CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" data-document-language="true" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="0638869d-3d27-434f-b3ab-0dc0e9cf70f8" tb-donotmove></script> <script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/templates/met_2022/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/templates/met_2022/images/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/templates/met_2022/images/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/templates/met_2022/images/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/templates/met_2022/images/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/templates/met_2022/images/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffc40d"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit-pro.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagservices.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://olytics.omeda.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://px.ads.linkedin.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://snap.licdn.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://agent.extrawatch.com"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="/templates/met_2022/css/template.min.css?t=1732180729" integrity="sha512-UtoJaAI/4JQBZM00iYjo3qQK6A+Ak0jFi1wyU8KpaMUjQeqnekY5yHFR3nMajeDbJPLgcQD0/N3vXpzqE5uLHQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/e04325f501.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.14.5/sweetalert2.all.min.js" integrity="sha512-m4zOGknNg3h+mK09EizkXi9Nf7B3zwsN9ow+YkYIPZoA6iX2vSzLezg4FnW0Q6Z1CPaJdwgUFQ3WSAUC4E/5Hg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="pubdate" content="20140620"> <meta name="keywords" content="Motion Control,Energy,Energy Efficiency,Mechanical & Fluid Systems,Fluid Handling,Power,Engine/Powertrain,"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="author" content="SAE Media Group"> <meta value="twitter:site" content="@TechBriefsMag"> <meta property="og:description" content=" Schematic of the pump-controlled electrohydraulic steering system identifying components in the proposed circuitry. Modern on-highway vehicles have been making steady strides when it comes to employing technological advances featuring active safety systems. However, off-highway machines are lagging in this area and are in dire need for modernization."> <meta property="og:image" content="http://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1656455691/sites/tohe/articles/2014/regulars/SAE-MA-00577-13281_19482_act.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1656455691/sites/tohe/articles/2014/regulars/SAE-MA-00577-13281_19482_act.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/41425-sae-ma-00577"> <meta property="og:title" content="New Power Steering Concept Uses Variable Displacement Pump"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2022-11-15 04:26:14"> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-11-15 04:26:14"> <meta property="article:publisher" content="SAE Media Group"> <meta name="description" content=" Schematic of the pump-controlled electrohydraulic steering system identifying components in the proposed circuitry. Modern on-highway vehicles have been making steady strides when it comes to employing technological advances featuring active safety systems. However, off-highway machines are lagging in this area and are in dire need for modernization."> <title>New Power Steering Concept Uses Variable Displacement Pump - Mobility Engineering Technology</title> <link href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/41425-sae-ma-00577" rel="canonical"> <style> /*! inlined from /media/plg_content_ntb_tagsbot/css/template.min.css by ntb_minifier */ .ntb_tagsbot .taglist { font-style: italic; margin-top: 10px } .ntb_tagsbot .tagmenus { background: #FFE; border: 1px dashed #DDD; padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px } .ntb_tagsbot .clusterlist { font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 10px; } .ntb_cluster_div { display: none; } .tagmenus div:first-of-type { font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 10px; } /* end /media/plg_content_ntb_tagsbot/css/template.min.css */ </style> <link href="/plugins/content/jw_disqus/jw_disqus/tmpl/css/template.min.css?v=3.7.0" rel="stylesheet" /> <style>/** * Critical CSS created by criticalcss.com * file: /css/critical/article-default.css' * createdAt : 2024-11-21T09:20:53.000Z * resultStatus : GOOD * originalSize : 289994 * size : 0 * validationStatus : GOOD */ @charset "UTF-8";#startOfPage{visibility:hidden}@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6uyw4BMUTPHjx4wWw.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6u9w4BMUTPHh6UVSwiPHA.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6u9w4BMUTPHh50XSwiPHA.ttf) format('truetype')}:root{--bs-blue:#324a98;--bs-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-purple:#6f42c1;--bs-pink:#e83e8c;--bs-red:#e60000;--bs-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-green:#28a745;--bs-teal:#20c997;--bs-cyan:#17a2b8;--bs-black:#000000;--bs-white:#ffffff;--bs-gray:#6c757d;--bs-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-gray-100:#f8f9fa;--bs-gray-200:#e9ecef;--bs-gray-300:#dee2e6;--bs-gray-400:#ced4da;--bs-gray-500:#adb5bd;--bs-gray-600:#6c757d;--bs-gray-700:#495057;--bs-gray-800:#343a40;--bs-gray-900:#212529;--bs-primary:#005095;--bs-secondary:#6c757d;--bs-success:#28a745;--bs-info:#17a2b8;--bs-warning:#ffc107;--bs-danger:#e60000;--bs-light:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark:#212529;--bs-inverse:#000000;--bs-navbar:#005095;--bs-navitem:#ffffff;--bs-lightgray:#e9ecef;--bs-color-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-color-cyan:#17a2b8;--bs-color-blue:#324a98;--bs-color-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-color-red:#e60000;--bs-color-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-color-teal:#20c997;--bs-color-green:#28a745;--bs-color-pink:#e83e8c;--bs-color-black:#000000;--bs-color-white:#ffffff;--bs-color-gray:#6c757d;--bs-color-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-primary-rgb:0,80,149;--bs-secondary-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-success-rgb:40,167,69;--bs-info-rgb:23,162,184;--bs-warning-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-danger-rgb:230,0,0;--bs-light-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-dark-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-inverse-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-navbar-rgb:0,80,149;--bs-navitem-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-lightgray-rgb:233,236,239;--bs-color-indigo-rgb:102,16,242;--bs-color-cyan-rgb:23,162,184;--bs-color-blue-rgb:50,74,152;--bs-color-orange-rgb:253,126,20;--bs-color-red-rgb:230,0,0;--bs-color-yellow-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-color-teal-rgb:32,201,151;--bs-color-green-rgb:40,167,69;--bs-color-pink-rgb:232,62,140;--bs-color-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-color-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-color-gray-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-color-gray-dark-rgb:52,58,64;--bs-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-body-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-body-bg-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-font-sans-serif:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";--bs-font-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--bs-gradient:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));--bs-body-font-family:var(--bs-font-sans-serif);--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight:400;--bs-body-line-height:1.5;--bs-body-color:#212529;--bs-body-bg:#ffffff;--bs-border-width:1px;--bs-border-style:solid;--bs-border-color:#dee2e6;--bs-border-color-translucent:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm:0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg:0.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl:1rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl:2rem;--bs-border-radius-pill:50rem;--bs-link-color:#01abe9;--bs-link-hover-color:#8e8e8e;--bs-code-color:#e83e8c;--bs-highlight-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4)}*,::after,::before{box-sizing:border-box}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-size:1rem}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;border:0;border-top:1px solid;opacity:.25}h1,h2,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.2}h1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h1{font-size:2.5rem}}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-top:0}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem;margin-top:0}ol,p,ul{margin-bottom:1rem}figure{margin:0 0 1rem}a{color:var(--bs-link-color);text-decoration:underline;color:#01a0e9}a:not([href]):not([class]){color:inherit;text-decoration:none}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0;text-transform:none}button,input{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}iframe{border:0}img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.container,.container-fluid{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width:576px){.container{max-width:540px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{max-width:960px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1140px}}@media (min-width:1400px){.container{max-width:1320px}}.row{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-gutter-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x));margin-left:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x))}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y)}.col{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.col-2,.col-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-3{width:25%}.col-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-8,.col-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-9{width:75%}.col-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.g-0{--bs-gutter-x:0;--bs-gutter-y:0}.g-1{--bs-gutter-x:0.25rem;--bs-gutter-y:0.25rem}@media (min-width:576px){.col-sm-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-sm-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-sm-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}}@media (min-width:768px){.col-md-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-md-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-md-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}}@media (min-width:992px){.row-cols-lg-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-lg-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-lg-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-lg-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-lg-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ced4da;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border-radius:.375rem}.form-control::-webkit-date-and-time-value{height:1.5em}.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:#6c757d;opacity:1}.form-floating{position:relative}.form-floating>.form-control{height:calc(3.5rem + 2px);line-height:1.25;padding:1rem .75rem}.form-floating>label{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;padding:1rem .75rem;overflow:hidden;text-align:start;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid transparent;transform-origin:0 0}.form-floating>.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:transparent}.form-floating>.form-control:-webkit-autofill{padding-top:1.625rem;padding-bottom:.625rem}.form-floating>.form-control:-webkit-autofill~label{opacity:.65;transform:scale(.85) translateY(-.5rem) translateX(.15rem)}.input-group{position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.input-group>.form-floating{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;width:1%;min-width:0}.input-group .btn{position:relative;z-index:2}.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.form-floating:not(:last-child)>.form-control{border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.input-group>:not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-feedback):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-feedback){margin-left:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.btn{color:var(--bs-btn-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);--bs-btn-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-btn-padding-y:0.375rem;--bs-btn-font-size:1rem;--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-line-height:1.5;--bs-btn-color:#212529;--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-width:1px;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15),0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity:0.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb), .5);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-btn-border-radius)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-bg:#005095;--bs-btn-border-color:#005095;--bs-btn-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(0, 68, 126.65);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(0, 64, 119.2);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:38,106,165;--bs-btn-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(0, 64, 119.2);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(0, 60, 111.75);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#005095;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#005095}.btn-primary,.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125)}.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(91.8, 99.45, 106.25);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(86.4, 93.6, 100);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:130,138,145;--bs-btn-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(86.4, 93.6, 100);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(81, 87.75, 93.75);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#6c757d}.btn-link{--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-color:var(--bs-link-color);--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-active-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-active-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:none;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:38,106,165;text-decoration:underline}.btn-sm{--bs-btn-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-btn-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.25rem}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.nav-link{display:block;padding:var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color);text-decoration:none}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.3125rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width:0.25rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x)}.navbar>.container-fluid{display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}@media (min-width:768px){.navbar-expand-md{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y:1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x:1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-border-width:0;--bs-card-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius:0;--bs-card-inner-border-radius:0;--bs-card-cap-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x:1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);--bs-card-bg:#ffffff;--bs-card-img-overlay-padding:1rem;--bs-card-group-margin:0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-card-border-radius)}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.card-img-top{width:100%;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.breadcrumb{display:flex;list-style:none;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x:0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y:0;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-breadcrumb-font-size:1rem;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color:#ffffff;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color:#5b5b5b;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "|")}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.alert{--bs-alert-bg:transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x:1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y:1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-alert-color:inherit;--bs-alert-border-color:transparent;--bs-alert-border:1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius:0.375rem;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(0, 48, 89.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(204, 220, 233.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 202.5, 223.2)}.alert-primary .alert-link{color:#002648}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-native,.alert-success,.alert-validation{--bs-alert-color:rgb(24, 100.2, 41.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(212, 237.4, 217.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(190.5, 228.6, 199.2)}.alert-native .alert-link,.alert-success .alert-link,.alert-validation .alert-link{color:#135021}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color:rgb(13.8, 97.2, 110.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(208.6, 236.4, 240.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(185.4, 227.1, 233.7)}.alert-info .alert-link{color:#0b4e58}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-warning .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-danger,.alert-error{--bs-alert-color:#8a0000;--bs-alert-bg:#facccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(247.5, 178.5, 178.5)}.alert-danger .alert-link,.alert-error .alert-link{color:#6e0000}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color:rgb(99.2, 99.6, 100);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(253.6, 253.8, 254);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(252.9, 253.2, 253.5)}.alert-light .alert-link{color:#4f5050}.alert-cleanup,.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.8, 22.2, 24.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.6, 211.4, 212.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.4, 189.6, 190.8)}.alert-cleanup .alert-link,.alert-dark .alert-link{color:#101214}.alert-criticalcss,.alert-inverse{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5)}.alert-criticalcss .alert-link,.alert-inverse .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-navbar{--bs-alert-color:rgb(0, 48, 89.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(204, 220, 233.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 202.5, 223.2)}.alert-navbar .alert-link{color:#002648}.alert-navitem{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white}.alert-navitem .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-lightgray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(93.2, 94.4, 95.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(250.6, 251.2, 251.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(248.4, 249.3, 250.2)}.alert-lightgray .alert-link{color:#4b4c4c}.alert-advertising,.alert-color-indigo{--bs-alert-color:rgb(61.2, 9.6, 145.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(224.4, 207.2, 252.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(209.1, 183.3, 251.1)}.alert-advertising .alert-link,.alert-color-indigo .alert-link{color:#310874}.alert-color-cyan,.alert-notice{--bs-alert-color:rgb(13.8, 97.2, 110.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(208.6, 236.4, 240.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(185.4, 227.1, 233.7)}.alert-color-cyan .alert-link,.alert-notice .alert-link{color:#0b4e58}.alert-color-blue{--bs-alert-color:rgb(30, 44.4, 91.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214, 218.8, 234.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(193.5, 200.7, 224.1)}.alert-color-blue .alert-link{color:#182449}.alert-cache,.alert-color-orange{--bs-alert-color:rgb(151.8, 75.6, 12);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(254.6, 229.2, 208);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(254.4, 216.3, 184.5)}.alert-cache .alert-link,.alert-color-orange .alert-link{color:#793c0a}.alert-color-red{--bs-alert-color:#8a0000;--bs-alert-bg:#facccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(247.5, 178.5, 178.5)}.alert-color-red .alert-link{color:#6e0000}.alert-cdnjs,.alert-color-yellow{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-cdnjs .alert-link,.alert-color-yellow .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-color-teal,.alert-topic{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.2, 120.6, 90.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.4, 244.2, 234.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.1, 238.8, 223.8)}.alert-color-teal .alert-link,.alert-topic .alert-link{color:#0f6048}.alert-color-green{--bs-alert-color:rgb(24, 100.2, 41.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(212, 237.4, 217.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(190.5, 228.6, 199.2)}.alert-color-green .alert-link{color:#135021}.alert-cloudinary,.alert-color-pink{--bs-alert-color:rgb(139.2, 37.2, 84);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(250.4, 216.4, 232);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(248.1, 197.1, 220.5)}.alert-cloudinary .alert-link,.alert-color-pink .alert-link{color:#6f1e43}.alert-color-black{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5)}.alert-color-black .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-color-white{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white}.alert-color-white .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-color-gray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-color-gray .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-color-gray-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(31.2, 34.8, 38.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214.4, 215.6, 216.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(194.1, 195.9, 197.7)}.alert-color-gray-dark .alert-link{color:#191c1f}.btn-close{box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:#000;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;opacity:.5}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex:1055;--bs-modal-width:500px;--bs-modal-padding:1rem;--bs-modal-margin:0.5rem;--bs-modal-bg:#ffffff;--bs-modal-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-border-radius:0.5rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius:calc(0.5rem - 1px);--bs-modal-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding:1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-title-line-height:1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap:0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width:1px;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin)}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transform:translate(0,-50px)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-modal-border-radius);outline:0}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color);border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius)}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}@media (min-width:576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin:1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-bg:#ffffff;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:1px;--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0}.offcanvas.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.offcanvas-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)*.5);margin-top:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y))}.offcanvas-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:1.5}.offcanvas-body{flex-grow:1;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);overflow-y:auto}.d-inline-block{display:inline-block!important}.d-block{display:block!important}.d-flex{display:flex!important}.d-none{display:none!important}.position-relative{position:relative!important}.border-top{border-top:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-end-0{border-right:0!important}.border-bottom-0{border-bottom:0!important}.border-start-0{border-left:0!important}.border-primary{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-border-opacity))!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.h-100{height:100%!important}.flex-row{flex-direction:row!important}.justify-content-end{justify-content:flex-end!important}.justify-content-between{justify-content:space-between!important}.align-items-center{align-items:center!important}.align-content-center{align-content:center!important}.align-self-center{align-self:center!important}.m-0{margin:0!important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}.my-1,.navbar-side-item p{margin-top:.25rem!important;margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.my-2{margin-top:.5rem!important;margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem!important;margin-bottom:1rem!important}.my-auto{margin-top:auto!important;margin-bottom:auto!important}.mt-1{margin-top:.25rem!important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem!important}.mt-3{margin-top:1rem!important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem!important}.me-1{margin-right:.25rem!important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem!important}.me-3{margin-right:1rem!important}.me-4{margin-right:1.5rem!important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0!important}.mb-1{margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.mb-2,article .article-body>figure img{margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.mb-3,article .article-body>figure{margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem!important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem!important}.ms-0{margin-left:0!important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem!important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem!important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto!important}.p-1{padding:.25rem!important}.px-0{padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important}.px-3{padding-right:1rem!important;padding-left:1rem!important}.px-4{padding-right:1.5rem!important;padding-left:1.5rem!important}.pt-0{padding-top:0!important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem!important}.pb-0{padding-bottom:0!important}.pb-1{padding-bottom:.25rem!important}.pb-3{padding-bottom:1rem!important}.navbar-side-item p{padding-left:0!important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem!important}.text-center{text-align:center!important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase!important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-dark{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important;color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-black{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-color-gray-dark-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important;color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-white{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-muted{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:#6c757d!important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:inherit!important}.rounded-0{border-radius:0!important}@media (min-width:992px){.d-lg-block{display:block!important}}.blur-up{filter:blur(3px)}article p.author span,article p.date{font-weight:700}html{scroll-padding-top:100px}.adbox{background:#e6e6e7;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px}.adtop{padding-bottom:5px}.container{max-width:1170px}.container.hero{margin-top:-46px}.full-width{max-width:100%;padding-right:15px!important;padding-left:15px!important}header{position:relative;z-index:75}.header-top{height:85px;justify-content:space-between}.header-top>.col:first-of-type{padding-left:3.125rem}.header-top a{text-decoration:none}.header-title{position:absolute;font-weight:900;font-size:1.6875rem;color:#01a0e9;margin-left:15px;text-align:center;line-height:1.6875rem}.header-title::before{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;top:-3px;left:-9px;width:2px;height:54px;background:#005095}.header-subtitle{color:#005095;font-size:.9375rem;font-weight:700;position:relative;bottom:-28px;left:15px}.fa-bars{font-size:2.25rem}.mobile-tagline{display:none;text-align:center}.mobile-tagline span{position:relative;font-weight:900;font-size:1.6875rem;color:#01a0e9;margin-left:15px;text-align:center}.nav-blue{height:70px;z-index:2;position:relative}.nav-blue-hide{height:70px;max-width:934px;width:934px;background-color:#1b75bb;color:#fff;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;vertical-align:middle}.nav-blue-hide a{color:#fff;margin:0 30px;font-size:1.125rem}.nav-blue-hide-left{height:70px;width:30px;fill:#1b75bb}.b-link{font-weight:500;text-decoration:none}.nav-blue-login{color:#005095;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}.nav-blue-top-level{display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap}.nav-blue-top-level .fas.fa-search{margin-top:5px}.nav-blue-drop-menu-container{background:#d1e8f7;margin-top:30px;padding:20px}.nav-blue-drop{display:none;position:absolute;top:40px;z-index:99;width:20%;margin:0 auto}.nav-blue-drop ul{padding-left:10px;list-style-type:none}.nav-blue-drop ul li{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem}.nav-blue-drop ul li a{color:#1b75bb;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-weight:400;font-size:1rem;text-decoration:none}.nav-blue-drop-arrow{width:0;height:0;border-left:10px solid transparent;border-right:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid #d1e8f7;position:absolute;top:20px}.nav-blue-hide .fa-chevron-down{font-size:.75rem;margin-left:5px;vertical-align:middle}.hero .s-hero>div{position:relative}.rightcol-trending a{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.infobar,.infotop{background:#ccc;width:100%;max-width:1146px}.infotop{padding-top:60px}.infobar{padding-left:35px}.infobar .breadcrumb{font-weight:700;color:#005095;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:0}.infobar .breadcrumb .breadcrumb-item a{color:#005095;text-decoration:none}.card{border-radius:0;border:0;margin-bottom:15px}.card .fas{font-size:.875rem;margin-right:5px}.card-img-top{border-radius:0}.rightcol-trending h4 span:first-of-type{background:gray}.content{padding-right:30px}.rightcol{border-left:1px solid #000;padding-left:30px!important}.rightcol h2{vertical-align:middle;font-size:1.875rem;font-weight:900;color:#005095;margin-bottom:35px;border-top:3px solid #005095;padding-top:10px;text-transform:uppercase}.rightcol h4{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:700;color:gray;background:#f05a28;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:10px}.rightcol p{font-size:.9375rem;padding-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #000;color:#000;min-height:70px}.rightcol p>img{float:right;margin-left:10px}.rightcol p:last-of-type{border-bottom:none;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}.rightcol-trending h4 span{padding:5px;background:#f05a28}.container.article{position:relative}figure figcaption{color:gray;margin-top:5px;font-size:.85rem}article .article-social-share{display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;align-items:center;border-top:1px solid #2d2c2c;border-bottom:1px solid #2d2c2c;width:30px;padding:20px 0;margin-top:10px}article .article-social-share a{margin-bottom:20px;color:#2d2c2c;font-size:1.5625rem}article .article-social-share a:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}article .article-social-share i{color:#2d2c2c;font-size:1.5625rem}article .article-title,article h1{font-weight:700;color:#000;font-size:2rem}article h2{font-size:1.25rem;margin-bottom:20px}article .article-body h6{font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}article .article-body>figure img{width:100%}article .related-content h6{font-size:.9rem}@media (min-width:576px){article .related-content h6{font-size:.7875rem}}article .related-content a{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.2}@media (min-width:576px){article .related-content a{font-size:.875rem}}.article-content{padding:0 10px;background:#fff;position:relative}.article-content .author,.article-content .date{font-weight:700}body:before{display:none}footer h5{color:#005095;font-weight:900;font-size:1.625rem}@media screen and (max-width:1140px){.container{padding-left:15px!important;padding-right:15px!important}}@media (max-width:992px){.container.article{margin-top:0;padding:10px 25px 0}.content{padding-right:15px!important}.rightcol-trending p>img{display:none}.header-top{height:90px;padding:20px 0;margin-bottom:10px}.header-top>.col:first-of-type{padding-left:15px}.hero .col.s-hero{padding:0!important}.infobar{padding-top:20px}.login-box{margin-right:0!important;justify-content:center}.nav-blue{display:none!important}.rightcol{padding-left:15px!important;border:0!important}.container.hero{margin-top:0}}@media (max-width:767px){.header-subtitle,.header-title{display:none}.login-box{order:3}.header-top{height:135px}.mobile-tagline{display:block;order:5}}@media (max-width:600px){.infobar{padding-left:15px}}@media (max-width:576px){.article .article-social-share{flex-flow:row nowrap;align-items:center;border-top:1px solid #2d2c2c;border-bottom:1px solid #2d2c2c;width:100%;padding:10px 0;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:20px;justify-content:space-around}.article .article-social-share a{margin:0 10px 0 0}.article-content{padding:0 10px}.container.article{padding:0}}@media (max-width:500px){.article .article-title{font-size:2.0625rem}}@media (max-width:400px){.article .article-title{font-size:1.625rem}}@media (max-width:350px){.mobile-tagline span{font-size:1.375rem}}.alert{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:smaller}.alert-heading{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:1rem;font-weight:lighter}[role=button]{font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}@media (max-width:575.98px){body:before{content:"xs"}}@media (min-width:576px) and (max-width:767.98px){body:before{content:"sm"}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991.98px){body:before{content:"md"}}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1199.98px){body:before{content:"lg"}}@media (min-width:1200px) and (max-width:1399.98px){body:before{content:"xl"}}[class^=ad-position]{max-width:1200px}@media (min-width:1400px){body:before{content:"xxl"}[class^=ad-position]{max-width:1400px;margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}}.section-overline{color:#005095;text-transform:uppercase;width:100%;border-top:4px solid #005095;padding-top:.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem;text-align:left}.related-content a,footer a{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.navbar-side{padding:0;list-style:none}.navbar-side a{color:#212529;text-decoration:none}.navbar-side h6{color:#01a0e9;text-transform:uppercase}.navbar-side h6 a{color:#005095;text-decoration:none}.navbar-side hr{border-color:#495057;margin-left:1rem}.navbar-side-item{padding-left:1rem}.menu-side-sections>div li:first-of-type,.navbar-side-item p:first-of-type{margin-top:1.25rem}.navbar-side-item a{font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}.panel-heading h6:after{font-family:"Arial Black",Arial,sans-serif;content:"–";float:right;color:#343a40;padding:0 5px;font-size:1.2rem}.panel-heading .collapsed h6:after{content:"+"}.tb-mediagroup{background-color:#fff;padding:5px 0;color:#000}.tb-mediagroup a{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.tb-mediagroup .panel-heading h6:after{color:#212529} article .article-body .auto-half-width, article .article-body .half-width, article .article-body .auto-third-width, article .article-body .third-width { position: relative; width: 100%; padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px; flex: 0 0 100%; max-width: 100%; text-align: center !important; clear: left; float: left !important; } article .article-body > figure.third-width img, article .article-body > img.third-width, article .article-body > figure.auto-third-width img, article .article-body > img.auto-third-width, article .article-body > figure.half-width img, article .article-body > img.half-width, article .article-body > figure.auto-half-width img, article .article-body > img.auto-half-width { margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important; } article .article-body > figure.third-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.auto-third-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.half-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.auto-half-width figcaption { padding-right: 3rem !important; padding-left: 3rem !important; } @media (min-width: 576px) { article .article-body > figure.third-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.auto-third-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.half-width figcaption, article .article-body > figure.auto-half-width figcaption { padding-right: 0 !important; padding-left: 0 !important; } article .article-body .auto-third-width, article .article-body .third-width, article .article-body .auto-half-width, article .article-body .half-width { text-align: left !important; } article .article-body .auto-third-width, article .article-body .third-width { flex: 0 0 33.3333333333%; max-width: 33.3333333333%; } .article-body .auto-half-width, article .article-body .half-width { flex: 0 0 50%; max-width: 50%; } } </style> <script type="application/json" class="joomla-script-options new">{"system.paths":{"root":"","rootFull":"https:\/\/www.mobilityengineeringtech.com\/","base":"","baseFull":"https:\/\/www.mobilityengineeringtech.com\/"},"csrf.token":"e3bc3291fa927ca3624c63ecf6b1a69b","system.keepalive":{"interval":3600000,"uri":"\/component\/ajax\/?format=json"}}</script> <script type="module"> /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js by ntb_minifier */ /** * @copyright (C) 2018 Open Source Matters, Inc. <https://www.joomla.org> * @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE.txt */ /** * Keepalive javascript behavior * * Used for keeping the session alive * * @package Joomla.JavaScript * @since 3.7.0 */ if (!window.Joomla) { throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised'); } const keepAliveOptions = Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive'); const keepAliveInterval = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.interval ? parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval, 10) : 45 * 1000; let keepAliveUri = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.uri ? keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g, '&') : ''; // Fallback in case no keepalive uri was found. if (keepAliveUri === '') { const systemPaths = Joomla.getOptions('system.paths'); keepAliveUri = `${systemPaths ? `${systemPaths.root}/index.php` : window.location.pathname}?option=com_ajax&format=json`; } setInterval(() => fetch(keepAliveUri, { method: 'POST' }), keepAliveInterval); /* end /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js */ </script> <script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" async tb-donotmove></script> <script>// // GTM datalayer // window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; temisClusters = []; temisClusters.push("Chassis"); temisClusters.push("Electrical, Electronics, and Avionics"); temisClusters.push("Fuels and Energy Sources"); temisClusters.push("Management and Organization"); temisClusters.push("Parts and Components"); temisClusters.push("Power and Propulsion"); temisClusters.push("Safety"); temisClusters.push("Vehicles and Performance"); topicClusters = []; topicClusters.push("Energy"); topicClusters.push("Mechanical & Fluid Systems"); topicClusters.push("Motion Control"); topicClusters.push("Power"); dataLayer.push({'topicClusters': topicClusters}); dataLayer.push({'temisClusters': temisClusters}); dataLayer.push({'canonicalURL': 'https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/41425-sae-ma-00577'}); dataLayer.push({'articleID': '41425'}); dataLayer.push({'relatedID': '47617'}); </script>  <script tb-donotmove>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MSN5FV9'); </script>  </head> <body>  <noscript tb-donotmove > <iframe src = "https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MSN5FV9" height = "0" width = "0" style = "display:none;visibility:hidden" ></iframe > </noscript >   <header> <div class="container"> <div class="row header-top"> <div class="col col-2 col-md-10 col-lg-auto my-auto"> <img style="float: left; width: 75px" class="site-logo lazyload" width="75px" data-src="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/q_auto,f_auto/sites/met/template/sae-logo.svg"/> <a href="/"> <span class="header-title">MOBILITY ENGINEERING</span> <span class="header-subtitle">Produced by SAE Media Group</span> </a></div> <div class="col col-4 col-md-2 col-lg-auto d-flex align-items-center mr-5 login-box ms-auto"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md"> <div class="container-fluid"> <ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto"> <li class="nav-item d-lg-block d-none"> <a class="nav-link nav-blue-login" href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#cb-form">Login</a></li> <li class="nav-item d-lg-block d-none"> <a class="nav-link nav-blue-login" href="/account/registration">Sign up</a></li> <li class="nav-item d-block ms-3"> <a data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" href="#" role="button" data-bs-target="#HamburgerSidebar" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-bars"></i> </a></li></ul></div> </nav></div> <div class="col col-12 mobile-tagline"> <span>MOBILITY ENGINEERING</span></div></div></div>  <div class="container nav-blue d-flex justify-content-end"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="nav-blue-hide-left"> <polygon points="0, 24 20, 0 30, 0 30, 70"></polygon> </svg> <div class="nav-blue-hide px-4 d-flex flex-row justify-content-between"><div id="menu-top-hubs" class="nav-blue-top-level my-auto"> <div class="b-drop"> <a href="/met/topic/automotive" class="b-link" id="b-drop-automotive"> Automotive <i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </a> <div class="nav-blue-drop" id="nav-blue-drop-menu-automotive"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-menu-container"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-arrow"></div> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/adas">ADAS</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/connectivity-v2x">Connectivity/V2X</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/design-simulation">Design & Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/battery-electrification">Battery & Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/engine-powertrain">Engine/Powertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/propulsion">Propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/sensors">Sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/testing">Testing</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="b-drop"> <a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle" class="b-link" id="b-drop-commercial-vehicle"> Commercial Vehicle <i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </a> <div class="nav-blue-drop" id="nav-blue-drop-menu-commercial-vehicle"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-menu-container"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-arrow"></div> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/adas">ADAS</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/connectivity-v2x">Connectivity/V2X</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/design-simulation">Design & Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/battery-electrification">Battery & Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/fluid-power-motion-control">Fluid Power & Motion Control</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/engine-powertrain">Engine/Powertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/sensors">Sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/testing">Testing</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="b-drop"> <a href="/met/topic/aerospace" class="b-link" id="b-drop-aerospace"> Aerospace <i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </a> <div class="nav-blue-drop" id="nav-blue-drop-menu-aerospace"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-menu-container"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-arrow"></div> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/data-acquisition">Data Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/test-measurement">Test & Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/sensors">Sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/rf-microwave">RF & Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/electronics-computers">Electronics & Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/vehicles-robotics">Vehicles & Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/imaging-optics">Imaging & Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/lasers-photonics">Lasers & Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/weapons-systems">Weapons Systems</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="b-drop"> <a href="/met/topic/ev-hub" class="b-link" id="b-drop-ev-hub"> EV Hub <i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </a> <div class="nav-blue-drop" id="nav-blue-drop-menu-ev-hub"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-menu-container"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-arrow"></div> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/alternative-fuels">Alternative Fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/batteries">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/energy">Energy</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nav-item nav-blue-top-level my-auto"> <a class="nav-link" id="search-side-button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" href="#HamburgerSidebar" role="button" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </a></div></div></div><div class="offcanvas offcanvas-end" tabindex="-1" id="HamburgerSidebar" aria-labelledby="HamburgerSidebarLabel"> <div class="offcanvas-header"> <h5 class="offcanvas-title" id="HamburgerSidebarLabel"></h5> <button type="button" class="btn-close text-reset" data-bs-dismiss="offcanvas" aria-label="Close"></button></div> <div class="offcanvas-body px-0 pt-0"> <div class="search-container w-100 ps-3"><form id="searchform" action="/met/search" method="get"> <div class="input-group pe-5"> <div class="form-floating"> <input type="text" name="query" placeholder="Search" id="searchbox" class="form-control" value=""> <label for="searchbox">Search</label></div> <button id="searchbox-button" class="btn btn-primary" type="button" onclick="$('#searchform').submit()"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </button></div></form></div> <ul class="navbar-side nav-bar"><div class="menu-side-sections row me-1"> <div class="navbar-side-item col-12"> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/met/features">Features</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/met/stories">Stories</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/met/webcasts">Webinars</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/met/whitepapers">White Papers</a></li></div></div><hr> <div id="sidebar-accordion" class="navbar-side-item" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true"><div class="menu-side-explore row mt-2 me-1 tb-mediagroup"> <div class="explore-title col-10 navbar-side-item"> <h6 class="my-2">Explore SAE Media Group</h6></div> <div id="explore-heading" class="col-2 navbar-side-item panel-heading" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed mt-1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#explore-collapse" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="explore-collapse"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="explore-collapse" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="explore-heading"> <div class="explore-wrapper col-12"> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/">Medical Design Briefs</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/">Tech Briefs</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://createthefuturecontest.com">Create the Future Design Contest</a></li></div></div></div><div id="menu-side-hubs"> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/met/topic/automotive">Automotive</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-2214" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-2214" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-2214"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-2214" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-2214"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/autonomy">Autonomy</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/adas">ADAS</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/connectivity-v2x">Connectivity/V2X</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/design-simulation">Design & Simulation</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/battery-electrification">Battery & Electrification</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/engine-powertrain">Engine/Powertrain</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/propulsion">Propulsion</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/sensors">Sensors</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/testing">Testing</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle">Commercial Vehicle</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-2215" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-2215" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-2215"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-2215" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-2215"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/autonomy">Autonomy</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/adas">ADAS</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/connectivity-v2x">Connectivity/V2X</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/design-simulation">Design & Simulation</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/battery-electrification">Battery & Electrification</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/fluid-power-motion-control">Fluid Power & Motion Control</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/engine-powertrain">Engine/Powertrain</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/sensors">Sensors</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/testing">Testing</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/met/topic/aerospace">Aerospace</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-2213" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-2213" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-2213"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-2213" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-2213"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/data-acquisition">Data Acquisition</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/test-measurement">Test & Measurement</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/sensors">Sensors</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/rf-microwave">RF & Microwave</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/electronics-computers">Electronics & Computers</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/vehicles-robotics">Vehicles & Robotics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/imaging-optics">Imaging & Optics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/lasers-photonics">Lasers & Photonics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/weapons-systems">Weapons Systems</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/met/topic/ev-hub">EV Hub</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-2787" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-2787" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-2787"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-2787" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-2787"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/alternative-fuels">Alternative Fuels</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/batteries">Batteries</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/electrification">Electrification</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/energy">Energy</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="menu-side-followus mb-5"> <hr class="ms-0 me-4 my-1"> <div class="followus-wrapper my-3"> <div class="title-wrapper"> <h6 class="mb-0">FOLLOW US</h6></div> <div class="menu-wrapper"> <p class="text-primary"> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b&service_nickname=linkedin_company&username=sae-media-group" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i></a></p></div></div></div></div></ul> <div class="row px-3 navbar-side"> <hr> <h6 class="mb-2">Magazines</h6><div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="card"> <a href="/component/content/article/51836-doc-9497" class="side-link"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1727846041/sites/adt/covers/ADT-2024-10.jpg' class='card-img-top lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a> <div class="card-body px-0 pb-3"> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/component/content/article/51836-doc-9497" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/adt/magazine/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Archives</a></p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=ADTland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></button> </a></div></div></div><div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="card"> <a href="/component/content/article/51787-doc-9482" class="side-link"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1728029718/sites/ae/covers/AE-2024-10.jpg' class='card-img-top lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a> <div class="card-body px-0 pb-3"> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/component/content/article/51787-doc-9482" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/met/magazine/ae/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Archives</a></p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=AUEland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></button> </a></div></div></div><div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="card"> <a href="/component/content/article/51832-doc-9495" class="side-link"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1728570188/sites/tohe/covers/TOHE-2024-10.jpg' class='card-img-top lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a> <div class="card-body px-0 pb-3"> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/component/content/article/51832-doc-9495" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/met/magazine/tohe/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Archives</a></p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=TOHland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></button> </a></div></div></div><div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="card"> <a href="/component/content/article/51833-doc-9496" class="side-link"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1727498428/sites/tb/covers/BET-2024-10.jpg' class='card-img-top lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a> <div class="card-body px-0 pb-3"> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/component/content/article/51833-doc-9496" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/met/magazine/bet/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Archives</a></p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=BETland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></button> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></header> <span itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <meta itemprop="name" content="SAE Media Group"/> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com"/> <span itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com/templates/tbmg/images/tbmg_logo.png"/> <meta itemprop="width" content="210"/> <meta itemprop="height" content="50"/> </span> </span><div class="container hero"><div class="row"> <div class="col s-hero topic-hero"> <div class="infobar infotop"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page"> <span> Article</span></li></ol> </nav></div></div></div>  <div class="container adbox adtop full-width my-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 align-self-center text-center"><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm','md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_1800x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_1800x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_11_modid_491',target_pos:'11',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_11_modid_491' class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="row"> <div class="col s-hero topic-hero"></div></div><main role="main"> <div class="container article mt-3 g-0"> <div class="row article-content"> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-8 content g-0"><article class="item-page" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-GB"/> <div class="row"> <div class="article-title col-12 mb-2"> <h1 itemprop="headline">New Power Steering Concept Uses Variable Displacement Pump</h1></div></div> <div class="row" itemprop="articleBody"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-1"><aside class="article-social-share"> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b&apitype=1&v=1&service=facebook&link=https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/41425-sae-ma-00577?r=47617&title=New+Power+Steering+Concept+Uses+Variable+Displacement+Pump" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook fa-lg"></i></a> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b&apitype=1&v=1&service=twitter&link=https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/41425-sae-ma-00577?r=47617&title=New+Power+Steering+Concept+Uses+Variable+Displacement+Pump" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter fa-lg"></i></a> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b&apitype=1&v=1&service=linkedin&link=https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/41425-sae-ma-00577?r=47617&title=New+Power+Steering+Concept+Uses+Variable+Displacement+Pump" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin fa-lg"></i></a> <a href="#" onclick="$('html, body').animate({scrollTop:($('#disqus_thread').offset().top)},500);"><i class="fa fa-comment"></i></a> </aside></div> <div class="article-body col-sm-11 col-12 g-0"><p class="date"> <time datetime="2014-06-20T08:00:00-04:00" itemprop="dateCreated"> June 20, 2014</time></p> <time datetime="2022-11-14T23:26:14-05:00" itemprop="dateModified"> </time> <meta itemprop="keywords" content=""><p class="author" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <span itemprop="name">Naseem A. Daher and Monika Ivantysynova</span></p><a id="startOfPage"></a> <figure><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNTUyIj48cmVjdCB4PSIwIiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMTAyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1NTIiIGZpbGw9IiNmM2YwZTYiIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJzY2FsZSg2LjgyKSB0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC41IDAuNSkiPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiM4MTAwMDAiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iMTI5IiB5PSIzMCIgd2lkdGg9IjEyIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjI0IiAvPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDcxLjMyIDM4Ljg2KSByb3RhdGUoMTgzLjQzKSBzY2FsZSgyNi40NyAzMy40MykiPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiNmM2Y1YWEiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgY3g9IjAiIGN5PSIwIiByeD0iMSIgcnk9IjEiIC8+PC9nPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiNlZGZkZmYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iOTQiIHk9IjQ2IiB3aWR0aD0iNTYiIGhlaWdodD0iMzUiIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMTM0LjEzIDUwLjk3KSByb3RhdGUoLTEwLjg4KSBzY2FsZSg4LjMyIDIuMDcpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjMDA4NmRmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjNTQ5OGNkIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSI1NSIgY3k9Ijc5IiByeD0iNzIiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiNmYmZjZmYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgY3g9IjEwIiBjeT0iMzEiIHJ4PSIzNCIgcnk9IjY3IiAvPjxwb2x5Z29uIGZpbGw9IiNjOWNhZDQiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgcG9pbnRzPSIzMC4zMSwyOS42OSw1MC4xNSw2OC4yMiwtMTUuNjYsMzIuNjIsMTkuNDcsNDAuOTQiIC8+PHBvbHlnb24gZmlsbD0iI2ZmMmIyZSIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBwb2ludHM9IjE0MC44OCwzMy40NSwxMzQuODAsNDcuMjcsMTQzLjYyLDQyLjE2LDEyNC4yOCwyOC44NSIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMzguOTggNy41NSkgcm90YXRlKDIyNS43Nykgc2NhbGUoMTAuODcgNjQuNDQpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48cmVjdCBmaWxsPSIjOTU5MjZlIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHg9Ijg2IiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI4MSIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMTAuMDIgNDIuNjYpIHJvdGF0ZSgxNzkuNzUpIHNjYWxlKDEuMDAgNjAuNjYpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjYThhNmFlIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjOTY2Njc4IiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIzMCIgY3k9IjExIiByeD0iMSIgcnk9IjY5IiAvPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiNlYjQ2NDYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgY3g9IjEyNyIgY3k9IjE2IiByeD0iMSIgcnk9IjE2IiAvPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiNmZjBmMGYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iMTMxIiB5PSIzMCIgd2lkdGg9IjkiIGhlaWdodD0iMTMiIC8+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2VhNDE0YSIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iOTAiIGN5PSIxIiByeD0iMzciIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiNlOWZlZmYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgY3g9IjEzNSIgY3k9IjExIiByeD0iMiIgcnk9IjM2IiAvPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iMTE2IiB5PSI1MiIgd2lkdGg9IjM0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjI3IiAvPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDEzNSA0OSkgcm90YXRlKDk1KSBzY2FsZSg0IDEwKSI+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iIzAwNWNiZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSItMC41IiB5PSItMC41IiB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmNmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIxNiIgY3k9IjY4IiByeD0iMjUiIHJ5PSIyMiIgLz48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIxMjYiIGN5PSI3MyIgcng9IjE0OSIgcnk9IjUiIC8+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMTAwIiBjeT0iMzgiIHJ4PSI3IiByeT0iMzciIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMTEwIDU4KSByb3RhdGUoMzg0KSBzY2FsZSg4IDEzKSI+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iI2IzYWZjMyIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSItMC41IiB5PSItMC41IiB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48cmVjdCBmaWxsPSIjNTQ1YmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHg9IjE0NCIgeT0iNDEiIHdpZHRoPSI2IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjQiIC8+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZkNyIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSI0MyIgeT0iNiIgd2lkdGg9IjM2IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjI2IiAvPjxwb2x5Z29uIGZpbGw9IiNjYWM5YTQiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgcG9pbnRzPSI3Nyw0OCA2OSw1OSA2NywyNyIgLz48L2c+PC9zdmc+' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1656455691/sites/tohe/articles/2014/regulars/SAE-MA-00577-13281_19482_act.jpg' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>Schematic of the pump-controlled electrohydraulic steering system identifying components in the proposed circuitry.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern on-highway vehicles have been making steady strides when it comes to employing technological advances featuring active safety systems. However, off-highway machines are lagging in this area and are in dire need for modernization.</p> <figure><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1656455692/sites/tohe/articles/2014/regulars/SAE-MA-00577-13281_19483_act.jpg' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>The pump control system uses a single-stage proportional control valve that meters flow to a double rod actuator coupled to the pump swash plate. (Click arrow at top right of image to view additional image.)</figcaption></figure> <p>One chassis system that has been receiving much attention in the automotive field is the steering system, where several electric and electrohydraulic steering architectures have been implemented and steer-by-wire technologies are under current research and development activities. On the other hand, off-highway articulated steering vehicles have not adequately evolved to meet the needs of OEMs as well as their end customers.</p> <p>Present-day hydrostatic steering systems are plagued with poor energy efficiency due to valve throttling losses and are considered passive systems relative to safety, adjustability, and comfort.</p> <p>Researchers from <span class="Company">Purdue University </span>are working on a new electrohydraulic power steering system that utilizes a proven energy-saving technology, pump displacement control, that eliminates throttling losses associated with hydraulic control valves by controlling the displacement of a variable displacement pump. This new architecture lends itself to high energy efficiency resulting in lower fuel consumption and reduced emissions, higher machine productivity and reduced operator fatigue, and active safety functions that counteract instabilities and reject disturbances.</p> <p>Pump-controlled steering interprets the operator's inputs and relevant vehicle conditions to adjust the displacement of a variable displacement pump. The attached figure is provided for identification of components in the proposed circuitry. The actuator (8) velocity is controlled by adjusting the pump (2) speed, displacement, or both. The pump input/output ports are connected to the piston/rod sides of the actuator.</p><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_21_modid_498',target_pos:'21',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_21_modid_498' class=""></div></div></div><p>The differential fluid flow between the actuator's uneven sides is overcome by means of pilot-operated check valves (POCV) (6), which keep the low-pressure side of the actuator connected to a low-pressure source that can either provide or absorb flow to prevent evacuation. The low-pressure source has its own fixed displacement charge pump (4), driven by the same prime mover (1), providing continuous flow to the cylinder's low-pressure side. The low-pressure level setting is adjusted via a pressure relief valve (5).</p> <p>An accumulator (not shown) could be used to provide high flow rate spikes when sudden high-speed cylinder movements are incurred, if the charge pump flow is not sufficient. The system is protected from over-pressurization by means of pressure relief valves (7) installed on both sides of the actuator. The pump control system (3) uses a single-stage proportional control valve that meters flow to a double rod actuator coupled to the pump swash plate. The actuator linear displacement determines the angular position of the swash plate and thereby the effective instantaneous pump displacement volume.</p> <p>The proposed pump-controlled steering system promises multiple advantages over its state-of-the-art hydrostatic steering counterpart. First, pump-controlled actuation has been researched and implemented on several mobile machines (e.g., wheel loader, excavator, skid-steer loader) showing significant fuel-savings and increased machine productivity during standard working cycles. Similar efficiency results are expected when employing pump-controlled actuation to the steering function relative to reduced fuel consumption and emissions.</p> <p>Another advantage of a pump-controlled steering system over a hydrostatic steering system is the ability to vary the sensitivity of the steering system relative to the steering ratio (number of steering wheel turns to steering angle) and steering feel (steering wheel torque feedback). For example, at low vehicle speeds the number of steering wheel turns and the level of torque feedback are reduced, resulting in increased machine productivity (work done per unit time) as well as reduced operator fatigue (fewer operator breaks/extended machine uptime). On the other hand, at high speeds the number of steering wheel turns and the level of torque feedback are both increased to prevent abrupt steering wheel perturbations from destabilizing the machine while traveling at high speeds, since the steering wheel feels stiffer and the steering ratio sensitivity gain is lower.</p> <p>Last but not least, pump-controlled actuation has been successfully implemented for active damping on the boom function of a wheel loader with rapidly varying loads and disturbances. This capability can be carried over to the steering system, which upon the detection of any lateral instabilities (e.g., jackknifing or snaking) can take corrective action to stabilize the vehicle especially when traveling at higher speeds.</p> <p><em>This article is based on SAE International technical paper 2013-01-2349 by Naseem A. Daher and Monika Ivantysynova of Purdue University.</em></p> <hr> <div class="ntb_tagsbot"> <div class="taglist"> <strong class="sans-serif text-small">Topics:</strong><br> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/168/3296/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-shield-cross"></i> Active safety systems</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/201/1649/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-truck"></i> Commercial vehicles</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1841/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Control systems</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/energy/energy_efficiency/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Energy Efficiency</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/124/1086/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-plug"></i> Engine components</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/power/engine-powertrain/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-plug"></i> Engine/Powertrain</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/124/1085/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-plug"></i> Engines</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/mechanical_fluid_systems/fluid_handling/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-gears"></i> Fluid Handling</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/124/3184/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-plug"></i> Fluid power systems</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/177/34359429/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone "></i> Four wheel steering</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/122/1968/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-gas-pump"></i> Fuel consumption</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/124/48383/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-plug"></i> Hydraulic control</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/124/3186/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-plug"></i> Hydraulic systems</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/motion_control/motion_control/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-joystick"></i> Motion Control</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/201/1650/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-truck"></i> Off-highway vehicles and equipment</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/122/1955/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-gas-pump"></i> On-board energy sources</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/131/1089/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-puzzle-piece-simple"></i> Parts</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/177/60532/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone "></i> Power steering</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/124/1084/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-plug"></i> Powertrains</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/131/3935/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-puzzle-piece-simple"></i> Pumps</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/130/1145/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-sitemap"></i> Research and development</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/177/5574/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone "></i> Steering systems</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/177/44417707/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone "></i> Steering wheels</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/124/2565/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-plug"></i> Throttles</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/131/1093/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-puzzle-piece-simple"></i> Valves</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/201/1445/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-truck"></i> Vehicles</a></div></div> <div class="related-content"> <hr> <h4>More From SAE Media Group</h4> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-lg-2 g-1"> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/47797-sae-ma-07104?r=41425">Danfoss Targets Excavators with New Digital-Hydraulics System</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1704105549/sites/tohe/articles/2023/regulars/SAE-MA-07104-danfoss-dextreme-at-ashcourt_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/44675-sae-ma-06604?r=41425">Volvo CE, Norrhydro Team to ‘Revolutionize’ Digital Hydraulics</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1685581323/sites/tohe/articles/2021/features/SAE-MA-06604-volvo-ce-and-norrhydro-eh-solution_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/47230-sae-ma-07033?r=41425">Hydraulic Fluids Evolve to Meet Critical Equipment-Design Trends</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1698999334/sites/tohe/articles/2022/features/SAE-MA-07033-volvo-ec220-excavator_lead-art-banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/47617-sae-ma-07088?r=41425">Liebherr Reveals ‘Hybrid’ CFRP Cylinders and Parallel-Pump Concept</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNTczIj48cmVjdCB4PSIwIiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMTAyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1NzMiIGZpbGw9IiMwMDAwMDAiIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJzY2FsZSg2LjgyKSB0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC41IDAuNSkiPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDY0LjI2IDM0LjY5KSByb3RhdGUoMTAwLjQ1KSBzY2FsZSgxMDguMDEgODguNjcpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMjcuMTYgMjcuMzIpIHJvdGF0ZSgyNTIuNDUpIHNjYWxlKDMwLjYyIDM4LjQxKSI+PGVsbGlwc2UgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiBjeD0iMCIgY3k9IjAiIHJ4PSIxIiByeT0iMSIgLz48L2c+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMzEuMDEgMzcuMzYpIHJvdGF0ZSgxNi40OSkgc2NhbGUoODQuOTAgMTQuOTEpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjMDAwMTFiIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxOC44MiAwLjAyKSByb3RhdGUoMjk5Ljk1KSBzY2FsZSgxNS4yNyAyNi4wMSkiPjxlbGxpcHNlIGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgY3g9IjAiIGN5PSIwIiByeD0iMSIgcnk9IjEiIC8+PC9nPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDExNS4xMSA4My4wMCkgcm90YXRlKDIwNi40Nykgc2NhbGUoMjUuMDUgMTAuMzMpIj48ZWxsaXBzZSBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIGN4PSIwIiBjeT0iMCIgcng9IjEiIHJ5PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1702618913/sites/tohe/features-16x9/47617/sae-ma-07088-liebherr-hybrid-cylinder-production_banner_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="row g-1 collapse more_related show"> <div class="col-12"> <span class="mx-auto d-block badge bg-primary text-uppercase sans-serif mt-2" style="width:200px" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target=".more_related" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls=="#more_related"> More <i class="fad fa-chevron-double-down"></i> </span></div></div> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-lg-2 g-1 more-related collapse more_related" id="more_related"> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/50561-sae-ma-07371?r=41425">Electronic Torque Limiting Boosts Machine Productivity</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1721104426/sites/tohe/articles/2024/regulars/SAE-MA-07371-danfoss-mpg-story_electric-vehicle_banner.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/43283-sae-ma-02580?r=41425">Eaton Solves Nuisance Problems with Electrohydraulic Solutions</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNTczIj48cmVjdCB4PSIwIiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMTAyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1NzMiIGZpbGw9IiNmM2YzZjQiIC8+PGcgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJzY2FsZSg2LjgyKSB0cmFuc2xhdGUoMC41IDAuNSkiPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiM0YzRjNGIiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iNDUiIHk9IjEiIHdpZHRoPSI2OCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0IiAvPjxyZWN0IGZpbGw9IiNjMGMyYzMiIGZpbGwtb3BhY2l0eT0iMC41MCIgeD0iNjgiIHk9IjE0IiB3aWR0aD0iOSIgaGVpZ2h0PSI2OSIgLz48cmVjdCBmaWxsPSIjZjE3MDZkIiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHg9IjQiIHk9IjgwIiB3aWR0aD0iNDIiIGhlaWdodD0iMyIgLz48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgxMDcgMjgpIHJvdGF0ZSgxMzcpIHNjYWxlKDM3IDQpIj48cmVjdCBmaWxsPSIjN2JiMGQ5IiBmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk9IjAuNTAiIHg9Ii0wLjUiIHk9Ii0wLjUiIHdpZHRoPSIxIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEiIC8+PC9nPjxnIHRyYW5zZm9ybT0idHJhbnNsYXRlKDUyIDU5KSByb3RhdGUoMTM3KSBzY2FsZSgzOSAzKSI+PHJlY3QgZmlsbD0iIzZiYTNkMSIgZmlsbC1vcGFjaXR5PSIwLjUwIiB4PSItMC41IiB5PSItMC41IiB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiAvPjwvZz48L2c+PC9zdmc+' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1648730392/sites/tohe/articles/2017/regulars/SAE-MA-02580-15620_26491_act.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/49552-sae-ma-07281?r=41425">‘Electronification’ of Working Hydraulics in Compact Machines</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1714492253/sites/tohe/articles/2023/regulars/SAE-MA-07281-bosch-rexroth_65tr-mini-excavator.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/41824-sae-ma-01008?r=41425">Rexroth Releases New Flow-Sharing Valve for Mini Excavators</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1654035685/sites/tohe/articles/2015/regulars/SAE-MA-01008-13789_20980_act.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/51316-sae-ma-07436?r=41425">HD Hyundai Rolls out a Slew of New Machines</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1726005948/sites/tohe/articles/2024/regulars/SAE-MA-07436-hyundai-hd100-banner.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/46397-sae-ma-06974?r=41425">Rexroth Takes Aim at Electrification for Off-Highway Vehicles</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1693856961/sites/tohe/articles/2022/regulars/SAE-MA-06974-rexroth-egfz-gearboxes_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/44301-sae-ma-03619?r=41425">Holistic Hydraulic Designs Add More Sensors, Advanced Controls</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1669245925/sites/tohe/articles/2019/regulars/SAE-MA-03619-ohtrhydraulicdanfoss.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Motion Design</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/27733-selecting-the-correct-actuator?r=41425">Selecting the Correct Actuator</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1508483569/sites/tb/articles/sup/MD/2017/features/MD-1017-p12_fig1.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/40911-sae-ma-00034?r=41425">Volvo CE Showcases 100-Ton EC950F Excavator, New Hybrid Assist That Cuts Fuel Use by 15%</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1646001457/sites/tohe/articles/2020/regulars/SAE-MA-00034-volvo-ce-conexpo-booth_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/42170-sae-ma-01374?r=41425">High-Performance Roto-Translating Valve for Fault-Tolerant Applications</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1654041995/sites/tohe/articles/2015/regulars/SAE-MA-01374-14210_22181_act.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/44707-sae-ma-06637?r=41425">Garrett Two-Stage Turbos Ramp up Off-Highway</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1685581189/sites/tohe/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06637-garrett_lead_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/44811-sae-ma-06743?r=41425">Terzo Strives to Electrify Fluid Power</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1685597016/sites/tohe/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06743-terzo_excavator-project-in-shop_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/42178-sae-ma-01382?r=41425">Compact Motors</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1664273300/sites/tohe/articles/2015/products/SAE-MA-01382-14223_22239_act.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/48840-sae-ma-07221?r=41425">Cummins Spools up New Turbo Tech</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1710512627/sites/tohe/articles/2023/regulars/SAE-MA-07221-cummins-holset850-banner.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/40889-sae-ma-00011?r=41425">Parker Takes Electro-Hydrostatic Approach for Electric Machines</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1662552890/sites/tohe/articles/2020/regulars/SAE-MA-00011-parker_hydraulic-piston_bannerr.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/51552-sae-ma-07449?r=41425">ASV Rolls out a Pair of New Loaders</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1727215391/sites/tohe/articles/2024/regulars/SAE-MA-07449-asv-rt-65-beauty-banner.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/40927-sae-ma-00050?r=41425">Caterpillar Reveals Seven New Next-Gen Excavators, Increases Push for Remote Control</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1646002213/sites/tohe/articles/2020/regulars/SAE-MA-00050-cat-395-on-conexpo-booth_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Automotive Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/43558-sae-ma-02869?r=41425">Stanadyne Pumps up the Volume</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1645368075/sites/ae/articles/2018/regulars/SAE-MA-02869-stanadyne-350-bar-gdi-fuel-pump.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Motion Design</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/26695-converting-from-hydraulic-cylinders-to-electric-actuators-2017?r=41425">Converting from Hydraulic Cylinders to Electric Actuators</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1536783709/sites/tb/articles/sup/MD/2017/features/04_MD-0417-p14_fig1.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Motion Control Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/11776-10970-399?r=41425">Electric Motors vs. Fluid Power: Robotic System Designers Have a Choice</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1590399350/sites/tb/features-16x9/11776/10970-399_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Automotive Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/43564-sae-ma-02875?r=41425">GM Adopts Advanced Cylinder Deactivation for 2019 Chevy Silverado V8s</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1683138528/sites/ae/articles/2018/regulars/SAE-MA-02875-2019-gm-5.3-l-v8---dfm.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/44606-sae-ma-03926?r=41425">Bits and Bytes Boost Hydraulic System Capabilities</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1646057561/sites/tohe/articles/2020/features/SAE-MA-03926-machinecontrol-cat-320-hex_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Motion Control Technology</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/10670-steer-by-wire-systems-with-integrated-torque-feedback-improve-steering-performance-and-reduce-cost?r=41425">Steer-by-Wire Systems with Integrated Torque Feedback Improve Steering Performance and Reduce Cost</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1540893132/sites/tb/articles/sup/MCT/2011/features/34455-320_fig1.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Motion Design</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49588-pump-considerations-for-energy-efficient-industrial-hydraulic-systems?r=41425">Pump Considerations for Energy-Efficient Industrial Hydraulic Systems</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1714593262/sites/tb/features-16x9/49588/md-1223-p2_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Motion Control Tech Briefs</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/29833-msc22890?r=41425">Improved Magnetostrictive Pump </a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1535618611/sites/tb/articles/sup/MCTB/1999/briefs/MSC22890.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"> <div class="card text-dark border-primary border-top border-start-0 border-bottom-0 border-end-0 rounded-0 h-100"> <div class="row g-0 mt-2"> <div class="col-9 col-lg-8"> <div class="card-body p-1 pb-0"> <h6 class="tb-topic-overline text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size:0.7rem">Off-Highway Engineering</h6> <div class="w-100"></div> <a class="m-0 text-black related_item_link d-inline-block" href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/40881-sae-ma-00002?r=41425">Engine Developers Increase Efforts to Decrease Fuel Usage</a></div></div> <div class="col-3 col-lg-4 position-relative"> <div class="d-inline-block"> <img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_200/v1646000930/sites/tohe/articles/2020/features/SAE-MA-00002-ice-advances_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='200' alt='Related Article Image' /></div></div></div></div></div></div> <ul></ul><hr> <div class="card my-3" style="clear:both"> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1645948646/sites/tohe/covers/OHE-2014-07.jpg' class='card-img-left lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body"> <h5 class="card-title text-primary">Off-Highway Engineering Magazine</h5> <p class="card-text">This article first appeared in the July, 2014 issue of <em>Off-Highway Engineering</em> Magazine (Vol. 22 No. 7).</p></p> <p class="card-text">Read more articles from this issue <a href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/45296-doc-8625">here</a>.</p> <p class="card-text"> Read more articles from the archives <a href="/met/magazine/tohe/archives">here</a>.</p> <p class="card-text mb-0"> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=TOHland" target="_om"> <button class="btn btn-primary"> SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></button> </a></p></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="jwDisqusForm"> <div id="disqus_thread"></div> <script> var disqus_developer = '0'; var disqus_config = function(){ // TBMG -- use NTB canonicalURL instead of itemURL this.page.url = 'https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/41425-sae-ma-00577'; // TBMG this.page.identifier = '0e9876ef7f_id41425'; // TBMG -- added article title as disqus_title this.page.title = "New Power Steering Concept Uses Variable Displacement Pump"; // TBMG this.language = ''; }; (function() { var d = document, s = d.createElement('script'); s.src = 'https://techbriefs.disqus.com/embed.js'; s.setAttribute('data-timestamp', +new Date()); (d.head || d.body).appendChild(s); })(); </script> <noscript> <a href="https://techbriefs.disqus.com/?url=ref_noscript">View the discussion thread.</a> </noscript> <div id="jwDisqusFormFooter"> <div class="clr"></div></div></div> <div class="clr"></div></div></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_22_modid_496',target_pos:'22',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_22_modid_496' class=""></div></div></div></article></div> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-4 rightcol g-0"><div class="row mb-4"> <div class="col-md-12 rightcol-trending"> <h2 class="section-overline">Top Stories</h2><h4 class="text-white"><span>INSIDER</span><span>Manufacturing & Prototyping</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1730406946/sites/adt/features-16x9/51968/20241104_aerospace_story1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51968-germanys-new-military-surveillance-jet-completes-first-flight" alt="Germany's New Military Surveillance Jet Completes First Flight"> Germany's New Military Surveillance Jet Completes First Flight</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>INSIDER</span><span>Unmanned Systems</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1731530559/sites/adt/features-16x9/52053/20241114_defense_story1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52053-this-robot-dog-detects-nuclear-material-and-chemical-weapons" alt="This Robot Dog Detects Nuclear Material and Chemical Weapons"> This Robot Dog Detects Nuclear Material and Chemical Weapons</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>News</span><span>Energy</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1728258857/sites/tohe/articles/2024/news/SAE-MA-07464-ice_iveco-s-way-my24_banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51794-sae-ma-07464" alt="Improving the Ageless ICE"> Improving the Ageless ICE</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>INSIDER</span><span>Manned Systems</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1731706373/sites/adt/features-16x9/52064/20241118_aerospace_story1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52064-testing-the-viability-of-autonomous-laser-welding-in-space" alt="Testing the Viability of Autonomous Laser Welding in Space"> Testing the Viability of Autonomous Laser Welding in Space</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>INSIDER</span><span>Aerospace</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1730407119/sites/adt/features-16x9/51969/20241104_aerospace_story2_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51969-collins-develops-prototype-high-voltage-power-distribution-components-for-clean-aviation-switch-engine" alt="Collins Develops Prototype High-Voltage Power Distribution Components for Clean Aviation SWITCH Engine"> Collins Develops Prototype High-Voltage Power Distribution Components for Clean...</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>Articles</span><span>Energy</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1728915522/sites/adt/features-16x9/51785/adt-1024-p6_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51785-a-new-look-at-ignition-refining-our-understanding-of-combustion-dynamics-in-gun-chambers" alt="A New Look at Ignition: Refining Our Understanding of Combustion Dynamics in Gun Chambers"> A New Look at Ignition: Refining Our Understanding of Combustion Dynamics in...</a></p></div></div> <div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_21_modid_493',target_pos:'21',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_21_modid_493' class=""></div></div></div> <div class="row mb-4"> <div class="col-md-12 rightcol-trending"> <h2 class="section-overline">Webcasts</h2><div id="rightcol-webinars"> <h4 class="text-white">Aerospace</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1730191375/sites/adt/features-16x9/51900/shutterstock_194837228_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51900-best-practices-for-developing-safe-and-secure-modular-software" alt="Best Practices for Developing Safe and Secure Modular Software"> Best Practices for Developing Safe and Secure Modular Software</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">Power</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1731611719/sites/ae/features-16x9/52036/gamma-technologies-designing-an-hvac-modeling-workflow-2_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52036-designing-an-hvac-modeling-workflow-for-cabin-energy-management-and-xil-testing" alt="Designing an HVAC Modeling Workflow for Cabin Energy Management and XiL Testing"> Designing an HVAC Modeling Workflow for Cabin Energy Management...</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">Unmanned Systems</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1731100645/sites/adt/features-16x9/51977/shutterstock_382266112_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51977-countering-the-evolving-challenge-of-integrating-uas-into-civilian-airspace" alt="Countering the Evolving Challenge of Integrating UAS Into Civilian Airspace"> Countering the Evolving Challenge of Integrating UAS Into...</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">Manufacturing & Prototyping</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1732469828/sites/tb/features-16x9/52100/112524-tb-podcast_k1000p_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52100-scaling-manufacturing-and-production-for-data-as-a-service-electric-drone" alt="Scaling Manufacturing and Production for 'Data as a Service' Electric Drone"> Scaling Manufacturing and Production for 'Data as a Service' Electric Drone</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">Test & Measurement</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1729951721/sites/ae/features-16x9/51772/element-quick-guide-image_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/51772-a-quick-guide-to-multi-axis-simulation-and-component-testing" alt="A Quick Guide to Multi-Axis Simulation and Component Testing"> A Quick Guide to Multi-Axis Simulation and Component Testing</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">RF & Microwave Electronics</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1731940134/sites/tb/features-16x9/52071/111824-tb-podcast-drones_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52071-the-unusual-machines-approach-to-low-cost-drones-and-drone-components" alt="The Unusual Machines Approach to Low-Cost Drones and Drone Components"> The Unusual Machines Approach to Low-Cost Drones and Drone Components</a></p></div></div></div> <div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_22_modid_495',target_pos:'22',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_22_modid_495' class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div> </main><footer class="container mt-5"><hr class="border-top border-primary"> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-sm-2 row-cols-lg-3 py-4 px-5"> <div class="col"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/about">About</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/">Tech Briefs </a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/">Medical Design Briefs</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://status.saemediagroup.com/">Service Status</a></p></div><div id="cb-form" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="exampleModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-sm mt-5" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLabel">Sign In</h5> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button></div> <div class="modal-body"> <form action="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/account/login" method="post" id="login-form" class="form-inline cbLoginForm" data-bs-target="#cb-form"> <input type="hidden" name="option" value="com_comprofiler"/> <input type="hidden" name="view" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="op2" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="return" value="B:aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubW9iaWxpdHllbmdpbmVlcmluZ3RlY2guY29tL2NvbXBvbmVudC9jb250ZW50L2FydGljbGUvNDE0MjUtc2FlLW1hLTAwNTc3P3I9NDc2MTc="/> <input type="hidden" name="message" value="0"/> <input type="hidden" name="loginfrom" value="loginmodule"/> <input type="hidden" name="e3bc3291fa927ca3624c63ecf6b1a69b" value="1" /> <div class="form-floating mb-3 w-100"> <input name="username" type="text" class="form-control col-8" id="inputUserName" placeholder="Username"> <label for="inputUserName">Username or Email</label></div> <div class="form-floating mb-3 w-100"> <input name="passwd" type="password" class="form-control col-8" id="inputPassword" placeholder="Password"> <label for="inputPassword">Password</label></div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary col-12 mb-3">Submit <i class="fas fa-sign-in ms-2"></i></button> <a href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/account/forgot-login" class="col-12"> <i class="fas fa-unlock-alt me-2"></i> Forgot Login? </a> <div class="posttext cb_template cb_template_default"> <p><i>By submitting your personal information, you agree that SAE Media Group and carefully selected industry sponsors of this content may contact you and that you have read and agree to the <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a>. </i></p> <p><i>You may reach us at <a href="mailto:privacy@saemediagroup.com">privacy@saemediagroup.com</a>. </i></p> <p><i>You may unsubscribe at any time.</i></p></div></form></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/met/subscription-services">Subscriber Services</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/tb/feedback">Feedback</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com/company-directory">Contact Us</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/met/sitemap">Site Map</a></p></div></div> <div class="col"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com">Advertise</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/cookie-usage-statement">Cookie Usage</a></p></div><p class="menu-footer-followus my-2"> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b&service_nickname=linkedin_company&username=sae-media-group" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i></a></p></div></div> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-sm-2 row-cols-lg-3 py-4 px-5"> <div class="copyright col-12"> <p class="font-italic small">© 2024 SAE Media Group</p></div></div> </footer><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg=="></script><script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/e04325f501.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" defer tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg=="></script><script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> $(function () { var cl = cloudinary.Cloudinary.new({ cloud_name: "tbmg" }); cl.config({ defaultBreakpoints: [100,200,400,500,800,1000,1200], responsive_use_breakpoints: true, }); cl.responsive(); }); var match_md_max = window.matchMedia("(max-width: 991px)"); $(function () { var tooltipTriggerList = [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('[data-bs-toggle="tooltip"]')) var tooltipList = tooltipTriggerList.map(function (tooltipTriggerEl) { return new bootstrap.Tooltip(tooltipTriggerEl) }) }); </script> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js" as="script"/> <meta name="shareaholic:site_id" content="25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b"/> <script data-cfasync="false" async src="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> $(function () { // olytics 3.0 window.olytics || (window.olytics = []), window.olytics.methods = ["fire", "confirm"], window.olytics.factory = function (i) { return function () { var t = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); return t.unshift(i), window.olytics.push(t), window.olytics } }; for (var i = 0; i < window.olytics.methods.length; i++) { var method = window.olytics.methods[i]; window.olytics[method] = window.olytics.factory(method) } olytics.load = function (i) { if (!document.getElementById("olyticsImport")) { window.a = window.olytics; var t = document.createElement("script"); t.async = !0, t.id = "olyticsImport", t.type = "text/javascript"; var o = ""; void 0 !== i && void 0 !== i.oid && (o = i.oid), t.setAttribute("data-oid", o), t.src = "https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/js/v3/p/olytics.min.js", t.addEventListener("load", function (t) { for (olytics.initialize({Olytics: i}); window.a.length > 0;) { var o = window.a.shift(), s = o.shift(); olytics[s] && olytics[s].apply(olytics, o) } }, !1); var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s) } }, olytics.load({oid: "c1d61b8c10b7440fb3c59fe5b6424a6b"}); }); </script><noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=3077140&fmt=gif" class="nolazyload"/> </noscript>  <script src="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/media/system/js/core.min.js?37ffe4186289eba9c5df81bea44080aff77b9684"></script> <script src="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/media/vendor/jquery/js/jquery.min.js?3.7.1"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/met_2022/css/template.min.css?t=1732180729" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-UtoJaAI/4JQBZM00iYjo3qQK6A+Ak0jFi1wyU8KpaMUjQeqnekY5yHFR3nMajeDbJPLgcQD0/N3vXpzqE5uLHQ=="/> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" defer crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ=="></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.14.5/sweetalert2.all.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-m4zOGknNg3h+mK09EizkXi9Nf7B3zwsN9ow+YkYIPZoA6iX2vSzLezg4FnW0Q6Z1CPaJdwgUFQ3WSAUC4E/5Hg=="></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w=="/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/css/v3/p/olytics.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"/>  <script> var GAM_breakpoint=window.getComputedStyle(document.querySelector('body'),':before').getPropertyValue('content').replace(/"/g,'');window.googletag=window.googletag||{cmd:[]};googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sitepage',['MET/Home/Regulars']).setTargeting('site',["MET"]).setTargeting('menu_route',["met"]).setTargeting('menu_topics',[""]).setTargeting('menu_tags',[""]).setTargeting('article_category',["Regulars"]).setTargeting('article_topics',["Motion Control','Energy','Mechanical & Fluid Systems','Power"]).setTargeting('article_navs',["Technical Innovation','News"]);googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();googletag.pubads().setCentering(true);googletag.pubads().setForceSafeFrame(false);googletag.enableServices();});$(function(){function ntb_google_ad_manager_build(item){item_div=$('#'+item.div_id);if(item.display_sizes.includes(GAM_breakpoint)){googletag.cmd.push(function(){var item=this;var item_div=$('#'+item.div_id);size_mapping=[];if(item.size_mapping.length){size_mapping=googletag.sizeMapping();item.size_mapping.forEach(function(size_map){size_mapping.addSize(size_map.view,size_map.map);});size_mapping.build();} var targetSlot=googletag.defineSlot(item.slot,item.slot_ad_sizes,item.div_id).setTargeting('pos',[item.target_pos]).defineSizeMapping(size_mapping);if(item.slot_ad_empty==='default'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(true);} if(item.slot_ad_empty==='collapse'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(true,true);} if(item.slot_ad_empty==='expand'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(false);} targetSlot.addService(googletag.pubads());googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){if(event.slot===targetSlot&&event.isEmpty){item_div.parents('.ad-position').addClass('d-none');googletag.destroySlots(event.slot);}});googletag.enableServices();}.bind(item));} else{item_div.parents('.ad-position').addClass('d-none');}} function ntb_google_ad_manager_display(item){if(item.display_all||item.display_sizes.includes(GAM_breakpoint)){googletag.cmd.push(function(){item=this;googletag.display(item.div_id);}.bind(item));}} for(let i=0;i<ntb_google_ad_manager_items.length;i++){ntb_google_ad_manager_build(ntb_google_ad_manager_items[i]);} for(let i=0;i<ntb_google_ad_manager_items.length;i++){ntb_google_ad_manager_display(ntb_google_ad_manager_items[i]);}}); /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive-es5.min.js by ntb_minifier */ (function(){'use strict';if(!window.Joomla){throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised');} var keepAliveOptions=Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive');var keepAliveInterval=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.interval?parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval,10):45*1000;var keepAliveUri=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.uri?keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g,'&'):'';if(keepAliveUri===''){var systemPaths=Joomla.getOptions('system.paths');keepAliveUri=(systemPaths?systemPaths.root+"/index.php":window.location.pathname)+"?option=com_ajax&format=json";} setInterval(function(){return fetch(keepAliveUri,{method:'POST'});},keepAliveInterval);})(); /*! inlined from /media/legacy/js/$-noconflict.min.js by ntb_minifier */ var $=$.noConflict(); /*! inlined from /media/plg_content_ntb_tagsbot/js/tagsbot.min.js by ntb_minifier */ $(document).ready(function(){var currentTagLinkID=0;$('#ntb_cluster_'+$("#ntb_cluster").children(":selected").attr("value")).show('fast');$("#ntb_cluster").change(function(){$('.ntb_cluster_div').hide('fast');$('#ntb_cluster_'+this.value).show('fast');});$(".currentTagLinks").mouseenter(function(){if(currentTagLinkID!=this.id){currentTagLinkID=this.id;$('.ntb_cluster_div').hide('fast');$('#'+currentTagLinkID.replace('_link','')).show('fast');}});});$(function(){olytics.fire({behaviorId:'4781B0235467A1D',category:"technical-innovations",tag:"Motion Control,Energy,Energy Efficiency,Mechanical & Fluid Systems,Fluid Handling,Power,Engine\/Powertrain",pageType:"content",contentType:"article"})});!function(s,a,e,v,n,t,z){if(s.saq)return;n=s.saq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!s._saq)s._saq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='1.0';n.queue=[];t=a.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;z=a.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];z.parentNode.insertBefore(t,z)}(window,document,'script','https://tags.srv.stackadapt.com/events.js');saq('ts','3GYZ_Va41jnx_uqfPcLCuQ');$(function(){$('#cb-form').on('shown.bs.modal',function(){$('#inputUserName').focus();})}); /*! inlined from /templates/met_2022/js/custom.min.js by ntb_minifier */ var _extraWatchParams=_extraWatchParams||[];_extraWatchParams.projectId='20fce0b3-1572-4e54-beee-ab2aa9ae327b';(function(){var ew=document.createElement('script');ew.type='text/javascript';ew.async=true;ew.src='https://agent.extrawatch.com/agent/js/ew.js';var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(ew,s);})();_linkedin_partner_id="3077140";window._linkedin_data_partner_ids=window._linkedin_data_partner_ids||[];window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id);(function(l){if(!l){window.lintrk=function(a,b){window.lintrk.q.push([a,b])};window.lintrk.q=[]} var s=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];var b=document.createElement("script");b.type="text/javascript";b.async=true;b.src="https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(b,s);})(window.lintrk); </script> <script id="dsq-count-scr" src="//techbriefs.disqus.com/count.js" async></script> </body> </html>