CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Fold (geology) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c0acdb55-d54d-41d6-ab2b-d041b84749be","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Fold_(geology)","wgTitle":"Fold (geology)","wgCurRevisionId":1259383639,"wgRevisionId":1259383639,"wgArticleId":763490,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Structural geology","Geological processes","Deformation (mechanics)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Fold_(geology)","wgRelevantArticleId":763490,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q81659","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg/1200px-Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="851"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg/800px-Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="567"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg/640px-Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="454"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Fold (geology) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Fold_geology rootpage-Fold_geology skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fold+%28geology%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fold+%28geology%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fold+%28geology%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fold+%28geology%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Fold_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fold_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Fold terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fold_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Descriptive features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descriptive_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Descriptive features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fold_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fold_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fold size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fold_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fold_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fold_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fold shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fold_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fold_tightness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fold_tightness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fold tightness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fold_tightness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fold_symmetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fold_symmetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fold symmetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fold_symmetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facing_and_vergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facing_and_vergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Facing and vergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facing_and_vergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deformation_style_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deformation_style_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Deformation style classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deformation_style_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_fold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_fold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of fold</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_fold-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of fold subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_fold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Linear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_folding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_folding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Causes of folding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_of_folding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes of folding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_folding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layer-parallel_shortening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer-parallel_shortening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Layer-parallel shortening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer-parallel_shortening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fault-related_folding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fault-related_folding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fault-related folding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fault-related_folding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fault_bend_folding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fault_bend_folding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Fault bend folding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fault_bend_folding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fault_propagation_folding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fault_propagation_folding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Fault propagation folding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fault_propagation_folding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detachment_folding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detachment_folding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Detachment folding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detachment_folding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folding_in_shear_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folding_in_shear_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Folding in shear zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folding_in_shear_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folding_in_sediments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folding_in_sediments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Folding in sediments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folding_in_sediments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Igneous_intrusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Igneous_intrusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Igneous intrusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Igneous_intrusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow_folding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow_folding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Flow folding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flow_folding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folding_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folding_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Folding mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folding_mechanisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folding mechanisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folding_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flexural_slip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexural_slip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Flexural slip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexural_slip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buckling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buckling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Buckling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buckling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mass displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics_of_folding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics_of_folding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mechanics of folding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics_of_folding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economic implications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mining industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Oil industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fold (geology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologiese_plooiing" title="Geologiese plooiing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geologiese plooiing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plego_(cheoloch%C3%ADa)" title="Plego (cheolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plego (cheolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plegamientu" title="Plegamientu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plegamientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plikativ_dislokasiyalar" title="Plikativ dislokasiyalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plikativ dislokasiyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C" title="ভূ-ভাঁজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূ-ভাঁজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гънка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гънка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plec" title="Plec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A1sa" title="Vrása – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vrása" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falte_(Geologie)" title="Falte (Geologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Falte (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd" title="Kurd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%84%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE_(%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Πτυχή (γεωλογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πτυχή (γεωλογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plegamiento" title="Plegamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plegamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falto" title="Falto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Falto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toles" title="Toles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="چین (زمین‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چین (زمین‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pli_(g%C3%A9ologie)" title="Pli (géologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pli (géologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filleadh_(geola%C3%ADocht)" title="Filleadh (geolaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Filleadh (geolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregamento" title="Pregamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pregamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%B5%EA%B3%A1" title="습곡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="습곡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="वलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipatan_(geologi)" title="Lipatan (geologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lipatan (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piega_(geologia)" title="Piega (geologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piega (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%98_(%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קמט (גאולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמט (גאולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ნაოჭი (გეოლოგია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაოჭი (გეოლოგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қатпарлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қатпарлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkunjo_(jiolojia)" title="Mkunjo (jiolojia) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkunjo (jiolojia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montay_plwaye" title="Montay plwaye – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Montay plwaye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%B1r%C5%91d%C3%A9s" title="Gyűrődés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyűrődés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Набор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Набор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഭൂമടക്കുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂമടക്കുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plooi_(geologie)" title="Plooi (geologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plooi (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%B6%E6%9B%B2" title="褶曲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="褶曲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_(geologi)" title="Folding (geologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folding (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding" title="Folding – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folding" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadacha%27insa_Lafaa" title="Dadacha'insa Lafaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dadacha'insa Lafaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A3_(%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2)" title="ਵਲਣ (ਭੂਗੋਲ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਲਣ (ਭੂਗੋਲ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%82d" title="Fałd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fałd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobra_geol%C3%B3gica" title="Dobra geológica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dobra geológica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut%C4%83_(geologie)" title="Cută (geologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cută (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Складчатая дислокация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Складчатая дислокация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fold (geology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A1sa" title="Vrása – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vrása" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guba_(geologija)" title="Guba (geologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Guba (geologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Набор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Набор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabor" title="Nabor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nabor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poimu_(geologia)" title="Poimu (geologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poimu (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veckning" title="Veckning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veckning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D1%8B%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Җыерчык (геология) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җыерчык (геология)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="ชั้นหินคดโค้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชั้นหินคดโค้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1m_(jeoloji)" title="Kıvrım (jeoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıvrım (jeoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Складки (геологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Складки (геологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%BFp_u%E1%BB%91n_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)" title="Nếp uốn (địa chất) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nếp uốn (địa chất)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%B6%E7%9A%BA" title="褶皺 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="褶皺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%B6%E7%9A%B1" title="褶皱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="褶皱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81659#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fold_(geology)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fold_(geology)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fold_(geology)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&oldid=1259383639" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fold_%28geology%29&id=1259383639&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFold_%28geology%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFold_%28geology%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fold_%28geology%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Folds" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81659" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Stack of originally planar surfaces</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg/220px-Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg/330px-Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg/440px-Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Folds of alternate layers of limestone and chert occur in Greece. The limestone and chert were originally deposited as flat layers on the floor of a deep sea basin. These folds were produced by <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine deformation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">structural geology</a>, a <b>fold</b> is a stack of originally planar surfaces, such as <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>, that are bent or curved (<i>"folded"</i>) during permanent <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)" title="Deformation (engineering)">deformation</a>. Folds in rocks vary in size from microscopic crinkles to mountain-sized folds. They occur as single isolated folds or in periodic sets (known as <i>fold trains</i>). <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synsedimentary" class="extiw" title="wikt:synsedimentary">Synsedimentary</a> folds are those formed during sedimentary deposition. </p><p>Folds form under varied conditions of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)">stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pore_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pore pressure">pore pressure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient" title="Temperature gradient">temperature gradient</a>, as evidenced by their presence in soft <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sediments</a>, the full spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic rocks">metamorphic rocks</a>, and even as primary flow structures in some <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous rocks">igneous rocks</a>. A set of folds distributed on a regional scale constitutes a <b>fold belt</b>, a common feature of <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic zones</a>. Folds are commonly formed by shortening of existing layers, but may also be formed as a result of displacement on a non-planar <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> (<i>fault bend fold</i>), at the tip of a propagating fault (<i>fault propagation fold</i>), by differential <a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">compaction</a> or due to the effects of a high-level <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusion</a> e.g. above a <a href="/wiki/Laccolith" title="Laccolith">laccolith</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folded_gyprock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Folded_gyprock.jpg/220px-Folded_gyprock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Folded_gyprock.jpg/330px-Folded_gyprock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Folded_gyprock.jpg/440px-Folded_gyprock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Kink band folds in the Permian of New Mexico, USA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Basin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rainbow_Basin.JPG/220px-Rainbow_Basin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rainbow_Basin.JPG/330px-Rainbow_Basin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rainbow_Basin.JPG/440px-Rainbow_Basin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Basin" title="Rainbow Basin">Rainbow Basin</a> <a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">syncline</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Barstow_Formation" title="Barstow Formation">Barstow Formation</a> near <a href="/wiki/Barstow,_California" title="Barstow, California">Barstow, California</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fold_terminology">Fold terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fold terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fold_sketch_3D_model_.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fold_sketch_3D_model_.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Fold_sketch_3D_model_.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fold_sketch_3D_model_.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Fold_sketch_3D_model_.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fold_sketch_3D_model_.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Fold_sketch_3D_model_.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4229" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>Fold sketch 3D model</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>fold hinge</i> is the line joining points of maximum curvature on a folded surface. This line may be either straight or curved. The term <i>hinge line</i> has also been used for this feature.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A fold surface seen perpendicular to its shortening direction can be divided into <i>hinge</i> and <i>limb</i> portions; the limbs are the flanks of the fold, and the limbs converge at the hinge zone. Within the hinge zone lies the hinge point, which is the point of minimum radius of <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> (maximum curvature) of the fold. The <a href="/wiki/Crest_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crest (physics)">crest</a> of the fold represents the highest point of the fold surface whereas the <a href="/wiki/Trough_(geology)" title="Trough (geology)">trough</a> is the lowest point. The <a href="/wiki/Inflection_point" title="Inflection point">inflection point</a> of a fold is the point on a limb at which the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concave" class="extiw" title="wikt:concave">concavity</a> reverses; on regular folds, this is the midpoint of the limb. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flank_%26_hinge.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flank_%26_hinge.PNG/220px-Flank_%26_hinge.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flank_%26_hinge.PNG/330px-Flank_%26_hinge.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flank_%26_hinge.PNG/440px-Flank_%26_hinge.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Flank & hinge</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>axial surface</i> is defined as a plane connecting all the hinge lines of stacked folded surfaces. If the axial surface is planar, it is called an <i>axial plane</i> and can be described in terms of <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">strike and dip</a>. </p><p>Folds can have a <i>fold axis</i>. A fold axis "is the closest approximation to a straight line that when moved parallel to itself, generates the form of the fold".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Ramsay 1967). A fold that can be generated by a fold axis is called a <i>cylindrical fold</i>. This term has been broadened to include near-cylindrical folds. Often, the fold axis is the same as the hinge line.<sup id="cite_ref-Naha_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naha-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Park_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriptive_features">Descriptive features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Descriptive features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fold_size">Fold size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fold size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minor folds are quite frequently seen in outcrop; major folds seldom are except in the more arid countries. Minor folds can, however, often provide the key to the major folds they are related to. They reflect the same shape and style, the direction in which the closures of the major folds lie, and their cleavage indicates the attitude of the axial planes of the major folds and their direction of overturning <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fold_shape">Fold shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fold shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevron_folds,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chevron_folds%2C_Ireland.jpg/220px-Chevron_folds%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chevron_folds%2C_Ireland.jpg/330px-Chevron_folds%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chevron_folds%2C_Ireland.jpg/440px-Chevron_folds%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Chevron folds, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>A fold can be shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(geology)" title="Chevron (geology)">chevron</a>, with planar limbs meeting at an angular axis, as <i>cuspate</i> with curved limbs, as <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circular</a> with a curved axis, or as elliptical with unequal <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fold_tightness">Fold tightness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fold tightness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interlimb_angles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Interlimb_angles.jpg/220px-Interlimb_angles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Interlimb_angles.jpg/330px-Interlimb_angles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Interlimb_angles.jpg/440px-Interlimb_angles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5418" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Interlimb angles</figcaption></figure> <p>Fold tightness is defined by the size of the angle between the fold's limbs (as measured tangential to the folded surface at the <a href="/wiki/Inflection_point" title="Inflection point">inflection line</a> of each limb), called the interlimb angle. Gentle folds have an interlimb angle of between 180° and 120°, open folds range from 120° to 70°, close folds from 70° to 30°, and tight folds from 30° to 0°.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Isoclines</i>, or <i>isoclinal folds</i>, have an interlimb angle of between 10° and zero, with essentially parallel limbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fold_symmetry">Fold symmetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fold symmetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all folds are equal on both sides of the axis of the fold. Those with limbs of relatively equal length are termed <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetrical</a>, and those with highly unequal limbs are <a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetrical">asymmetrical</a>. Asymmetrical folds generally have an axis at an angle to the original unfolded surface they formed on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facing_and_vergence">Facing and vergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Facing and vergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vergence_(geology)" title="Vergence (geology)">Vergence</a> is calculated in a direction perpendicular to the fold axis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deformation_style_classes">Deformation style classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deformation style classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsay_Classification.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ramsay_Classification.PNG/170px-Ramsay_Classification.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ramsay_Classification.PNG/255px-Ramsay_Classification.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Ramsay_Classification.PNG 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Ramsay classification of folds by <a href="/wiki/Vergence_(geology)" title="Vergence (geology)">convergence</a> of dip isogons (red lines).<sup id="cite_ref-Price_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Folds that maintain uniform layer thickness are classed as <i>concentric</i> folds. Those that do not are called <i>similar folds</i>. Similar folds tend to display thinning of the limbs and thickening of the hinge zone. Concentric folds are caused by warping from active buckling of the layers, whereas similar folds usually form by some form of shear flow where the layers are not mechanically active. Ramsay has proposed a classification scheme for folds that often is used to describe folds in profile based upon the curvature of the inner and outer lines of a fold and the behavior of <i> dip isogons</i>. that is, lines connecting points of equal dip on adjacent folded surfaces:<sup id="cite_ref-RamsayScheme_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RamsayScheme-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption>Ramsay classification scheme for folds </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Class</th> <th align="center">Curvature <i>C</i> </th> <th align="center">Comment </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">1 </th> <td align="center">C<sub>inner</sub> > C<sub>outer</sub> </td> <td align="center">Dip isogons converge </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">1A </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Orthogonal thickness at hinge narrower than at limbs </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">1B </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Parallel folds </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">1C </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">Orthogonal thickness at limbs narrower than at hinge </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">2 </th> <td align="center">C<sub>inner</sub> = C<sub>outer</sub> </td> <td align="center">Dip isogons are parallel: <b>similar</b> folds </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">3 </th> <td align="center">C<sub>inner</sub> < C<sub>outer</sub> </td> <td align="center">Dip isogons diverge </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_fold">Types of fold</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types of fold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NJ_Route_23_anticline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/NJ_Route_23_anticline.jpg/220px-NJ_Route_23_anticline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/NJ_Route_23_anticline.jpg/330px-NJ_Route_23_anticline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/NJ_Route_23_anticline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>An anticline in New Jersey</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monocline.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Monocline.JPG/220px-Monocline.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Monocline.JPG/330px-Monocline.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Monocline.JPG/440px-Monocline.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A monocline at Colorado National Monument</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caledonian_orogeny_fold_in_King_Oscar_Fjord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Caledonian_orogeny_fold_in_King_Oscar_Fjord.jpg/220px-Caledonian_orogeny_fold_in_King_Oscar_Fjord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Caledonian_orogeny_fold_in_King_Oscar_Fjord.jpg/330px-Caledonian_orogeny_fold_in_King_Oscar_Fjord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Caledonian_orogeny_fold_in_King_Oscar_Fjord.jpg/440px-Caledonian_orogeny_fold_in_King_Oscar_Fjord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Recumbent fold, <a href="/wiki/King_Oscar_Fjord" title="King Oscar Fjord">King Oscar Fjord</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear">Linear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Linear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">Anticline</a>: linear, strata normally dip away from the axial center, <i>oldest</i> strata in center irrespective of orientation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">Syncline</a>: linear, strata normally dip toward the axial center, <i>youngest</i> strata in center irrespective of orientation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiform">Antiform</a>: linear, strata dip away from the axial center, age unknown, or inverted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synform" class="mw-redirect" title="Synform">Synform</a>: linear, strata dip toward the axial center, age unknown, or inverted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocline" title="Monocline">Monocline</a>: linear, strata dip in one direction between horizontal layers on each side.</li> <li>Recumbent: linear, fold axial plane oriented at a low angle resulting in overturned strata in one limb of the fold.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_(geology)" title="Dome (geology)">Dome</a>: nonlinear, strata dip away from center in all directions, <i>oldest</i> strata in center.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Basin</a>: nonlinear, strata dip toward center in all directions, <i>youngest</i> strata in center.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(geology)" title="Chevron (geology)">Chevron</a>: angular fold with straight limbs and small hinges</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Slump: typically monoclinal, the result of differential compaction or dissolution during sedimentation and lithification.</li> <li>Ptygmatic: Folds are chaotic, random and disconnected. Typical of sedimentary slump folding, <a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">migmatites</a> and decollement detachment zones.</li> <li>Parasitic: short-wavelength folds formed within a larger wavelength fold structure - normally associated with differences in bed thickness<sup id="cite_ref-Park_parasitic_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park_parasitic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Disharmonic: Folds in adjacent layers with different wavelengths and shapes<sup id="cite_ref-Park_parasitic_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park_parasitic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>(A <a href="/wiki/Homocline" title="Homocline">homocline</a> involves strata dipping in the same direction, though not necessarily any folding.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_of_folding">Causes of folding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Causes of folding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folds appear on all scales, in all <a href="/wiki/Rock_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock type">rock types</a>, at all levels in the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>. They arise from a variety of causes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer-parallel_shortening">Layer-parallel shortening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Layer-parallel shortening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pliegue_en_cofre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pliegue_en_cofre.jpg/170px-Pliegue_en_cofre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pliegue_en_cofre.jpg/255px-Pliegue_en_cofre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pliegue_en_cofre.jpg/340px-Pliegue_en_cofre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption> Box fold in <a href="/wiki/La_Herradura_Formation" title="La Herradura Formation">La Herradura Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morro_Solar" title="Morro Solar">Morro Solar</a>, Peru</figcaption></figure> <p>When a sequence of layered rocks is shortened parallel to its layering, this deformation may be accommodated in a number of ways, homogeneous shortening, reverse faulting or folding. The response depends on the thickness of the mechanical layering and the contrast in properties between the layers. If the layering does begin to fold, the fold style is also dependent on these properties. Isolated thick <a href="/wiki/Competence_(geology)" title="Competence (geology)">competent</a> layers in a less competent matrix control the folding and typically generate classic rounded buckle folds accommodated by deformation in the matrix. In the case of regular alternations of layers of contrasting properties, such as sandstone-shale sequences, kink-bands, box-folds and chevron folds are normally produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramsay_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rollover.png/150px-Rollover.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rollover.png/225px-Rollover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rollover.png/300px-Rollover.png 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>Rollover anticline</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faultbendfold.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Faultbendfold.png/150px-Faultbendfold.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Faultbendfold.png/225px-Faultbendfold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Faultbendfold.png/300px-Faultbendfold.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Ramp anticline</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrust_with_fault_propagation_fold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Thrust_with_fault_propagation_fold.svg/150px-Thrust_with_fault_propagation_fold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Thrust_with_fault_propagation_fold.svg/225px-Thrust_with_fault_propagation_fold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Thrust_with_fault_propagation_fold.svg/300px-Thrust_with_fault_propagation_fold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Fault-propagation fold</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fault-related_folding">Fault-related folding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fault-related folding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many folds are directly related to faults, associated with their propagation, displacement and the accommodation of strains between neighboring faults. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fault_bend_folding">Fault bend folding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fault bend folding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fault-bend folds are caused by displacement along a non-planar fault. In non-vertical faults, the hanging-wall deforms to accommodate the mismatch across the fault as displacement progresses. Fault bend folds occur in both extensional and thrust faulting. In extension, listric faults form <a href="/wiki/Rollover_anticlines" title="Rollover anticlines">rollover anticlines</a> in their hanging walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Withjack_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withjack-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In thrusting, <i>ramp anticlines</i> form whenever a thrust fault cuts up section from one detachment level to another. Displacement over this higher-angle ramp generates the folding.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowland_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fault_propagation_folding">Fault propagation folding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fault propagation folding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fault propagation folds or <i>tip-line folds</i> are caused when displacement occurs on an existing fault without further propagation. In both reverse and normal faults this leads to folding of the overlying sequence, often in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Monocline" title="Monocline">monocline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detachment_folding">Detachment folding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Detachment folding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a thrust fault continues to displace above a planar detachment without further fault propagation, <a href="/wiki/Detachment_fold" title="Detachment fold">detachment folds</a> may form, typically of box-fold style. These generally occur above a good detachment such as in the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a>, where the detachment occurs on middle <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCann_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCann-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folding_in_shear_zones">Folding in shear zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Folding in shear zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dextral_shear_folds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dextral_shear_folds.JPG/220px-Dextral_shear_folds.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dextral_shear_folds.JPG/330px-Dextral_shear_folds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dextral_shear_folds.JPG/440px-Dextral_shear_folds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption> Dextral sense shear folds in <a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">mylonites</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Shear_zone" title="Shear zone">shear zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cap_de_Creus" title="Cap de Creus">Cap de Creus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shear zones that approximate to <a href="/wiki/Simple_shear" title="Simple shear">simple shear</a> typically contain minor asymmetric folds, with the direction of overturning consistent with the overall shear sense. Some of these folds have highly curved hinge-lines and are referred to as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheath_fold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheath fold (page does not exist)">sheath folds</a></i>. Folds in shear zones can be inherited, formed due to the orientation of pre-shearing layering or formed due to instability within the shear flow.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folding_in_sediments">Folding in sediments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Folding in sediments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently deposited sediments are normally mechanically weak and prone to remobilization before they become lithified, leading to folding. To distinguish them from folds of <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> origin, such structures are called synsedimentary (formed during sedimentation). </p><p>Slump folding: When <a href="/wiki/Slump_(geology)" title="Slump (geology)">slumps</a> form in poorly consolidated sediments, they commonly undergo folding, particularly at their leading edges, during their emplacement. The asymmetry of the slump folds can be used to determine paleoslope directions in sequences of sedimentary rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewatering: Rapid dewatering of sandy sediments, possibly triggered by seismic activity, can cause convolute bedding.<sup id="cite_ref-Gary_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gary-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compaction: Folds can be generated in a younger sequence by differential compaction over older structures such as fault blocks and <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyne_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyne-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Igneous_intrusion">Igneous intrusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Igneous intrusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emplacement of igneous intrusions tends to deform the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a>. In the case of high-level intrusions, near the Earth's surface, this deformation is concentrated above the intrusion and often takes the form of folding, as with the upper surface of a <a href="/wiki/Laccolith" title="Laccolith">laccolith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flow_folding">Flow folding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flow folding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advancing_ramp_in_incompetent_layers.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Advancing_ramp_in_incompetent_layers.PNG/170px-Advancing_ramp_in_incompetent_layers.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Advancing_ramp_in_incompetent_layers.PNG/255px-Advancing_ramp_in_incompetent_layers.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Advancing_ramp_in_incompetent_layers.PNG/340px-Advancing_ramp_in_incompetent_layers.PNG 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Flow folding: depiction of the effect of an advancing ramp of rigid rock into compliant layers. Top: low drag by a ramp: layers are not altered in thickness; Bottom: high drag: lowest layers tend to crumple.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The compliance of rock layers is referred to as <i>competence</i>: a competent layer or bed of rock can withstand an applied load without collapsing and is relatively strong, while an incompetent layer is relatively weak. When rock behaves as a fluid, as in the case of very weak rock such as rock salt, or any rock that is buried deeply enough, it typically shows <i>flow folding</i> (also called <i>passive folding</i>, because little resistance is offered): the strata appear shifted undistorted, assuming any shape impressed upon them by surrounding more rigid rocks. The strata simply serve as markers of the folding.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such folding is also a feature of many igneous intrusions and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Pete_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pete-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folding_mechanisms">Folding mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Folding mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folding of rocks must balance the deformation of layers with the conservation of volume in a rock mass. This occurs by several mechanisms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexural_slip">Flexural slip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Flexural slip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flexural slip allows folding by creating layer-parallel slip between the layers of the folded strata, which, altogether, result in deformation. A good analogy is bending a phone book, where volume preservation is accommodated by slip between the pages of the book. </p><p>The fold formed by the compression of competent rock beds is called "flexure fold". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buckling">Buckling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Buckling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically, folding is thought to occur by simple buckling of a planar surface and its confining volume. The volume change is accommodated by <i>layer parallel shortening</i> the volume, which grows in <i>thickness</i>. Folding under this mechanism is typical of a similar fold style, as thinned limbs are shortened horizontally and thickened hinges do so vertically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_displacement">Mass displacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mass displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the folding deformation cannot be accommodated by a flexural slip or volume-change shortening (buckling), the rocks are generally removed from the path of the stress. This is achieved by <a href="/wiki/Pressure_solution" title="Pressure solution">pressure dissolution</a>, a form of metamorphic process, in which rocks shorten by dissolving constituents in areas of high strain and redepositing them in areas of lower strain. Folds generated in this way include examples in <a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">migmatites</a> and areas with a strong axial planar <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">cleavage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics_of_folding">Mechanics of folding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mechanics of folding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folds in the rock are formed about the <a href="/wiki/Stress_field" title="Stress field">stress field</a> in which the rocks are located and the <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a>, or method of response to stress, of the rock at the time at which the stress is applied. </p><p>The rheology of the layers being folded determines characteristic features of the folds that are measured in the field. Rocks that deform more easily form many short-wavelength, high-amplitude folds. Rocks that do not deform as easily form long-wavelength, low-amplitude folds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_implications">Economic implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economic implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_industry">Mining industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mining industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anticlinal_Oil_trap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Anticlinal_Oil_trap.png/220px-Anticlinal_Oil_trap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Anticlinal_Oil_trap.png/330px-Anticlinal_Oil_trap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Anticlinal_Oil_trap.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>anticline oil trap</figcaption></figure> <p>Layers of rock that fold into a hinge need to accommodate large deformations in the hinge zone. This results in voids between the layers. These voids, and especially the fact that the water pressure is lower in the voids than outside of them, act as triggers for the deposition of minerals. Over millions of years, this process is capable of gathering large quantities of trace minerals from large expanses of rock and depositing them at very concentrated sites. This may be a mechanism that is responsible for the veins. To summarize, when searching for veins of valuable minerals, it might be wise to look for highly folded rock, and this is the reason why the mining industry is very interested in the theory of geological folding.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_industry">Oil industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Oil industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anticlinal traps are formed by folding of rock. For example, if a porous sandstone unit covered with low permeability shale is folded into an anticline, it may form a <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_trap" title="Petroleum trap">hydrocarbons trap</a>, oil accumulating in the crest of the fold. Most anticlinal traps are produced as a result of sideways pressure, folding the layers of rock, but can also occur from sediments being compacted.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_fold_evolution" title="3D fold evolution">3D fold evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain building">Mountain building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">Rock mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust fault</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFleuty1964" class="citation journal cs1">Fleuty, M. J. (1964). "The description of folds". <i>Proceedings of the Geologists' Association</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 461–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2864%2980023-7">10.1016/S0016-7878(64)80023-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7878">0016-7878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Geologists%27+Association&rft.atitle=The+description+of+folds&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=461-492&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2864%2980023-7&rft.issn=0016-7878&rft.aulast=Fleuty&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisReynolds1996" class="citation book cs1">Davis, George H.; Reynolds, Stephen J. (1996). "Folds". <i>Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 372–424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-52621-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-52621-5"><bdi>0-471-52621-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folds&rft.btitle=Structural+Geology+of+Rocks+and+Regions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=372-424&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-52621-5&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span> after <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonathParker1964" class="citation journal cs1">Donath, F. A.; Parker, R. B. (1964). "Folds and Folding". <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 45–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964GSAB...75...45D">1964GSAB...75...45D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281964%2975%5B45%3AFAF%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[45:FAF]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606">0016-7606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Folds+and+Folding&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-62&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0016-7606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%281964%2975%5B45%3AFAF%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964GSAB...75...45D&rft.aulast=Donath&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rft.au=Parker%2C+R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naha-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naha_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhoshNaha1997" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Subir Kumar; Naha, Kshitindramohan (1997). Sengupta, Sudipta (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqS2hxRe-nQC&pg=PA222"><i>Evolution of geological structures in micro- to macro-scales</i></a>. Springer. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-75030-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-75030-9"><bdi>0-412-75030-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+geological+structures+in+micro-+to+macro-scales&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-412-75030-9&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Subir+Kumar&rft.au=Naha%2C+Kshitindramohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqS2hxRe-nQC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Park_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2004" class="citation book cs1">Park, R. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycASqdxSG3YC&pg=PA26">"Fold axis and axial plane"</a>. <i>Foundations of structural geology</i> (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7487-5802-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7487-5802-X"><bdi>0-7487-5802-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fold+axis+and+axial+plane&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+structural+geology&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7487-5802-X&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycASqdxSG3YC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesLisle2013" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, J. W.; Lisle, Richard J. (2013). "5 Field Measurements and Techniques". <i>Basic geological mapping: 4th Edition</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-68542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-68542-6"><bdi>978-1-118-68542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5+Field+Measurements+and+Techniques&rft.btitle=Basic+geological+mapping%3A+4th+Edition&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-68542-6&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=Lisle%2C+Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisle2004" class="citation book cs1">Lisle, Richard J. (2004). "Folding". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geologicalstruct00lisl"><i>Geological Structures and Maps: 3rd Edition</i></a></span>. Elsevier. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geologicalstruct00lisl/page/n41">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5780-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-5780-4"><bdi>0-7506-5780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folding&rft.btitle=Geological+Structures+and+Maps%3A+3rd+Edition&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7506-5780-4&rft.aulast=Lisle&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeologicalstruct00lisl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Price_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceCosgrove1990" class="citation book cs1">Price, Neville J.; Cosgrove, John W. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80gYS1IzUWsC&pg=PA246">"Figure 10.14: Classification of fold profiles using dip isogon patterns"</a>. <i>Analysis of geological structures</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31958-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31958-7"><bdi>0-521-31958-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Figure+10.14%3A+Classification+of+fold+profiles+using+dip+isogon+patterns&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+geological+structures&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-31958-7&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neville+J.&rft.au=Cosgrove%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80gYS1IzUWsC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RamsayScheme-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RamsayScheme_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2004" class="citation book cs1">Park, R. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycASqdxSG3YC&pg=PA32">"Figure 3.12: Fold classification based upon dip diagrams"</a>. <i>Foundations of structural geology</i> (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 31 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7487-5802-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7487-5802-X"><bdi>0-7487-5802-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Figure+3.12%3A+Fold+classification+based+upon+dip+diagrams&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+structural+geology&rft.pages=31+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7487-5802-X&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycASqdxSG3YC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park_parasitic-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Park_parasitic_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Park_parasitic_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2004" class="citation book cs1">Park, R. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycASqdxSG3YC&q=parasitic+folds&pg=PA33"><i>Foundation of Structural Geology</i></a> (3 ed.). Routledge. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-5802-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-5802-9"><bdi>978-0-7487-5802-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundation+of+Structural+Geology&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7487-5802-9&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycASqdxSG3YC%26q%3Dparasitic%2Bfolds%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsay-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramsay_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsayHuber1987" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay, J. G.; Huber, M. I. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hXzNILoSnAC&q=layer+parallel+shortening+anisotropy+chevron+folds+buckling&pg=PA430"><i>The techniques of modern structural geology</i></a>. Vol. 2 (3 ed.). Academic Press. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-576922-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-576922-8"><bdi>978-0-12-576922-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+techniques+of+modern+structural+geology&rft.pages=392&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-12-576922-8&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Huber%2C+M.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_hXzNILoSnAC%26q%3Dlayer%2Bparallel%2Bshortening%2Banisotropy%2Bchevron%2Bfolds%2Bbuckling%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withjack-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Withjack_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithjackSchlische2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Withjack, M. O.; Schlische, R. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oOMfgdykbAkC&q=%22fault+bend+fold%22+extensional+rollover&pg=PA298">"Geometric and experimental models of extensional fault-bend folds"</a>. In Buiter, S. J. H.; Schreurs, G. (eds.). <i>Analogue and numerical modelling of crustal-scale processes</i>. Vol. Special Publications 253. Geological Society, London. pp. 285–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-191-8"><bdi>978-1-86239-191-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geometric+and+experimental+models+of+extensional+fault-bend+folds&rft.btitle=Analogue+and+numerical+modelling+of+crustal-scale+processes&rft.pages=285-305&rft.pub=Geological+Society%2C+London&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-191-8&rft.aulast=Withjack&rft.aufirst=M.+O.&rft.au=Schlische%2C+R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoOMfgdykbAkC%26q%3D%2522fault%2Bbend%2Bfold%2522%2Bextensional%2Brollover%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowland-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rowland_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlandDuebendorferSchieflebein2007" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, S. M.; Duebendorfer, E. M.; Schieflebein, I. M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWnmBEtmg2MC&q=%22ramp+anticline%22"><i>Structural analysis and synthesis: a laboratory course in structural geology</i></a> (3 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1652-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1652-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-1652-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+analysis+and+synthesis%3A+a+laboratory+course+in+structural+geology&rft.pages=301&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1652-7&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=Duebendorfer%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Schieflebein%2C+I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWnmBEtmg2MC%26q%3D%2522ramp%2Banticline%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonGawthorpeSharp2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, C. A. L.; Gawthorpe, R. L.; Sharp, I. R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616061425/http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/4205901.PDF">"Style and sequence of deformation during extensional fault-propagation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Structural Geology</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 519–535. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JSG....28..519J">2006JSG....28..519J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsg.2005.11.009">10.1016/j.jsg.2005.11.009</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/4205901.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Structural+Geology&rft.atitle=Style+and+sequence+of+deformation+during+extensional+fault-propagation&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-535&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsg.2005.11.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JSG....28..519J&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=C.+A.+L.&rft.au=Gawthorpe%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Sharp%2C+I.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.imperial.ac.uk%2Fpls%2Fportallive%2Fdocs%2F1%2F4205901.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCann-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCann_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReicherterFroitzheimJarosinkiBadura2008" class="citation book cs1">Reicherter, K.; Froitzheim, N.; Jarosinki, M.; Badura, J.; Franzke, H.-J.; Hansen, M.; Hübscher, C.; Müller, R.; Poprawa, P.; Reinecker, J.; Stackebrandt, W.; Voigt, T.; von Eynatten, H.; Zuchiewicz, W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0KXptTYvKv8C&q=%22detachment+fold%22+jura&pg=PA1235">"19. Alpine Tectonics north of the Alps"</a>. In McCann, T. (ed.). <i>The Geology of Central Europe</i>. Geological Society, London. pp. 1233–1285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-264-9"><bdi>978-1-86239-264-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19.+Alpine+Tectonics+north+of+the+Alps&rft.btitle=The+Geology+of+Central+Europe&rft.pages=1233-1285&rft.pub=Geological+Society%2C+London&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-264-9&rft.aulast=Reicherter&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Froitzheim%2C+N.&rft.au=Jarosinki%2C+M.&rft.au=Badura%2C+J.&rft.au=Franzke%2C+H.-J.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+M.&rft.au=H%C3%BCbscher%2C+C.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+R.&rft.au=Poprawa%2C+P.&rft.au=Reinecker%2C+J.&rft.au=Stackebrandt%2C+W.&rft.au=Voigt%2C+T.&rft.au=von+Eynatten%2C+H.&rft.au=Zuchiewicz%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0KXptTYvKv8C%26q%3D%2522detachment%2Bfold%2522%2Bjura%26pg%3DPA1235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordi-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jordi_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrerasDruguetGriera2005" class="citation journal cs1">Carreras, J.; Druguet, E.; Griera, A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817081929/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17083207">"Shear zone-related folds"</a>. <i>Journal of Structural Geology</i>. <b>27</b> (7): 1229–1251. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JSG....27.1229C">2005JSG....27.1229C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsg.2004.08.004">10.1016/j.jsg.2004.08.004</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17083207">the original</a> on 17 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Structural+Geology&rft.atitle=Shear+zone-related+folds&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1229-1251&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsg.2004.08.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JSG....27.1229C&rft.aulast=Carreras&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Druguet%2C+E.&rft.au=Griera%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D17083207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyHanson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, D.; Hanson, L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004754/http://alaska.usgs.gov/staff/geology/bradley/bradley_pubs/Paleoslope_Maine_1998.pdf">"Paleoslope Analysis of Slump Folds in the Devonian Flysch of Maine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geology</i>. <b>106</b> (3): 305–318. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JG....106..305B">1998JG....106..305B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F516024">10.1086/516024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129086677">129086677</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alaska.usgs.gov/staff/geology/bradley/bradley_pubs/Paleoslope_Maine_1998.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=Paleoslope+Analysis+of+Slump+Folds+in+the+Devonian+Flysch+of+Maine&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=305-318&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129086677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F516024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JG....106..305B&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Hanson%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falaska.usgs.gov%2Fstaff%2Fgeology%2Fbradley%2Fbradley_pubs%2FPaleoslope_Maine_1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gary-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gary_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1999" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F31jOYy-79EC&q=%22convolute+bedding%22+dewatering&pg=PA215">"17. Sediments into rocks: post-depositional processes"</a>. <i>Sedimentology and stratigraphy</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03578-6"><bdi>978-0-632-03578-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.+Sediments+into+rocks%3A+post-depositional+processes&rft.btitle=Sedimentology+and+stratigraphy&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-632-03578-6&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF31jOYy-79EC%26q%3D%2522convolute%2Bbedding%2522%2Bdewatering%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyne-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hyne_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyne2001" class="citation book cs1">Hyne, N. J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3A8YIW3uuX0C&q=compaction+anticline&pg=PA184"><i>Nontechnical guide to petroleum geology, exploration, drilling, and production</i></a>. PennWell Books. p. 598. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87814-823-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87814-823-3"><bdi>978-0-87814-823-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nontechnical+guide+to+petroleum+geology%2C+exploration%2C+drilling%2C+and+production&rft.pages=598&rft.pub=PennWell+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87814-823-3&rft.aulast=Hyne&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3A8YIW3uuX0C%26q%3Dcompaction%2Banticline%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrchuelaLaraSuarez2003" class="citation journal cs1">Orchuela, I.; Lara, M. E.; Suarez, M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/abstracts/2003barcelona/short/83257.pdf">"Productive Large Scale Folding Associated with Igneous Intrusions: El Trapial Field, Neuquen Basin, Argentina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>AAPG Abstracts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Productive+Large+Scale+Folding+Associated+with+Igneous+Intrusions%3A+El+Trapial+Field%2C+Neuquen+Basin%2C+Argentina&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Orchuela&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Lara%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Suarez%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchanddiscovery.com%2Fdocuments%2Fabstracts%2F2003barcelona%2Fshort%2F83257.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonFletcher1994" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Arvid M.; Fletcher, Raymond C. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOJKgOcjCGQC&pg=PA87">"Figure 2.6"</a>. <i>Folding of viscous layers: mechanical analysis and interpretation of structures in deformed rock</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08484-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08484-6"><bdi>0-231-08484-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Figure+2.6&rft.btitle=Folding+of+viscous+layers%3A+mechanical+analysis+and+interpretation+of+structures+in+deformed+rock&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-231-08484-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Arvid+M.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Raymond+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIOJKgOcjCGQC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark1997" class="citation book cs1">Park, R. G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycASqdxSG3YC&pg=PA109"><i>Foundations of structural geology</i></a> (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7487-5802-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7487-5802-X"><bdi>0-7487-5802-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+structural+geology&rft.pages=109&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7487-5802-X&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycASqdxSG3YC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span>;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwissMoores1992" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, R. J.; Moores, E. M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=14fn03iJ2r8C&pg=PA241">"Figure 12.8: Passive shear folding"</a>. <i>Structural geology</i> (2nd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 241–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2252-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2252-6"><bdi>0-7167-2252-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Figure+12.8%3A+Passive+shear+folding&rft.btitle=Structural+geology&rft.pages=241-242&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7167-2252-6&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Moores%2C+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D14fn03iJ2r8C%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pete-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pete_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudleston1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hudleston, P. J. (1977). "Similar folds, recumbent folds and gravity tectonics in ice and rocks". <i>Journal of Geology</i>. <b>85</b> (1): 113–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977JG.....85..113H">1977JG.....85..113H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F628272">10.1086/628272</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30068680">30068680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129424734">129424734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=Similar+folds%2C+recumbent+folds+and+gravity+tectonics+in+ice+and+rocks&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-122&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F628272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129424734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30068680%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977JG.....85..113H&rft.aulast=Hudleston&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.win.tue.nl/~mpeletie/Research/minerals.shtml">"Geological Folding and the Presence of Minerals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geological+Folding+and+the+Presence+of+Minerals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.win.tue.nl%2F~mpeletie%2FResearch%2Fminerals.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Oil_and_gas_traps">"Oil and gas traps - Energy Education"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oil+and+gas+traps+-+Energy+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergyeducation.ca%2Fencyclopedia%2FOil_and_gas_traps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnightHess2000" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Tom L.; Hess, Darrel (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/409">"The Internal Processes: Folding"</a></span>. <i>Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/409">409–14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-020263-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-020263-0"><bdi>0-13-020263-0</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Internal+Processes%3A+Folding&rft.btitle=Physical+Geography%3A+A+Landscape+Appreciation&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=409-14&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-13-020263-0&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Tom+L.&rft.au=Hess%2C+Darrel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalgeographmckn%2Fpage%2F409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollardFletcher2005" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, David D.; Fletcher, Raymond C. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405531629"><i>Fundamentals of Structural Geology</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83927-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83927-0"><bdi>0-521-83927-0</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Structural+Geology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-83927-0&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Raymond+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116405531629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFold+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ramsay, J.G., 1967, <i>Folding and fracturing of rocks</i>: McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 560pp., ISBN 193066589X</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_links">External links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Folds" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Folds">Folds</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Folds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Folds">folds</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.win.tue.nl/~mpeletie/Research/minerals.shtml">Mark Peletier</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Oil_and_gas_traps">Oil and gas traps</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Structural_geology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_geology" title="Template:Structural geology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_geology" title="Template talk:Structural geology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_geology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural geology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structural_geology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structural geology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underlying theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_mechanism" title="Deformation mechanism">Deformation mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9%27s_stress_ellipsoid" title="Lamé's stress ellipsoid">Lamé's stress ellipsoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%E2%80%93Coulomb_theory" title="Mohr–Coulomb theory">Mohr–Coulomb theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle" title="Mohr's circle">Mohr's circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">Rock mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_(physics)" title="Deformation (physics)">Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_partitioning" title="Strain partitioning">Strain partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_field" title="Stress field">Stress field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_(geology)" title="Tension (geology)">Tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunton_compass" title="Brunton compass">Brunton compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">Orthographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(geology)" title="Rake (geology)">Rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">Stereographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">Strike and dip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">Accretionary wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochthon" title="Allochthon">Allochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochthon_(geology)" title="Autochthon (geology)">Autochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">Continental collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9collement" title="Décollement">Décollement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">Extensional tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_block" title="Fault block">Fault block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_(geology)" title="Window (geology)">Fenster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">Fold and thrust belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_mountains" title="Fold mountains">Fold mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">Foreland basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-graben" title="Half-graben">Half-graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_(geology)" title="Horse (geology)">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">Horst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_and_graben" title="Horst and graben">Horst and graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-arc_basin" title="Intra-arc basin">Intra-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(geology)" title="Inversion (geology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe">Klippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plate_interactions" title="List of tectonic plate interactions">List of tectonic plate interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange">Mélange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountain formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nappe" title="Nappe">Nappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obduction" title="Obduction">Obduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">Pull-apart basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">Rift valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_(landform)" title="Saddle (landform)">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Structural basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(geology)" title="Suture (geology)">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneclise" class="mw-redirect" title="Syneclise">Syneclise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">Terrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-skinned_deformation" title="Thick-skinned deformation">Thick-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-skinned_deformation" title="Thin-skinned deformation">Thin-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_tectonics" title="Thrust tectonics">Thrust tectonics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">Fracturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">Exfoliation joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure" title="Fissure">Fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">Vein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Faulting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperity_(faults)" title="Asperity (faults)">Asperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclastic_rock" title="Cataclastic rock">Cataclastic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fault" title="Detachment fault">Detachment fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(geology)" title="Disturbance (geology)">Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_friction" title="Fault friction">Fault friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_mechanics" title="Fault mechanics">Fault mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">Fault scarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_trace" title="Fault trace">Fault trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_zone" title="Transfer zone">Transfer zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">Foliation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lineation_(geology)" title="Lineation (geology)">lineation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">Cleavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenulation" title="Crenulation">Crenulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissility_(geology)" title="Fissility (geology)">Fissility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_foliation" title="Oblique foliation">Oblique foliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_solution" title="Pressure solution">Pressure solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">Rock microstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slickenside" title="Slickenside">Slickenside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylolite" title="Stylolite">Stylolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_phase" title="Tectonic phase">Tectonic phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">Anticline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(geology)" title="Chevron (geology)">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fold" title="Detachment fold">Detachment fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_(geology)" title="Dome (geology)">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocline" title="Homocline">Homocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocline" title="Monocline">Monocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">Syncline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence_(geology)" title="Vergence (geology)">Vergence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boudinage" title="Boudinage">Boudinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(geology)" title="Competence (geology)">Competence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology#Kinematics" title="Structural geology">Kinematic analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_fold_evolution" title="3D fold evolution">3D fold evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleostress_inversion" title="Paleostress inversion">Paleostress inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleostress" title="Paleostress">Paleostress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_restoration" title="Section restoration">Section restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shear_zone" title="Shear zone">Shear zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_shear" title="Pure shear">Pure shear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_(geology)" title="Shear (geology)">Shear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Structural_geology" title="Category:Structural geology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81659#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Faltung <Geologie>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4296671-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Folds (Geology)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049638">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572406">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538438405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&oldid=1259383639">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&oldid=1259383639</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structural_geology" title="Category:Structural geology">Structural geology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geological_processes" title="Category:Geological processes">Geological processes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deformation_(mechanics)" title="Category:Deformation (mechanics)">Deformation (mechanics)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 21:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fold_(geology)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-h2npf","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.482","walltime":"0.573","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2555,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":87098,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1687,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":118084,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 473.802 1 -total"," 44.85% 212.519 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.90% 94.272 7 Template:Cite_journal"," 18.96% 89.845 19 Template:Cite_book"," 18.67% 88.477 1 Template:Structural_geology"," 18.02% 85.374 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.11% 57.398 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.05% 42.871 2 Template:Sister_project"," 8.72% 41.302 2 Template:Side_box"," 7.95% 37.653 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.307","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5416137,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-x4wxb","timestamp":"20241124213640","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fold (geology)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fold_(geology)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q81659","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q81659","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-29T08:51:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T21:36:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/55\/Folding_of_alternate_layers_of_limestone_layers_with_chert_layers.jpg","headline":"geological structure"}</script> </body> </html>