth's angular speed, 7.2921150×10−5 rad/s,<a href="#cite_note-IERS-148">[146]</a> yielding 465.1011 m/s = 1674.364 km/h. The incorrect figure of 1669.8 km/h is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by 24 h. But the correct speed must be relative to inertial space, so the stellar day of 86164.098903691 s/3600 = 23.934472 h (23 h 56 m 4.0989 s) must be used.<a href="#cite_note-stellar-149">[147]</a> Thus <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠2π(6378.137 km)/23.934472 h⁠ = 1674.364 km/h.<a href="#cite_note-CASTOR-150">[148]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> It is important to be clear about the meaning of "closeness". In the astronomical literature, the term "closest planets" often refers to the two planets that approach each other the most closely. In other words, the orbits of the two planets approach each other most closely. However, this does not mean that the two planets are closest over time. Essentially because Mercury is closer to the Sun than Venus, Mercury spends more time in proximity to Earth; it could, therefore, be said that Mercury is the planet that is "closest to Earth when averaged over time". However, using this time-average definition of "closeness", it turns out that Mercury is the closest planet to all other planets in the solar system. For that reason, arguably, the proximity-definition is not particularly helpful. An episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme "More or Less" explains the different notions of proximity well.<a href="#cite_note-MoreOrLess-171">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Several claims of transit observations made by mediaeval Islamic astronomers have been shown to be sunspots.<a href="#cite_note-VaqueroVázquez2009-208">[204]</a> Avicenna did not record the date of his observation. There was a transit of Venus within his lifetime, on 24 May 1032, although it is questionable whether it would have been visible from his location.<a href="#cite_note-Kennard-209">[205]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> The American <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> has brought the only non-Soviet probes to enter the atmosphere, as <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric entry probe">atmospheric entry probes</a> only briefly signals were received from the surface. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lexico_Venusian-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Lexico_Venusian_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323093029/https://www.lexico.com/definition/venusian">"Venusian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Venusian">the original</a> on 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Venusian&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FVenusian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Venusian">"Venusian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Venusian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FVenusian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Cytherean" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Cytherean">"Cytherean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cytherean&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DCytherean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Venerean,_Venerian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Venerean%2C+Venerian">"Venerean, Venerian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Venerean%2C+Venerian&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DVenerean%252C%2BVenerian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_4-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (25 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html">"Venus Fact Sheet"</a>. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511140851/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venus+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=NASA+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fvenusfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-horizons-5"><a href="#cite_ref-horizons_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans" class="citation web cs1">Yeomans, Donald K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%272000-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272000-01-02%27&STEP_SIZE=%27200%20years%27&CENTER=%27@Sun%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27">"Horizons Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=2)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System">JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818120948/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%272000-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272000-01-02%27&STEP_SIZE=%27200%20years%27&CENTER=%27%40Sun%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JPL+Horizons+On-Line+Ephemeris+System&rft.atitle=Horizons+Web-Interface+for+Venus+%28Major+Body%3D2%29&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%25272%2527%26TABLE_TYPE%3D%2527ELEMENTS%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25272000-01-01%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25272000-01-02%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%2527200%2520years%2527%26CENTER%3D%2527%40Sun%2527%26OUT_UNITS%3D%2527AU-D%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">—Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Venus" and "Center: Sun" should be set to default.) Results are instantaneous <a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">osculating</a> values at the precise <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a> epoch. </li> <li id="cite_note-VSOP87-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VSOP87_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSOP87_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonBretagnonChaprontChapront-Touzé1994" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). 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Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Venus+Cloud+Life+%E2%80%93+MIT&rft.atitle=Did+Venus+ever+have+oceans%3F&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft.aulast=Petkowski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft.au=Seager%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvenuscloudlife.com%2Fare-venus-cloud-layers-too-dry-for-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmore_et_al_2017-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilmore_et_al_2017_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmoreTreimanHelbertSmrekar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gilmore, Martha; Treiman, Allan; Helbert, Jörn; Smrekar, Suzanne (1 November 2017). "Venus Surface Composition Constrained by Observation and Experiment". Space Science Reviews. 212 (3): 1511–1540. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SSRv..212.1511G">2017SSRv..212.1511G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-017-0370-8">10.1007/s11214-017-0370-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9672">1572-9672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126225959">126225959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Venus+Surface+Composition+Constrained+by+Observation+and+Experiment&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1511-1540&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-017-0370-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126225959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-9672&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017SSRv..212.1511G&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Treiman%2C+Allan&rft.au=Helbert%2C+J%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Smrekar%2C+Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/85000-volcanoes-mapped-on-venus">"A new catalog pinpoints volcanic cones in the best available surface images of Venus – those gathered 30 years ago by NASA's Magellan spacecraft"</a>. skyandtelescope.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416223821/https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/85000-volcanoes-mapped-on-venus/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skyandtelescope.org&rft.atitle=A+new+catalog+pinpoints+volcanic+cones+in+the+best+available+surface+images+of+Venus+%E2%80%93+those+gathered+30+years+ago+by+NASA%27s+Magellan+spacecraft.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyandtelescope.org%2Fastronomy-news%2F85000-volcanoes-mapped-on-venus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahnByrne2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hahn, Rebecca M.; Byrne, Paul K. (April 2023). "A Morphological and Spatial Analysis of Volcanoes on Venus". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 128 (4): e2023JE007753. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JGRE..12807753H">2023JGRE..12807753H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2023JE007753">10.1029/2023JE007753</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257745255">257745255</a>. <q>With the Magellan synthetic-aperture radar full-resolution radar map left- and right-look global mosaics at 75 m-per-pixel resolution, we developed a global catalogue of volcanoes on Venus that contains ~85,000 edifices, ~99% of which are <5 km in diameter. We find that Venus hosts far more volcanoes than previously mapped, and that although they are distributed across virtually the entire planet, size–frequency distribution analysis reveals a relative lack of edifices in the 20–100 km diameter range, which could be related to magma availability and eruption rate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=A+Morphological+and+Spatial+Analysis+of+Volcanoes+on+Venus&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e2023JE007753&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257745255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2023JE007753&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023JGRE..12807753H&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+M.&rft.au=Byrne%2C+Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karttunen_et_al_2007-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Karttunen_et_al_2007_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarttunenKrogerOjaPoutanen2007" class="citation book cs1">Karttunen, Hannu; Kroger, P.; Oja, H.; Poutanen, M.; Donner, K. J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalastro00kart_346/page/n167">Fundamental Astronomy</a>. Springer. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34143-7"><bdi>978-3-540-34143-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34143-7&rft.aulast=Karttunen&rft.aufirst=Hannu&rft.au=Kroger%2C+P.&rft.au=Oja%2C+H.&rft.au=Poutanen%2C+M.&rft.au=Donner%2C+K.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalastro00kart_346%2Fpage%2Fn167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA_2012-12-03-59"><a href="#cite_ref-ESA_2012-12-03_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2012" class="citation web cs1">Bauer, Markus (3 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Have_Venusian_volcanoes_been_caught_in_the_act">"Have Venusian volcanoes been caught in the act?"</a>. 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"Variations of sulphur dioxide at the cloud top of Venus's dynamic atmosphere". Nature Geoscience. 6 (1): 25–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatGe...6...25M">2013NatGe...6...25M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1650">10.1038/ngeo1650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59323909">59323909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Variations+of+sulphur+dioxide+at+the+cloud+top+of+Venus%27s+dynamic+atmosphere&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-28&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59323909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo1650&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatGe...6...25M&rft.aulast=Marcq&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=Bertaux%2C+Jean-Loup&rft.au=Montmessin%2C+Franck&rft.au=Belyaev%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20200109-62"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20200109_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2020" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Sannon (9 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/science/venus-volcanoes-active.html">"Volcanoes on Venus Might Still Be Smoking - Planetary science experiments on Earth suggest that the sun's second planet might have ongoing volcanic activity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109234012/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/science/venus-volcanoes-active.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Volcanoes+on+Venus+Might+Still+Be+Smoking+-+Planetary+science+experiments+on+Earth+suggest+that+the+sun%27s+second+planet+might+have+ongoing+volcanic+activity&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Sannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F01%2F09%2Fscience%2Fvenus-volcanoes-active.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCI-20200103-63"><a href="#cite_ref-SCI-20200103_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiliberto2020" class="citation journal cs1">Filiberto, Justin (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6941908">"Present-day volcanism on Venus as evidenced from weathering rates of olivine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 6 (1): eaax7445. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.7445F">2020SciA....6.7445F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax7445">10.1126/sciadv.aax7445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6941908">6941908</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31922004">31922004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Present-day+volcanism+on+Venus+as+evidenced+from+weathering+rates+of+olivine&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=eaax7445&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6941908%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31922004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax7445&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.7445F&rft.aulast=Filiberto&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6941908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sci.news/space/venus-volcanism-12114.html">"Early, Energetic Collisions Could Have Fueled Venus Volcanism: Study | Sci.News"</a>. 20 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721193015/https://www.sci.news/space/venus-volcanism-12114.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early%2C+Energetic+Collisions+Could+Have+Fueled+Venus+Volcanism%3A+Study+%7C+Sci.News&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci.news%2Fspace%2Fvenus-volcanism-12114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Ganis_Chasma-65"><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Ganis_Chasma_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2099">"Ganis Chasma"</a>. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. <a href="/wiki/USGS_Astrogeology_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS Astrogeology Science Center">USGS Astrogeology Science Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014548/https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2099">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Ganis+Chasma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F2099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lakdawalla2015-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lakdawalla2015_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lakdawalla2015_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakdawalla2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Lakdawalla" title="Emily Lakdawalla">Lakdawalla, Emily</a> (18 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/06181637-transient-hot-spots-on-venus.html">"Transient hot spots on Venus: Best evidence yet for active volcanism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620081122/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/06181637-transient-hot-spots-on-venus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2015. 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Lulu.com. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-329-00342-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-329-00342-2"><bdi>978-1-329-00342-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125223727/https://books.google.com/books?id=sX-pCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2016. 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Nature Astronomy. 5 (7): 631–635. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.14305">2010.14305</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatAs...5..631V">2021NatAs...5..631V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-021-01422-z">10.1038/s41550-021-01422-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236090264">236090264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Astronomy&rft.atitle=No+evidence+of+phosphine+in+the+atmosphere+of+Venus+from+independent+analyses&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=631-635&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2010.14305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236090264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41550-021-01422-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatAs...5..631V&rft.aulast=Villanueva&rft.aufirst=Geronimo&rft.au=Cordiner%2C+Martin&rft.au=Irwin%2C+Patrick&rft.au=de+Pater%2C+Imke&rft.au=Butler%2C+Bryan&rft.au=Gurwell%2C+Mark&rft.au=Milam%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Nixon%2C+Conor&rft.au=Luszcz-Cook%2C+Statia&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Colin&rft.au=Kofman%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Liuzzi%2C+Giuliano&rft.au=Faggi%2C+Sara&rft.au=Fauchez%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Lippi%2C+Manuela&rft.au=Cosentino%2C+Richard&rft.au=Thelen%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Moullet%2C+Arielle&rft.au=Hartogh%2C+Paul&rft.au=Molter%2C+Edward&rft.au=Charnley%2C+Steve&rft.au=Arney%2C+Giada&rft.au=Mandell%2C+Avi&rft.au=Biver%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Vandaele%2C+Ann&rft.au=de+Kleer%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Kopparapu%2C+Ravi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venus_Cloud_Life_-_MIT_2023-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Venus_Cloud_Life_-_MIT_2023_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venuscloudlife.com/small-mission/">"Rocket Lab Probe"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Venus+Cloud+Life+%E2%80%93+MIT&rft.atitle=Rocket+Lab+Probe&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvenuscloudlife.com%2Fsmall-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRC_2006-253"><a href="#cite_ref-NRC_2006_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council2006" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11584">Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Venus Missions: Letter Report</a>. The National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F11584">10.17226/11584</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-10150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-10150-9"><bdi>978-0-309-10150-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717231529/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11584">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessment+of+Planetary+Protection+Requirements+for+Venus+Missions%3A+Letter+Report&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F11584&rft.isbn=978-0-309-10150-9&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D11584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazier_2021-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Frazier_2021_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2021" class="citation web cs1">Frazier, Sarah (19 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/parkersolarprobe/2021/02/19/parker-solar-probe-primed-for-fourth-venus-flyby/">"Parker Solar Probe Primed for Fourth Venus Flyby"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422095750/https://blogs.nasa.gov/parkersolarprobe/2021/02/19/parker-solar-probe-primed-for-fourth-venus-flyby/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920211509/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/18/world/venus-russian-planet-scn-scli-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Venus+is+a+Russian+planet%E2%80%94say+the+Russians&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft.aulast=Kolirin&rft.aufirst=Lianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F09%2F18%2Fworld%2Fvenus-russian-planet-scn-scli-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leman1-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Leman1_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeman2020" class="citation news cs1">Leman, Jennifer (18 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/a34041988/venus-russian-planet/">"Venus Is a Russian Planet ... Says Russia"</a>. Popular Mechanics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920050620/https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/a34041988/venus-russian-planet/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020. 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Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424055519/https://www.space.com/mars-astronauts-venus-flyby-idea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. 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Acta Astronautica. 180. Elsevier BV: 100–104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AcAau.180..100I">2021AcAau.180..100I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2020.12.020">10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.12.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-5765">0094-5765</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219558707">219558707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=Venus+Exploration+in+the+New+Human+Spaceflight+Age&rft.volume=180&rft.pages=100-104&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2020.12.020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219558707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0094-5765&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021AcAau.180..100I&rft.aulast=Izenberg&rft.aufirst=Noam+R.&rft.au=McNutt%2C+Ralph+L.&rft.au=Runyon%2C+Kirby+D.&rft.au=Byrne%2C+Paul+K.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.actaastro.2020.12.020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Архив_фантастики-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Архив_фантастики_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivsf.narod.ru/1929/sergey_zhitomirsky/index.htm">"Архив фантастики"</a>. Архив фантастики (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902230735/http://archivsf.narod.ru/1929/sergey_zhitomirsky/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2021. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711103532/http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/654/1193/1">"Colonization of Venus"</a>. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 654. pp. 1193–1198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1541418">10.1063/1.1541418</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/654/1193/1">the original</a> on 11 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Colonization+of+Venus&rft.btitle=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&rft.pages=1193-1198&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1541418&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.aip.org%2Flink%2F%3FAPCPCS%2F654%2F1193%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tickle_2015-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Tickle_2015_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTickle2015" class="citation web cs1">Tickle, Glen (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laughingsquid.com/a-look-into-whether-humans-should-try-to-colonise-venus-instead-of-mars/">"A Look Into Whether Humans Should Try to Colonize Venus Instead of Mars"</a>. Laughing Squid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901191020/https://laughingsquid.com/a-look-into-whether-humans-should-try-to-colonise-venus-instead-of-mars/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laughing+Squid&rft.atitle=A+Look+Into+Whether+Humans+Should+Try+to+Colonize+Venus+Instead+of+Mars&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=Tickle&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaughingsquid.com%2Fa-look-into-whether-humans-should-try-to-colonise-venus-instead-of-mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warmflash_2017-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Warmflash_2017_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarmflash2017" class="citation web cs1">Warmflash, David (14 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visionlearning.com/blog/2017/03/14/colonization-venusian-clouds-surfacism-clouding-judgement/">"Colonization of the Venusian Clouds: Is 'Surfacism' Clouding Our Judgement?"</a>. 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The British Museum Press. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120094829/https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020. 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Greenwood. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29497-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29497-6&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme%2Fpage%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooley2-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooley2_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cooley, Jeffrey L. 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Vietnam Open Educational Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226003259/https://voer.edu.vn/m/sao-kim/87903266">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+Open+Educational+Resources&rft.atitle=Sao+Kim+%E2%80%93+VOER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoer.edu.vn%2Fm%2Fsao-kim%2F87903266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volume_7_of_Mayan_studies-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Volume_7_of_Mayan_studies_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Book of Chumayel: The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya, 1539–1638. Richard Luxton. 1899. pp. 6, 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89412-244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89412-244-6"><bdi>978-0-89412-244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Chumayel%3A+The+Counsel+Book+of+the+Yucatec+Maya%2C+1539%E2%80%931638&rft.pages=6%2C+194&rft.pub=Richard+Luxton&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=978-0-89412-244-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milbrath-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Milbrath_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilbrath1999" class="citation book cs1">Milbrath, Susan (1999). Star Gods of The Mayans: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 200–204, 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79793-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79793-2"><bdi>978-0-292-79793-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Gods+of+The+Mayans%3A+Astronomy+in+Art%2C+Folklore%2C+and+Calendars&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pages=200-204%2C+383&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-292-79793-2&rft.aulast=Milbrath&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitney_1986-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitney_1986_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1986" class="citation journal cs1">Whitney, Charles A. (September 1986). "The Skies of Vincent van Gogh". Art History. 9 (3): 356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8365.1986.tb00206.x">10.1111/j.1467-8365.1986.tb00206.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+History&rft.atitle=The+Skies+of+Vincent+van+Gogh&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356&rft.date=1986-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8365.1986.tb00206.x&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boime_1984-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Boime_1984_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoime1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Boime" title="Albert Boime">Boime, Albert</a> (December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertboime.com/Articles/Dec1984.pdf">"Van Gogh's Starry Night: A History of Matter and a Matter of History"</a> (PDF). Arts Magazine: 88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123150057/http://www.albertboime.com/Articles/Dec1984.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Magazine&rft.atitle=Van+Gogh%27s+Starry+Night%3A+A+History+of+Matter+and+a+Matter+of+History&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1984-12&rft.aulast=Boime&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertboime.com%2FArticles%2FDec1984.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-286"><a href="#cite_ref-miller_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2003" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Ron (2003). Venus. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2359-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2359-4"><bdi>978-0-7613-2359-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venus&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7613-2359-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dick_2001-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Dick_2001_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick2001" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Steven (2001). Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79912-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79912-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79912-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+on+Other+Worlds%3A+The+20th-Century+Extraterrestrial+Life+Debate&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79912-6&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seed_2005-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Seed_2005_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeed2005" class="citation book cs1">Seed, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoscien00seed">A Companion to Science Fiction</a>. Blackwell Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoscien00seed/page/n151">134</a>–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1218-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-1218-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1218-5&rft.aulast=Seed&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontoscien00seed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schott_2005_pp._1509–1510-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Schott_2005_pp._1509–1510_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchott2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schott, G. D. (22 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322246">"Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree"</a>. BMJ. 331 (7531): 1509–1510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.331.7531.1509">10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138">0959-8138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322246">1322246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16373733">16373733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Sex+symbols+ancient+and+modern%3A+their+origins+and+iconography+on+the+pedigree&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=7531&rft.pages=1509-1510&rft.date=2005-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1322246%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0959-8138&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16373733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.331.7531.1509&rft.aulast=Schott&rft.aufirst=G.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1322246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stearn1961-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stearn1961_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stearn1961_290-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stearn1961_290-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearn1961" class="citation journal cs1">Stearn, William T. (17 August 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123202014/https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ5eFU5aRecC&pg=PA413">"The Male and Female Symbols of Biology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a> (248): 412–413. 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"The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology". <a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a>. 11 (4): 109–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1217734">10.2307/1217734</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734">1217734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87030547">87030547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Male+and+Female+Symbols+of+Biology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=109-113&rft.date=1968-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87030547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1217734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1217734&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brammer_2020-292"><a href="#cite_ref-Brammer_2020_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrammer2020" class="citation web cs1">Brammer, John Paul (10 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7j3nm/lovehate-reads-men-are-from-mars-women-are-from-venus-revisited">"Love/Hate Reads: 'Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus,' Revisited"</a>. VICE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417234135/https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7j3nm/lovehate-reads-men-are-from-mars-women-are-from-venus-revisited">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VICE&rft.atitle=Love%2FHate+Reads%3A+%27Men+Are+From+Mars%2C+Women+Are+From+Venus%2C%27+Revisited&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft.aulast=Brammer&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fn7j3nm%2Flovehate-reads-men-are-from-mars-women-are-from-venus-revisited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiungman2004" class="citation book cs1">Liungman, Carl G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06ALKxX225IC">Symbols: Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms</a>. HME Publishing. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-972705-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-972705-0-2"><bdi>978-91-972705-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols%3A+Encyclopedia+of+Western+Signs+and+Ideograms&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=HME+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-91-972705-0-2&rft.aulast=Liungman&rft.aufirst=Carl+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06ALKxX225IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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title="wikisource:Category:Venus">Venus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Venus at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Venus">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Venus_(planet)" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Venus (planet)">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Venus" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Venus">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Venus" class="extiw" title="q:Venus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy/Venus" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Astronomy/Venus">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Venus">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Liquids/Liquid_objects/Venus" class="extiw" title="v:Liquids/Liquid objects/Venus">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906034051/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus">Venus profile</a> at NASA's Solar System Exploration site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/venuspage.html">Missions to Venus</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/thumbnail_pages/venus_thumbnails.html">Image catalogue</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Data_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Space Science Data Center">National Space Science Data Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venus.htm">Soviet Exploration of Venus</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm">Image catalogue</a> at Mentallandscape.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015045714/http://www.strykfoto.org/venera.htm">Image catalogue from the Venera missions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html">Venus page</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Planets" title="The Nine Planets">The Nine Planets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalogue/VenusCatalog.html">Transits of Venus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319134106/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalogue/VenusCatalog.html">Archived</a> 19 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at NASA.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geody.com/?world=venus">Geody Venus</a>, a search engine for surface features</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/pentagram-of-venus">Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the pentagram that the orbit of Venus traces when Earth is held fixed at the centre of the coordinate system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartographic_resources">Cartographic resources</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005184007/http://www.mapaplanet.org/explorer/venus.html">Map-a-Planet: Venus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112001040/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/VENUS/target">Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Venus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/vc/vchome.shtml">Venus crater database</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute" title="Lunar and Planetary Institute">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetologia.elte.hu/venusz-terkep-elte-ttk-kavucs.pdf">Map of Venus</a> by <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Eötvös Loránd University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/space/venus/@33.5623476,-46.1493481,7057278m/data=!3m1!1e3">Google Venus 3D</a>, interactive map of the planet</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Venus" title="Template:Venus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venus" title="Template talk:Venus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Venus" title="Outline of Venus">Outline of Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnoid_(astrogeology)" title="Arachnoid (astrogeology)">Arachnoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Dune fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapping_of_Venus" title="Mapping of Venus">Mapping of Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Regio" title="Alpha Regio">Alpha Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_Regio" title="Asteria Regio">Asteria Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Regio" title="Beta Regio">Beta Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovda_Regio" title="Ovda Regio">Ovda Regio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Venus" title="List of terrae on Venus">Terrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Terra" title="Ishtar Terra">Ishtar Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_Terra" title="Lada Terra">Lada Terra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_montes_on_Venus" title="List of montes on Venus">Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">volcanoes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abeona_Mons" title="Abeona Mons">Abeona Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akna_Montes" title="Akna Montes">Akna Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anala_Mons" title="Anala Mons">Anala Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Corona" title="Artemis Corona">Artemis Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BDhet_Corona" title="Baʽhet Corona">Baʽhet Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boala_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Boala Corona">Boala Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciuacoatl_Mons" title="Ciuacoatl Mons">Ciuacoatl Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fand_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fand Mons">Fand Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotla_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotla Corona">Fotla Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_Mons" title="Gula Mons">Gula Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng-o_Corona" title="Heng-o Corona">Heng-o Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso_Tholus" title="Iaso Tholus">Iaso Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idunn_Mons" title="Idunn Mons">Idunn Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irnini_Mons" title="Irnini Mons">Irnini Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaszai_Patera" title="Jaszai Patera">Jaszai Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat_Mons" title="Maat Mons">Maat Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Corona" title="Nightingale Corona">Nightingale Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onatah_Corona" title="Onatah Corona">Onatah Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozza_Mons" title="Ozza Mons">Ozza Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_Corona" title="Pavlova Corona">Pavlova Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzalpetlatl_Corona" title="Quetzalpetlatl Corona">Quetzalpetlatl Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake_dome" title="Pancake dome">Pancake dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet_Mons" title="Renpet Mons">Renpet Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacajawea_Patera" title="Sacajawea Patera">Sacajawea Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachs_Patera" title="Sachs Patera">Sachs Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapas_Mons" title="Sapas Mons">Sapas Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalloped_margin_dome" title="Scalloped margin dome">Scalloped margin dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddons_Patera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddons Patera">Siddons Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif_Mons" title="Sif Mons">Sif Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skadi_Mons" title="Skadi Mons">Skadi Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_Mons" title="Theia Mons">Theia Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushas_Mons" title="Ushas Mons">Ushas Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisa_Corona" title="Zisa Corona">Zisa Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coronae_on_Venus" title="List of coronae on Venus">List of coronae on Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">plateaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere_Planitia" title="Guinevere Planitia">Guinevere Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Planum" title="Lakshmi Planum">Lakshmi Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_Planitia" title="Sedna Planitia">Sedna Planitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Canyons</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">valleys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikhulu_Chasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikhulu Chasma">Aikhulu Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Chasma" title="Artemis Chasma">Artemis Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltis_Vallis" title="Baltis Vallis">Baltis Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Chasma" title="Dali Chasma">Dali Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devana_Chasma" title="Devana Chasma">Devana Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Chasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Chasma">Diana Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganis_Chasma" title="Ganis Chasma">Ganis Chasma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Venus" title="List of craters on Venus">Craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addams_(crater)" title="Addams (crater)">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivar_(crater)" title="Adivar (crater)">Adivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnesi_(crater)" title="Agnesi (crater)">Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_(crater)" title="Alcott (crater)">Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(crater)" title="Ariadne (crater)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(crater)" title="Aurelia (crater)">Aurelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balch_(crater)" title="Balch (crater)">Balch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_(crater)" title="Barton (crater)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_(crater)" title="Buck (crater)">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(crater)" title="Cleopatra (crater)">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunitz_(crater)" title="Cunitz (crater)">Cunitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilova_(crater)" title="Danilova (crater)">Danilova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Lalande_(crater)" title="De Lalande (crater)">De Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_(crater)" title="Dickinson (crater)">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goeppert-Mayer_(crater)" title="Goeppert-Mayer (crater)">Goeppert-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubkina_(crater)" title="Golubkina (crater)">Golubkina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimke_(crater)" title="Grimke (crater)">Grimke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_(Venusian_crater)" title="Gregory (Venusian crater)">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilbert_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilbert (crater)">Guilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(crater)" title="Isabella (crater)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_(crater)" title="Jeanne (crater)">Jeanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Celeste_(crater)" title="Maria Celeste (crater)">Maria Celeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariko_(crater)" title="Mariko (crater)">Mariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_(crater)" title="Mead (crater)">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitner_(Venusian_crater)" title="Meitner (Venusian crater)">Meitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_Ptah_(crater)" title="Merit Ptah (crater)">Merit Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(crater)" title="Mona Lisa (crater)">Mona Lisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanichi" title="Nanichi">Nanichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_(crater)" title="Riley (crater)">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(Venusian_crater)" title="Ruth (Venusian crater)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefania_(crater)" title="Stefania (crater)">Stefania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_(crater)" title="Wanda (crater)">Wanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatley_(crater)" title="Wheatley (crater)">Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkina_(crater)" title="Yablochkina (crater)">Yablochkina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_Venus" title="Geodynamics of Venus">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_features_of_Venus" title="Surface features of Venus">Surface features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_snow" title="Venus snow">Venus snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusquake">Venusquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Venus" title="Aspects of Venus">Aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Venus" title="Orbit of Venus">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_Venus" title="Phases of Venus">Phases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1639_transit_of_Venus" title="1639 transit of Venus">1639</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_transit_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="1761 transit of Venus">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769_transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" title="1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_transit_of_Venus" title="1874 transit of Venus">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_transit_of_Venus" title="1882 transit of Venus">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_transit_of_Venus" title="2004 transit of Venus">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_transit_of_Venus" title="2012 transit of Venus">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus-crosser asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_trojan" title="Venus trojan">Venus trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/524522_Zoozve" title="524522 Zoozve">Zoozve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Sputnik 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> program <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">Sputnik 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">Sputnik 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">Sputnik 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">Venera 1964A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">Kosmos 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">Kosmos 167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">Kosmos 482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> / Pioneer 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> / Pioneer 13</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gravity Assists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (planned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (planned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed (crewed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a> (flyby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_mapping_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological mapping of Venus">Geological mapping of Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">Artificial objects on Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytherean" title="Cytherean">Cytherean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_in_culture" title="Venus in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction" title="Venus in fiction">In fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith (hypothetical moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Venus" title="Category:Venus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a>‡ (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a>‡ (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a>‡ (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a>‡ (en route)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/80px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/120px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/160px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="262" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/80px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/120px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/160px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/80px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/120px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/160px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">10</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin-en</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe#Small_probes" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Small Probes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Balloon probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Failed launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Tyazhely Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">2MV-1 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">2MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">2MV-2 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">3MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">482</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a>‡ (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR (spacecraft)">MBR Explorer</a>‡ (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a>‡ (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> (2031–2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Venus missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CubeSat_UV_Experiment" title="CubeSat UV Experiment">CUVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(rover)" title="Zephyr (rover)">Zephyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automaton_Rover_for_Extreme_Environments" title="Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments">AREE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Venus_Operational_Concept" title="High Altitude Venus Operational Concept">HAVOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_Observer_for_Venus_Reconnaissance" title="Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance">HOVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK#Mavr_(MArs_-_VeneRa)" title="TMK">TMK-Mavr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiting_Imaging_Radar" title="Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar">Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Volcano_Imaging_and_Climate_Explorer" title="Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer">VOICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Program overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3MV" title="3MV">3MV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Observations and explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">List of artificial objects on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Venus_flyby" title="Manned Venus flyby">Manned Venus flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Spectral_Rocket_Experiment" title="Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment">VeSpR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned. ‡ indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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