CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Terai - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"584abc9c-13be-4508-94c2-d03b2f6d4072","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Terai","wgTitle":"Terai","wgCurRevisionId":1247146269,"wgRevisionId":1247146269,"wgArticleId":1717661,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2022","CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2020","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020","Regions of Nepal","Regions of India","Plains of Nepal","Plains of India","Grasslands of India","Grasslands of Nepal","Grasslands of Bhutan","Geography of Uttarakhand","Landforms of Uttarakhand","Wetlands of Nepal","Ganges basin","Ecoregions of the Himalayas","Indomalayan ecoregions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Terai","wgRelevantArticleId":1717661,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1133636","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Terai_nepal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Terai_nepal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Terai_nepal.jpg/640px-Terai_nepal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Terai - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Terai rootpage-Terai skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Terai" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Terai" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Terai" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Terai" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inner_Terai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_Terai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inner Terai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_Terai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_Terai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_Terai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Outer Terai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_Terai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Border disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_influence_in_Nepal_Terai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_influence_in_Nepal_Terai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Indian influence in Nepal Terai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_influence_in_Nepal_Terai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Humanitarian works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy_in_Nepal_Terai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_in_Nepal_Terai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Economy in Nepal Terai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_in_Nepal_Terai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_in_Indian_Terai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_in_Indian_Terai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Economy in Indian Terai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_in_Indian_Terai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Terai</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="تيراي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيراي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="तराई – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तराई" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="তরাই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তরাই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="तराई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तराई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraje" title="Teraje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teraje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terajo" title="Terajo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Terajo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai_ordokia" title="Terai ordokia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Terai ordokia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera%C3%AF" title="Teraï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Teraï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4" title="테라이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테라이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तराई क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तराई क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Тераи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тераи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terajai" title="Terajai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Terajai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="तराई – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तराई" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="तराई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तराई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarai" title="Tarai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tarai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤਰਾਈ ਖੇਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਰਾਈ ਖੇਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ترائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraj" title="Teraj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teraj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Тераи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тераи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="तराई – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तराई" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarai" title="Tarai – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tarai" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="تێرای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێرای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai" title="Terai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Terai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="தெராய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெராய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Тераї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тераї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%8E%B1%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="特莱平原 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特莱平原" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1133636#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Terai" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Terai"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Terai"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Terai" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Terai" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&oldid=1247146269" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Terai&id=1247146269&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTerai"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTerai"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Terai&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Terai_Region" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tarai" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1133636" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in northern India and southern Nepal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Terai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Terai (disambiguation)">Terai (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Terai</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terai_nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Terai_nepal.jpg/272px-Terai_nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Terai_nepal.jpg/408px-Terai_nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Terai_nepal.jpg/544px-Terai_nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view of Terai plains near Biratnagar, Nepal</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan realm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mugger_crocodile" title="Mugger crocodile">mugger crocodile</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">king cobra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird species</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_florican" title="Bengal florican">Bengal florican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_adjutant" title="Lesser adjutant">lesser adjutant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swamp_francolin" title="Swamp francolin">swamp francolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-rumped_vulture" title="White-rumped vulture">white-rumped vulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_darter" title="Oriental darter">Oriental darter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarus_crane" title="Sarus crane">sarus crane</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mammal species</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">fishing cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">leopard cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">smooth-coated otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">large Indian civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">small Indian civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispid_hare" title="Hispid hare">hispid hare</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data">Nepal, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">67–300 m (220–984 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rivers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sharda_River" title="Sharda River">Sharda River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnali_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnali River">Karnali River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate type</th><td class="infobox-data">tropical savanna climate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Soil types</th><td class="infobox-data">alluvial</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Conservation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Terai-Duar_savanna_and_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands">Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Terai</b> or <b>Tarai</b> is a lowland region in parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> that lies to the south of the outer foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a> and north of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>. This lowland belt is characterised by tall <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, scrub <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">sal</a> <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> and clay rich <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>. In <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, the Terai spreads from the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a> eastward across <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. The Terai is part of the <a href="/wiki/Terai-Duar_savanna_and_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands">Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnsingh2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnsingh2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepal's Terai stretches over 33,998.8 km<sup>2</sup> (13,127.0 sq mi), about 23.1% of Nepal's land area, and lies at an elevation of between 67 and 300 m (220 and 984 ft). The region comprises more than 50 <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>. North of the Terai rises the <a href="/wiki/Bhabar" title="Bhabar">Bhabar</a>, a narrow but continuous belt of forest about 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb07_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> word <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ترائی</span> tarāʼī means "lands lying at the foot of a watershed" or "on the banks of a river; low ground flooded with water, valley, basin, marshy ground, marsh, swamp; meadow".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, the region is called <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">तराई</span></span> 'tarāī' meaning "foot-hill".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, the region is called <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">तराइ</span></span> 'tarāi' meaning "the low-lying land, plain" and especially "the low-lying land at the foot of the Himālayas".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regmi1963_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regmi1963-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described as "low, marshy ground".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Terai is crossed by the large perennial Himalayan rivers Yamuna, Ganges, <a href="/wiki/Sarda_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarda River">Sarda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayani_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayani River">Narayani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosi_River" title="Kosi River">Kosi</a> that have each built <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fans" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial fans">alluvial fans</a> covering thousands of square kilometres below their exits from the hills. Medium rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">Rapti</a> rise in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharat_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabharat Range">Mahabharat Range</a>. The geological structure of the region consists of old and new <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a>, both of which constitute alluvial deposits of mainly sand, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, gravels and coarse fragments. The new alluvium is renewed every year by fresh deposits brought down by active streams, which engage themselves in <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">fluvial action</a>. Old alluvium is found rather away from river courses, especially on uplands of the plain where <a href="/wiki/Silting" class="mw-redirect" title="Silting">silting</a> is a rare phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of small and usually seasonal rivers flow through the Terai, most of which originate in the Sivalik Hills. The soil in the Terai is alluvial and fine to medium textured. Forest cover in the Terai and hill areas has decreased at an annual rate of 1.3% between 1978 and 1979, and 2.3% between 1990 and 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb07_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With deforestation and cultivation increasing, a permeable mixture of gravel, boulders and sand evolves, which leads to a sinking <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>. But where layers consist of clay and fine sediments, the groundwater rises to the surface and heavy sediment is washed out, thus enabling frequent and massive floods during <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">monsoon</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/2008_Bihar_flood" title="2008 Bihar flood">2008 Bihar flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, the Terai extends over the states of Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. These are mostly the districts of these states that are on the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nepal_border" title="India–Nepal border">India–Nepal border</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Johnsingh2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnsingh2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Haryana: <a href="/wiki/Panchkula_district" title="Panchkula district">Panchkula district</a></li> <li>Uttarakhand: <a href="/wiki/Haridwar_district" title="Haridwar district">Haridwar district</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tewari2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tewari2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Udham Singh Nagar district">Udham Singh Nagar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champawat_district" title="Champawat district">Champawat district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nainital_district" title="Nainital district">Nainital district</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ranjan2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranjan2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Uttar Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Pilibhit_district" title="Pilibhit district">Pilibhit district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_Kheri_district" title="Lakhimpur Kheri district">Lakhimpur Kheri district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahraich_district" title="Bahraich district">Bahraich district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shravasti_district" title="Shravasti district">Shravasti district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balrampur_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh">Balrampur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_district" title="Gorakhpur district">Gorakhpur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddharthnagar_district" title="Siddharthnagar district">Siddharthnagar district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharajganj_district" title="Maharajganj district">Maharajganj district</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bihar: <a href="/wiki/West_Champaran_district" title="West Champaran district">West Champaran district</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Champaran_district" title="East Champaran district">East Champaran district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitamarhi_district" title="Sitamarhi district">Sitamarhi district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhubani_district" title="Madhubani district">Madhubani district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supaul_district" title="Supaul district">Supaul district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araria_district" title="Araria district">Araria district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishanganj_district" title="Kishanganj district">Kishanganj district</a></li> <li>West Bengal: <a href="/wiki/Siliguri_subdivision" title="Siliguri subdivision">Siliguri subdivision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh04_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh04-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_Sadar_subdivision" title="Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision">Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri district</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_Terai">Inner Terai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inner Terai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nepal_topo_en.jpg/220px-Nepal_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nepal_topo_en.jpg/330px-Nepal_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nepal_topo_en.jpg/440px-Nepal_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The light green areas indicate the Terai in Nepal</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a> consists of five elongated valleys located between the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range" title="Lower Himalayan Range">lower Himalayan Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagendra2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagendra2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From north-west to south-east these valleys are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surkhet_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Surkhet Valley">Surkhet Valley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Surkhet_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Surkhet district">Surkhet district</a>, north of the <a href="/wiki/Kailali_District" title="Kailali District">Kailali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya Districts</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Valley">Dang Valley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dang_Deokhuri_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deokhuri district">Dang Deokhuri district</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deukhuri_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Deukhuri Valley">Deukhuri Valley</a> located south of the Dang Valley;<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitwan_Valley" title="Chitwan Valley">Chitwan Valley</a> stretching across the <a href="/wiki/Chitwan_District" title="Chitwan District">Chitwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makwanpur_District" title="Makwanpur District">Makwanpur Districts</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamala Valley">Kamala Valley</a>, also called Udayapur Valley, in the <a href="/wiki/Udayapur_District" title="Udayapur District">Udayapur District</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Siraha_District" title="Siraha District">Siraha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saptari_District" title="Saptari District">Saptari Districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_Terai">Outer Terai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outer Terai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Outer Terai begins south of the Sivalik Hills and extends to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Far-Western_Region,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-Western Region, Nepal">Far-Western Region, Nepal</a>, it comprises the <a href="/wiki/Kanchanpur_District" title="Kanchanpur District">Kanchanpur</a> and Kailali Districts; in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Western_Region,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Western Region, Nepal">Mid-Western Region, Nepal</a>, Bardiya and <a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke Districts</a>. Further east, the Outer Terai comprises the <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawalparasi_District" title="Nawalparasi District">Nawalparasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsa_District" title="Parsa District">Parsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bara_District" title="Bara District">Bara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rautahat_District" title="Rautahat District">Rautahat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarlahi_District" title="Sarlahi District">Sarlahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahottari_District" title="Mahottari District">Mahottari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanusa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanusa District">Dhanusa</a>, Siraha, Saptari, <a href="/wiki/Sunsari_District" title="Sunsari District">Sunsari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morang_District" title="Morang District">Morang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jhapa_District" title="Jhapa District">Jhapa Districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several protected areas were established in the Terai since the late 1950s: </p> <ul><li>Sonaripur Wildlife Sanctuary, now <a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa National Park</a> in 1958<sup id="cite_ref-Mathur2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathur2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishanpur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary">Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary</a> in 1972<sup id="cite_ref-Seidensticker2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidensticker2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park" title="Chitwan National Park">Chitwan National Park</a> in 1973<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb07_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarniaghat_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary">Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary</a> in 1975<sup id="cite_ref-Mathur2008_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathur2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuklaphanta_Wildlife_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve">Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve</a> in 1976<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb07_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_Tappu_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve">Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve</a> in 1976<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb07_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udaypur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary">Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary</a> in 1978<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" title="Rajaji National Park">Rajaji National Park</a> in 1983<sup id="cite_ref-Seidensticker2010_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidensticker2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsa_National_Park" title="Parsa National Park">Parsa National Park</a> in 1984<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb07_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardia_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardia National Park">Bardia National Park</a> in 1988<sup id="cite_ref-nbrb07_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrb07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki_National_Park" title="Valmiki National Park">Valmiki National Park</a> in 1989<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Tewari2013_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tewari2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banke_National_Park" title="Banke National Park">Banke National Park</a> in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohagi_Barwa_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary">Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharajganj_district" title="Maharajganj district">Maharajganj district</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen–Geiger climate classification system">Köppen–Geiger climate classification system</a>, the Nepal Terai experiences a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> type with dry winters and hot summers, a mean annual temperature of 20–28 °C (68–82 °F), a mean annual rainfall of 1,600–1,800 mm (63–71 in) in the west and 2,500–3,000 mm (98–118 in) in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: left; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th>Biratnagar, 26°N, 87°E </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: left; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.26em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">13</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.38em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">19</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">53</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.4em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">170</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.6em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.82em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">341</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:11.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">559</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:7.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">359</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.22em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">311</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.8em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.78em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">89</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.4em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">31</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.24em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">12</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.12em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levoyageur.net/weather-city-BIRATNAGAR-AIRPORT.html">Levoyageur</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: left; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.26em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.38em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">90</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">93</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.4em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.6em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.82em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">13</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">77</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:11.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">22</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">90</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:7.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">14</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.22em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">12</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.8em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">90</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">75</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.78em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.4em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">88</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">72</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.24em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">82</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.12em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">77</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">50</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: left; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th>Chandigarh, 30°N, 77°E </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: left; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">33</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.22em;height:2.86em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.08em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.78em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">39</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.66em;height:2.96em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.62em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.16em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">30</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.68em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.68em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.18em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.78em;height:3.12em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">35</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.28em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">28</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.62em;height:3.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.66em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">38</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.9em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">145</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.08em;height:2.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.58em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">280</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.78em;height:2.02em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.28em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">308</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.66em;height:1.88em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.54em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.16em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">133</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.36em;height:2.26em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.62em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.86em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">22</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.4em;height:2.96em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.36em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.1em;height:3.36em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.46em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">22</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.34em;height:3.08em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.42em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.84em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00526.htm">World Weather Information Service</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: left; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.22em;height:2.86em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.08em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">69</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">43</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.78em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.66em;height:2.96em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.62em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.16em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">47</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.68em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.68em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">83</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.18em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.78em;height:3.12em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">94</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.28em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.62em;height:3.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.66em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">101</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.9em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.08em;height:2.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">101</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.58em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">78</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">11</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.78em;height:2.02em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">93</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.28em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">75</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">12</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.66em;height:1.88em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.54em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.16em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.36em;height:2.26em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.62em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">92</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.86em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">71</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.4em;height:2.96em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.36em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">89</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.18em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.1em;height:3.36em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.46em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">51</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.34em;height:3.08em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.42em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">72</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.84em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">44</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tharu_Mahila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tharu_Mahila.jpg/220px-Tharu_Mahila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tharu_Mahila.jpg/330px-Tharu_Mahila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tharu_Mahila.jpg/440px-Tharu_Mahila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Tharu people of Terai</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhimal" title="Dhimal">Dhimal</a> people are the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> inhabitants of the Terai forests.<sup id="cite_ref-Rai2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Tharu subgroups are scattered over most of the Nepal and Indian Terai.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar2012_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used to be semi-nomadic, practised <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a> and collected wild fruits, vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal herbs">medicinal herbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mclean99_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mclean99-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been living in the Terai for many centuries and reputedly had an innate resistance to <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-terrenato88_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terrenato88-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhimal reside in the eastern Nepal Terai, viz Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa Districts. In the past, they lived in the fringes of the forest and conducted a semi-nomadic life to evade outbreaks of diseases. Today, they are subsistence farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Rai2014_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bhoksa_people" title="Bhoksa people">Bhoksa people</a> are indigenous to the western Terai in the Indian <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranjan2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranjan2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maithils" title="Maithils">Maithils</a> inhabit the Indian Terai in Bihar and the eastern Terai in Nepal. <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_people" title="Bhojpuri people">Bhojpuri people</a> reside in the central and eastern Terai, and <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_people" title="Awadhi people">Awadhi people</a> live in the central and western Terai. <a href="/wiki/Bantawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantawa">Bantawa</a> people reside foremost in two districts of the eastern Terai in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-e16_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the malaria eradication program using <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> in the 1960s, a large and heterogeneous non-Tharu population settled in the Nepal Terai.<sup id="cite_ref-terrenato88_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terrenato88-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Nepal)" title="Pahari people (Nepal)">Pahari people</a> from the mid-hills including <a href="/wiki/Bahun" title="Bahun">Bahun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newar" class="mw-redirect" title="Newar">Newar</a> moved to the plains in search of arable land. In the rural parts of the Nepal Terai, distribution and value of land determine economic hierarchy to a large extent. High <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity_and_caste_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnicity and caste in Nepal">caste</a> migrants from the hills and traditional Tharu landlords who own agriculturally productive land constitute the upper level of the economic hierarchy. The poor are the landless or near landless Terai <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Musahar" title="Musahar">Musahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mallaah" title="Mallaah">Mallaah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Chepang_people" title="Chepang people">Chepang people</a> also live in Nepal's central and eastern Terai districts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2011, the human population in the Nepal Terai totalled 13,318,705 people in 2,527,558 households comprising more than 120 different ethnic groups and <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">castes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Badi_people" title="Badi people">Badi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamling_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamling people">Chamling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghale" title="Ghale">Ghale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumal_people" title="Kumal people">Kumal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Magar people">Magar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajbongshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbongshi people">Rajbanshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakuri" title="Thakuri">Thakuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a> speaking people.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nainital,_Uttarakhand,_India_-_panoramio_-_Vipin_Vasudeva_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nainital%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_India_-_panoramio_-_Vipin_Vasudeva_%287%29.jpg/220px-Nainital%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_India_-_panoramio_-_Vipin_Vasudeva_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nainital%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_India_-_panoramio_-_Vipin_Vasudeva_%287%29.jpg/330px-Nainital%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_India_-_panoramio_-_Vipin_Vasudeva_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nainital%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_India_-_panoramio_-_Vipin_Vasudeva_%287%29.jpg/440px-Nainital%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_India_-_panoramio_-_Vipin_Vasudeva_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3781" data-file-height="2127" /></a><figcaption>Jungle in Uttarakhand</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_invasions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim invasions of India">Muslim invasion</a> of northern India during the 14th century forced Hindu and Buddhist people to seek refuge from religious persecution. <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> nobles and their entourage migrated to the Himalayan foothills and gained control over the region from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> to the eastern Terai during the following three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 16th century, the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makwanpur_District" title="Makwanpur District">Makwanpur</a> controlled the mid-western Terai and extended this control to the eastern Terai by the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaige197559–60_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaige197559–60-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They controlled the area of today's districts of <a href="/wiki/Saptari_District" title="Saptari District">Saptari</a>, Siraha, <a href="/wiki/Dhanusa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanusa District">Dhanusa</a>, Mahottari and Sarlahi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20124_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20124-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rulers of Makwanpur controlled the central Terai region of present-day Nepal, and the rulers of Vijayapur controlled today's Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa Districts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20124–5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20124–5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a> conquered the eastern Nepal Terai in the 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaige197560_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaige197560-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also conquered land in the eastern Terai that belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tulsipur_State" title="Tulsipur State">Tulsipur State</a>, in the Dang Valley of Nepal's western Terai, was also an independent kingdom until it was conquered in 1785 by <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah of Nepal">Bahadur Shah of Nepal</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">unification of Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the mid 18th century, the Nepal Terai was divided into several smaller kingdoms, and the forests and wild places were, largely, left undisturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gautam2004_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gautam2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 18th century, however, the Shah rulers encouraged Indians to settle in the Terai, and supported famine-stricken Bihari farmers in efforts to convert to a more productive agricultural lifestyle in the eastern Nepal Terai.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahal1983_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahal1983-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From at least 1786 onward, they appointed government officers in the eastern Terai districts of Parsa, Bara, Rautahat, Mahottari, Saptari and Morang to levy taxes, collect revenues and maintain civil order, as well as to hunt wild game, including <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a>, mostly for their ivory.<sup id="cite_ref-Regmi1972_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regmi1972-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regmi1988_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regmi1988-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 18th century, between 200 and 300 elephants were caught annually, using <a href="/wiki/Trapping#Snares" title="Trapping">snares</a> or nooses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkpatrick181117–18_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkpatrick181117–18-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The far-western and mid-western regions of the Nepal Terai (called '<a href="/wiki/Naya_Muluk" title="Naya Muluk">Naya Muluk</a>', or ‘new country’) lay on the northern periphery of the <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> dynasty. After Nepal lost the <a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Nepalese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Nepalese War">Anglo–Nepalese War</a> of 1816, the <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British rule in India">British</a> annexed these regions of the Terai when the <a href="/wiki/Sugauli_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugauli Treaty">Sugauli Treaty</a> was ratified; as a reward for Nepal's military aid in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, they returned some of this region in 1860, namely today's districts of Kanchanpur, Kailali, Banke and Bardiya.<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To promote economic development of the Nepal Terai, people from the hills were invited to settle in the region. Since only a few moved to the Terai, Indian people were further encouraged to settle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaige197562_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaige197562-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigration of Indian people increased between 1846 and 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahal1983_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahal1983-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They settled in the eastern Nepal Terai, living in close proximity with native Terai peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indian Terai remained largely uninhabited until the end of the 19th century, as it was arduous and dangerous to penetrate the dense <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>-filled <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle</a> with its predators.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dacoit" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit">Dacoit</a> gangs retreated to the Terai jungles, and the area was considered lawless and wild by the British, who sought control of the region's valuable timber reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was densely forested with stands of foremost <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Sal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavy logging began in the 1920s. Extracted timber was exported to India to collect revenues. Cleared areas were subsequently used for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Gautam2004_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gautam2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But still, the Terai jungles were teaming with wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inner Terai valleys historically were agriculturally productive but extremely malarial. Some parts were left forested by official decree during the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> as a defensive perimeter called <i>Char Kose Jhadi</i>, meaning 'four kos forest'; one kos equals about 3 km (1.9 mi). A British observer noted, "Plainsmen and paharis generally die if they sleep in the Terai before November 1 or after June 1." British travelers to Kathmandu went as fast as possible from the border at <a href="/wiki/Raxaul" title="Raxaul">Raxaul</a> to reach the hills before nightfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaria was eradicated using <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> in the mid-1950s, at the unfortunate expense of future generations of birds, especially vultures, which were especially sensitive to the chemical. Subsequently, people from the hills migrated to the Terai.<sup id="cite_ref-Regmi1994_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regmi1994-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 16,000 <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> refugees settled in the Nepal Terai in 1959–1960, followed by refugees of Nepali origin from <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> in 1964, from <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> in the late 1960s, and about 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihari</a> Muslims from Bangladesh in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timber export continued until 1969. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/King_Mahendra" class="mw-redirect" title="King Mahendra">King Mahendra</a> granted land to loyal ex-army personnel in the districts of Jhapa, Sunsari, Rupandehi and Banke Districts, where seven colonies were developed for resettling about 7,000 people. They acquired property rights over uncultivated forest and 'waste' land, thus accelerating the deforestation process in the Terai.<sup id="cite_ref-Regmi1994_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regmi1994-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1961 and 1991, the annual population growth in the Terai was higher than the national average, which indicates that migration from abroad occurred at a large scale. Deforestation continued, and forest products from state-owned forest were partly smuggled to India. <a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a> was introduced in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, migration from the Terai to urban centres is increasing and causing sociocultural changes in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the early 1950s, several political parties advocated for <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and independence of the Nepal Terai, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Terai_Congress" title="Nepal Terai Congress">Nepal Terai Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janatantrik_Terai_Mukti_Morcha" title="Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha">Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kabir2012_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kabir2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several armed groups were formed, which pursued this aim using violent means.<sup id="cite_ref-Miklian2008_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miklian2008-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, more than 24 Madheshi political parties were registered for the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly of Nepal">Constituent Assembly of Nepal</a> election.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_disputes">Border disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Border disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most significant border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary in the Terai region is the <a href="/wiki/Susta_territory" title="Susta territory">Susta</a> area. In the Susta region, 14,500 hectares of land is under dispute but recent development has manage to discuss it bilaterally.<sup id="cite_ref-thediplomat_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thediplomat-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_influence_in_Nepal_Terai">Indian influence in Nepal Terai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian influence in Nepal Terai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election</a>, Indian politicians kept on trying to secure strategic interests in the Nepal Terai, such as over hydropower energy, development projects, business and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">government of Nepal</a> has accused India of imposing an undeclared <a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">blockade in 2015</a> but it is not clear yet, local peoples blame Nepal administration and government.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_works">Humanitarian works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Humanitarian works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kattel" title="Sitaram Kattel">Dhurmus Suntali Foundation</a> handed over an integrated community containing 50 houses to <a href="/wiki/Musahar" title="Musahar">Musahar</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Bardibas" title="Bardibas">Bardibas</a> at a cost of Rs. 63 million.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_in_Nepal_Terai">Economy in Nepal Terai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy in Nepal Terai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Terai is the most productive region in Nepal with the majority of the country's industries. Agriculture is the basis of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major crops include <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili</a>. Fruits comprise <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lychee" title="Lychee">lychee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Terai is also known for <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">beekeeping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> production, with about 120,000 colonies of <i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jhapa District, <a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">tea</a> has been cultivated since 1960; the annual production of 2005 was estimated at 10.1 million kg.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Highway" title="Mahendra Highway">Mahendra Highway</a> crosses the Nepal Terai from <a href="/wiki/Kankarbhitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankarbhitta">Kankarbhitta</a> on the eastern border in Jhapa District, <a href="/wiki/Province_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Province No. 1">Province No. 1</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mahendranagar,_Mahakali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendranagar, Mahakali">Mahendranagar</a> near the western border in Kanchanpur District, <a href="/wiki/Mahakali_Zone" title="Mahakali Zone">Mahakali Zone</a>. It is the only motor road spanning the country from east to west.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_in_Indian_Terai">Economy in Indian Terai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy in Indian Terai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Tea</a> cultivation was introduced in the Darjeeling Terai in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh04_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh04-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tourist attractions in the Terai include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Har_Ki_Pauri" title="Har Ki Pauri">Har Ki Pauri</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> where the river enters the Terai plains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpur" title="Janakpur">Janakpur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Johnsingh2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnsingh2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnsingh2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnsingh,_A._J._T.Ramesh,_K.Qureshi,_Q.David,_A.2004" class="citation report cs1">Johnsingh, A. J. T.; Ramesh, K.; Qureshi, Q.; David, A.; Goyal, S. P.; Rawat, G. S.; Rajapandian, K. & Prasad, S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413022648/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8052">Conservation status of tiger and associated species in the Terai Arc Landscape, India. RR-04/001</a> (Report). Dehradun: Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8052">the original</a> on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Conservation+status+of+tiger+and+associated+species+in+the+Terai+Arc+Landscape%2C+India.+RR-04%2F001&rft.place=Dehradun&rft.pub=Wildlife+Institute+of+India&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Johnsingh%2C+A.+J.+T.&rft.au=Ramesh%2C+K.&rft.au=Qureshi%2C+Q.&rft.au=David%2C+A.&rft.au=Goyal%2C+S.+P.&rft.au=Rawat%2C+G.+S.&rft.au=Rajapandian%2C+K.&rft.au=Prasad%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfwf.org%2FAM%2FTemplate.cfm%3FSection%3DHome%26TEMPLATE%3D%252FCM%252FContentDisplay.cfm%26CONTENTID%3D8052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbrb07-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb07_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb07_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb07_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb07_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb07_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb07_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbrb07_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhuju,_U._R.Shakya,_P._R.Basnet,_T._B.Shrestha,_S.2007" class="citation book cs1">Bhuju, U. R.; Shakya, P. R.; Basnet, T. B. & Shrestha, S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.icimod.org/record/7560/files/Nepal%20Biodiversity%20Resource%20Book.pdf"><i>Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development; Government of Nepal, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology; United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal+Biodiversity+Resource+Book.+Protected+Areas%2C+Ramsar+Sites%2C+and+World+Heritage+Sites&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Integrated+Mountain+Development%3B+Government+of+Nepal%2C+Ministry+of+Environment%2C+Science+and+Technology%3B+United+Nations+Environment+Programme%2C+Regional+Office+for+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Bhuju%2C+U.+R.&rft.au=Shakya%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Basnet%2C+T.+B.&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.icimod.org%2Frecord%2F7560%2Ffiles%2FNepal%2520Biodiversity%2520Resource%2520Book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatts,_J._T.1884" class="citation book cs1">Platts, J. T. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3349.platts">"ترائي तराई tarāʼī"</a>. <i>A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English</i>. London: W. H. Allen & Co. p. 316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+tar%C4%81%CA%BC%C4%AB&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Urdu%2C+classical+Hindi%2C+and+English&rft.place=London&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Platts%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsalsrv02.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.2%3A1%3A3349.platts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahri,_H.1989" class="citation book cs1">Bahri, H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/bahri_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88">"tarāī तराई"</a>. <i>Learners' Sanskrit-English dictionary — Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi sabdakosa</i>. Delhi: Rajapala. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tar%C4%81%C4%AB+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88&rft.btitle=Learners%27+Sanskrit-English+dictionary+%E2%80%94+Siksarthi+Hindi-Angrejhi+sabdakosa&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Rajapala&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Bahri%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsalsrv04.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fbahri_query.py%3Fqs%3D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_R._L.1931" class="citation book cs1">Turner, R. L. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87&searchhws=yes">"तराइ tarāi"</a>. <i>A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language</i>. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner. p. 274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87+tar%C4%81i&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+and+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Nepali+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=K.+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Turner%2C+R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsalsrv04.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fturnernepali_query.py%3Fqs%3D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2587%26searchhws%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regmi1963-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Regmi1963_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegmi1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Chandra_Regmi" title="Mahesh Chandra Regmi">Regmi, M. C.</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02YwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Land tenure and taxation in Nepal</i></a>. Vol. 1. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+tenure+and+taxation+in+Nepal&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Institute+of+International+Studies%2C+University+of+California&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Regmi&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02YwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelpton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Whelpton" title="John Whelpton">Whelpton, J.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC&pg=PA8">"Environment, state and society in the central Himalayas to 1743"</a>. <i>A History of Nepal</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Environment%2C+state+and+society+in+the+central+Himalayas+to+1743&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nepal&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=6-34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80470-7&rft.aulast=Whelpton&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKoNT6tjk9mQC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas,_K._K._L.,_Das,_K._N.1981" class="citation book cs1">Das, K. K. L., Das, K. N. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6j1OC4P31ukC&pg=PA85">"Alluvial morphology of the North Bihar Plain – A study in applied geomorphology"</a>. In Sharma, H. S. (ed.). <i>Perspectives in Geomorphology</i>. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Naurung Rai Concept Publishing Company. pp. 85–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alluvial+morphology+of+the+North+Bihar+Plain+%E2%80%93+A+study+in+applied+geomorphology&rft.btitle=Perspectives+in+Geomorphology&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=85-105&rft.pub=Naurung+Rai+Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Das%2C+K.+K.+L.%2C+Das%2C+K.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6j1OC4P31ukC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargava,_A._K.Lybbert,_T._J.Spielman,_D._J.2014" class="citation conference cs1">Bhargava, A. K.; Lybbert, T. J.; Spielman, D. J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/170682/2/AAEA%20Submission.pdf"><i>The Public Benefits of Private Technology Adoption</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s Annual Meeting, July 2014. Minneapolis, Minnesota.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Public+Benefits+of+Private+Technology+Adoption&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Bhargava%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Lybbert%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Spielman%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fageconsearch.umn.edu%2Fbitstream%2F170682%2F2%2FAAEA%2520Submission.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tewari2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tewari2013_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tewari2013_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTewari,_R._and_Rawat,_G.S.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tewari, R. and Rawat, G.S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F278213">"Studies on the food and feeding habits of Swamp Deer (<i>Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii</i>) in Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"</a>. <i>ISRN Zoology</i>. <b>2013</b> (ID 278213): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F278213">10.1155/2013/278213</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISRN+Zoology&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+food+and+feeding+habits+of+Swamp+Deer+%28Rucervus+duvaucelii+duvaucelii%29+in+Jhilmil+Jheel+Conservation+Reserve%2C+Haridwar%2C+Uttarakhand%2C+India&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=ID+278213&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2013%2F278213&rft.au=Tewari%2C+R.+and+Rawat%2C+G.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2013%252F278213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranjan2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ranjan2010_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ranjan2010_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjan,_G.2010" class="citation book cs1">Ranjan, G. (2010). "Industrialization in the Terai and its Impact on the Bhoksas". In Sharma, K.; Mehta, S.; Sinha, A.K. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236009517"><i>Global Warming, Human Factors and Environment: Anthropological Perspectives</i></a>. New Delhi: Excel India Publishers. pp. 285–292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Industrialization+in+the+Terai+and+its+Impact+on+the+Bhoksas&rft.btitle=Global+Warming%2C+Human+Factors+and+Environment%3A+Anthropological+Perspectives&rft.pages=285-292&rft.pub=New+Delhi%3A+Excel+India+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Ranjan%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236009517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2012_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2012_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar,_A.,_Pandey,_V.C._and_Tewari,_D.D.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, A., Pandey, V.C. and Tewari, D.D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225599346">"Documentation and determination of consensus about phytotherapeutic veterinary practices among the Tharu tribal community of Uttar Pradesh, India"</a>. <i>Tropical Animal Health and Production</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 863–872. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11250-011-9979-x">10.1007/s11250-011-9979-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21927989">21927989</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16823772">16823772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Animal+Health+and+Production&rft.atitle=Documentation+and+determination+of+consensus+about+phytotherapeutic+veterinary+practices+among+the+Tharu+tribal+community+of+Uttar+Pradesh%2C+India&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=863-872&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16823772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21927989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11250-011-9979-x&rft.au=Kumar%2C+A.%2C+Pandey%2C+V.C.+and+Tewari%2C+D.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225599346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh04-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh04_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh04_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh,_C.,_Sharma,_B.D._and_Das,_A.P.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ghosh, C., Sharma, B.D. and Das, A.P. (2004). "Weed Flora of Tea Gardens of Darjeeling Terai". <i>Nelumbo 46</i> (1–4): 151–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nelumbo+46&rft.atitle=Weed+Flora+of+Tea+Gardens+of+Darjeeling+Terai&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=151-161&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+C.%2C+Sharma%2C+B.D.+and+Das%2C+A.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagendra2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nagendra2002_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagendra,_H.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nagendra, H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230559256">"Tenure and forest conditions: community forestry in the Nepal Terai"</a>. <i>Environmental Conservation</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 530–539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0376892902000383">10.1017/S0376892902000383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86632135">86632135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Conservation&rft.atitle=Tenure+and+forest+conditions%3A+community+forestry+in+the+Nepal+Terai&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=530-539&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0376892902000383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86632135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Nagendra%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F230559256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guneratne02-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guneratne02_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuneratne,_A.2002" class="citation book cs1">Guneratne, A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7FWQ6dzYZQC&pg=PA20">"The Tharu and the Tarai"</a>. <i>Many tongues, one people: the making of Tharu identity in Nepal</i>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 20–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801487285" title="Special:BookSources/0801487285"><bdi>0801487285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tharu+and+the+Tarai&rft.btitle=Many+tongues%2C+one+people%3A+the+making+of+Tharu+identity+in+Nepal&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=20-61&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0801487285&rft.au=Guneratne%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7FWQ6dzYZQC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai,_C._B.2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Rai, C. B. (2010). <i>Analysis of timber production and institutional barriers: A case of community forestry in the Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal</i> (PhD thesis). Christchurch: Lincoln University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Analysis+of+timber+production+and+institutional+barriers%3A+A+case+of+community+forestry+in+the+Terai+and+Inner+Terai+regions+of+Nepal&rft.inst=Lincoln+University&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Rai%2C+C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathur2008-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mathur2008_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathur2008_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathur, P. K. and N. Midha (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Volume_IV_NPWS.pdf"><i>Mapping of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve</i></a>. WII – NNRMS - MoEF Project, Final Technical Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seidensticker2010-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seidensticker2010_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seidensticker2010_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidensticker,_J.,_Dinerstein,_E.,_Goyal,_S.P.,_Gurung,_B.,_Harihar,_A.,_Johnsingh,_A.J.T.,_Manandhar,_A.,_McDougal,_C.W.,_Pandav,_B.,_Shrestha,_M._and_Smith,_J.D.2010" class="citation book cs1">Seidensticker, J., Dinerstein, E., Goyal, S.P., Gurung, B., Harihar, A., Johnsingh, A.J.T., Manandhar, A., McDougal, C.W., Pandav, B., Shrestha, M. and Smith, J.D. (2010). "Tiger range collapse and recovery at the base of the Himalayas". In D. W. Macdonald; A. J. Loveridge (eds.). <i>Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 305–324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tiger+range+collapse+and+recovery+at+the+base+of+the+Himalayas&rft.btitle=Biology+and+Conservation+of+Wild+Felids&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=305-324&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Seidensticker%2C+J.%2C+Dinerstein%2C+E.%2C+Goyal%2C+S.P.%2C+Gurung%2C+B.%2C+Harihar%2C+A.%2C+Johnsingh%2C+A.J.T.%2C+Manandhar%2C+A.%2C+McDougal%2C+C.W.%2C+Pandav%2C+B.%2C+Shrestha%2C+M.+and+Smith%2C+J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Negi, S. S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFmoOWfmX8C&pg=PP1">Handbook of National Parks, Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves in India</a>. New Delhi: Indus Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_J.L.D.,_Ahern_S.C.,_McDougal_C.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Smith J.L.D., Ahern S.C., McDougal C. (1998). "Landscape analysis of tiger distribution and habitat quality in Nepal". <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <b>12</b> (6): 1338–1346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1998.97068.x">10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97068.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Landscape+analysis+of+tiger+distribution+and+habitat+quality+in+Nepal&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1338-1346&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1998.97068.x&rft.au=Smith+J.L.D.%2C+Ahern+S.C.%2C+McDougal+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DNPWC (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/protected-areas/national-parks/item/56-banke-national-park"><i>Banke National Park</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215150923/http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/protected-areas/national-parks/item/56-banke-national-park">Archived</a> 2012-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Department of National Parks and Soil Conservation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarkiTalchabhadelAaltoBaidya2016" class="citation journal cs1">Karki, R.; Talchabhadel, R.; Aalto, J.; Baidya, S. K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280034906">"New climatic classification of Nepal"</a>. <i>Theoretical and Applied Climatology</i>. <b>125</b> (3–4): 799–808. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ThApC.125..799K">2016ThApC.125..799K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00704-015-1549-0">10.1007/s00704-015-1549-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117554807">117554807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+and+Applied+Climatology&rft.atitle=New+climatic+classification+of+Nepal&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=799-808&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117554807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00704-015-1549-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016ThApC.125..799K&rft.aulast=Karki&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Talchabhadel%2C+R.&rft.au=Aalto%2C+J.&rft.au=Baidya%2C+S.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280034906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rai2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rai2014_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rai2014_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai,_J.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rai, J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/DSAJ/article/download/10438/8507">"Malaria, Tarai Adivasi and the Landlord State in the 19th century Nepal: A Historical-Ethnographic Analysis"</a>. <i>Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology</i>. <b>7</b> (7): 87–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fdsaj.v7i0.10438">10.3126/dsaj.v7i0.10438</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaulagiri+Journal+of+Sociology+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Malaria%2C+Tarai+Adivasi+and+the+Landlord+State+in+the+19th+century+Nepal%3A+A+Historical-Ethnographic+Analysis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=87-112&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3126%2Fdsaj.v7i0.10438&rft.au=Rai%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2FDSAJ%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F10438%2F8507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauskopff,_G.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Krauskopff, G. (1995). "The Anthropology of the Tharus: An Annoted Bibliography". <i>Kailash</i>. <b>17</b> (3/4): 185–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kailash&rft.atitle=The+Anthropology+of+the+Tharus%3A+An+Annoted+Bibliography&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=185-213&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Krauskopff%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma,_J.,_Gairola,_S.,_Gaur,_R.D._and_Painuli,_R.M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, J., Gairola, S., Gaur, R.D. and Painuli, R.M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/10274274/ijmap_1_3_7_medicinal%20plants%20tharu%20tribe.pdf">"Medicinal plants used for primary healthcare by Tharu tribe of Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 1</i> (3): 228–233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Medicinal+and+Aromatic+Plants+1&rft.atitle=Medicinal+plants+used+for+primary+healthcare+by+Tharu+tribe+of+Udham+Singh+Nagar%2C+Uttarakhand%2C+India&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=228-233&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Sharma%2C+J.%2C+Gairola%2C+S.%2C+Gaur%2C+R.D.+and+Painuli%2C+R.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F10274274%2Fijmap_1_3_7_medicinal%2520plants%2520tharu%2520tribe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mclean99-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mclean99_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean,_J.1999" class="citation journal cs1">McLean, J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1628&context=himalaya">"Conservation and the impact of relocation on the Tharus of Chitwan, Nepal"</a>. <i>Himalayan Research Bulletin</i>. <b>XIX</b> (2): 38–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himalayan+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Conservation+and+the+impact+of+relocation+on+the+Tharus+of+Chitwan%2C+Nepal&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=38-44&rft.date=1999&rft.au=McLean%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.macalester.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1628%26context%3Dhimalaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terrenato88-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terrenato88_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terrenato88_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrenato,_L.,_Shrestha,_S.,_Dixit,_K._A.,_Luzzatto,_L.,_Modiano,_G.,_Morpurgo,_G.,_Arese,_P.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Terrenato, L., Shrestha, S., Dixit, K. A., Luzzatto, L., Modiano, G., Morpurgo, G., Arese, P. (1988). "Decreased malaria morbidity in the Tharu people compared to sympatric populations in Nepal". <i>Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology</i>. <b>82</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00034983.1988.11812202">10.1080/00034983.1988.11812202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3041928">3041928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Tropical+Medicine+and+Parasitology&rft.atitle=Decreased+malaria+morbidity+in+the+Tharu+people+compared+to+sympatric+populations+in+Nepal&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00034983.1988.11812202&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3041928&rft.au=Terrenato%2C+L.%2C+Shrestha%2C+S.%2C+Dixit%2C+K.+A.%2C+Luzzatto%2C+L.%2C+Modiano%2C+G.%2C+Morpurgo%2C+G.%2C+Arese%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e16-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e16_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. P. (ed.) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=mai">Maithili</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922005007/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=mai">Archived</a> 22 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bho">Bhojpuri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa">Awadhi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=bap">Bantawa</a>. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatlebakk,_M.2007" class="citation book cs1">Hatlebakk, M. (2007). <i>Economic and social structures that may explain the recent conflicts in the Terai of Nepal</i>. Bergen: Chr. Michelsens Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+and+social+structures+that+may+explain+the+recent+conflicts+in+the+Terai+of+Nepal&rft.place=Bergen&rft.pub=Chr.+Michelsens+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Hatlebakk%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurung,_G.1989" class="citation book cs1">Gurung, G. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmBuAAAAMAAJ&q=chepang+migrated+into+terai"><i>The Chepangs: A Study in Continuity and Change</i></a>. Kathmandu: S. B. Shahi. p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chepangs%3A+A+Study+in+Continuity+and+Change&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=S.+B.+Shahi&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Gurung%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmBuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dchepang%2Bmigrated%2Binto%2Bterai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. P. (ed.) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=cdm">Chepang</a>. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2011-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2011_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Bureau_of_Statistics2012" class="citation book cs1">Central Bureau of Statistics (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf"><i>National Population and Housing Census 2011</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Population+and+Housing+Census+2011&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pub=Government+of+Nepal&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fsources%2Fcensus%2Fwphc%2FNepal%2FNepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish,_R.1985" class="citation journal cs1">English, R. (1985). "Himalayan state formation and the impact of British rule in the nineteenth century". <i>Mountain Research and Development</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 61–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3673223">10.2307/3673223</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223">3673223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Himalayan+state+formation+and+the+impact+of+British+rule+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3673223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3673223%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=English%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaige197559–60-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaige197559–60_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaige1975">Gaige 1975</a>, p. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20124-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20124_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20124–5-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20124–5_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaige197560-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaige197560_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaige1975">Gaige 1975</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagchi,_R.2012" class="citation book cs1">Bagchi, R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbGICwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Gorkhaland: Crisis of Statehood</i></a>. New Delhi: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132116806" title="Special:BookSources/9788132116806"><bdi>9788132116806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorkhaland%3A+Crisis+of+Statehood&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788132116806&rft.au=Bagchi%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbGICwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouillier,_V.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bouillier, V. (1993). "The Nepalese state and Gorakhnati yogis: the case of the former kingdoms of Dang Valley: 18–19th centuries". <i>Contributions to Nepalese Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 29–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Nepalese+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Nepalese+state+and+Gorakhnati+yogis%3A+the+case+of+the+former+kingdoms+of+Dang+Valley%3A+18%E2%80%9319th+centuries&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-52&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Bouillier%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gautam2004-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gautam2004_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gautam2004_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautam,_A._P.Shivakoti,_G._P._&_Webb,_E._L.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gautam, A. P.; Shivakoti, G. P. & Webb, E. L. (2004). "A review of forest policies, institutions, and changes in the resource condition in Nepal". <i>International Forestry Review</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 136–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1505%2Fifor.6.2.136.38397">10.1505/ifor.6.2.136.38397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56106310">56106310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Forestry+Review&rft.atitle=A+review+of+forest+policies%2C+institutions%2C+and+changes+in+the+resource+condition+in+Nepal&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=136-148&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1505%2Fifor.6.2.136.38397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56106310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Gautam%2C+A.+P.&rft.au=Shivakoti%2C+G.+P.+%26+Webb%2C+E.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahal1983-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahal1983_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahal1983_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahal,_D._R.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Dahal, D. R. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_11_01_01.pdf">"Economic development through indigenous means: A case of Indian migration in the Nepal Terai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Contribution to Nepalese Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 1–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contribution+to+Nepalese+Studies&rft.atitle=Economic+development+through+indigenous+means%3A+A+case+of+Indian+migration+in+the+Nepal+Terai&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Dahal%2C+D.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fcontributions%2Fpdf%2FCNAS_11_01_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regmi1972-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Regmi1972_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegmi,_M._C.1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Chandra_Regmi" title="Mahesh Chandra Regmi">Regmi, M. C.</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:jSwmI6bF5UEJ:scholar.google.com/">"Notes On The History Of Morang District"</a>. <i>Regmi Research Series</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 1–4, 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regmi+Research+Series&rft.atitle=Notes+On+The+History+Of+Morang+District&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-4%2C+24-25&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Regmi%2C+M.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.googleusercontent.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dcache%3AjSwmI6bF5UEJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regmi1988-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Regmi1988_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegmi,_M._C.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Regmi, M. C. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:JDjzcBnfpvwJ:scholar.google.com/">"Chautariya Dalamardan Shah's venture; Subedar in Eastern and Western Nepal; A special Levy in the Eastern Tarai Region"</a>. <i>Regmi Research Series</i>. <b>20</b> (1/2): 1–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regmi+Research+Series&rft.atitle=Chautariya+Dalamardan+Shah%27s+venture%3B+Subedar+in+Eastern+and+Western+Nepal%3B+A+special+Levy+in+the+Eastern+Tarai+Region&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=1-180&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Regmi%2C+M.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.googleusercontent.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dcache%3AJDjzcBnfpvwJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkpatrick181117–18-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkpatrick181117–18_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkpatrick1811">Kirkpatrick 1811</a>, p. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaige197562-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaige197562_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaige1975">Gaige 1975</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke,_W.1897" class="citation book cs1">Crooke, W. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/northwesternprov00croo/northwesternprov00croo"><i>North-Western Provinces of India</i></a>. London: Methuen & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North-Western+Provinces+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Crooke%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnorthwesternprov00croo%2Fnorthwesternprov00croo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold,_D.2000" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA8">"Disease, Resistance and India's Ecological Frontier, 1770–1947"</a>. In Sarkar, S. (ed.). <i>Issues in modern Indian history: for Sumit Sarkar</i>. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 1–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171546589" title="Special:BookSources/9788171546589"><bdi>9788171546589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disease%2C+Resistance+and+India%27s+Ecological+Frontier%2C+1770%E2%80%931947&rft.btitle=Issues+in+modern+Indian+history%3A+for+Sumit+Sarkar&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Mumbai%3A+Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788171546589&rft.au=Arnold%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2Yn4LlujqsC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion,_F._W.1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Walter_Champion" title="Frederick Walter Champion">Champion, F. W.</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/JungleSunlightShadow"><i>The jungle in sunlight and shadow</i></a>. London: Chatto & Windus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+jungle+in+sunlight+and+shadow&rft.pub=London%3A+Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Champion%2C+F.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FJungleSunlightShadow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regmi1994-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regmi1994_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regmi1994_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegmi,_R._R.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Regmi, R. R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fopsa.v4i0.1086">"Deforestation and Rural Society in the Nepalese Terai"</a>. <i>Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology</i>. <b>4</b>: 72–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fopsa.v4i0.1086">10.3126/opsa.v4i0.1086</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+in+Sociology+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Deforestation+and+Rural+Society+in+the+Nepalese+Terai&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=72-89&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3126%2Fopsa.v4i0.1086&rft.au=Regmi%2C+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3126%252Fopsa.v4i0.1086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubedi,_B._P.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Subedi, B. P. (1991). "International migration in Nepal: Towards an analytical framework". <i>Contribution to Nepalese Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 83–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contribution+to+Nepalese+Studies&rft.atitle=International+migration+in+Nepal%3A+Towards+an+analytical+framework&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-102&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Subedi%2C+B.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty,_R._N.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chakraborty, R. N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/fileadmin/einrichtungen/entwicklungspolitik/05_Teaching/02_Lecture_Material/02_Rural_Development_Policy/02_Land_Tenure/Stability_and_outcomes_of_common_property_institution_in_for.pdf">"Stability and outcomes of common property institutions in forestry: evidence from the Terai region of Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ecological Economics</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 341–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0921-8009%2800%2900237-8">10.1016/s0921-8009(00)00237-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=Stability+and+outcomes+of+common+property+institutions+in+forestry%3A+evidence+from+the+Terai+region+of+Nepal&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=341-353&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0921-8009%2800%2900237-8&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-hohenheim.de%2Ffileadmin%2Feinrichtungen%2Fentwicklungspolitik%2F05_Teaching%2F02_Lecture_Material%2F02_Rural_Development_Policy%2F02_Land_Tenure%2FStability_and_outcomes_of_common_property_institution_in_for.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartaula,_H._N.Niehof,_A.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gartaula, H. N. & Niehof, A. (2013). "Migration to and from the Nepal Terai: shifting movements and motives". <i>The South Asianist</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 29–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+Asianist&rft.atitle=Migration+to+and+from+the+Nepal+Terai%3A+shifting+movements+and+motives&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-51&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Gartaula%2C+H.+N.&rft.au=Niehof%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHangen,_S.2007" class="citation book cs1">Hangen, S. (2007). <i>Creating a "New Nepal": the ethnic dimension</i>. Washington: East-West Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932728620" title="Special:BookSources/9781932728620"><bdi>9781932728620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+a+%22New+Nepal%22%3A+the+ethnic+dimension&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=East-West+Center&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781932728620&rft.au=Hangen%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kabir2012-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kabir2012_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabir,_H.2012" class="citation book cs1">Kabir, H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304500459"><i>The rise of new regional political force in Madhes and its consequence in post-conflict Nepal</i></a>. Discussion Paper Series. Vol. 15. Hiroshima: Hiroshima University Partnership Project for Peace Building and Capacity Development.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+new+regional+political+force+in+Madhes+and+its+consequence+in+post-conflict+Nepal&rft.place=Hiroshima&rft.series=Discussion+Paper+Series&rft.pub=Hiroshima+University+Partnership+Project+for+Peace+Building+and+Capacity+Development&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Kabir%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F304500459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miklian2008-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miklian2008_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiklian,_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Miklian, J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashraya-nepal.com/documents/Nepals_Terai_(South_Asia_Briefing_Paper_1).pdf"><i>Nepal's Terai: Constructing an Ethnic Conflict. South Asia Briefing Paper #1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-7288-309-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-7288-309-5"><bdi>978-82-7288-309-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal%27s+Terai%3A+Constructing+an+Ethnic+Conflict.+South+Asia+Briefing+Paper+%231&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-82-7288-309-5&rft.au=Miklian%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashraya-nepal.com%2Fdocuments%2FNepals_Terai_%28South_Asia_Briefing_Paper_1%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_ISBN_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey,_K.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pandey, K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southasianist.ed.ac.uk/article/download/1632/2499">"Politicising ethnicity: Tharu contestation of Madheshi identity in Nepal's Tarai"</a>. <i>The South Asianist</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 304–322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+Asianist&rft.atitle=Politicising+ethnicity%3A+Tharu+contestation+of+Madheshi+identity+in+Nepal%27s+Tarai&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=304-322&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Pandey%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasianist.ed.ac.uk%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1632%2F2499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thediplomat-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thediplomat_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves,_S.2014" class="citation news cs1">Groves, S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/">"India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=India+and+Nepal+Tackle+Border+Disputes&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Groves%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F09%2Findia-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiri,_A.2015" class="citation news cs1">Giri, A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/ampnews/2015-01-06/nepal-aims-to-settle-boundary-dispute-with-india-in-4-years.html">"Nepal aims to settle boundary dispute with India in 4 years"</a>. <i>Kathmandu Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Nepal+aims+to+settle+boundary+dispute+with+India+in+4+years&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Giri%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.ekantipur.com%2Fampnews%2F2015-01-06%2Fnepal-aims-to-settle-boundary-dispute-with-india-in-4-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ojha, H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/the-india-nepal-crisis/">The India-Nepal Crisis</a>. The Diplomat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress_Trust_of_India2015" class="citation news cs1">Press Trust of India (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695">"Nepal PM Wants India to Lift Undeclared Blockade"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nepal+PM+Wants+India+to+Lift+Undeclared+Blockade&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Press+Trust+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fnepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-04-15/dhurmus-suntali-foundation-gifts-homes-to-musahar-community.html">"Dhurmus Suntali Foundation gifts homes to Musahar community"</a>. <i>ekantipur.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ekantipur.com&rft.atitle=Dhurmus+Suntali+Foundation+gifts+homes+to+Musahar+community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.ekantipur.com%2Fnews%2F2017-04-15%2Fdhurmus-suntali-foundation-gifts-homes-to-musahar-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma,_R._P.1974" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, R. P. (1974). <i>Nepal: A Detailed Geographical Account</i>. Kathmandu: Kathmandu: Pustak Sansar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal%3A+A+Detailed+Geographical+Account&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pub=Kathmandu%3A+Pustak+Sansar&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Sharma%2C+R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma,_K.C.2001" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, K.C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coin.fao.org/coin-static/cms/media/9/13171763115260/2001_03_high.pdf#page=88">"Crop diversification in Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Papademetriou, M. K.; Dent, F. J. (eds.). <i>Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific Region</i>. RAP publication 81. Bangkok: FAO. pp. 81–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crop+diversification+in+Nepal&rft.btitle=Crop+Diversification+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.series=RAP+publication+81&rft.pages=81-94&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Sharma%2C+K.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoin.fao.org%2Fcoin-static%2Fcms%2Fmedia%2F9%2F13171763115260%2F2001_03_high.pdf%23page%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thapa, R. (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apimondia.com/apiacta/slovenia/en/thapa.pdf">Himalayan Honeybees and Beekeeping in Nepal</a></i>. Standing Commission of Beekeeping for Rural Development. Apimondia Journal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapa,_A.N.2005" class="citation book cs1">Thapa, A.N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consulat-nepal.org/IMG/pdf/NATIONAL_NEPALESE_TEA_POLICY__YEAR_2005_VISION_2020_-2.pdf"><i>Concept Paper on Study of Nepalese Tea Industry-Vision 2020</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kathmandu: Nepal Tree Crop Global Development Alliance.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concept+Paper+on+Study+of+Nepalese+Tea+Industry-Vision+2020&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pub=Nepal+Tree+Crop+Global+Development+Alliance&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Thapa%2C+A.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consulat-nepal.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FNATIONAL_NEPALESE_TEA_POLICY__YEAR_2005_VISION_2020_-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaige1975" class="citation book cs1">Gaige, F. H. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.110490/2015.110490.Regionalism-And-National-Unity-In-Nepal#page/n65/mode/2up">"Migration into the Tarai"</a>. <i>Regionalism and National Unity in Nepal</i> (Second ed.). Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. pp. 58–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Migration+into+the+Tarai&rft.btitle=Regionalism+and+National+Unity+in+Nepal&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=58-86&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Vikas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Gaige&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.110490%2F2015.110490.Regionalism-And-National-Unity-In-Nepal%23page%2Fn65%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick1811" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Kirkpatrick_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="William Kirkpatrick (East India Company officer)">Kirkpatrick, W.</a> (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ/page/n25">"Chapter I."</a>. <i>An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul, Being the Substance of Observations Made During a Mission to that Country, in the Year 1793</i>. London: William Miller. pp. 11–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+I.&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+Kingdom+of+Nepaul%2C+Being+the+Substance+of+Observations+Made+During+a+Mission+to+that+Country%2C+in+the+Year+1793&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11-25&rft.pub=William+Miller&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ%2Fpage%2Fn25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Pradhan, K. L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC&pg=PA1">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839</i>. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 1–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180698132" title="Special:BookSources/9788180698132"><bdi>9788180698132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Thapa+Politics+in+Nepal%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Bhim+Sen+Thapa%2C+1806%E2%80%931839&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=1-19&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788180698132&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=K.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PP1yElRzIUC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerai" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chaudhary, D. 2011. <i>Tarai/Madhesh of Nepal : an anthropological study</i>. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99933-878-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-99933-878-2-4">978-99933-878-2-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terai&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tarai#Q1133636" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Tarai">Tarai</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.panda.org/img/original/ecology_map.jpg">WWF: <i>Map of ecological divisions of Nepal</i>, showing the Terai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/unp.html">Terai districts of Nepal in the past</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133636#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132459">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560957705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uttarakhand" title="Template talk:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">State capitals</a>: legislative: <b><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></b> (winter); <b><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a></b> (summer); judicial: <b><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttarakhand" title="Government of Uttarakhand">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_state_symbols" title="List of Uttarakhand state symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Day" title="Uttarakhand Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uttarakhand" title="Emblem of Uttarakhand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Devabhumi_Matribhumi" title="Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of governors of Uttarakhand">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Council_of_Ministers" title="Uttarakhand Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Uttarakhand_ministries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Uttarakhand ministries (page does not exist)">Cabinets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_secretaries_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gazette" title="Uttarakhand Gazette">Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of agencies of the government of Uttarakhand">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_departments_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of departments of the government of Uttarakhand">Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Disaster_Response_Force_(Uttarakhand)" title="State Disaster Response Force (Uttarakhand)">Disaster Response Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Fire_and_Emergency_Services" title="Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services">Fire and Emergency Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Provincial_Armed_Constabulary" title="Uttarakhand Provincial Armed Constabulary">Provincial Armed Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Forest_Department" title="Uttarakhand Forest Department">Forest Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Police" title="Uttarakhand Police">Police Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttarakhand Public Service Commission">Public Service Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Police_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Forest_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Forest Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="History of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="Uttarakhand High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of judges of the Uttarakhand High Court">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bar Council of Uttarakhand">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lok_Adalat" title="Uttarakhand Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lokayukta" title="Uttarakhand Lokayukta">Lokayukta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttarakhand" title="History of Uttarakhand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakuru" title="Uttarakuru">Uttarakuru kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasa Janapada kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom#Rulers_of_Garhwal" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Panwar dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Raika Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Presidency" title="Agra Presidency">Agra Presidency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Crown<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_Tiraha_firing_case" title="Rampur Tiraha firing case">Rampur Tiraha firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000">Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttarakhand" title="Geography of Uttarakhand">Geography<br />and<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Himalayas" title="Garhwal Himalayas">Garhwal Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand">Mountain peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugyals" title="Bugyals">Bugyals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Kumaon_hills" title="Lakes of Kumaon hills">Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhabar" title="Bhabar">Bhabar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical pine forests">Himalayan subtropical pine forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Western Himalayan broadleaf forests">Western Himalayan broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai%E2%80%93Duar_savanna_and_grasslands" title="Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands">Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of people from Uttarakhand">Ethnic<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_people" title="Kumaoni people">Kumaonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_people" title="Jaunsari people">Jaunsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoksa_people" title="Bhoksa people">Buksas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">Tibeto-Burmans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhotiyas_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand">Bhotiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukas" title="Shaukas">Shaukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_people" title="Raji people">Rajis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_people" title="Jad people">Jads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banrawats" title="Banrawats">Banrawats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes<br />and<br /> Scheduled Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Castes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Castes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangani" title="Bangani">Bangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rongpo_language" title="Rongpo language">Rongpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byangsi_language" title="Byangsi language">Byangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudangsi_language" title="Chaudangsi language">Chaudangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmiya_language" title="Darmiya language">Darmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_language" title="Raji language">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawat_language" title="Rawat language">Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_language" title="Jad language">Jad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttarakhand" title="Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand">Administrative<br /> divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of tehsils of Uttarakhand">Tehsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand">Urban Local Bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand">Municipal Corporations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parganas_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of parganas of Uttarakhand">Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_development_blocks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand">Community Development Blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_movement" title="Uttarakhand movement">Statehood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uttarakhand_political_crisis" title="2016 Uttarakhand political crisis">2016 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Elections in Uttarakhand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Local elections in Uttarakhand">Local elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of former constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Former constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Uttarakhand">Parliamentary constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Rajya Sabha members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lok_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Lok Sabha members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttarakhand" title="Tourism in Uttarakhand">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_and_Valley_of_Flowers_National_Parks" title="Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asan_Barrage" title="Asan Barrage">Asan Barrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand">Monuments of National Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand">State Protected Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Hindu temples in Uttarakhand">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Dehradun" title="List of tourist attractions in Dehradun">Tourist attractions in Dehradun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chardham<br />circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri_Temple" title="Yamunotri Temple">Yamunotri Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapta_Badri" title="Sapta Badri">Sapta Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Prayag" title="Panch Prayag">Panch Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukh" title="Gomukh">Gomukh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National<br />parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri_National_Park" title="Gangotri National Park">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Pashu_Vihar_National_Park" title="Govind Pashu Vihar National Park">Govind Pashu Vihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Park" title="Nanda Devi National Park">Nanda Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" title="Rajaji National Park">Rajaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Uttarakhand" title="Cricket Association of Uttarakhand">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand cricket team">Men's cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_women%27s_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand women's cricket team">Women's cricket team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_State_Football_Association" title="Uttarakhand State Football Association">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_football_team" title="Uttarakhand football team">Men's football team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium,_Dehradun" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun">Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Sports_Stadium" title="Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sports_College" title="Maharana Pratap Sports College">Sports College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uttarakhand" title="Outline of Uttarakhand">Other<br />topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of airports in Uttarakhand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Highway" title="Char Dham Highway">Char Dham Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Railway" title="Char Dham Railway">Char Dham Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Metro" title="Uttarakhand Metro">Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Uttarakhand">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_cuisine" title="Kumaoni cuisine">Kumaoni cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttarakhand" title="Education in Uttarakhand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Board_of_School_Education" title="Uttarakhand Board of School Education">School Education Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand">Institutes of higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Ratna" title="Uttarakhand Ratna">Uttarakhand Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gaurav_Samman" title="Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman">Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almora_district" title="Almora district">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageshwar_district" title="Bageshwar district">Bageshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champawat_district" title="Champawat district">Champawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital_district" title="Nainital district">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh_district" title="Pithoragarh district">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Udham Singh Nagar district">Udham Singh Nagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamoli_district" title="Chamoli district">Chamoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun_district" title="Dehradun district">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_district" title="Haridwar district">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Garhwal_district" title="Pauri Garhwal district">Pauri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraprayag_district" title="Rudraprayag district">Rudraprayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehri_Garhwal_district" title="Tehri Garhwal district">Tehri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarkashi_district" title="Uttarkashi district">Uttarkashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uttarakhand_by_population" title="List of cities in Uttarakhand by population">Major<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldwani" title="Haldwani">Haldwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roorkee" title="Roorkee">Roorkee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashipur,_Uttarakhand" title="Kashipur, Uttarakhand">Kashipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrapur,_Uttarakhand" title="Rudrapur, Uttarakhand">Rudrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotdwar" title="Kotdwar">Kotdwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramnagar,_Nainital" title="Ramnagar, Nainital">Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh" title="Pithoragarh">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar,_Uttarakhand" title="Srinagar, Uttarakhand">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tehri" title="New Tehri">New Tehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoorie" title="Mussoorie">Mussoorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almora" title="Almora">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri" title="Pauri">Pauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terai&oldid=1247146269">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terai&oldid=1247146269</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Nepal" title="Category:Regions of Nepal">Regions of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_India" title="Category:Regions of India">Regions of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Nepal" title="Category:Plains of Nepal">Plains of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_India" title="Category:Plains of India">Plains of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_India" title="Category:Grasslands of India">Grasslands of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_Nepal" title="Category:Grasslands of Nepal">Grasslands of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_Bhutan" title="Category:Grasslands of Bhutan">Grasslands of Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Uttarakhand" title="Category:Geography of Uttarakhand">Geography of Uttarakhand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Uttarakhand" title="Category:Landforms of Uttarakhand">Landforms of Uttarakhand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_Nepal" title="Category:Wetlands of Nepal">Wetlands of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ganges_basin" title="Category:Ganges basin">Ganges basin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_the_Himalayas" title="Category:Ecoregions of the Himalayas">Ecoregions of the Himalayas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indomalayan_ecoregions" title="Category:Indomalayan ecoregions">Indomalayan ecoregions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2022">Articles with dead external links from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_ISBN_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors">CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2020">Use dmy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nepali_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 September 2024, at 01:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terai&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-99kdj","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.179","walltime":"1.380","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8472,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":454967,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6693,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":234797,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1123.353 1 -total"," 35.50% 398.767 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.89% 133.513 2 Template:Lang"," 10.61% 119.165 26 Template:Cite_book"," 10.16% 114.162 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.02% 78.854 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.91% 77.678 1 Template:Cite_report"," 6.24% 70.044 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.17% 69.366 16 Template:Navbox"," 5.54% 62.252 1 Template:Infobox_ecoregion"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.700","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20651527,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArnold,_D.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBagchi,_R.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahri,_H.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhargava,_A._K.Lybbert,_T._J.Spielman,_D._J.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhuju,_U._R.Shakya,_P._R.Basnet,_T._B.Shrestha,_S.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBouillier,_V.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_Bureau_of_Statistics2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakraborty,_R._N.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChampion,_F._W.1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrooke,_W.1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahal,_D._R.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas,_K._K._L.,_Das,_K._N.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish,_R.1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaige1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGartaula,_H._N.Niehof,_A.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGautam,_A._P.Shivakoti,_G._P._\u0026amp;_Webb,_E._L.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh,_C.,_Sharma,_B.D._and_Das,_A.P.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiri,_A.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroves,_S.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuneratne,_A.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurung,_G.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHangen,_S.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatlebakk,_M.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsingh,_A._J._T.Ramesh,_K.Qureshi,_Q.David,_A.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabir,_H.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarkiTalchabhadelAaltoBaidya2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauskopff,_G.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar,_A.,_Pandey,_V.C._and_Tewari,_D.D.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLean,_J.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiklian,_J.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagendra,_H.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey,_K.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatts,_J._T.1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress_Trust_of_India2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRai,_C._B.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRai,_J.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanjan,_G.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegmi,_M._C.1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegmi,_M._C.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegmi,_R._R.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegmi1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidensticker,_J.,_Dinerstein,_E.,_Goyal,_S.P.,_Gurung,_B.,_Harihar,_A.,_Johnsingh,_A.J.T.,_Manandhar,_A.,_McDougal,_C.W.,_Pandav,_B.,_Shrestha,_M._and_Smith,_J.D.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma,_J.,_Gairola,_S.,_Gaur,_R.D._and_Painuli,_R.M.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma,_K.C.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma,_R._P.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith_J.L.D.,_Ahern_S.C.,_McDougal_C.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubedi,_B._P.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrenato,_L.,_Shrestha,_S.,_Dixit,_K._A.,_Luzzatto,_L.,_Modiano,_G.,_Morpurgo,_G.,_Arese,_P.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTewari,_R._and_Rawat,_G.S.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapa,_A.N.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner,_R._L.1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhelpton2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Climate chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ecoregion\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Nq\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Uttarakhand\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"West Bengal\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vbwr2","timestamp":"20241124053343","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Terai","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terai","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1133636","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1133636","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-10T06:50:37Z","dateModified":"2024-09-23T01:21:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Terai_nepal.jpg","headline":"lowland region in northern India and southern Nepal"}</script> </body> </html>