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id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edward_Colston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_Colston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Edward Colston </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_Colston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Statue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Project_to_add_a_second_plaque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_to_add_a_second_plaque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Project to add a second plaque </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_to_add_a_second_plaque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toppling_and_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Statue in Bristol, England, toppled 2020</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Statue of Edward Colston</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Of_Edward_Colston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Larger than lifesize bronze statue of man in period clothes, standing with one hand on a staff, the other raised to his chin. It is on a white stone pedestal with inscription "Edward Colston Born 1636 Died 1721", and bronze inscribed plaques below. Large bronze dolphins are on each corner of the base. It is in an urban setting with a large tree behind and above it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_Of_Edward_Colston.jpg/170px-Statue_Of_Edward_Colston.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_Of_Edward_Colston.jpg/255px-Statue_Of_Edward_Colston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_Of_Edward_Colston.jpg/340px-Statue_Of_Edward_Colston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="4032" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The statue in 2019</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassidy_(artist)" title="John Cassidy (artist)">John Cassidy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Completion date</th><td class="infobox-data">13 November 1895; 129 years ago (1895-11-13)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Medium</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Colston" title="Edward Colston">Edward Colston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Figure toppled, damaged and removed; <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">plinth</a> defaced by demonstrators</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #ACE1AF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade II</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Statue of Edward Colston</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 1977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202137?section=official-list-entry">1202137</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The statue of Edward Colston is a <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> statue of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>-born merchant and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">trans-Atlantic slave trader</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Colston" title="Edward Colston">Edward Colston</a> (1636–1721). It was created in 1895 by the Irish sculptor <a href="/wiki/John_Cassidy_(artist)" title="John Cassidy (artist)">John Cassidy</a> and was formerly situated on a <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a> in a public space known as <a href="/wiki/The_Centre,_Bristol" title="The Centre, Bristol">The Centre</a> in Bristol, until it was <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Toppling_and_removal">toppled by anti-racism protestors in 2020</a>. Designated a <a href="/wiki/Listed_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Listed structure">Grade II listed structure</a> in 1977, the statue was the subject of controversy due to Colston's role in organising the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> as a senior executive of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a>. From the 1990s onward the debate on the morality of glorifying Colston intensified. In 2018 Bristol City Council proposed to add a second plaque to better contextualise the statue and summarise Colston's role in the slave trade, but this was delayed by disputes over the wording of the plaque. On 7 June 2020, the statue was toppled, defaced, and pushed into <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Harbour" title="Bristol Harbour">Bristol Harbour</a> during the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom">George Floyd protests</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement. The plinth was also covered in <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> but remains in place. The statue was recovered from the harbour and put into storage by <a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol City Council</a> on 11 June 2020, and exhibited in its graffitied state in the <a href="/wiki/M_Shed" title="M Shed">M Shed</a> museum during the summer of 2021, and permanently from March 2024. Four people who helped topple the statue were found not guilty of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal damage">criminal damage</a> by a jury in January 2022. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishy_detail_from_the_statue_of_Edward_Colston,_Bristol_(7035605535).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fishy_detail_from_the_statue_of_Edward_Colston%2C_Bristol_%287035605535%29.jpg/170px-Fishy_detail_from_the_statue_of_Edward_Colston%2C_Bristol_%287035605535%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fishy_detail_from_the_statue_of_Edward_Colston%2C_Bristol_%287035605535%29.jpg/255px-Fishy_detail_from_the_statue_of_Edward_Colston%2C_Bristol_%287035605535%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fishy_detail_from_the_statue_of_Edward_Colston%2C_Bristol_%287035605535%29.jpg/340px-Fishy_detail_from_the_statue_of_Edward_Colston%2C_Bristol_%287035605535%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2871" /></a><figcaption>Detail of one of the <a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">dolphins</a></figcaption></figure> The monument originally consisted of an 8 ft 8 in (2.64 m) <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> statue of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Colston" title="Edward Colston">Edward Colston</a> (1636–1721) set on top of a 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">plinth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tt_18951114-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHLE-2">[2]</a> The statue depicts Colston in a flowing wig, velvet coat, satin <a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">waistcoat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knee-breeches" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee-breeches">knee-breeches</a> as was typical in his day.<a href="#cite_note-tt_18951114-1">[1]</a> The plinth is made of <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a> and adorned with bronze <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaques</a> and, in each corner, a figure of a <a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">dolphin</a>. Of the four plaques‍—‌one on each face of the plinth‍—‌three are <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> sculptures in an <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style: two of these depict scenes from Colston's life and the third exhibits a maritime fantasy. The plaque on the south face bears the words "Erected by citizens of Bristol as a memorial of one of the most virtuous and wise sons of their city AD 1895" and "John Cassidy fecit" (John Cassidy made this).<a href="#cite_note-NHLE-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_Colston">Edward Colston</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Edward Colston">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Colston" title="Edward Colston">Edward Colston</a></div> Colston was a Bristol-born merchant who made some of his fortune from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>, particularly between 1680 and 1692.<a href="#cite_note-EC_morgan-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-histofparl-4">[4]</a> He was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a>, and was briefly deputy governor in 1689–90. During his tenure, the Company transported an estimated 84,000 slaves from West Africa to the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-histofparl-4">[4]</a> Colston used his wealth to provide financial support to almshouses, hospitals, schools, workhouses and churches throughout England, particularly in his home city of Bristol;<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5">[5]</a> he represented the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bristol (UK Parliament constituency)">Bristol constituency</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> from 1710 to 1713.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He left £71,000 to charities after his death, as well as £100,000 to members of his family.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In the 19th century he was seen as a philanthropist.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5">[5]</a> The fact that some of his fortune was made in the slave trade was largely ignored until the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-NHLE-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-EC_morgan-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue">Statue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Statue">edit</a>]</div> The statue, designed by Irish sculptor <a href="/wiki/John_Cassidy_(artist)" title="John Cassidy (artist)">John Cassidy</a>, was erected in the area now known as <a href="/wiki/The_Centre,_Bristol" title="The Centre, Bristol">The Centre</a> in 1895 to commemorate Colston's philanthropy.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It was proposed in October 1893 by <a href="/wiki/James_Arrowsmith" title="James Arrowsmith">James Arrowsmith</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Society" title="Anchor Society">Anchor Society</a>; this, in March 1894, led to a committee being appointed to raise a fund. According to Tim Cole of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a>, the Colston statue was proposed as a response to the nearby erection of <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Edmund_Burke,_Bristol" title="Statue of Edmund Burke, Bristol">another statue in Bristol</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, who had been critical of the city's involvement in the slave trade, argued for fairer taxation, and disapproved of the British government's high-handed attitude toward its colonies.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Two appeals to Colston-related charitable bodies raised £407 towards the cost of the statue.<a href="#cite_note-bristolmercury-14nov-11">[11]</a> Further funds, to a total of £650, were raised through public appeals after the unveiling, including a contribution from the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Merchant_Venturers" title="Society of Merchant Venturers">Society of Merchant Venturers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bristolmercury-30dec-12">[12]</a> Twenty-three models from sculptors were proposed to the committee, from which Cassidy's was selected.<a href="#cite_note-bristolmercury-14nov-11">[11]</a> The statue was unveiled by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Bristol" title="Mayor of Bristol">mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howell_Davies_(politician)" title="Howell Davies (politician)">Howell Davies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bristol" title="Bishop of Bristol">bishop of Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ellicott" title="Charles Ellicott">Charles Ellicott</a>, on 13 November 1895, a date which had been referred to as Colston Day in the city.<a href="#cite_note-bristolmercury-14nov-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It was designated as a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#Grade_II" title="Listed building">Grade II listed structure</a> on 4 March 1977. <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a> described the statue as being "handsome" and commented that "the resulting contrast of styles is handled with confidence". They also noted that the statue offers good group value with <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Bristol#The_Centre" title="List of public art in Bristol">other memorials</a>, including the statue of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cenotaph" title="Bristol Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1893_Exhibition_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="1893 Exhibition fountain">a drinking fountain</a> commemorating the Industrial and Fine Art Exhibition of 1893.<a href="#cite_note-NHLE-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Edward_Colston_Anti-Slavery_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Statue_of_Edward_Colston_Anti-Slavery_Day.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Edward_Colston_Anti-Slavery_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/Statue_of_Edward_Colston_Anti-Slavery_Day.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Art installation, showing figures representing slaves on a ship, during Anti-Slavery Day 2018</figcaption></figure> The statue had become controversial by the end of the 20th century, as Colston's activities as a major <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trader</a> became more widely known.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> H. J. Wilkins, who uncovered his slave-trading activities in 1920, commented that "we cannot picture him justly except against his historical background".<a href="#cite_note-Wilkins_1920-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Colston's involvement in the slave trade predated the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolition movement in Britain</a>, and was during the time when "slavery was generally condoned in England—indeed, throughout Europe—by churchmen, intellectuals and the educated classes".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> From the 1990s onwards, campaigns and petitions called for the removal of the statue.<a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_2006_15-18">[18]</a> In 1992, the statue was depicted in the installation piece Commemoration Day by Carole Drake, as part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophies_of_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trophies of Empire (page does not exist)">Trophies of Empire</a> exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Arnolfini,_Bristol" title="Arnolfini, Bristol">Arnolfini</a>, a gallery in a former <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">tea</a> warehouse in <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Harbour" title="Bristol Harbour">Bristol Harbour</a>. Drake's installation combined a replica of the statue swinging above rotting chrysanthemums, a favourite flower of Colston, in front of a projected photograph of schoolgirls at Colston School covering his statue with flowers in 1973 and the audio of the <a href="/wiki/School_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="School hymn">school hymn</a> "Rejoice ye pure in heart".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the 1994 catalogue of Trophies of Empire, Drake stated the work refers to<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">the blind spots in Western culture, a collective amnesia which denies the sources of wealth which built such 'trophies of empire', and the ways in which dominant white culture and its people benefit from the exploitation of other cultures and people both overseas and at home.</blockquote> In January 1998, "SLAVE TRADER" was written in paint on the base of the statue. Bristol City councillor Ray Sefia said: "If we in this city want to glorify the slave trade, then the statue should stay. If not, the statue should be marked with a plaque that he was a slave trader or taken down."<a href="#cite_note-Hochschild_2006_15-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In a 2014 poll in the local newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Post" title="Bristol Post">Bristol Post</a>, 56% of the 1,100 respondents said it should stay while 44% wanted it to go.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Others called for a memorial plaque honouring the victims of slavery to be fitted to his statue. Bristol's first elected mayor, <a href="/wiki/George_Ferguson_(politician)" title="George Ferguson (politician)">George Ferguson</a>, said on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> in 2013 that the city's annual celebration of Colston "does seem perverse", and was "not a celebration that I shall join".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In August 2017 an unauthorised commemorative plaque by sculptor Will Coles was affixed to the statue's plinth, declaring that Bristol was the "Capital of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1730–1745" and memorialising "the 12,000,000 enslaved of whom 6,000,000 died as captives". Coles stated that his aim was "to try to get people to think".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The plaque was removed by Bristol City Council in October of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Thangam_Debbonaire" title="Thangam Debbonaire">Thangam Debbonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP for <a href="/wiki/Bristol_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bristol West (UK Parliament constituency)">Bristol West</a>, wrote to <a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol City Council</a> calling for the removal of the statue.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> An unofficial art installation appeared in front of the statue on 18 October 2018 to mark <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Day_Act_2010" title="Anti-Slavery Day Act 2010">Anti-Slavery Day</a> in the UK. It depicted about a hundred supine figures arranged as on a <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a>, lying as if they were cargo, surrounded by a border listing jobs typically done by <a href="/wiki/Modern_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern slavery">modern-day slaves</a> such as 'fruit picker' and 'nail bar worker'; it remained for some months.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The labels around the bow of the ship said 'here and now'.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Another artistic intervention saw a ball and chain attached to the statue.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Project_to_add_a_second_plaque">Project to add a second plaque</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Project to add a second plaque">edit</a>]</div> In July 2018 Bristol City Council, which was responsible for the statue, made a planning application to add a second plaque which would "add to the public knowledge about Colston" including his philanthropy and his involvement in slave trading.<a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-34">[34]</a> The initial proposed wording for the plaque was developed as part of a project involving <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> associate professor of history <a href="/wiki/Madge_Dresser" title="Madge Dresser">Madge Dresser</a>, other local historians, and children from Cotham Gardens Primary School (formerly Colston Primary School).<a href="#cite_note-:5-34">[34]</a> It mentioned Colston's role in the slave trade, his brief tenure as a <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament#United_Kingdom" title="Member of parliament">MP</a> for Bristol, and criticised his philanthropy as religiously selective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As a high official of the Royal African Company from 1680 to 1692, Edward Colston played an active role in the enslavement of over 84,000 Africans (including 12,000 children) of whom over 19,000 died en route to the Caribbean and America. Colston also invested in the Spanish slave trade and in slave-produced sugar. As Tory MP for Bristol (1710–1713), he defended the city's 'right' to trade in enslaved Africans. Bristolians who did not subscribe to his religious and political beliefs were not permitted to benefit from his charities.<a href="#cite_note-:6-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-36">[36]</a></blockquote> This wording attracted criticism, including from Conservative councillor Richard Eddy who called the initial suggested wording "revisionist" and "historically illiterate" and suggested that, if it were put up, stealing or damaging it might be justified.<a href="#cite_note-:4-33">[33]</a> He also said it was unfair to mention that Colston had been a Tory MP.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-36">[36]</a> A second version, co-written by Madge Dresser and a council officer, was proposed by the council in August 2018, giving a brief description of Colston's philanthropy, role in the slave trade, and time as an MP, while noting that he was now considered controversial.<a href="#cite_note-:5-34">[34]</a> However, this wording was further revised by Francis Greenacre – a former fine art curator at the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery">Bristol Museum and Art Gallery</a>, and a member of the Society of Merchant Venturers which Colston had also been part of – to create a third proposal:<a href="#cite_note-:5-34">[34]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Edward Colston (1636–1721), MP for Bristol (1710–1713), was one of this city's greatest benefactors. He supported and endowed schools, almshouses, hospitals and churches in Bristol, London and elsewhere. Many of his charitable foundations continue. This statue was erected in 1895 to commemorate his philanthropy. A significant proportion of Colston's wealth came from investments in slave trading, sugar and other slave-produced goods. As an official of the Royal African Company from 1680 to 1692, he was also involved in the transportation of approximately 84,000 enslaved African men, women and young children, of whom 19,000 died on voyages from West Africa to the Caribbean and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[37]</a></blockquote> Greenacre's revisions were criticised by Dresser, who said the version was a "sanitised" version of history which minimised Colston's role in the slave trade, omitted the number of child slaves, and focused on West Africans as enslavers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-34">[34]</a> Nevertheless, the wording was understood to have been agreed upon and a bronze plaque was cast using Greenacre's wording.<a href="#cite_note-:5-34">[34]</a> After the plaque was manufactured in March 2019, the wording was objected to by Bristol's mayor, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Rees" title="Marvin Rees">Marvin Rees</a>, who said he had not been consulted on the wording and criticised the Society of Merchant Venturers for its involvement in the revision.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A statement from Rees' office said the Merchant Venturers had been "extremely naive" to think they would have the final say on the wording, and that it was "an oversight to put it mildly" to not consult with the mayor. The statement committed to creating a revised wording for the plaque as part of wider work around the legacy of the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> After the toppling of the statue in June 2020, the Society of Merchant Venturers said it had been "inappropriate" for the society to have become involved in the rewording of the plaque in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-smv_13062020-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toppling_and_removal">Toppling and removal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Toppling and removal">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toppling_of_Colston_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large group of protestors converging on the statue in the moments after it was pulled down, stamping on it and dismantling parts of it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Toppling_of_Colston_Statue.jpg/239px-Toppling_of_Colston_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Toppling_of_Colston_Statue.jpg/359px-Toppling_of_Colston_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Toppling_of_Colston_Statue.jpg/478px-Toppling_of_Colston_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Protestors moments after toppling the statue </figcaption></figure> On 7 June 2020, during <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom">the global protests</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-cbs_07062020-41">[41]</a> the statue was pulled down by demonstrators who then jumped on it.<a href="#cite_note-theguardiansiddique-42">[42]</a> They daubed it in red and blue paint, and one protester was shown kneeling on the statue's neck, alluding to the way Floyd was murdered.<a href="#cite_note-cbs_07062020-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The statue was then rolled down Anchor Road and pushed into <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Harbour" title="Bristol Harbour">Bristol Harbour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theguardiansiddique-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc52954305-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-sullivanindependent-45">[45]</a> Just prior to this, a petition to the council to remove the statue, sent out to 38 Degrees “an online campaigning organisation, involving more than 2 million people from every corner of the UK”, had received over 11,000 signatures.<a href="#cite_note-theguardiansiddique-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-SGBL-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(police)#United_Kingdom" title="Superintendent (police)">Superintendent</a> Andy Bennett of <a href="/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Avon and Somerset Constabulary">Avon and Somerset Police</a> stated that they had made a "tactical decision" not to intervene and had allowed the statue to be toppled, citing a concern that stopping the act could have led to further violence and a riot.<a href="#cite_note-theguardiansiddique-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> They also stated that the act was <a href="/wiki/Criminal_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal damage">criminal damage</a> and confirmed that there would be an investigation to identify those involved, adding that they were in the process of collating footage of the incident.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction">Reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reaction">edit</a>]</div> On 7 June 2020 the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a>, called the toppling "utterly disgraceful", "completely unacceptable" and "sheer vandalism". She added, "it speaks to the acts of public disorder that have become a distraction from the cause people are protesting about."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Mayor of Bristol, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Rees" title="Marvin Rees">Marvin Rees</a>, said those comments showed an "absolute lack of understanding".<a href="#cite_note-BBCAffront-52">[52]</a> On 8 June, Rees said that the statue was an affront, and he felt no "sense of loss [at its removal]," but that the statue would be retrieved "at some point" and it was "highly likely that the Colston statue will end up in one of our museums."<a href="#cite_note-BBCAffront-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The historian and television presenter <a href="/wiki/David_Olusoga" title="David Olusoga">David Olusoga</a> commented that the statue should have been taken down earlier, saying: "Statues are about saying 'this was a great man who did great things'. That is not true, he [Colston] was a slave trader and a murderer."<a href="#cite_note-bbc52954305-44">[44]</a> Police Superintendent Andy Bennett also stated he understood that Colston was "a historical figure that's caused the black community quite a lot of angst over the last couple of years", adding: "Whilst I am disappointed that people would damage one of our statues, I do understand why it's happened, it's very symbolic."<a href="#cite_note-theguardiansiddique-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The pedestal is seen with purple spraypaint graffiti "BLM" over two of the bronze plaques and black "Black Lives Matter" and stencilled raised fists on the plinth. Placards propped on the pedestal include "Black Lives Matter", "Silence is Violence", "The UK is not innocent" and "In unity is strength". Many more placards lie on the ground around the pedestal, with "Black Lives Matter","Racism is a global pandemic" and other slogans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg/170px-Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg/255px-Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg/340px-Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The empty pedestal, showing placards and graffiti</figcaption></figure> Rees made a statement suggesting that "it's important to listen to those who found the statue to represent an affront to humanity and make the legacy of today about the future of our city, tackling racism and inequality. I call on everyone to challenge racism and inequality in every corner of our city and wherever we see it."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Krishnan_Guru-Murthy" title="Krishnan Guru-Murthy">Krishnan Guru-Murthy</a>, he said: "We have a statue of someone who made their money by throwing our people into water ... and now he's on the bottom of the water."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A spokesperson for <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, said that he "absolutely understands the strength of feeling" but insisted that the democratic process should have been followed, and that police should hold responsible those involved in the criminal act.<a href="#cite_note-BBCAffront-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Labour leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> said while the manner in which the statue had been pulled down was "completely wrong", it should have been removed "a long, long time ago". He added "you can't, in 21st Century Britain, have a slaver on a statue. That statue should have been brought down properly, with consent, and put in a museum."<a href="#cite_note-BBCAffront-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Merchant_Venturers" title="Society of Merchant Venturers">Society of Merchant Venturers</a>, in a statement on 12 June 2020, said that "the fact that [the statue] has gone is right for Bristol. To build a city where racism and inequality no longer exist, we must start by acknowledging Bristol's dark past and removing statues, portraits and names that memorialise a man who benefitted from trading in human lives."<a href="#cite_note-smv_13062020-40">[40]</a> A direct descendant of Colston, Philip Colston Robins, wrote to the Mayor of Bristol suggesting that the city should honour moral obligations and "make peace with the past", including development aid and twinning with cities in West Africa affected by the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retrieval_and_storage">Retrieval and storage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Retrieval and storage">edit</a>]</div> At 5 am on 11 June 2020, the statue was retrieved from Bristol Harbour by Bristol City Council.<a href="#cite_note-:0-60">[60]</a> The statue was found filled with mud and sediments from the harbour floor. The council said the statue was structurally stable, although it had lost one of its coattails, the walking stick, and faced damage to its left side and to the foot.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> They stated they had cleaned the statue to prevent corrosion, and that they planned to exhibit it in a museum without removing the graffiti and ropes placed on it by the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-:0-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> While cleaning mud from the statue, M Shed discovered an 1895 issue of <a href="/wiki/Tit-Bits" title="Tit-Bits">Tit-Bits</a> magazine containing a handwritten date, 26 October 1895, and the names of those who originally fitted the statue.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-brewis-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_investigation">Police investigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Police investigation">edit</a>]</div> The day after the toppling, the police announced that they identified 17 people in connection with the incident, but had not yet made any arrests.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On 22 June 2020 the police released images of people connected to the incident, and asked the public for help identifying the individuals.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On 1 July, an unnamed 24-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_damage_in_English_law" title="Criminal damage in English law">criminal damage</a> to the statue<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bailed</a> under police investigation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[69]</a> In September 2020, Avon and Somerset Police said that files on four people suspected of criminal damage had been passed to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a> to decide if charges should be brought. A further five people had been offered <a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">restorative justice</a>, such as a fine and community service.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> By 1 October 2020, a total of six people had accepted <a href="/wiki/Police_caution" title="Police caution">conditional cautions</a> relating to the events of 7 June.<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_charges_and_trial">Criminal charges and trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criminal charges and trial">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/R_v_Rhian_Graham,_Milo_Ponsford,_Jake_Skuse_and_Sage_Willoughby" class="mw-redirect" title="R v Rhian Graham, Milo Ponsford, Jake Skuse and Sage Willoughby">R v Rhian Graham, Milo Ponsford, Jake Skuse and Sage Willoughby</a></div> On 9 December 2020, four people—Rhian Graham, Milo Ponsford, Jake Skuse and Sage Willoughby, often referred to as the "Colston 4"<a href="#cite_note-triallive-71">[71]</a>—were charged with causing <a href="/wiki/Criminal_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal damage">criminal damage</a> in relation to the toppling of the statue.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> They appeared at Bristol <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">Magistrates' Court</a> on 2 March 2021 and entered a <a href="/wiki/Not_guilty_plea" class="mw-redirect" title="Not guilty plea">plea of not guilty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Their trial began at Bristol <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a> on 13 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Before the trial, the graffiti artist <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> produced a T-shirt to be sold to support the accused.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The four did not deny that they toppled the statue, but advanced several defences that doing so was not an act of criminal damage within the meaning of the law. One defence was that the statue had not in fact been damaged—indeed that it had been made more valuable by the process of toppling, removal from the harbour, and display in the museum. A second was that the removal of the statue helped to prevent another crime, because the display of the statue itself was a criminal act of displaying indecent or abusive material, saying Colston's "continued veneration (...) in a vibrant multicultural city was an act of abuse".<a href="#cite_note-:7-76">[76]</a> Two defendants also argued that they believed the statue was collectively owned by the people of Bristol, who in the circumstances would agree with the act of toppling it. In fact the statue was owned by Bristol City Council, but even a mistaken belief about the owner and the owners' intentions would have been grounds for acquittal, if the jury felt that belief was sincerely held. The judge also advised the jury that even if not convinced by any of these arguments, the jury could still acquit on the basis that a conviction for criminal damage would, in the circumstances, represent a disproportionate interference with the defendants' right of freedom of expression. The jury would have to weigh the importance of property-owners' rights not to have property (e.g. statues) damaged, with the right to freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-SBwhy-77">[77]</a> On 5 January 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> found the four defendants not guilty of criminal damage<a href="#cite_note-:7-76">[76]</a> by a majority of 11 to 1 after deliberating for three hours.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Because juries never provide any rationale or documentation for their verdict, it is unclear which of the defence arguments they found persuasive.<a href="#cite_note-SBwhy-77">[77]</a> While stating that "trial by jury is an important guardian of liberty and must not be undermined", <a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Suella Braverman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">attorney general</a>, said she is "carefully considering" whether to refer the case to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal</a> as the result was "causing confusion".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Braverman's statement was alleged by former <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(England_and_Wales)" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)">Director of Public Prosecutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Macdonald" title="Ken Macdonald">Ken Macdonald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Shadow Attorney General for England and Wales">shadow attorney general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Thornberry" title="Emily Thornberry">Emily Thornberry</a>, to be politically motivated.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> On 12 April 2022, Braverman referred the case to the Court of Appeal, to seek clarification on whether defendants can cite their human rights as a defence in a case of criminal damage.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The ruling by the Court of Appeal, which did not affect the jury acquittal in the original case, was handed down on 28 September 2022. It ruled that defences on the basis of human rights could be made in criminal damage cases only when the value of the property damaged is low.<a href="#cite_note-BristolAppealRuling-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_toppling">After the toppling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: After the toppling">edit</a>]</div> The day after the toppling, 8 June, a cardboard plaque bearing the text "This plaque is dedicated to the slaves that were taken from their homes" was taped onto the plinth to cover the bronze commemorative plaque on the south face that described Colston as "virtuous and wise".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> After the toppling of Colston's statue, a similar <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Robert_Milligan" title="Statue of Robert Milligan">monument to Robert Milligan</a>, the slave trader who was largely responsible for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/West_India_Docks" title="West India Docks">West India Docks</a>, in east London was removed by <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hamlets_London_Borough_Council" title="Tower Hamlets London Borough Council">Tower Hamlets London Borough Council</a> on 9 June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Mason_and_Pidd_2020-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> called for London statues and street names with links to slavery to be removed or renamed. Khan set up the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Diversity_in_the_Public_Realm" title="Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm">Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm</a> to review London's landmarks.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20200609-86">[86]</a> Support for, and opposition to, the statue's removal continued in the Bristol area. In what a local councillor believed was retaliation, the <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">headstone</a> and footstone for the enslaved man <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus_(slave)" title="Scipio Africanus (slave)">Scipio Africanus</a> were vandalised in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Henbury" title="St Mary's Church, Henbury">St Mary's Church, Henbury</a>, Bristol, on 17 June. The attacker broke one of the stones in two and scrawled a warning to "put Colston's statue back or things will really heat up."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> After Colston's statue was removed, a petition began to have a statue of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stephenson_(civil_rights_campaigner)" title="Paul Stephenson (civil rights campaigner)">Paul Stephenson</a> erected in its place.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The former Bristol youth worker is a black man who was instrumental in the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bus_Boycott" title="Bristol Bus Boycott">Bristol Bus Boycott</a>, inspired by the US <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a>, which brought an end to a then-legal employment colour ban in Bristol bus companies.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> While the plinth has remained empty, a number of unofficial statues have been placed upon it. On 11 July 2020, a <a href="/wiki/Mannequin" title="Mannequin">mannequin</a> dressed as deceased television presenter <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Savile" title="Jimmy Savile">Jimmy Savile</a> appeared on the plinth, along with a cardboard sign: "None of them stopped me, and your <a href="/wiki/TV_Licence" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Licence">licence</a> paid for it". The mannequin was on the plinth for about an hour, before being removed.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In the early morning of 15 July 2020, a statue by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Quinn" title="Marc Quinn">Marc Quinn</a> was placed on the empty plinth without permission from the authorities. The statue, entitled <a href="/wiki/A_Surge_of_Power_(Jen_Reid)_2020" title="A Surge of Power (Jen Reid) 2020">A Surge of Power (Jen Reid) 2020</a> depicts a Black Lives Matter protester, <a href="/wiki/Jen_Reid" title="Jen Reid">Jen Reid</a>, with a raised fist.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Quinn described it as a "new temporary, public installation".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Bristol City Council removed the statue on the morning of 16 July<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and it was returned to Quinn. An application for planning permission for A Surge of Power to be installed for two years was sought in summer 2020, rejected, appealed in March 2021,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and finally refused in November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On 2 December 2020, a figurine of <a href="/wiki/Darth_Vader" title="Darth Vader">Darth Vader</a> appeared on the plinth, in what was seen as a tribute to the actor <a href="/wiki/David_Prowse" title="David Prowse">David Prowse</a>, who was born in Bristol and died on 29 November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reinterpretation,_possible_replacement_and_permanent_display">Reinterpretation, possible replacement and permanent display</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reinterpretation, possible replacement and permanent display">edit</a>]</div> In September 2020, Bristol Mayor Marvin Rees set up the We Are Bristol History Commission, described as "an independent group who will: help Bristol better understand its history and how it became the city it is today; work with citizens and community groups to make sure that everyone in the city can share their views on Bristol’s history; build an improved, shared understanding of Bristol’s story for future generations."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> A city council spokesperson said that the commission would include the issues around the Colston statue as a starting point, and it would also address wider historic issues in the city.<a href="#cite_note-bristolpostcommission-99">[99]</a> The Commission is chaired by Dr Tim Cole of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a>, with other members including <a href="/wiki/Madge_Dresser" title="Madge Dresser">Madge Dresser</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Olusoga" title="David Olusoga">David Olusoga</a>. There was criticism that the commission was dominated by academics at the expense of local community members.<a href="#cite_note-bristolpostcommission-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Edward_Colston_at_the_M_Shed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Edward_Colston_at_the_M_Shed.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Edward_Colston_at_the_M_Shed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Edward_Colston_at_the_M_Shed.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Edward_Colston_at_the_M_Shed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Edward_Colston_at_the_M_Shed.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Edward_Colston_at_the_M_Shed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption>Defaced Colston statue on display at the M Shed in 2021</figcaption></figure> The Colston statue was put on exhibition from 4 June to 5 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/M_Shed" title="M Shed">M Shed</a> museum in Bristol.<a href="#cite_note-Morrisshed-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams-101">[101]</a> It was displayed horizontally on a wooden support with the graffiti remaining. John Finch, head of culture and creative industries at Bristol City Council, stated that after considerable thought the statue was being displayed horizontally because its damaged state meant that it was "unstable" and otherwise needed expensive support, and to enable visitors to see the statue, and the graffiti and damage, close up. Some of the demonstration placards, air dried to preserve them, were displayed nearby.<a href="#cite_note-bbc4june2021-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-cork-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The museum's website stated "This temporary display is the start of a conversation, not a complete exhibition", and invited members of the public to express their views on the future of the statue and its plinth.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Immediately after the statue had been put on exhibition, with entry only by free pre-booking, people who had wanted the statue to be returned to public view on its plinth block-booked the exhibit with no intention of attending so that it could not be seen by the public.<a href="#cite_note-gayle-106">[106]</a> In response the museum changed its online booking system: "We're always more than happy to accommodate walk-ups if we haven't reached our Covid secure capacity".<a href="#cite_note-Adams-101">[101]</a> After the temporary exhibition closed, the responses were considered by the We Are Bristol History Commission, with a report expected by early 2022. The Mayor will then decide the future of the statue.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> On 4 August 2021, <a href="/wiki/Planning_Inspectorate" title="Planning Inspectorate">planning inspector</a> J. P. Sargent dismissed an appeal against the city council's refusal to grant a temporary permission to reinstate, for a period of two years, Marc Quinn's statue of Jen Reid. He stated that, because no consent had been given for the Colston statue to be removed, it remained, in law, part of the whole monument and could be returned to its plinth. He stated that the "special architectural and historic interest" of the monument, which had resulted in it being <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed</a>, was partly based on the quality of the design of the statue and that "to replace it with a statue of someone else would appreciably undermine the Monument’s historic integrity."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> On 3 February 2022, the We Are Bristol History Commission recommended, following public consultation, that the toppled and defaced Colston statue should be put on display in the city's museum, in its existing state, and presented in a "nuanced, contextualised and engaging way". They recommended that temporary artworks should be placed on the remaining plinth, with "periods of intentional emptiness".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In March 2024, the statue, in its defaced state, went on permanent display in Bristol's <a href="/wiki/M_Shed" title="M Shed">M Shed</a> museum, as part of an exhibit about protest.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> On 20 November 2024, the council development control committee agreed the wording of a new plaque to be affixed to the empty plinth. It will say: <a href="#cite_note-bp-20241120-111">[111]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">On 13 November 1895, a statue of Edward Colston (1636 - 1721) was unveiled here. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, the celebration of Colston was increasingly challenged given his prominent role in the enslavement of African people. <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> On 7 June 2020, the statue was pulled down during Black Lives Matter protests and rolled into Bristol Harbour. Following consultation with the city in 2021, the statue entered the collections of Bristol City Council's museums.<a href="#cite_note-bp-20241120-111">[111]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1895_in_art" title="1895 in art">1895 in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_against_memorials_in_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="Actions against memorials in the United Kingdom during the George Floyd protests">Actions against memorials in the United Kingdom during the George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_during_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests">List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_statues_of_individuals_linked_to_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="List of public statues of individuals linked to the Atlantic slave trade">List of public statues of individuals linked to the Atlantic slave trade</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tt_18951114-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tt_18951114_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt_18951114_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Colston's Day at Bristol". The Times. London. 14 November 1895. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Colston%27s+Day+at+Bristol&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1895-11-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHLE-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHLE_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHLE_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHLE_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHLE_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1202137" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202137?section=official-list-entry">"Statue of Edward Colston (1202137)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Statue+of+Edward+Colston+%281202137%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1202137%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EC_morgan-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EC_morgan_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EC_morgan_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1999" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/bristolrecordsociety/publications/bha096.pdf">Edward Colston and Bristol</a> (PDF). Bristol: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608093149/http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/bristolrecordsociety/publications/bha096.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Colston+and+Bristol&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bristol+Branch+of+the+Historical+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bris.ac.uk%2FDepts%2FHistory%2Fbristolrecordsociety%2Fpublications%2Fbha096.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-histofparl-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histofparl_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-histofparl_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/colston-edward-ii-1636-1721">"COLSTON, Edward II (1636–1721), of Mortlake, Surr"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/BL/BR09.htm">the original</a> on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PMSA+National+Recording+Project&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk%2FBL%2FBR09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaner2017" class="citation news cs1">Saner, Emine (29 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/29/renamed-and-shamed-taking-on-britains-slave-trade-past-from-colston-hall-to-penny-lane">"Renamed and shamed: taking on Britain's slave-trade past, from Colston Hall to Penny Lane"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524082537/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/29/renamed-and-shamed-taking-on-britains-slave-trade-past-from-colston-hall-to-penny-lane">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Renamed+and+shamed%3A+taking+on+Britain%27s+slave-trade+past%2C+from+Colston+Hall+to+Penny+Lane&rft.date=2017-04-29&rft.aulast=Saner&rft.aufirst=Emine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fapr%2F29%2Frenamed-and-shamed-taking-on-britains-slave-trade-past-from-colston-hall-to-penny-lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2021" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Helen (9 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/08/bristol-colston-statue-culture-war-history/619671/">"History Was Never Subject to Democratic Control"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved 31 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=History+Was+Never+Subject+to+Democratic+Control&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2021%2F08%2Fbristol-colston-statue-culture-war-history%2F619671%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bristolmercury-14nov-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bristolmercury-14nov_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bristolmercury-14nov_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bristolmercury-14nov_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Colston Anniversary". Bristol Mercury. 14 November 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Mercury&rft.atitle=Colston+Anniversary&rft.date=1895-11-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bristolmercury-30dec-12"><a href="#cite_ref-bristolmercury-30dec_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Colston Statue". Bristol Mercury. 30 December 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Mercury&rft.atitle=The+Colston+Statue&rft.date=1895-12-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2020" class="citation web cs1">Watts, James (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/edward-colston-statue-toppled-how-bristol-came-to-see-the-slave-trader-as-a-hero-and-philanthropist-140271">"Edward Colston statue toppled: how Bristol came to see the slave trader as a hero and philanthropist"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824153208/https://theconversation.com/edward-colston-statue-toppled-how-bristol-came-to-see-the-slave-trader-as-a-hero-and-philanthropist-140271">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+statue+toppled%3A+how+Bristol+came+to+see+the+slave+trader+as+a+hero+and+philanthropist&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fedward-colston-statue-toppled-how-bristol-came-to-see-the-slave-trader-as-a-hero-and-philanthropist-140271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoyle2004" class="citation book cs1">Foyle, Andrew (2004). Bristol-Pevsner Architectural Guides. New Haven, US and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10442-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10442-1"><bdi>0-300-10442-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bristol-Pevsner+Architectural+Guides&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+US+and+London&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-300-10442-1&rft.aulast=Foyle&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkins_1920-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkins_1920_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins1920" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, H. J. (1920). Edward Colston (1636–1721 A.D.), a chronological account of his life and work. Bristol: J. W. Arrowsmith. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/629979568">629979568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Colston+%281636%E2%80%931721+A.D.%29%2C+a+chronological+account+of+his+life+and+work&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=J.+W.+Arrowsmith&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F629979568&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2020" class="citation news cs1">Ng, Kate (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/edward-colston-statue-bristol-slave-trader-black-lives-matter-protest-a9553946.html">"Who was Bristol slave trader Edward Colston?"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004192445/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/edward-colston-statue-bristol-slave-trader-black-lives-matter-protest-a9553946.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Who+was+Bristol+slave+trader+Edward+Colston%3F&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fedward-colston-statue-bristol-slave-trader-black-lives-matter-protest-a9553946.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1999" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608093149/http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/bristolrecordsociety/publications/bha096.pdf">Edward Colston and Bristol</a> (PDF). Bristol: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association. p. 18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/bristolrecordsociety/publications/bha096.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Colston+and+Bristol&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Bristol+Branch+of+the+Historical+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bris.ac.uk%2FDepts%2FHistory%2Fbristolrecordsociety%2Fpublications%2Fbha096.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hochschild_2006_15-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_2006_15_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_2006_15_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild2006" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Adam (2006). Bury the Chains. New York City: Mariner Books. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bury+the+Chains&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeeVogelaar2018" class="citation book cs1">Gee, Gabriel N.; Vogelaar, Alison (4 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQxjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46">Changing Representations of Nature and the City: The 1960s–1970s and their Legacies</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96840-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96840-4"><bdi>978-1-134-96840-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Representations+of+Nature+and+the+City%3A+The+1960s%E2%80%931970s+and+their+Legacies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft.isbn=978-1-134-96840-4&rft.aulast=Gee&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+N.&rft.au=Vogelaar%2C+Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQxjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=398&table=artefacts">"Trophies of Empire | Exhibition guide relating to an exhibition, 1992"</a>. Diaspora Artists. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703021405/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=398&table=artefacts">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diaspora+Artists&rft.atitle=Trophies+of+Empire+%7C+Exhibition+guide+relating+to+an+exhibition%2C+1992&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.diaspora-artists.net%2Fdisplay_item.php%3Fid%3D398%26table%3Dartefacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3BIAQAAIAAJ">Trophies of Empire</a>. 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The Times. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Graffiti+attack+revives+Bristol+slavery+row&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1998-01-29&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresser2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dresser, Madge (2009). "Remembering Slavery and Abolition in Bristol". 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607203535/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/bristol-torn-apart-over-statue-of-edward-colston-but-is-this-a-figure-of-shame-or-a-necessary-9555333.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Bristol+torn+apart+over+statue+of+Edward+Colston%3A+But+is+this+a+figure+of+shame+or+a+necessary+monument+to+the+history+of+slavery%3F&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fbristol-torn-apart-over-statue-of-edward-colston-but-is-this-a-figure-of-shame-or-a-necessary-9555333.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2013" class="citation news cs1">Koch, Emily (30 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904091019/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Bristol-mayor-City-s-celebration-Edward-Colston/story-19729958-detail/story.html">"Bristol mayor: City's celebration of Edward Colston is perverse"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bristol24-7&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+mystery+sculptor+behind+plaque+that+brands+Bristol+a+slavery+capital&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.aulast=Pipe&rft.aufirst=Ellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristol247.com%2Fnews-and-features%2Fnews%2Fsculptor-behind-plaque-brands-bristol-slavery-capital-speaks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2017" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Krishan (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/unofficial-plaque-calling-bristol-capital-690950">"Unofficial plaque calling Bristol 'capital of Atlantic slave trade' removed from Edward Colston statue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Post" title="Bristol Post">Bristol Live</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023357/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/unofficial-plaque-calling-bristol-capital-690950">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2018. 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BBC News. 11 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607180315/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-45825768">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. 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Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Live&rft.atitle=100+human+figures+placed+in+front+of+Colston+statue+in+city+centre&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=Cork&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2F100-human-figures-placed-front-2122990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2020" class="citation web cs1">Gould, Rebecca Ruth (12 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2020/june/bringing-colston-down">"Bringing Colston Down"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=Bringing+Colston+Down&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2020%2Fjune%2Fbringing-colston-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong" class="citation news cs1">Yong, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/ball-chain-attached-edward-colstons-1539315">"Ball and chain attached to Edward Colston's statue in Bristol city centre"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Live&rft.atitle=Ball+and+chain+attached+to+Edward+Colston%27s+statue+in+Bristol+city+centre&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fball-chain-attached-edward-colstons-1539315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCork2018" class="citation web cs1">Cork, Tristan (22 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/wording-second-plaque-proposed-edward-1810137">"The second plaque planned for Colston statue linking him to 20,000 deaths"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BristolLive&rft.atitle=The+second+plaque+planned+for+Colston+statue+linking+him+to+20%2C000+deaths&rft.date=2018-07-22&rft.aulast=Cork&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fwording-second-plaque-proposed-edward-1810137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCork2018" class="citation news cs1">Cork, Tristan (23 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/theft-vandalism-second-colston-statue-1815967">"Theft of second Colston plaque 'may be justified' says councillor"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Live&rft.atitle=The+wording+of+second+plaque+proposed+for+Edward+Colston+statue+linking+him+to+20%2C000+deaths&rft.date=2018-07-22&rft.aulast=Cork&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fwording-second-plaque-proposed-edward-1810137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-44951380">"Edward Colston plaque in Bristol 'shows full history'"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+plaque+in+Bristol+%27shows+full+history%27&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-44951380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCork2019" class="citation news cs1">Cork, Tristan (25 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/second-colston-statue-plaque-not-2682813">"Second Colston statue plaque not axed but mayor orders re-write"</a>. Bristol Live. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330011949/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/second-colston-statue-plaque-not-2682813">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Live&rft.atitle=Second+Colston+statue+plaque+not+axed+but+mayor+orders+re-write&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.aulast=Cork&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fsecond-colston-statue-plaque-not-2682813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-47670756">"Edward Colston: Plaque to Bristol slave trader axed over wording"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+plaque+listing+his+links+to+slavery+scrapped+after+mayor+says+wording+isn%27t+harsh+enough&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F03%2F25%2Fplaque-acknowledging-slave-owning-history-edward-colston-scrapped%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smv_13062020-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smv_13062020_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smv_13062020_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merchantventurers.com/news/statement-from-the-society-of-merchant-venturers/">"Statement from the Society of Merchant Venturers"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Protesters+in+England+topple+statue+of+slave+trader+Edward+Colston+into+harbor&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgeorge-floyd-protest-edward-colston-statue-thrown-into-bristol-harbor-today-2020-06-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardiansiddique-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardiansiddique_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardiansiddique_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardiansiddique_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardiansiddique_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardiansiddique_42-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddique2020" class="citation news cs1">Siddique, Haroon (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/07/blm-protesters-topple-statue-of-bristol-slave-trader-edward-colston">"BLM protesters topple statue of Bristol slave trader Edward Colston"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=BLM+protesters+topple+statue+of+Bristol+slave+trader+Edward+Colston&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2020%2Fjun%2F07%2Fblm-protesters-topple-statue-of-bristol-slave-trader-edward-colston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaks2020" class="citation news cs1">Zaks, Dmitry (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/08/uk-slave-traders-statue-toppled-in-anti-racism-protests.html">"UK slave trader's statue toppled in anti-racism protests"</a>. The Jakarta Post. 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Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=UK+slave+trader%27s+statue+toppled+in+anti-racism+protests&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.aulast=Zaks&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2F08%2Fuk-slave-traders-statue-toppled-in-anti-racism-protests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc52954305-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc52954305_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc52954305_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52954305">"George Floyd death: Protesters tear down slave trader statue"</a>. BBC News. 7 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607110402/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52954305">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=George+Floyd+death%3A+Protesters+tear+down+slave+trader+statue&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-52954305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sullivanindependent-45"><a href="#cite_ref-sullivanindependent_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2020" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Rory (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/black-lives-matter-protests-uk-bristol-statue-edward-colston-slavery-a9553266.html">"Black Lives Matter protesters pull down statue of 17th century UK slave trader"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Black+Lives+Matter+protesters+pull+down+statue+of+17th+century+UK+slave+trader&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fblack-lives-matter-protests-uk-bristol-statue-edward-colston-slavery-a9553266.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGBL-46"><a href="#cite_ref-SGBL_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrubb2020" class="citation news cs1">Grubb, Sophie (5 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/its-disgrace-thousands-call-removal-4195886.amp">"'It's a disgrace' – Thousands call for removal of controversial Bristol statue"</a>. 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The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608142047/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/06/08/police-decision-allow-toppling-edward-colston-statue-defended/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Intervening+to+prevent+toppling+of+Colston+statue+could+have+sparked+a+riot%2C+says+Chief+Constable&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2F08%2Fpolice-decision-allow-toppling-edward-colston-statue-defended%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvon_and_Somerset_Police2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Avon and Somerset Constabulary">Avon and Somerset Police [@ASPolice]</a> (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/ASPolice/status/1269662034364436489">"Statement from Bristol Area Commander Superintendent Andy Bennett following Black Lives Matter demonstration in Bristol"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607195547/https://twitter.com/ASPolice/status/1269662034364436489">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608150958/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/07/europe/edward-colston-statue-bristol/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. 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Sky News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607174047/https://news.sky.com/video/priti-patel-toppling-edward-colston-statue-utterly-disgraceful-12002452">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Priti+Patel%3A+Toppling+Edward+Colston+statue+%27utterly+disgraceful%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fvideo%2Fpriti-patel-toppling-edward-colston-statue-utterly-disgraceful-12002452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2020" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Rory (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/black-lives-matter-protests-uk-bristol-statue-edward-colston-slavery-a9553266.html">"Black Lives Matter protesters in Bristol pull down and throw statue of 17th-century slave trader into river"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607141249/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/black-lives-matter-protests-uk-bristol-statue-edward-colston-slavery-a9553266.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Black+Lives+Matter+protesters+in+Bristol+pull+down+and+throw+statue+of+17th-century+slave+trader+into+river&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fblack-lives-matter-protests-uk-bristol-statue-edward-colston-slavery-a9553266.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCAffront-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCAffront_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCAffront_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCAffront_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCAffront_52-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609201500/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-52962356">"Edward Colston: Bristol slave trader statue 'was an affront'"</a>. BBC News. 8 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-52962356">the original</a> on 9 June 2020. 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Bristol Live. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608095652/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/mayor-says-edward-colston-statue-4203020.amp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Live&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+statue%3A+Mayor+gives+update+on+statue%27s+future&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fmayor-says-edward-colston-statue-4203020.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimshaw2020" class="citation news cs1">Grimshaw, Emma (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/mayor-marvin-rees-issues-statement-4202463">"Mayor Marvin Rees issues statement on the Black Lives Matter protest and the toppling of Colston's statue"</a>. Bristol Live. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607202659/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/mayor-marvin-rees-issues-statement-4202463">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Live&rft.atitle=Mayor+Marvin+Rees+issues+statement+on+the+Black+Lives+Matter+protest+and+the+toppling+of+Colston%27s+statue&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft.aulast=Grimshaw&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fmayor-marvin-rees-issues-statement-4202463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuru-Murthy2020" class="citation web cs1">Guru-Murthy, Krishnan (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channel4.com/news/we-have-a-statue-of-someone-who-made-their-money-by-throwing-our-people-into-water-and-now-hes-on-the-bottom-of-the-water-marvin-rees-elected-mayor-of-bristol">"'We have a statue of someone who made their money by throwing our people into water...and now he's on the bottom of the water.' – Marvin Rees, elected Mayor of Bristol"</a>. Channel 4 News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607203548/https://www.channel4.com/news/we-have-a-statue-of-someone-who-made-their-money-by-throwing-our-people-into-water-and-now-hes-on-the-bottom-of-the-water-marvin-rees-elected-mayor-of-bristol">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27We+have+a+statue+of+someone+who+made+their+money+by+throwing+our+people+into+water...and+now+he%27s+on+the+bottom+of+the+water.%27+%E2%80%93+Marvin+Rees%2C+elected+Mayor+of+Bristol&rft.pub=Channel+4+News&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft.aulast=Guru-Murthy&rft.aufirst=Krishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fnews%2Fwe-have-a-statue-of-someone-who-made-their-money-by-throwing-our-people-into-water-and-now-hes-on-the-bottom-of-the-water-marvin-rees-elected-mayor-of-bristol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilan2020" class="citation news cs1">Neilan, Cat (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/06/08/uk-lockdown-coronavirus-news-quarantine-update-review-boris/">"Politics latest news: Prime Minister 'absolutely understands strength of feeling' but toppling statue still criminal act"</a>. The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608115141/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/06/08/uk-lockdown-coronavirus-news-quarantine-update-review-boris/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Politics+latest+news%3A+Prime+Minister+%27absolutely+understands+strength+of+feeling%27+but+toppling+statue+still+criminal+act&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Neilan&rft.aufirst=Cat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F06%2F08%2Fuk-lockdown-coronavirus-news-quarantine-update-review-boris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-52973338">"George Floyd: Boris Johnson urges peaceful struggle against racism"</a>. BBC News. 8 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609165341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-52973338">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=George+Floyd%3A+Boris+Johnson+urges+peaceful+struggle+against+racism&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-52973338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2020" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jun/08/keir-starmer-edward-colston-bristol-statue-wrong">"Keir Starmer: pulling down Edward Colston statue was wrong"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608103300/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jun/08/keir-starmer-edward-colston-bristol-statue-wrong">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Keir+Starmer%3A+pulling+down+Edward+Colston+statue+was+wrong&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Fjun%2F08%2Fkeir-starmer-edward-colston-bristol-statue-wrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Quinn2020" class="citation news cs1">Ben Quinn (17 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/17/bristol-should-make-peace-with-slavery-past-says-colston-descendent">"Bristol should make peace with slavery past, says Colston descendant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bristol+should+make+peace+with+slavery+past%2C+says+Colston+descendant&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.au=Ben+Quinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F17%2Fbristol-should-make-peace-with-slavery-past-says-colston-descendent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53004748">"Edward Colston statue pulled out of Bristol Harbour"</a>. BBC News. 11 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611061748/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53004748">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+statue+pulled+out+of+Bristol+Harbour&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-53004748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorkPipe2020" class="citation news cs1">Cork, Tristan; Pipe, Ellie (17 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/news/restoring-colstons-statue-graffiti-bike-tyre-and-all/">"Restoring Colston's statue – graffiti, bike tyre and all"</a>. Bristol 24/7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025555/https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/news/restoring-colstons-statue-graffiti-bike-tyre-and-all/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+24%2F7&rft.atitle=Restoring+Colston%27s+statue+%E2%80%93+graffiti%2C+bike+tyre+and+all&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Cork&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft.au=Pipe%2C+Ellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristol247.com%2Fnews-and-features%2Fnews%2Frestoring-colstons-statue-graffiti-bike-tyre-and-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avonandsomerset.police.uk/news/2020/06/images-released-as-part-of-colston-statue-investigation/">"Images released as part of Colston statue investigation"</a>. Avon and Somerset Police. 2 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623193228/https://www.avonandsomerset.police.uk/news/2020/06/images-released-as-part-of-colston-statue-investigation/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avon+and+Somerset+Police&rft.atitle=Images+released+as+part+of+Colston+statue+investigation&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avonandsomerset.police.uk%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2Fimages-released-as-part-of-colston-statue-investigation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_Shed2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/M_Shed" title="M Shed">M Shed [@mshedbristol]</a> (11 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/mshedbristol/status/1271124614018748418">"We ended up with two surprise additions. Firstly a bicycle tyre which emerged from the harbour with the statue, and then the discovery of a clue to the people who first installed it in Bristol: A 1895 magazine rolled up inside the coat tails"</a> (Tweet). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611171311/https://twitter.com/mshedbristol/status/1271124614018748418">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020 – via Twitter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+ended+up+with+two+surprise+additions.+Firstly+a+bicycle+tyre+which+emerged+from+the+harbour+with+the+statue%2C+and+then+the+discovery+of+a+clue+to+the+people+who+first+installed+it+in+Bristol%3A+A+1895+magazine+rolled+up+inside+the+coat+tails.&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.au=M+Shed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fmshedbristol%2Fstatus%2F1271124614018748418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_Shed2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/M_Shed" title="M Shed">M Shed [@mshedbristol]</a> (11 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/mshedbristol/status/1271124618091401216">"After careful cleaning and drying we found someone had handwritten the names of those who originally fitted the statue and the date on the inside pages"</a> (Tweet). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611171311/https://twitter.com/mshedbristol/status/1271124618091401216">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020 – via Twitter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+careful+cleaning+and+drying+we+found+someone+had+handwritten+the+names+of+those+who+originally+fitted+the+statue+and+the+date+on+the+inside+pages.&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.au=M+Shed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fmshedbristol%2Fstatus%2F1271124618091401216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brewis-65"><a href="#cite_ref-brewis_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewis2020" class="citation news cs1">Brewis, Harriet (12 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/edward-colston-magazine-found-hidden-statue-bristol-a4467926.html">"125-year-old magazine found hidden inside toppled Colston statue"</a>. Evening Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613073938/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/edward-colston-magazine-found-hidden-statue-bristol-a4467926.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=125-year-old+magazine+found+hidden+inside+toppled+Colston+statue&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Brewis&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fedward-colston-magazine-found-hidden-statue-bristol-a4467926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52973338">"Johnson urges peaceful struggle against racism"</a>. BBC News. 8 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608223831/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52973338">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Johnson+urges+peaceful+struggle+against+racism&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-52973338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53108898">"Appeal to identify Colston statue protesters"</a>. BBC News. 2 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622010201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53108898">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Appeal+to+identify+Colston+statue+protesters&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-53108898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53258535">"Edward Colston statue: Man held over criminal damage"</a>. BBC News. 1 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701200201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53258535">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+statue%3A+Man+held+over+criminal+damage&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-53258535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-54371602">"Edward Colston statue: Six accept conditional cautions"</a>. BBC News Online. 2 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117211510/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-54371602">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+statue%3A+Six+accept+conditional+cautions&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-54371602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-54191039">"Edward Colston statue: Cases sent to Crown Prosecution Service"</a>. BBC News. 18 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002063947/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-54191039">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209160913/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/09/four-charged-over-damage-to-colston-statue-in-bristol">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Four+charged+over+damage+to+Colston+statue+in+Bristol&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft.au=Jessica+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2020%2Fdec%2F09%2Ffour-charged-over-damage-to-colston-statue-in-bristol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-56250697">"Edward Colston: Four deny damage to Bristol statue"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Enslaved+African+man%27s+headstone+vandalised&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-53089528%3Fintlink_from_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fengland%26link_location%3Dlive-reporting-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2020" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Alex (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/petition-calls-statue-bristol-civil-4202437.amp">"Petition calls for statue of Bristol civil rights activist Paul Stephenson to be erected in Colston's place"</a>. Bristol Live. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607202752/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/petition-calls-statue-bristol-civil-4202437.amp">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Live&rft.atitle=Petition+calls+for+statue+of+Bristol+civil+rights+activist+Paul+Stephenson+to+be+erected+in+Colston%27s+place&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fpetition-calls-statue-bristol-civil-4202437.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2019" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Elizabeth (7 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-heroes/the-bristol-bus-boycott-of-1963/">"The Bristol Bus Boycott of 1963"</a>. Black History 365. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607200835/https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-heroes/the-bristol-bus-boycott-of-1963/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+History+365&rft.atitle=The+Bristol+Bus+Boycott+of+1963&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackhistorymonth.org.uk%2Farticle%2Fsection%2Fbhm-heroes%2Fthe-bristol-bus-boycott-of-1963%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimshaw2020" class="citation news cs1">Grimshaw, Emma (11 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/mannequin-jimmy-savile-placed-edward-4318348">"Mannequin of Jimmy Savile placed on Edward Colston's plinth"</a>. BristolLive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BristolLive&rft.atitle=Mannequin+of+Jimmy+Savile+placed+on+Edward+Colston%27s+plinth&rft.date=2020-07-11&rft.aulast=Grimshaw&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fmannequin-jimmy-savile-placed-edward-4318348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53414463">"Jen Reid: Statue of Black Lives Matter protester appears on Colston plinth"</a>. BBC News. 15 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715073652/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53414463">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jen+Reid%3A+Statue+of+Black+Lives+Matter+protester+appears+on+Colston+plinth&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-53414463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBland2020" class="citation news cs1">Bland, Archie (15 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/15/edward-colston-statue-replaced-by-sculpture-of-black-lives-matter-protester">"Edward Colston statue replaced by sculpture of Black Lives Matter protester"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715071457/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/15/edward-colston-statue-replaced-by-sculpture-of-black-lives-matter-protester">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+statue+replaced+by+sculpture+of+Black+Lives+Matter+protester&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft.aulast=Bland&rft.aufirst=Archie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjul%2F15%2Fedward-colston-statue-replaced-by-sculpture-of-black-lives-matter-protester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marcquinn.com/studio/news/a-joint-statement-from-marc-quinn-and-jen-reid">"A joint statement from Marc Quinn and Jen Reid"</a>. Marc Quinn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829132744/http://marcquinn.com/studio/news/a-joint-statement-from-marc-quinn-and-jen-reid">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marc+Quinn&rft.atitle=A+joint+statement+from+Marc+Quinn+and+Jen+Reid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarcquinn.com%2Fstudio%2Fnews%2Fa-joint-statement-from-marc-quinn-and-jen-reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-53427014">"Black Lives Matter protester statue removed"</a>. BBC News. 16 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716054348/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-53427014">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Black+Lives+Matter+protester+statue+removed&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-53427014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2021" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Gareth (22 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/03/22/marc-quinns-blm-protestor-statue-could-be-reinstalled-on-bristol-plinth-that-held-slave-trader-monument">"Marc Quinn's BLM protestor statue could be reinstalled on Bristol plinth that held slave trader monument"</a>. The Art Newspaper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Marc+Quinn%27s+BLM+protestor+statue+could+be+reinstalled+on+Bristol+plinth+that+held+slave+trader+monument&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2F2021%2F03%2F22%2Fmarc-quinns-blm-protestor-statue-could-be-reinstalled-on-bristol-plinth-that-held-slave-trader-monument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeechlys2021" class="citation web cs1">Speechlys, Charles Russell (1 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=5bdf5ada-33af-4fe7-906d-8cfbd152325d">"Colston Statue Appeal Dismissed"</a>. Lexology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexology&rft.atitle=Colston+Statue+Appeal+Dismissed&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.aulast=Speechlys&rft.aufirst=Charles+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexology.com%2Flibrary%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fg%3D5bdf5ada-33af-4fe7-906d-8cfbd152325d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayFarell-Roig2020" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Robin; Farell-Roig, Estel (2 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/darth-vader-figure-appears-colston-4756100">"Darth Vader figure appears on Colston plinth in Bristol"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Post" title="Bristol Post">Bristol Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205033110/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/darth-vader-figure-appears-colston-4756100">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Post&rft.atitle=Darth+Vader+figure+appears+on+Colston+plinth+in+Bristol&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Farell-Roig%2C+Estel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fdarth-vader-figure-appears-colston-4756100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristol.gov.uk/policies-plans-strategies/we-are-bristol-history-commission">"We Are Bristol History Commission"</a>. Bristol City Council. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530234006/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/may/28/statue-of-slave-trader-edward-colston-to-go-on-display-in-bristol-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Statue+of+slave+trader+Edward+Colston+to+go+on+display+in+Bristol+museum&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Fmay%2F28%2Fstatue-of-slave-trader-edward-colston-to-go-on-display-in-bristol-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2021" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Geraldine Kendall (8 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2021/06/changes-made-after-colston-exhibition-hit-by-blockbooking-protests/">"Changes made after Colston exhibition hit by blockbooking protests"</a>. Museums Association News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625024018/https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2021/06/changes-made-after-colston-exhibition-hit-by-blockbooking-protests/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museums+Association+News&rft.atitle=Changes+made+after+Colston+exhibition+hit+by+blockbooking+protests&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Geraldine+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumsassociation.org%2Fmuseums-journal%2Fnews%2F2021%2F06%2Fchanges-made-after-colston-exhibition-hit-by-blockbooking-protests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc4june2021-102"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc4june2021_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-57350650">"Edward Colston statue to go on display in Bristol exhibition"</a>. BBC News. 4 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213418/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-57350650">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+statue+to+go+on+display+in+Bristol+exhibition&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-57350650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cork-103"><a href="#cite_ref-cork_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCork2021" class="citation news cs1">Cork, Tristan (3 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/how-edward-colstons-statue-displayed-5487946">"How Edward Colston's statue will be displayed in Bristol"</a>. BristolLive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829132810/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/how-edward-colstons-statue-displayed-5487946">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BristolLive&rft.atitle=How+Edward+Colston%27s+statue+will+be+displayed+in+Bristol&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft.aulast=Cork&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fhow-edward-colstons-statue-displayed-5487946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphries2021" class="citation news cs1">Humphries, Will (4 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bristols-protracted-debate-over-angle-of-edward-colston-statue-k27gbhvx0">"Bristol's protracted debate over angle of Edward Colston statue"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604075640/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bristols-protracted-debate-over-angle-of-edward-colston-statue-k27gbhvx0">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Bristol%27s+protracted+debate+over+angle+of+Edward+Colston+statue&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbristols-protracted-debate-over-angle-of-edward-colston-statue-k27gbhvx0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.bristolmuseums.org.uk/the-colston-statue">"The Colston Statue: What next?"</a>. Bristol Museums. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604093508/https://exhibitions.bristolmuseums.org.uk/the-colston-statue/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Museums&rft.atitle=The+Colston+Statue%3A+What+next%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibitions.bristolmuseums.org.uk%2Fthe-colston-statue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gayle-106"><a href="#cite_ref-gayle_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayle2021" class="citation news cs1">Gayle, Damien (7 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/07/campaigners-try-to-block-edward-colston-display-at-bristol-museum">"Campaigners try to block Edward Colston display at Bristol museum"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607150629/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/07/campaigners-try-to-block-edward-colston-display-at-bristol-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Campaigners+try+to+block+Edward+Colston+display+at+Bristol+museum&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.aulast=Gayle&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Fjun%2F07%2Fcampaigners-try-to-block-edward-colston-display-at-bristol-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.bristolmuseums.org.uk/the-colston-statue/">"The Colston Statue: What next?"</a>. Bristol Museums. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Museums&rft.atitle=The+Colston+Statue%3A+What+next%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibitions.bristolmuseums.org.uk%2Fthe-colston-statue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2021" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Huw (10 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theplanner.co.uk/2021/08/10/appeal-inspector-rejects-replacement-sculpture-deposed-colston-statue">"Appeal: Inspector rejects replacement sculpture for deposed Colston statue"</a>. The Planner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230706035808/https://www.theplanner.co.uk/2021/08/10/appeal-inspector-rejects-replacement-sculpture-deposed-colston-statue">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Planner&rft.atitle=Appeal%3A+Inspector+rejects+replacement+sculpture+for+deposed+Colston+statue&rft.date=2021-08-10&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplanner.co.uk%2F2021%2F08%2F10%2Fappeal-inspector-rejects-replacement-sculpture-deposed-colston-statue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-60247092">"Colston statue should be displayed in museum, public says"</a>. BBC News. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Colston+statue+should+be+displayed+in+museum%2C+public+says&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-60247092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-68569148">"Edward Colston statue goes on permanent display in Bristol museum"</a>. BBC News. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+statue+goes+on+permanent+display+in+Bristol+museum&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-68569148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bp-20241120-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bp-20241120_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bp-20241120_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostans2024" class="citation news cs1">Postans, Adam (20 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/colston-statue-empty-plinth-plaque-9731050">"Colston Statue empty plinth plaque approved by councillors amid row over wording"</a>. Bristol Post. Retrieved 24 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Post&rft.atitle=Colston+Statue+empty+plinth+plaque+approved+by+councillors+amid+row+over+wording&rft.date=2024-11-20&rft.aulast=Postans&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbristol-news%2Fcolston-statue-empty-plinth-plaque-9731050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Edward_Colston&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statue_of_Edward_Colston,_Bristol" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Statue of Edward Colston, Bristol">Statue of Edward Colston, Bristol</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulmeNicolson" class="citation web cs1">Hulme, Charlie; Nicolson, Lis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johncassidy.org.uk/cassidy2b.html">"Edward Colston statue, Bristol (1895)"</a>. John Cassidy: Manchester sculptor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Cassidy%3A+Manchester+sculptor&rft.atitle=Edward+Colston+statue%2C+Bristol+%281895%29&rft.aulast=Hulme&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft.au=Nicolson%2C+Lis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohncassidy.org.uk%2Fcassidy2b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatue+of+Edward+Colston" class="Z3988"> Includes period photographs.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_during_the_George_Floyd_protests#United_States" title="List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alabama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Birmingham – <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Monument_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Birmingham, Alabama)">Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Charles_Linn" title="Statue of Charles Linn">Charles Linn</a></li> <li>Huntsville – <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Soldier_Memorial_(Huntsville,_Alabama)" title="Confederate Soldier Memorial (Huntsville, Alabama)">Confederate Soldier Memorial</a> ✻</li> <li>Mobile – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Raphael_Semmes" title="Statue of Raphael Semmes">Raphael Semmes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arkansas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bentonville – <a href="/wiki/Bentonville_Confederate_Monument" title="Bentonville Confederate Monument">Confederate Monument</a> ✻</li> <li>Little Rock – <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Company_A,_Capitol_Guards" title="Memorial to Company A, Capitol Guards">Company A, Capitol Guards</a></li> <li>Pine Bluff – <a href="/wiki/Pine_Bluff_Confederate_Monument" title="Pine Bluff Confederate Monument">Confederate Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">California</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Carmel-by-the-Sea – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra_(Carmel-by-the-Sea,_California)" title="Statue of Junípero Serra (Carmel-by-the-Sea, California)">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li>Chula Vista – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Chula_Vista,_California)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Chula Vista, California)">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li>Los Angeles – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra_(Los_Angeles)" title="Statue of Junípero Serra (Los Angeles)">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li>Sacramento – <a href="/wiki/Columbus%27_Last_Appeal_to_Queen_Isabella" title="Columbus' Last Appeal to Queen Isabella">Columbus' Last Appeal to Queen Isabella</a> ✻; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra_(Sacramento,_California)" title="Statue of Junípero Serra (Sacramento, California)">Junípero Serra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Sutter" title="Statue of John Sutter">John Sutter</a></li> <li>San Francisco – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (San Francisco)">Christopher Columbus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Ulysses_S._Grant_(San_Francisco)" title="Bust of Ulysses S. Grant (San Francisco)">Ulysses S. Grant</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Francis_Scott_Key_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Francis Scott Key (San Francisco)">Francis Scott Key</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Junípero Serra (San Francisco)">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li>Ventura – <a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra_(Ventura,_California)" title="Statues of Junípero Serra (Ventura, California)">Junípero Serra</a> ✻</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridgeport – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Bridgeport,_Connecticut)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Bridgeport, Connecticut)">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li>Hartford – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Hartford,_Connecticut)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Hartford, Connecticut)">Christopher Columbus</a> ✻</li> <li>Middletown – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Middletown,_Connecticut)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Middletown, Connecticut)">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li>New Haven – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(New_Haven,_Connecticut)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (New Haven, Connecticut)">Christopher Columbus</a> ✻</li> <li>New London – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(New_London,_Connecticut)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (New London, Connecticut)">Christopher Columbus</a> ✻</li> <li>Norwalk – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Norwalk,_Connecticut)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Norwalk, Connecticut)">Christopher Columbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dover – <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Law_Enforcement_Memorial" title="Delaware Law Enforcement Memorial">Delaware Law Enforcement Memorial</a></li> <li>Wilmington – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Wilmington,_Delaware)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Wilmington, Delaware)">Christopher Columbus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Caesar_Rodney" title="Equestrian statue of Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">District of Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Washington – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pike_Memorial" title="Albert Pike Memorial">Albert Pike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Florida</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jacksonville – <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_(Jacksonville,_Florida)" title="Confederate Memorial (Jacksonville, Florida)">Confederate Memorial</a>; <a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_Tribute_to_the_Women_of_the_Confederacy" title="Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy">Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy</a> ✻</li> <li>Palatka – <a href="/wiki/Putnam_County_Confederate_Memorial" title="Putnam County Confederate Memorial">Putnam County Confederate Memorial</a> ✻</li> <li>Quincy – <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Confederate_Memorial" title="Gadsden Confederate Memorial">Gadsden Confederate Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Athens – <a href="/wiki/Athens_Confederate_Monument" title="Athens Confederate Monument">Confederate Monument</a></li> <li>Decatur – <a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County_Confederate_Monument" title="DeKalb County Confederate Monument">DeKalb County Confederate Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indiana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Indianapolis – <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Monument_(Indianapolis)" title="Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Indianapolis)">Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kentucky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Frankfort – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jefferson_Davis_(Frankfort,_Kentucky)" title="Statue of Jefferson Davis (Frankfort, Kentucky)">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li>Louisville – <a href="/wiki/John_B._Castleman_Monument" title="John B. Castleman Monument">John B. Castleman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Louis_XVI" title="Statue of Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Louisiana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>New Orleans – <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_McDonogh" title="Bust of John McDonogh">John McDonogh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Boston – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(North_End,_Boston)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (North End, Boston)">Christopher Columbus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Emancipation Memorial (Boston)">Emancipation Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Michigan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dearborn – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Orville_L._Hubbard" title="Statue of Orville L. Hubbard">Orville L. Hubbard</a></li> <li>Detroit – <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Detroit)" title="Bust of Christopher Columbus (Detroit)">Christopher Columbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minnesota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Minneapolis – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Calvin_Griffith" title="Statue of Calvin Griffith">Calvin Griffith</a></li> <li>Saint Paul – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Saint_Paul,_Minnesota)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Saint Paul, Minnesota)">Christopher Columbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missouri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St. Louis – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(St._Louis)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (St. Louis)">Christopher Columbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nevada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Las Vegas – <a href="/wiki/Hey_Reb!_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hey Reb! (sculpture)">Hey Reb!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Camden – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Camden,_New_Jersey)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Camden, New Jersey)">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li>Newark – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Newark,_New_Jersey)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Newark, New Jersey)">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li>West Orange – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Monument_(West_Orange,_New_Jersey)" title="Christopher Columbus Monument (West Orange, New Jersey)">Christopher Columbus</a> ✻</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albuquerque – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate_(Albuquerque,_New_Mexico)" title="Statue of Juan de Oñate (Albuquerque, New Mexico)">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li>Alcalde – <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Equestrian statue of Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li>Santa Fe – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Diego_de_Vargas" title="Statue of Diego de Vargas">Diego de Vargas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albany – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Philip_Schuyler" title="Statue of Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a> ✻</li> <li>Buffalo – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Buffalo,_New_York)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Buffalo, New York)">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li>Hempstead – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(Hempstead,_New_York)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (Hempstead, New York)">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li>New York City – <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt (New York City)">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li>Rochester – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Frederick_Douglass_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Statue of Frederick Douglass (Rochester, New York)">Frederick Douglass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Asheville – <a href="/wiki/Vance_Monument" title="Vance Monument">Vance Monument</a> ✻</li> <li>Charlotte – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jerry_Richardson" title="Statue of Jerry Richardson">Jerry Richardson</a></li> <li>Raleigh – <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_North_Carolina_Women_of_the_Confederacy" title="Monument to North Carolina Women of the Confederacy">North Carolina Women of the Confederacy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Josephus_Daniels" title="Statue of Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Henry_Lawson_Wyatt" title="Statue of Henry Lawson Wyatt">Henry Lawson Wyatt</a></li> <li>Rocky Mount – <a href="/wiki/Nash_County_Confederate_Monument" title="Nash County Confederate Monument">Nash County Confederate Monument</a> ✻</li> <li>Salisbury – <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Victis_(Confederate_monument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria Victis (Confederate monument)">Gloria Victis</a> ✻</li> <li>Wilmington – <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_(Wilmington,_North_Carolina)" title="Confederate Memorial (Wilmington, North Carolina)">Confederate Memorial</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Monument" title="George Davis Monument">George Davis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ohio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Columbus – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Columbus_City_Hall)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Columbus City Hall)">Christopher Columbus (City Hall)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Columbus_State_Community_College)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Columbus State Community College)">Christopher Columbus (Columbus State Community College)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oregon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eugene – <a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(Eugene,_Oregon)" title="The Pioneer (Eugene, Oregon)">The Pioneer</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_Mother_(Eugene,_Oregon)" title="The Pioneer Mother (Eugene, Oregon)">The Pioneer Mother</a></li> <li>Portland – <a href="/wiki/Captain_William_Clark_Monument" title="Captain William Clark Monument">Captain William Clark Monument</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Elk_Fountain" title="Thompson Elk Fountain">Thompson Elk Fountain</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(Bitter)#Jefferson_High_School,_Portland,_Oregon" title="Thomas Jefferson (Bitter)">Thomas Jefferson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Portland, Oregon)">Abraham Lincoln</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt,_Rough_Rider" title="Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider">Theodore Roosevelt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Harvey_W._Scott" title="Statue of Harvey W. Scott">Harvey W. Scott</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Portland, Oregon)">George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Philadelphia – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Philadelphia)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Philadelphia)">Christopher Columbus</a> ✻; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Frank_Rizzo" title="Statue of Frank Rizzo">Frank Rizzo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Whitefield" title="Statue of George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Providence – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Johnston,_Rhode_Island)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Johnston, Rhode Island)">Christopher Columbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Columbia – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Columbia,_South_Carolina)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Columbia, South Carolina)">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li>Charleston – <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun_Monument" title="John C. Calhoun Monument">John C. Calhoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tennessee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nashville – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_W._Carmack" title="Statue of Edward W. Carmack">Edward W. Carmack</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Sam_Davis_(Montgomery_Bell_Academy)" title="Statue of Sam Davis (Montgomery Bell Academy)">Sam Davis</a> ✻</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beaumont – <a href="/wiki/Our_Confederate_Soldiers" title="Our Confederate Soldiers">Our Confederate Soldiers</a></li> <li>Dallas – <a href="/wiki/Confederate_War_Memorial_(Dallas)" title="Confederate War Memorial (Dallas)">Confederate War Memorial</a>; <a href="/wiki/One_Riot,_One_Ranger" title="One Riot, One Ranger">One Riot, One Ranger</a></li> <li>Denton – <a href="/wiki/Denton_Confederate_Soldier_Monument" title="Denton Confederate Soldier Monument">Confederate Soldier Monument</a> ✻</li> <li>Fort Worth – <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Monument_(Fort_Worth,_Texas)" title="Confederate Monument (Fort Worth, Texas)">Confederate Monument</a></li> <li>Houston – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Houston)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Houston)">Christopher Columbus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Richard_W._Dowling" title="Statue of Richard W. Dowling">Richard W. Dowling</a> ✻; <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Confederacy" title="Spirit of the Confederacy">Spirit of the Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alexandria – <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_(statue)" title="Appomattox (statue)">Appomattox</a></li> <li>Fredericksburg – <a href="/wiki/Slave_Auction_Block,_Fredericksburg" title="Slave Auction Block, Fredericksburg">Slave Auction Block</a></li> <li>Norfolk – <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Confederate_Monument" title="Norfolk Confederate Monument">Confederate Monument</a></li> <li>Portsmouth – <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Monument_(Portsmouth,_Virginia)" title="Confederate Monument (Portsmouth, Virginia)">Confederate Monument</a></li> <li>Roanoke – <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Memorial_(Roanoke,_Virginia)" title="Robert E. Lee Memorial (Roanoke, Virginia)">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li>Richmond – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Richmond, Virginia)">Christopher Columbus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Memorial_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Jefferson Davis Memorial (Richmond, Virginia)">Jefferson Davis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Howitzer_Monument" title="Howitzer Monument">Howitzer Monument</a> ✻; <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson_Monument" title="Stonewall Jackson Monument">Stonewall Jackson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Monument_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia)">Robert E. Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury_Monument" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury Monument">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Police_Memorial" title="Richmond Police Memorial">Richmond Police Memorial</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart_Monument" title="J. E. B. Stuart Monument">J. E. B. Stuart</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Williams_Carter_Wickham" title="Statue of Williams Carter Wickham">Williams Carter Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wisconsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Madison – <a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)">Forward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Hans_Christian_Heg" title="Statue of Hans Christian Heg">Hans Christian Heg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other countries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Belgium" title="George Floyd protests in Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Antwerp – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium,_Ekeren" title="Statue of Leopold II of Belgium, Ekeren">Leopold II</a></li> <li>Ghent – <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium,_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="Bust of Leopold II of Belgium, Ghent">Leopold II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_Zealand" title="George Floyd protests in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hamilton – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Fane_Charles_Hamilton" title="Statue of John Fane Charles Hamilton">John Fane Charles Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actions_against_memorials_in_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="Actions against memorials in the United Kingdom during the George Floyd protests">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bristol – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Colston</a></li> <li>Cambridge – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Fisher_window" title="Sir Ronald Fisher window">Sir Ronald Fisher window</a></li> <li>Greater Manchester – <a href="/wiki/Dunham_Massey_Hall_sundial" title="Dunham Massey Hall sundial">Dunham Massey Hall sundial</a></li> <li>London – <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Cass" title="Statue of John Cass">John Cass</a>; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Robert_Clayton" title="Statue of Robert Clayton">Robert Clayton</a> ✻; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Guy" title="Statue of Thomas Guy">Thomas Guy</a> ✻; <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Robert_Milligan" title="Statue of Robert Milligan">Robert Milligan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Key: ✻ Pending removal</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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