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<li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Cold_War_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cold_War_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Cold War years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cold_War_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_late_1970s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_late_1970s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Changes late 1970s–1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_late_1970s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Closure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages_of_Radio_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_of_Radio_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Languages of Radio Moscow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_of_Radio_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complementing_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complementing_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Complementing services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complementing_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_Peace_and_Progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_Peace_and_Progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Radio Peace and Progress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_Peace_and_Progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_union_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_union_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>The union republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_union_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_language_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_language_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Russian language services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_language_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USSR_Shortwave_broadcasting_innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USSR_Shortwave_broadcasting_innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>USSR Shortwave broadcasting innovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USSR_Shortwave_broadcasting_innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Moskau" title="Radio Moskau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radio Moskau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1" title="Ράδιο Μόσχα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράδιο Μόσχα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Mosc%C3%BA" title="Radio Moscú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radio Moscú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku_Irratia" title="Mosku Irratia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mosku Irratia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Mosca" title="Radio Mosca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radio Mosca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81" title="モスクワ放送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モスクワ放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Moscou" title="Rádio Moscou – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rádio Moscou" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Московское радио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Московское радио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="莫斯科广播电台 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫斯科广播电台" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet international broadcasting station</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the blues rock band, see <a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow_(band)" title="Radio Moscow (band)">Radio Moscow (band)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Radio Moscow</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_Moscow_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Radio_Moscow_logo.png/220px-Radio_Moscow_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Radio_Moscow_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Radio Moscow <a href="/wiki/QSL_card" title="QSL card">QSL card</a> of 1969</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio network</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline;" class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">29 October 1929<span class="noprint">; 95 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">29 October 1929</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1993<span class="noprint">; 31 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">22 December 1993</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Replaced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">Voice of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;">Coverage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Availability</th><td class="infobox-data">International</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Radio Moscow</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Pадио Москва</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Radio Moskva</i></span>), also known as <b>Radio Moscow World Service</b>, was the official <a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">international broadcasting</a> station of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> until 1993, when it was reorganized into <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">Voice of Russia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-innovbusiness.ru_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-innovbusiness.ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was subsequently reorganized and renamed into <a href="/wiki/Radio_Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Sputnik">Radio Sputnik</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak, Radio Moscow broadcast in over 70 <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> using transmitters in the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. </p><p>Radio Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Interval_signal" title="Interval signal">interval signal</a> was "<a href="/wiki/Wide_Is_My_Motherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wide Is My Motherland">Wide Is My Motherland</a>" (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Широка страна моя родная</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Shiroka strana moya rodnaya</i></span>). <i><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Nights" title="Moscow Nights">Moscow Nights</a></i> was the station's <a href="/wiki/Signature_tune" class="mw-redirect" title="Signature tune">signature tune</a> since its relaunch as the Radio Moscow World Service in 1978. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1979_stamp_Radio_Moscow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1979_stamp_Radio_Moscow.png/150px-1979_stamp_Radio_Moscow.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1979_stamp_Radio_Moscow.png/225px-1979_stamp_Radio_Moscow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1979_stamp_Radio_Moscow.png/300px-1979_stamp_Radio_Moscow.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>Stamp of 1979</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RADIOMOSCOWPENNANTLATE80s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/RADIOMOSCOWPENNANTLATE80s.JPG/150px-RADIOMOSCOWPENNANTLATE80s.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/RADIOMOSCOWPENNANTLATE80s.JPG/225px-RADIOMOSCOWPENNANTLATE80s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/RADIOMOSCOWPENNANTLATE80s.JPG/300px-RADIOMOSCOWPENNANTLATE80s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Radio Moscow pennant from late 1980s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio Moscow's first foreign language broadcast was in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> on 29 October 1929; <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> services soon followed.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, Radio Moscow broadcast in 1922 with a transmitter station RV-1 in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow region</a>, and a second broadcasting centre came on air at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1939, Radio Moscow was broadcasting (on <a href="/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">mediumwave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a>) in English, French, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, German, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>. During the 1930s, Radio Moscow expressed concern about <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its dictator <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, while its Italian mediumwave service was <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jammed</a> under the orders of Italy's fascist dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> during the late 1930s. </p><p>During World War II, Radio Moscow operated an effective international service to Germany and occupied Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cold_War_years">The Cold War years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Cold War years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States was first targeted by Radio Moscow during the early 1950s, with transmitters in the Moscow region. Later Western North America was targeted by the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magadan" title="Magadan">Magadan</a> relay stations. </p><p>The first broadcasts to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> went on the air in the late 1950s in English and French. </p><p>In 1961, Radio Moscow for the first time began to transmit broadcasts in three African languages: <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>. Over time, speakers of another eight African languages were able to listen to services from Radio Moscow. </p><p>The first centralized news bulletin went on the air in August 1963 and reached out to listeners all over the world. In the years of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, most news reports and commentaries focused on the relations between the United States and Soviet Union. </p><p>In the 1970s, Radio Moscow's commentators broadcast in the "News and Views" program. The participants were Viktor Glazunov, Leonid Rassadin, Yuri Shalygin, Alexander Kushnir, Yuri Solton and Vladislav Chernukha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_late_1970s–1980s"><span id="Changes_late_1970s.E2.80.931980s"></span>Changes late 1970s–1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Changes late 1970s–1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="89" data-mwtitle="1980s_R.Moscow.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1980s_R.Moscow.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/1980s_R.Moscow.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/1980s_R.Moscow.ogg/1980s_R.Moscow.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>A sample of a Radio Moscow "Listeners' Request Club" shortwave broadcast from the late 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1970s, the English language service was renamed Radio Moscow World Service. The project was launched and supervised by a long-time Radio Moscow journalist and manager Alexander Evstafiev. Later, North American, African and British Isles services (all in English) operated for a few hours per day alongside the regular (24 Hour) English World Service. </p><p>At one time in 1980, Radio Moscow had transmissions on the <a href="/wiki/Medium_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium Wave">Medium Wave</a> broadcast on 600 kHz (later 1040 kHz) from <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana, Cuba">Havana, Cuba</a> which reached the Caribbean islands and US State of Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One programme on air in the 1980s with an informal presentation, in contrast to most other shows, was the <i>Listeners' Request Club</i>, hosted by radio presenter <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Strelnikov" title="Vasily Strelnikov">Vasily Strelnikov</a>. Another feature on Radio Moscow was <i>Moscow Mailbag</i>, which answered listeners' questions in English about the Soviet Union. From 1957, the programme was presented by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Adamov" title="Joe Adamov">Joe Adamov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closure">Closure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Closure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 December 1993, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> issued a decree which reorganized Radio Moscow with a new name: <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">Voice of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-innovbusiness.ru_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-innovbusiness.ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages_of_Radio_Moscow">Languages of Radio Moscow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Languages of Radio Moscow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1931, when Radio Moscow came under the control of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union"><i>Gosteleradio</i></a>, the service comprised eight languages: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1970s there were 64 languages: </p> <ul><li>English (World Service and regional services), French (to Europe and Africa), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and Spanish (to Europe and Latin America), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (to North Africa and Near/Middle East)</li> <li>19 languages to Europe: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, German, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Greek</a>, Hungarian, Italian, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, Swedish</li> <li>11 languages to Africa: <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Ndebele_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean Ndebele language">Ndebele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></li> <li>28 languages to Asia: <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangla language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Cambodian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Laotian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Oriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhalese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li> <li>1 language to Latin America: <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></li></ul> <p>In 1989 <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> were added. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementing_services">Complementing services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Complementing services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_Peace_and_Progress">Radio Peace and Progress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radio Peace and Progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Languages offered by both <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Peace_and_Progress" title="Radio Peace and Progress">Radio Peace and Progress</a> (RPP)</i> and <i>Radio Moscow</i>: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.</li> <li>Languages covered by <i>RPP</i>, but not by <i>Radio Moscow</i>: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_union_republics">The union republics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The union republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 10 of the 14 union republics besides the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a> there were foreign broadcasting services. </p> <ul><li>Radio Tallinn: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, Finnish, Swedish</li> <li>Radio Riga: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, Swedish</li> <li>Radio Vilnius: English, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li>Radio Minsk: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, German</li> <li>Radio Kiev: English, German, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Radio Tbilisi: <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazian language">Abkhazian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li>Radio Yerevan: Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, English, French, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, Spanish</li> <li>Radio Baku: Arabic, Azerbaijani, Persian, Turkish</li> <li>Radio Tashkent: Arabic, Dari, English, Hindi, Persian, Urdu, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li>Radio Dushanbe: Dari, Persian, <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_language_services">Russian language services</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russian language services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1988, there was no Russian service of Radio Moscow. Instead there were several other services for Russians abroad like the Fifth programme of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">All-Union Radio</a> (since 1960), Radio Motherland (Радиостанция Родина) of the Soviet Committee for Cultural Relations with Fellow-Countrymen Abroad or for fishermen Radio Pacific Ocean (Радиостанция Тихий Океан, 1963–2001) from <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> and Radio Atlantic (Радиостанция Атлантика, 1965–2004) from <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>. The First All-Union Radio Programme and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mayak" title="Radio Mayak">Radio Mayak</a> were also relayed on shortwave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="USSR_Shortwave_broadcasting_innovations">USSR Shortwave broadcasting innovations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: USSR Shortwave broadcasting innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USSR pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/HRS_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="HRS antenna">HRS</a> 8/8/1 <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a> (horizontal dipole curtain, eight columns, eight rows, with electrically steerable pattern) for highly targeted shortwave broadcasting long before HRS 12/6/1 technology became available in the west. HRS 8/8/1 curtain arrays create a 10-degree beam of shortwave energy, and can provide a highly audible signal to a target area some 7,000 km away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_information_dissemination" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc information dissemination">Eastern Bloc information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Wolga" title="Radio Wolga">Radio Wolga</a> - radio station for Soviet Soldiers in former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, until 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Peace_and_Progress" title="Radio Peace and Progress">Radio Peace and Progress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-innovbusiness.ru-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-innovbusiness.ru_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-innovbusiness.ru_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210034713/http://www.innovbusiness.ru/pravo/DocumShow_DocumID_65277.html">"Boris Yeltsin's decree in Russian language"</a> (in Russian). 22 December 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovbusiness.ru/pravo/DocumShow_DocumID_65277.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boris+Yeltsin%27s+decree+in+Russian+language&rft.date=1993-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovbusiness.ru%2Fpravo%2FDocumShow_DocumID_65277.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050431/http://uk.sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/news/2014_11_10/Voice-of-Russia-becomes-Sputnik-8149/">"Voice of Russia becomes Sputnik"</a>. <i>Voice of Russia</i>. 10 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/news/2014_11_10/Voice-of-Russia-becomes-Sputnik-8149/">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+Russia&rft.atitle=Voice+of+Russia+becomes+Sputnik&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.sputniknews.com%2Fvoiceofrussia%2Fnews%2F2014_11_10%2FVoice-of-Russia-becomes-Sputnik-8149%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wood_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2000" class="citation book cs1">Wood, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5s_uDDZSjoC"><i>History of International Broadcasting, Volume 2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85296-920-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85296-920-1"><bdi>0-85296-920-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+International+Broadcasting%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Institution+of+Engineering+and+Technology+%28IET%29&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-85296-920-1&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5s_uDDZSjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStites1995" class="citation book cs1">Stites, Richard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hgek_ojjBx4C&dq=Radio+Moscow+German&pg=PA58"><i>Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20949-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20949-8"><bdi>978-0-253-20949-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Entertainment+in+Wartime+Russia&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20949-8&rft.aulast=Stites&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHgek_ojjBx4C%26dq%3DRadio%2BMoscow%2BGerman%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiede1981" class="citation news cs1">Tiede, Tom (7 April 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19810407&id=myQeAAAAIBAJ&pg=6705,934468&hl=en">"Radio Moscow comes in loud and clear from Cuba"</a>. <i>Sarasota Journal</i>. Vol. 29, no. 249. <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Journal&rft.atitle=Radio+Moscow+comes+in+loud+and+clear+from+Cuba&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=249&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1981-04-07&rft.aulast=Tiede&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1798%26dat%3D19810407%26id%3DmyQeAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6705%2C934468%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+Moscow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMFDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA73"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMFDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA73">СССР в мировом информационном пространстве (1917-1945 гг.)<i></i></a>, p. 73, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (1995)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Moscow&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radio_Moscow" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/05SWRadioMoscow196832Kbs/05_SW%20radio%2C%20Moscow%201968%2C%2032%20kbs.mp3">Audio</a> from 1968</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shortwavearchive.com/archive/radio-moscow-december-3-1978">Audio</a> from December 1978 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shortwavearchive.com/">The Shortwave Radio Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxarchive.com/downloads/international_broadcasters/80xxxx_radio_moscow_rec_from_cuba_600khz_in_key_west_c60_90_kb.mp3">Audio</a> from May 1980 (North American Service) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxarchive.com/">The DX Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shortwavearchive.com/archive/radio-moscow-joe-adamov-impressions-from-visit-to-the-us-studio-recording-december-1980">Audio</a> from December 1980: "<a href="/wiki/Joe_Adamov" title="Joe Adamov">Joe Adamov</a> - Impressions from visit to the US" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shortwavearchive.com/">The Shortwave Radio Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/series/radio-moscow/listen/">Radio Moscow Collection</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/archives">The WNYC Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_media_in_the_former_Eastern_Bloc205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_media" title="Template:Eastern Bloc media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_media" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_media_in_the_former_Eastern_Bloc205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">National media in the former Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc information dissemination</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Media of the Soviet Union">Media of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Broadcasting in the Soviet Union">Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of Television and Radio Broadcasting of the Soviet Union">State Committee</a> (Gosteleradio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia">Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_newspapers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central newspapers of the Soviet Union">Central newspapers</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda" title="Komsomolskaya Pravda">Komsomolskaya Pravda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pionerskaya_Pravda" title="Pionerskaya Pravda">Pionerskaya Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trud_(Russian_newspaper)" title="Trud (Russian newspaper)"><i>Trud</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovetsky_Sport" title="Sovetsky Sport">Sovetsky Sport</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union#Republican_and_regional_newspapers" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Republican newspapers</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Rossiya" title="Sovetskaya Rossiya">Sovetskaya Rossiya</a></i> (Russian SFSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zvyazda" title="Zvyazda">Zvyazda</a></i> (Byelorussian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Latviya" title="Sovetskaya Latviya">Sovetskaya Latviya</a></i> (Latvian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neatkar%C4%ABg%C4%81_R%C4%ABta_Av%C4%ABze" title="Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze"><i>Cīņa</i></a> (Latvian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiesa" title="Tiesa">Tiesa</a></i> (Lithuanian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurier_Wile%C5%84ski" title="Kurier Wileński">Czerwony Sztandar</a></i> (Lithuanian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahva_H%C3%A4%C3%A4l" title="Rahva Hääl">Rahva Hääl</a></i> (Estonian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karjalan_Sanomat" title="Karjalan Sanomat">Neuvosto-Karjala</a></i> (Karelo-Finnish SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komunisti" title="Komunisti">Komunisti</a></i> (Georgian SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yegemen_Qazaqstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegemen Qazaqstan">Sotsialistik Qazaqstan</a></i> (Kazakh SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_tuusu" title="Kyrgyz tuusu">Sovettik Kyrgyzstan</a></i> (Kirghiz SSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moldova_Suveran%C4%83" title="Moldova Suverană">Moldova Socialistă</a></i> (Moldavian SSR)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borba_(newspaper)" title="Borba (newspaper)">Borba</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delo_(newspaper)" title="Delo (newspaper)">Delo</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dnevnik_(Novi_Sad)" title="Dnevnik (Novi Sad)">Dnevnik</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esti_Budapest" title="Esti Budapest">Esti Budapest</a></i> (Hungary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esti_H%C3%ADrlap" title="Esti Hírlap">Esti Hírlap</a></i> (Hungary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freie_Erde" title="Freie Erde">Freie Erde</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haqiqat-e_Inquilab-e_Saur" title="Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur">Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur</a></i> (Afghanistan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiko_Vima" title="Laiko Vima">Laiko Vima</a></i> (Albania)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_Dnes" title="Mladá fronta Dnes">Mladá fronta Dnes</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pszabads%C3%A1g" title="Népszabadság">Népszabadság</a></i> (Hungary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Makedonija" title="Nova Makedonija">Nova Makedonija</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novi_list" title="Novi list">Novi list</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oslobo%C4%91enje" title="Oslobođenje">Oslobođenje</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pobjeda" title="Pobjeda">Pobjeda</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politika_Ekspres" title="Politika Ekspres">Politika Ekspres</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda_(Slovakia)" title="Pravda (Slovakia)">Pravda</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabotnichesko_delo" title="Rabotnichesko delo">Rabotnichesko Delo</a></i> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a></i> (Romania)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slobodna_Dalmacija" title="Slobodna Dalmacija">Slobodna Dalmacija</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DSL_Sport" title="DSL Sport">Sport</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sportske_novosti" title="Sportske novosti">Sportske novosti</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i> (Poland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_novosti" title="Večernje novosti">Večernje novosti</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list" title="Večernji list">Večernji list</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vjesnik" title="Vjesnik">Vjesnik</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%ABri_i_Popullit" title="Zëri i Popullit">Zëri i Popullit</a></i> (Albania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atze" title="Atze">Atze</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolgoz%C3%B3_n%C5%91" title="Dolgozó nő">Dolgozó nő</a></i> (Romania)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duga_(magazine)" title="Duga (magazine)">Duga</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEuboks" title="Džuboks">Džuboks</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulenspiegel_(magazine)" title="Eulenspiegel (magazine)">Eulenspiegel</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Femeia" title="Femeia">Femeia</a></i> (Romania)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Filmspiegel" title="Filmspiegel">Filmspiegel</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Form_und_Zweck" title="Form und Zweck">Form und Zweck</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FR%C3%96SI" title="FRÖSI">FRÖSI</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCr_Dich_(magazine)" title="Für Dich (magazine)">Für Dich</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaksija_(magazine)" title="Galaksija (magazine)">Galaksija</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guter_Rat" title="Guter Rat">Guter Rat</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izgled" title="Izgled">Izgled</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jugend_und_Technik" title="Jugend und Technik">Jugend und Technik</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jugoslavija_(magazine)" title="Jugoslavija (magazine)">Jugoslavija</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevna_re%C4%8D" title="Književna reč">Književna reč</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kultur_im_Heim" title="Kultur im Heim">Kultur im Heim</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lak%C3%A1skult%C3%BAra" title="Lakáskultúra">Lakáskultúra</a></i> (Hungary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Na%C5%A1a_%C5%BEena" title="Naša žena">Naša žena</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Berliner_Illustrierte" title="Neue Berliner Illustrierte">Neue Berliner Illustrierte</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Werbung" title="Neue Werbung">Neue Werbung</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neuer_Weg_(magazine)" title="Neuer Weg (magazine)">Neuer Weg</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Leben" title="Neues Leben">Neues Leben</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NIN_(magazine)" title="NIN (magazine)">NIN</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novy_Vostok" title="Novy Vostok">Novy Vostok</a></i> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oktyabr_(magazine)" title="Oktyabr (magazine)">Oktyabr</a></i> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pogledi" title="Pogledi">Pogledi</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politikin_Zabavnik" title="Politikin Zabavnik">Politikin Zabavnik</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibylle_(magazine)" title="Sibylle (magazine)">Sibylle</a></i> (East Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signal,_International_Review_of_Signalist_Research" title="Signal, International Review of Signalist Research">Signal</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(magazine)" title="Sputnik (magazine)">Sputnik</a></i> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Start_(Yugoslav_magazine)" title="Start (Yugoslav magazine)">Start</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svet_kompjutera" title="Svet kompjutera">Svet kompjutera</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svijet" title="Svijet">Svijet</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(Serbian_magazine)" title="Tempo (Serbian magazine)">Tempo</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tina_(magazine)" title="Tina (magazine)">Tina</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vlasta_(magazine)" title="Vlasta (magazine)">Vlasta</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTSH" title="RTSH">Televizioni Shqiptar</a> (Albania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Television">ČST</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fernsehfunk" title="Deutscher Fernsehfunk">DFF</a> (East Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telev%C3%ADzi%C3%B3" title="Magyar Televízió">MTV</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVR_(TV_network)" title="TVR (TV network)">TVR</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television" title="Soviet Central Television">Central Television</a> (USSR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_One" title="Programme One">Programme One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Two" title="Programme Two">Programme Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Programme" title="Moscow Programme">Moscow Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Universities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Universities (page does not exist)">Programme Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5TV_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="5TV (Russian TV channel)">Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR)</a></li> <li>Republican stations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_Company_of_Armenia" title="Public Television Company of Armenia">Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AzTV" title="AzTV">AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus-1" title="Belarus-1">Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Televisioon" title="Eesti Televisioon">ETV (Estonian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Channel_(Georgian_TV_channel)" title="First Channel (Georgian TV channel)">First Channel (Georgian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Television" title="Latvian Television">Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television" title="Lithuanian National Radio and Television">Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_1" title="Moldova 1">Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershyi" title="Pershyi">Ukrainian Television Ch.1 (Ukrainian SSR)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Union Radio">All-Union Radio</a> (USSR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Union_First_Programme" title="All Union First Programme">First Programme</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Mayak" title="Radio Mayak">Second Programme</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Raadio" title="Eesti Raadio">Eesti Raadio</a> (Estonian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Radio" title="Latvijas Radio">Latvijas Radio 1</a> (Latvian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television" title="Lithuanian National Radio and Television">Lietuvos radijas</a> (Lithuanian SSR)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radio Moscow</a> (Russian SFSR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Peace_and_Progress" title="Radio Peace and Progress">Radio Peace and Progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_of_Armenia" title="Public Radio of Armenia">Public Radio of the Armenian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Belarus" title="Radio Belarus">Radio Belarus</a> (Byelorussian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Georgia" title="Radio Georgia">Radio Georgia</a> (Georgian SSR)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_der_DDR" title="Rundfunk der DDR">Rundfunk der DDR</a> (East Germany) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Rundfunk" title="Berliner Rundfunk">Berliner Rundfunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandsender" title="Deutschlandsender">Deutschlandsender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_DDR_1" title="Radio DDR 1">Radio DDR 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_DDR_2" title="Radio DDR 2">Radio DDR 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(radio_station)" title="Sputnik (radio station)">DT64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Berlin_International" title="Radio Berlin International">Radio Berlin International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTSH" title="RTSH">Radio Tirana</a> (Albania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bulgaria" title="Radio Bulgaria">Radio Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizont_(radio_station)" title="Horizont (radio station)">Horizont</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Magyar Rádió">Magyar Rádió</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kossuth_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Kossuth Rádió">Kossuth Rádió</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Poland" title="Radio Poland">Radio Polonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio_Program_I" title="Polskie Radio Program I">Program 1 Polskiego Radia</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company">Radio Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> (USSR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Telegraph_Agency" title="Belarusian Telegraph Agency">BelTA</a> (Byelorussian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTA" title="ELTA">ELTA</a> (Lithuanian SSR)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">APN</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Information_Bureau" title="Soviet Information Bureau">Soviet Information Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Nachrichtendienst" title="Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst">ADN</a> (East Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_News_Agency" title="Czech News Agency">Czech News Agency</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Albanian Telegraphic Agency">ATSH</a> (Albania)</li></ul> 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