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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background and need</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_need-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EAD_element_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EAD_element_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>EAD element set</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EAD_element_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parts_of_an_EAD_finding_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_of_an_EAD_finding_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Parts of an EAD finding aid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parts_of_an_EAD_finding_aid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parts of an EAD finding aid subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parts_of_an_EAD_finding_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-eadheader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#eadheader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>eadheader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-eadheader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-archdesc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#archdesc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>archdesc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-archdesc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citing_EAD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citing_EAD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citing EAD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citing_EAD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard for encoding archival record information</div> <p><b>Encoded Archival Description</b> (<b>EAD</b>) is a standard for encoding descriptive information regarding archival records.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archival records differ from the items in a library collection because they are unique, usually unpublished and unavailable elsewhere, and because they exist as part of a collection that unifies them.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, archival description involves a hierarchical and progressive analysis that emphasizes the intellectual structure and content of the collection and does not always extend to the level of individual items within it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the development of technologies in the middle to late 1980s that enabled the descriptive encoding of machine-readable findings, it became possible to consider the development of digital <a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">finding aids</a> for archives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work on an encoding standard for archival description began in 1992 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and in 1998 the first version of EAD was released.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second version was released in 2002, and the latest version, EAD3, was released in August 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-EAD3taglib_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAD3taglib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_American_Archivists" title="Society of American Archivists">Society of American Archivists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> are jointly responsible for the maintenance and development of EAD.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EAD is now used around the world by archives, libraries, museums, national libraries and historical societies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through a standardized system for encoding the descriptions of archival finding aids, EAD allows users to locate primary sources that are geographically remote.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its highest level, an EAD finding aid includes control information about the description as well as a description of the collection itself.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EAD3 was revised in 2018 to address concerns relating to the ease of access to archival descriptions and its ability to interface with other systems.<sup id="cite_ref-EAD3taglib_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAD3taglib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_Elements_in_the_EAD3_Tag_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Example_of_Elements_in_the_EAD3_Tag_Library.jpg/500px-Example_of_Elements_in_the_EAD3_Tag_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="485" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Example_of_Elements_in_the_EAD3_Tag_Library.jpg/750px-Example_of_Elements_in_the_EAD3_Tag_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Example_of_Elements_in_the_EAD3_Tag_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Example of Elements in the EAD3 Tag Library</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_need">Background and need</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and need"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archives by their very nature are different from libraries. While libraries contain individual items, such as books and journals, of which multiple, identical copies exist, archives contain records that are both unique and interrelated.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archives represent the activities of a person, family or organization that are created and accumulated naturally in the course of their ordinary activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the items in a library, therefore, all the items in an archival collection share a relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire body of the records of an organization, family or individual have been created and accumulated as a byproduct of the organization or individual’s existence, and therefore share a common origin, which is referred to by archivists as its <i>provenance</i>; <i>provenance</i> refers to both the origin of an item or collection as well as its custody and ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archivists refer to the entire body or records of an individual or organization as its <i><a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">fonds</a></i>; the <i>fonds</i> is thus a conceptual whole that reflects the process of the production or accumulation of records that share a common function or activity and exhibit a natural unity.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>fonds</i> may contain anywhere from one item to millions of items, and may consist in any form, including manuscripts, charts, drawings, maps, audio, video or electronic records.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because published materials differ in significant and fundamental ways from the collections of interrelated and unique materials found in archives, there are significant differences in bibliographic and archival description.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bibliographic description represents an individual published item, is based on and derived from the physical item, and is thus considered item-level.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archival description, by contrast, represents a collection, or a fonds, often containing individual items of various media, sharing a common origin, or provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The description of archival materials, therefore, involves a complex hierarchical and progressive analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It begins by describing the whole, then moves down to subcomponents; the description frequently does not extend to the item level.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way archival description focuses on the intellectual structure and content of the collection rather than its physical characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A finding aid is a tool that helps users to find materials within an archive through the description of its contents.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most findings aids provide similar types of information, including, at a minimum, a title that connects the finding aid to the creator of the collection; a summary of the material contained in the finding aid; background and context of the collection, including major figures involved; and information about the custody of the collection as well as any conditions or restrictions regarding its use.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unique nature of archival records and the geographic distribution of individual collections has presented a challenge for those wishing to locate and access them for over 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of international networked computing and online catalogs, however, the potential emerged for making archival collections searchable online.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EAD originated at the 1993 Society of American Archivists annual meeting in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and was headed by Daniel Pitti at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project's goal was to create a data standard for describing archives, similar to the <a href="/wiki/MARC_standards" title="MARC standards">MARC standards</a> for describing bibliographic materials. The initial EAD Version 1.0 was released in the fall of 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a standard enables <a href="/wiki/Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives">archives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a>, and manuscript repositories to list and describe their holdings in a manner that would be machine-readable and therefore easy to search, maintain and exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-EADofficalsite_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EADofficalsite-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its inception, many <a href="/wiki/Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives">archives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">special collections</a> have adopted it. </p><p>In addition to the development and maintenance work done by the Society of American Archivists and the Library of Congress, the <a href="/wiki/Research_Libraries_Group" title="Research Libraries Group">Research Libraries Group</a> (RLG) has developed and published a set of "Best Practice" implementation guidelines<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for EAD, which lays out mandatory, recommended, and optional elements and attributes. RLG has also provided a kind of clearinghouse for finding aids in EAD format, known as <a href="/wiki/ArchiveGrid" title="ArchiveGrid">ArchiveGrid</a>. Member libraries provide RLG the URL for their finding aids; RLG automatically <a href="/wiki/Metadata_discovery#Lexical_Matching" title="Metadata discovery">harvests</a> data from the finding aids, indexes it, and provides a search interface for the index, thus giving researchers the ability to search across several hundred institutions' collections with a single query. RLG also has developed the "RLG Report Card",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an automated quality-checking program that will analyze an EAD instance and report any areas where it diverges from the best practices guidelines. </p><p>SAA's Technical Subcommittee for Encoded Archival Description, which include international representation, embarked on a revision of the EAD standard in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest version, EAD3, was released in August 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of repositories in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and elsewhere have adopted and implemented EAD with varying levels of technical sophistication. One of the most ambitious efforts is the <a href="/wiki/Online_Archive_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Archive of California">Online Archive of California</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Union_catalog" title="Union catalog">union catalog</a> of over 5,000 EAD finding aids covering manuscripts and images from institutions across the state. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/">French National Library Francois Mitterrand</a> publishes more than 90,000 EAD finding aids covering archives and manuscripts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EAD_element_set">EAD element set</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: EAD element set"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EAD standard's <a href="/wiki/XML_schema" title="XML schema">XML schema</a> specifies the elements to be used to describe a manuscript collection as well as the arrangement of those elements (for example, which elements are required, or which are permitted inside which other elements). The EAD tag set has 146 elements and is used both to describe a collection as a whole, and also to encode a detailed multi-level inventory of the collection. Many EAD elements have been, or can be, mapped to content standards (such as <a href="/wiki/Describing_Archives:_A_Content_Standard" title="Describing Archives: A Content Standard">DACS</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISAD(G)" title="ISAD(G)">ISAD(G)</a>) and other structural standards (such as MARC or <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a>), increasing the flexibility and <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> of the data.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EAD 1.0 was an <a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a> <a href="/wiki/Document_type_definition" title="Document type definition">document type definition</a> (DTD). EAD 2002, the second incarnation of EAD, was finalized in December 2002 and made available as an <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> DTD. The latest version of EAD, EAD3, is available as both an XML schema and a DTD.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts_of_an_EAD_finding_aid">Parts of an EAD finding aid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parts of an EAD finding aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Note: Examples in this section are EAD2, and may not be valid against the EAD3 schema.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="eadheader"><code>eadheader</code></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: eadheader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Note: In the current release of EAD3 1.0, the eadheader element has been replaced with the control element.</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first section of an EAD-encoded finding aid is the <code>eadheader</code>. This section contains the <code>title</code> and optional <code>subtitle</code> of the collection and detailed information about the finding aid itself: who created it, when it was created, its <a href="/wiki/Revision_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision history">revision history</a>, the language the finding aid is written in, and so on. The <code>eadheader</code> itself has a number of required attributes that map to various <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards such as <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a> for country codes and <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> for date formats. </p><p>The <code>eadheader</code> and its child elements can be mapped to other standards for easy interchange of information. They are often mapped to Dublin Core elements such as Creator, Author, Language. For example, in the excerpt below the <code>relatedencoding="DC"</code> attribute of the <code>eadheader</code> element specifies that child elements will be mapped to Dublin Core; the child element <code><author encodinganalog="Creator"></code> indicates that the EAD element <code><author></code> maps to the Dublin Core element <code><creator></code>. </p><p>Example of an <code>eadheader</code>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><eadheader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">audience=</span><span class="s">"internal"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">countryencoding=</span><span class="s">"iso3166-1"</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="na">dateencoding=</span><span class="s">"iso8601"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">langencoding=</span><span class="s">"iso639-2b"</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="na">relatedencoding=</span><span class="s">"DC"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">repositoryencoding=</span><span class="s">"iso15511"</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="na">scriptencoding=</span><span class="s">"iso15924"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><eadid</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">countrycode=</span><span class="s">"us"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">identifier=</span><span class="s">"bachrach_lf"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">mainagencycode=</span><span class="s">"NSyU"</span><span class="nt">></span>bachrach_lf<span class="nt"></eadid></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><filedesc></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><titlestmt></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><titleproper</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"Title"</span><span class="nt">></span>Louis<span class="w"> </span>Fabian<span class="w"> </span>Bachrach<span class="w"> </span>Papers<span class="nt"></titleproper></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><subtitle></span>An<span class="w"> </span>inventory<span class="w"> </span>of<span class="w"> </span>his<span class="w"> </span>papers<span class="w"> </span>at<span class="w"> </span>Blank<span class="w"> </span>University<span class="nt"></subtitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><author</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"Creator"</span><span class="nt">></span>Mary<span class="w"> </span>Smith<span class="nt"></author></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></titlestmt></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><publicationstmt></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"Publisher"</span><span class="nt">></span>Blank<span class="w"> </span>University<span class="nt"></publisher></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><date</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"Date"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">normal=</span><span class="s">"1981"</span><span class="nt">></span>1981<span class="nt"></date></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></publicationstmt></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></filedesc></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><profiledesc></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><creation></span>John<span class="w"> </span>Jones <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><date</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">normal=</span><span class="s">"2006-09-13"</span><span class="nt">></span>13<span class="w"> </span>Sep<span class="w"> </span>2006<span class="nt"></date></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></creation></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><langusage></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><language</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"Language"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">langcode=</span><span class="s">"eng"</span><span class="nt">></span>English<span class="nt"></language></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></langusage></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></profiledesc></span> <span class="nt"></eadheader></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="archdesc"><code>archdesc</code></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: archdesc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <code>archdesc</code> section contains the description of the collection material itself. First, the <i>Descriptive Identification</i> or <code>did</code> element contains a description of the collection as a whole, including the creator (which may be an individual or an organization), size (usually given in linear feet), inclusive dates, language(s), and an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstract</a> or brief description. As with the <code>eadheader</code> above, elements may be mapped to corresponding standards; elements in this section are usually mapped to MARC elements. For example, in the excerpt below the <code>relatedencoding="MARC21"</code> attribute of the <code>archdesc</code> element specifies that child elements will be mapped to MARC21; the child element <code><unittitle encodinganalog="245$a" label="Title: "></code> indicates that the <code>unittitle</code> element maps to MARC field 245, subfield a. </p><p>Example: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><archdesc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">level=</span><span class="s">"collection"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"inventory"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">relatedencoding=</span><span class="s">"MARC21"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><head></span>Overview<span class="w"> </span>of<span class="w"> </span>the<span class="w"> </span>Collection<span class="nt"></head></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><repository</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"852$a"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">label=</span><span class="s">"Repository: "</span><span class="nt">></span>Blank<span class="w"> </span>University<span class="nt"></repository></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><origination</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">label=</span><span class="s">"Creator: "</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><persname</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"100"</span><span class="nt">></span>Brightman,<span class="w"> </span>Samuel<span class="w"> </span>C.<span class="w"> </span>(Samuel<span class="w"> </span>Charles),<span class="w"> </span>1911-1992<span class="nt"></persname></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></origination></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unittitle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"245$a"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">label=</span><span class="s">"Title: "</span><span class="nt">></span>Samuel<span class="w"> </span>C.<span class="w"> </span>Brightman<span class="w"> </span>Papers<span class="nt"></unittitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unitdate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"245$f"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">normal=</span><span class="s">"1932/1992"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"inclusive"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">label=</span><span class="s">"Inclusive Dates: "</span><span class="nt">></span>1932-1992<span class="nt"></unitdate></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><physdesc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"300$a"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">label=</span><span class="s">"Quantity: "</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><extent></span>6<span class="w"> </span>linear<span class="w"> </span>ft.<span class="nt"></extent></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></physdesc></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"520$a"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">label=</span><span class="s">"Abstract: "</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span>Papers<span class="w"> </span>of<span class="w"> </span>the<span class="w"> </span>American<span class="w"> </span>journalist<span class="w"> </span>including<span class="w"> </span>some<span class="w"> </span>war<span class="w"> </span>correspondence,<span class="w"> </span> <span class="w"> </span>political<span class="w"> </span>and<span class="w"> </span>political<span class="w"> </span>humor<span class="w"> </span>writings,<span class="w"> </span>and<span class="w"> </span>adult<span class="w"> </span>education<span class="w"> </span>material <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></abstract></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unitid</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"099"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">label=</span><span class="s">"Identification: "</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">countrycode=</span><span class="s">"us"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">repositorycode=</span><span class="s">"NSyU"</span><span class="nt">></span>2458163<span class="nt"></unitid></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><langmaterial</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">label=</span><span class="s">"Language: "</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">encodinganalog=</span><span class="s">"546"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><language</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">langcode=</span><span class="s">"eng"</span><span class="nt">></span>English<span class="nt"></language></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></langmaterial></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></did></span> <span class="nt"></archdesc></span> </pre></div> <p>Several additional descriptive elements may follow the <code>did</code> including: </p> <ul><li><code>bioghist</code> - biographic description of the person or organization</li> <li><code>scopecontent</code> - a detailed <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> description of the collection material</li> <li><code>relatedmaterial</code> - description of items which the repository acquired separately but which are related to this collection, and which a researcher might want to be aware of</li> <li><code>separatedmaterial</code> - items which the repository acquired as part of this collection but which have been separated from it, perhaps for special treatment, storage needs, or cataloging</li> <li><code>controlaccess</code> - a list of subject headings or keywords for the collection, usually drawn from an <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">authoritative source</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings" title="Library of Congress Subject Headings">Library of Congress Subject Headings</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Art_and_Architecture_Thesaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Art and Architecture Thesaurus">Art and Architecture Thesaurus</a></li> <li><code>accessrestrict</code> and <code>userestrict</code> - statement concerning any restrictions on the material in the collection</li> <li><code>arrangement</code> - the way in which the materials in the collection are arranged</li></ul> <p>The second, and usually largest, section of the <code>archdesc</code> is the <code>dsc</code>, which contains a full inventory of the collection broken down into progressively smaller intellectual chunks. EAD offers two options: the <code>c</code> element which can be nested within itself to an unlimited level, and a set of numbered container elements <code>c01</code> through <code>c12</code> which can only be nested numerically (i.e. a <code>c01</code> can contain only a <code>c02</code>; a <code>c02</code> can contain only a <code>c03</code>, and so on). Note that the <code>c</code> and <code>c0#</code> elements refer to <i>intellectual</i> subdivisions of the material; the actual physical container is specified using the <code>container</code> element. The inventory may go down to as detailed a level as desired. The example below shows an inventory to the folder level. </p><p>Example of an inventory: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><dsc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"combined"</span><span class="nt">><head></span>Inventory<span class="nt"></head></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><c01></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unittitle></span>Correspondence<span class="nt"></unittitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><c02></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unittitle></span>Adams,<span class="w"> </span>Martha<span class="nt"></unittitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unitdate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">normal=</span><span class="s">"1962/1967"</span><span class="nt">></span>1962-1967<span class="nt"></unitdate></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><container</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"box"</span><span class="nt">></span>1<span class="nt"></container></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><container</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"folder"</span><span class="nt">></span>1<span class="nt"></container></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></c02></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><c02></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unittitle></span>Barnett,<span class="w"> </span>Richard<span class="nt"></unittitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unitdate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">normal=</span><span class="s">"1965"</span><span class="nt">></span>1965<span class="nt"></unitdate></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><container</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"box"</span><span class="nt">></span>1<span class="nt"></container></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><container</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"folder"</span><span class="nt">></span>2<span class="nt"></container></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></c02></span> <span class="w"> </span>...etc <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></c01></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><c01></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unittitle></span>Writings<span class="nt"></unittitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><c02></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unittitle></span>Short<span class="w"> </span>stories<span class="nt"></unittitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><unitdate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">normal=</span><span class="s">"1959/1979"</span><span class="nt">></span>1959-1979<span class="nt"></unitdate></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><container</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"box"</span><span class="nt">></span>5<span class="nt"></container></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><container</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"folder"</span><span class="nt">></span>1-9<span class="nt"></container></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></did></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></c02></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></c01></span> <span class="nt"></dsc></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citing_EAD">Citing EAD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citing EAD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been some studies about how to cite EAD files with variable granularity. In particular, Buneman and Silvello<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a rule-based system to automatically create citation snippets to be used as references when citing XML data; a case study is based on EAD. Furthermore, Silvello<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a framework, which learning from examples, automatically creates references at a different level of coarseness for XML files. This framework has been tested on the Library of Congress collection of EAD files. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A user study<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analyzing the user interaction patterns with finding aids highlighted that "[they] focus on rules for description rather than on facilitating access to and use of the materials they list and describe", and that many archive users have serious issues using finding aids. Common and frequent user interaction patterns with finding aids are navigational and thus they require to browse the archival hierarchy to make sense of the archival data.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics claim that EAD constrains researcher interaction because several operations are either impossible or inefficient.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is problematic to: </p> <ul><li>let the user access a specific item on-the-fly, since it requires defining fixed access points to the archival hierarchy;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>let the user reconstruct the context of an item without browsing the whole archival hierarchy;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>present the user with only selected items from an archive, since the finding aid presents a given collection as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Furthermore, EAD allows for several degrees of freedom in tagging practice, which may turn out to be problematic in the automatic processing of EAD files, since it is difficult to know in advance how an institution will use the hierarchical elements. It has been underlined that only EAD files meeting stringent best practice guidelines are shareable and searchable.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encoded_Archival_Context" title="Encoded Archival Context">Encoded Archival Context</a> (EAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Metadata standards">Metadata standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">Extensible Markup Language (XML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISAD(G)" title="ISAD(G)">ISAD(G)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_in_Contexts" title="Records in Contexts">Records in Contexts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Describing_Archives:_A_Content_Standard" title="Describing Archives: A Content Standard">Describing Archives: A Content Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_of_Archival_Description" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual of Archival Description">Manual of Archival Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Archival_Authority_Record" title="International Standard Archival Authority Record">International Standard Archival Authority Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_processing" title="Archival processing">Archival processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitti, D (2012). "Encoded Archival Description (EAD)". In Bates, Marcia J., (ed.) <i>Understanding Information Retrieval Systems: Management, Types, and Standards.</i> pp. 685–697. London: Auerbach Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eastwood, T. "A Contested Realm: The Nature of Archives and the Orientation of Archival Science". In <i>Currents of Archival Thinking</i>, Terry Eastwood and Heather MacNeil, eds. (Libraries Unlimited, 2017): 3–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPitti1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pitti, Daniel V. (November 1999). "Encoded Archival Description: An Introduction and Overview". <i>New Review of Information Networking</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 61–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13614579909516936">10.1080/13614579909516936</a> – via Taylor and Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Review+of+Information+Networking&rft.atitle=Encoded+Archival+Description%3A+An+Introduction+and+Overview&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-69&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13614579909516936&rft.aulast=Pitti&rft.aufirst=Daniel+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncoded+Archival+Description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth, J. "The Development and Structure of the Encoded Archival Description (EAD) Document Type Definition". In <i>Encoded Archival Description on the Internet</i>, Daniel V. Pitti and Wendy M. Duff, eds. (Hawthorn Information Press, 2001): 27–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAD3taglib-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EAD3taglib_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EAD3taglib_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/ead/EAD3taglib/EAD3.html">"Encoded Archival Description Tag Library Version EAD3 1.1.0"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Encoded+Archival+Description+Tag+Library+Version+EAD3+1.1.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fead%2FEAD3taglib%2FEAD3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncoded+Archival+Description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/ead/">"EAD: Encoded Archival Description (EAD Official Site, Library of Congress)"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=EAD%3A+Encoded+Archival+Description+%28EAD+Official+Site%2C+Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncoded+Archival+Description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitti1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pitti, Daniel V. (Summer 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17723%2Faarc.60.3.f5102tt644q123lx">"Encoded Archival Description: The Development of an Encoding Standard for Archival Finding Aids"</a>. <i>American Archivist</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 268–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17723%2Faarc.60.3.f5102tt644q123lx">10.17723/aarc.60.3.f5102tt644q123lx</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Archivist&rft.atitle=Encoded+Archival+Description%3A+The+Development+of+an+Encoding+Standard+for+Archival+Finding+Aids&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=268-283&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17723%2Faarc.60.3.f5102tt644q123lx&rft.aulast=Pitti&rft.aufirst=Daniel+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17723%252Faarc.60.3.f5102tt644q123lx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncoded+Archival+Description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ruth, Janice (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17723%2Faarc.60.3.g121j46347828122">"Encoded Archival Description: A Structural Overview"</a>. <i>The American Archivist</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 310–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17723%2Faarc.60.3.g121j46347828122">10.17723/aarc.60.3.g121j46347828122</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-9081">0360-9081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Archivist&rft.atitle=Encoded+Archival+Description%3A+A+Structural+Overview&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310-329&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17723%2Faarc.60.3.g121j46347828122&rft.issn=0360-9081&rft.aulast=Ruth&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17723%252Faarc.60.3.g121j46347828122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncoded+Archival+Description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferro, N. and Silvello, G. (2016). "From Users to Systems: Identifying and Overcoming Barriers to Efficiently Access Archival Data". In Accessing Cultural Heritage at Scale, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Accessing Cultural Heritage at Scale, co-located with Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2016 (JCDL 2016), Newark, USA, June 22, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPItti,_and_Duff2001" class="citation book cs1">PItti, and Duff, Daniel V. and Wendy M. (2001). <i>Encoded Archival Description on the Internet</i>. Oxford: The Haworth Information Press. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-1397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-1397-2"><bdi>978-0-7890-1397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encoded+Archival+Description+on+the+Internet&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=The+Haworth+Information+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-1397-2&rft.aulast=PItti%2C+and+Duff&rft.aufirst=Daniel+V.+and+Wendy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncoded+Archival+Description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce-Moses2005" class="citation book cs1">Pearce-Moses, Richard (2005). <i>A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology</i>. 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ACM Press, New York (2007)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encoded_Archival_Description&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchworks.oclc.org/archivegrid/">ArchiveGrid</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/ead/">EAD official home page</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (tag library, links to schema and DTD, etc.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/SAA-SDT/EAD3">EAD schema and other files for download via GitHub</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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