CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutant"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Air pollution - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"95aa66ca-c7b9-4e62-943c-da94b7750670","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Air_pollution","wgTitle":"Air pollution","wgCurRevisionId":1275884949,"wgRevisionId":1275884949,"wgArticleId":10934212, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Air_pollution","wgRelevantArticleId":10934212,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Air_pollutant","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Air_pollution","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym": "تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym": "閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat", "autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym": "Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym": "မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym": "ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh", "cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi", "shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q131123","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true, "mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player", "mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg/1200px-Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="835"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg/800px-Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="557"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg/640px-Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="445"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Air pollution - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.tKc6KWkFf-8.O/am=gAE/d=1/rs=AN8SPfrf36LIV3DkhtRBGWFnLWWzaykPyw/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutant"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.tKc6KWkFf-8.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfrf36LIV3DkhtRBGWFnLWWzaykPyw/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutant"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Air_pollution rootpage-Air_pollution stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.tKc6KWkFf-8.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfrf36LIV3DkhtRBGWFnLWWzaykPyw/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutant" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="en" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutant&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Home </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Random?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Random </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Air+pollution&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Air+pollution&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source%3Ddonate%26wmf_medium%3Dsidebar%26wmf_campaign%3Den.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Den%26wmf_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Air pollution</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Air_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Air+pollution&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> (Redirected from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollutant&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollutant">Air pollutant</a>) </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Bad air quality" and "Air quality" redirect here. For the obsolete medical theory, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miasma_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miasma theory">Miasma theory</a>. For the measurement of air pollution, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_quality_index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a>. For the qualities of air, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a>. </div> Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the environment. Air pollution can be chemical, physical or biological.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Air_pollution-1">[1]</a> There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ozone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NOx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NOx">nitrogen oxides</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_monoxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane">methane</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particulates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Particulates">particulates</a> (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soot">soot</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lead">lead</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biomolecule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biomolecule">biological molecules</a>. Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies, and even death; it can also cause harm to animals and crops and damage the natural environment (for example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ozone_depletion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habitat_degradation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat degradation">habitat degradation</a>) or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Built_environment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Built environment">built environment</a> (for example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acid_rain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto1-3">[3]</a> Air pollution can occur naturally or be caused by human activities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg/350px-Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg/525px-Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg/700px-Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="563"></a> <figcaption> Deaths in 2021 from air pollution per 100,000 inhabitants (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">IHME</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Air pollution causes around 7 or 8 million deaths each year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p3-4-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:10-6">[6]</a> It is a significant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Risk_factor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Risk factor">risk factor</a> for a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of pollution-related diseases">pollution-related diseases</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_disease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stroke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asthma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lung_cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:10-6">[6]</a> It is the fourth-largest risk factor overall for human health<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Juginovi%C4%87Vukovi%C4%87Aranza2021-8">[8]</a> as 99% of people are exposed to harmful levels of air pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-9">[9]</a> Outdoor particulate pollution (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PM2.5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM2.5</a>) is the largest cause of death (4.7 million), followed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Household_air_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Household air pollution">indoor air pollution</a> (3.1 million) and ozone (0.5 million).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p3-4-5">[5]</a> The World Bank has estimated that welfare losses (premature deaths) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Productivity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Productivity">productivity</a> losses (lost labour) caused by air pollution cost the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World economy">world economy</a> over $8 trillion per year. Air quality is closely related to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth%27s_climate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's climate">Earth's climate</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecosystem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> globally. Many of the contributors of local air pollution are also sources of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse emission</a> i.e., burning of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossil_fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Air_pollution-1">[1]</a> Many different technologies and strategies are available for reducing air pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-boubel2013-10">[10]</a> National air quality laws have often been highly effective, notably the 1956 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clean Air Act 1956">Clean Air Act</a> in Britain and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">US Clean Air Act</a>, introduced in 1963.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brimblecombe50-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Some of these efforts have been successful at the international level, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montreal_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> which reduced the release of harmful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ozone_layer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ozone layer">ozone</a>-depleting chemicals, while others, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change mitigation">international action on climate change</a>, have been less successful.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources_of_air_pollution">1 Sources of air pollution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Human_sources">1.1 Human sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Combustion_and_energy_use">1.1.1 Combustion and energy use</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Manufacturing_and_construction">1.1.2 Manufacturing and construction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Waste_disposal">1.1.3 Waste disposal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transportation">1.1.4 Transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Agriculture_and_farming">1.1.5 Agriculture and farming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_sources">1.1.6 Other sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natural_sources">1.2 Natural sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Primary_and_secondary_pollutants">2 Primary and secondary pollutants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Major_pollutants">3 Major pollutants</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ammonia">3.1 Ammonia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Carbon_dioxide">3.2 Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Carbon_monoxide">3.3 Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nitrogen_oxides">3.4 Nitrogen oxides</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Particulate_matter">3.5 Particulate matter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sulfur_dioxide">3.6 Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ground-level_ozone">3.7 Ground-level ozone</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Volatile_organic_compounds">3.8 Volatile organic compounds</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_pollutants">3.9 Other pollutants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Exposure">4 Exposure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Indoor_air_quality">5 Indoor air quality</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cooking_fuel">5.1 Cooking fuel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_indoor_air_pollution">5.2 Other indoor air pollution</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Health_effects">6 Health effects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mortality">6.1 Mortality</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#By_region">6.1.1 By region</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Major_causes">6.1.2 Major causes</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cardiovascular_disease">6.2 Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lung_disease">6.3 Lung disease</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cancer">6.4 Cancer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pregnancy_and_children">6.5 Pregnancy and children</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Brain_health">6.6 Brain health</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Agricultural_effects">7 Agricultural effects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economic_effects">8 Economic effects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historical_disasters">9 Historical disasters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reduction_and_regulation">10 Reduction and regulation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pollution_control">10.1 Pollution control</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Energy_transition">10.2 Energy transition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport">10.2.1 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Heating,_ventilation_and_power_production">10.2.2 Heating, ventilation and power production</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Control_devices">10.3 Control devices</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Monitoring">10.4 Monitoring</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Air_quality_indexes">10.5 Air quality indexes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Emission_factors">10.6 Emission factors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Air_quality_modeling">10.7 Air quality modeling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Campaigning,_public_awareness_and_litigation">10.8 Campaigning, public awareness and litigation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Laws_and_regulations">10.9 Laws and regulations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Best_practices">10.10 Best practices</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Indigenous_people">10.11 Indigenous people</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hotspots">11 Hotspots</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cities">11.1 Cities</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Books">14.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles">14.2 Articles</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Sources_of_air_pollution">Sources of air pollution</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources of air pollution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> There are many different sources of air pollution. Some air pollutants (such as nitrogen oxides) originate mainly from human activities,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> while some (notably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radon">radon</a> gas) come mostly from natural sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, many air pollutants (including dust and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>) come from a mixture of natural and human sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid32154200-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Human_sources">Human sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Human sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most of the world's air pollution is from burning fossil fuels for energy production, transportation, and heating, although humans make air pollution in many other ways.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-perera-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Athlone_cooling_towers_demolition_2010-08-22.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Athlone_cooling_towers_demolition_2010-08-22.gif/220px-Athlone_cooling_towers_demolition_2010-08-22.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Athlone_cooling_towers_demolition_2010-08-22.gif/220px-Athlone_cooling_towers_demolition_2010-08-22.gif" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Athlone_cooling_towers_demolition_2010-08-22.gif/330px-Athlone_cooling_towers_demolition_2010-08-22.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Athlone_cooling_towers_demolition_2010-08-22.gif/440px-Athlone_cooling_towers_demolition_2010-08-22.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demolition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demolition">Demolition</a> of the cooling towers of a power station, Athlone, Cape Town, South Africa, 2010 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg/220px-BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="539"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 116px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg/220px-BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg/330px-BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg/440px-BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Controlled_burning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled burning">Controlled burning</a> of a field outside of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statesboro,_Georgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statesboro, Georgia">Statesboro, Georgia</a>, US, in preparation for spring planting </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fish_smoking_in_Ghana.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fish_smoking_in_Ghana.jpg/220px-Fish_smoking_in_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1786"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 197px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fish_smoking_in_Ghana.jpg/220px-Fish_smoking_in_Ghana.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fish_smoking_in_Ghana.jpg/330px-Fish_smoking_in_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fish_smoking_in_Ghana.jpg/440px-Fish_smoking_in_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Smoking of fish over an open fire in Ghana, 2018 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_fire_burning_offering_papers_Chinese_style_December_2018_IX2_02.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_fire_burning_offering_papers_Chinese_style_December_2018_IX2_02.jpg/220px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_fire_burning_offering_papers_Chinese_style_December_2018_IX2_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_fire_burning_offering_papers_Chinese_style_December_2018_IX2_02.jpg/220px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_fire_burning_offering_papers_Chinese_style_December_2018_IX2_02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_fire_burning_offering_papers_Chinese_style_December_2018_IX2_02.jpg/330px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_fire_burning_offering_papers_Chinese_style_December_2018_IX2_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_fire_burning_offering_papers_Chinese_style_December_2018_IX2_02.jpg/440px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_fire_burning_offering_papers_Chinese_style_December_2018_IX2_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joss_paper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a> ash. With wind and dispersion, the size of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particulates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Particulates">particulates</a> decreases, while the number of particles increases </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Combustion_and_energy_use">Combustion and energy use</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Combustion and energy use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossil_fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fossil fuel">fossil-fuel</a> power plants and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> power plants both have smoke stacks (see for example <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the coal industry">environmental impact of the coal industry</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-perera-18">[18]</a></li> <li>oil and gas sites that have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane_leaks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane leaks">methane leaks</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>burning of traditional biomass such as wood, crop waste and dung. In developing and poor countries,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It is also the main source of particulate pollution in urban areas of some developed countries including, the UK and Sydney, Australia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-26">[26]</a></li> <li>furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Manufacturing_and_construction">Manufacturing and construction</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Manufacturing and construction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>manufacturing facilities (factories)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A 2014 study found that in China equipment-, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Machine">machinery</a>-, and devices-manufacturing and construction sectors contributed more than 50% of air pollutant emissions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] This high emission is due to high <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emission_intensity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emission intensity">emission intensity</a> and high <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emission_factors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission factors">emission factors</a> in its industrial structure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>construction (including activities of building rehabilitation/refurbishment),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-azarmi-31">[31]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> demolition,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renovation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renovation">renovation</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hkGov-35">[35]</a> of buildings and other structures</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Waste_disposal">Waste disposal</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Waste disposal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>waste incineration (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incineration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incineration">incinerators</a> as well as open and uncontrolled fires of mismanaged waste, making up about a fourth of municipal solid terrestrial waste)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-waste-crisis-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Waste deposition in landfills produces <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane">methane</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and open burning of waste releases harmful substances.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Transportation">Transportation</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mobile_source_air_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mobile source air pollution">Mobile sources</a> include cars, trucks, and other road vehicles; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diesel_locomotive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel trains</a>; ships and other marine vessels; and aircraft, space <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rocket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_debris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space debris">space debris</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Vehicles with petrol and diesel engines produce about half of their emissions from their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exhaust_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>, and the other half from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-exhaust emissions">non-exhaust emissions</a> (tyre and brake wear and erosion or disturbance of the road surface); electric vehicles produce no tailpipe emissions, but still produce the other emissions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Road vehicles make a significant amount of all air pollution (typically, for example, around a third to a half of all nitrogen dioxide emissions)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid31143547-43">[43]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid26142107-45">[45]</a> and are a major driver of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Agriculture_and_farming">Agriculture and farming</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Agriculture and farming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>Agriculture and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forest_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forest management">forest management</a> strategies using controlled burns. Practices like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slash-and-burn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> in forests like the Amazon cause large air pollution with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deforestation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Controlled or prescribed burning is a practice used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forest_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forest management">forest management</a>, agriculture, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prairie_restoration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prairie restoration">prairie restoration</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> reduction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forester">Foresters</a> can use controlled fire as a tool because fire is a natural feature of both forest and grassland ecology.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Controlled burning encourages the sprouting of some desirable forest trees, resulting in a forest renewal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agricultural emissions</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">emissions from meat production or livestock</a> contribute substantially to air pollution<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10.1038/nature15371-53">[53]</a></li> <li>Fertilized farmland may be a major source of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>Fumes from paint, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hair_spray?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hair spray">hair spray</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varnish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varnish">varnish</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aerosol_spray?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol spray">aerosol sprays</a> and other solvents. These can be substantial; emissions from these sources was estimated to account for almost half of pollution from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a> in the Los Angeles basin in the 2010s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapons</a>, toxic gases, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biological_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biological warfare">germ warfare</a>, and rocketry are examples of military resources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Natural_sources">Natural sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Natural sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford,_Texas.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2028"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Dust storm approaching <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stratford,_Texas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stratford, Texas">Stratford, Texas</a>, in 1935 </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dust">Dust</a> from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane">Methane</a>, emitted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digestion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digestion">digestion</a> of food by animals, for example <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cattle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cattle">cattle</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radon">Radon</a> gas from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactive_decay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth%27s_crust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noble_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> that is formed from the decay of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radium">radium</a>. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lung_cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cigarette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cigarette">cigarette</a> smoking.</li> <li>Smoke and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_monoxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wildfires?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildfires">wildfires</a>. During periods of active wildfires, smoke from uncontrolled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biomass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biomass">biomass</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combustion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combustion">combustion</a> can make up almost 75% of all air pollution by concentration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vegetation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a>, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs) on warmer days. These VOCs react with human pollution sources – specifically, NOx, SO2, and organic carbon compounds – to produce a seasonal haze of secondary pollutants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_gum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black gum">Black gum</a>, poplar, oak and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willow">willow</a> are some examples of vegetation that can produce abundant VOCs. The VOC production from these species result in ozone levels up to eight times higher than the low-impact tree species.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volcano">Volcanic</a> eruptions, which produce mostly steam (about 79 percent), but also carbon dioxide (12 per cent), sulfur dioxide (6.5 percent), and small amounts of other pollutants, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chlorine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ash">ash</a> particulates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Agbogbloshie,_Ghana_2019.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_2019.jpg/220px-Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5946" data-file-height="3436"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_2019.jpg/220px-Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_2019.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_2019.jpg/330px-Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_2019.jpg/440px-Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> E-waste processing in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agbogbloshie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agbogbloshie">Agbogbloshie</a>, Ghana, using open-burning of electronics to access valuable metals like copper. Open burning of plastics is common in many parts of the world without the capacity for processing. Especially without proper protections, heavy metals and other contaminates can <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soil_contamination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soil contamination">seep into the soil</a>, and create <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> and air pollution. </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Primary_and_secondary_pollutants">Primary and secondary pollutants</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary pollutants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollutant">Pollutant</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg/290px-Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 205px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg/290px-Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg/435px-Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg/580px-Air_Pollution-Causes%26Effects.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>, (2) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particulate_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Particulate pollution">particulate contamination</a>, (3) increased <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UV_radiation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV radiation</a>, (4) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acid_rain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, (5) increased <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ground-level_ozone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ground-level ozone">ground-level ozone</a> concentration, (6) increased levels of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a> </figcaption> </figure> An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have many effects on humans and the ecosystem.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases, and often takes the form of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aerosol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> (solid particles or liquid droplets dispersed and carried by a gas).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hidy2012-62">[62]</a> A pollutant can be of human or natural origin. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are produced directly by a source and remain in the same chemical form after they have been emitted into the atmosphere. Examples include ash from a volcanic eruption, carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhausts, and sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ground-level_ozone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ground-level ozone">Ground-level ozone</a> is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Major_pollutants">Major pollutants</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Major pollutants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ammonia">Ammonia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ammonia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammonia_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammonia pollution">Ammonia</a> (NH3) is emitted mainly by agricultural waste. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxides_of_nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxides of nitrogen">oxides of nitrogen</a> and sulfur to form secondary particles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Carbon_dioxide">Carbon dioxide</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) is mainly emitted by the burning of fossil fuels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It is potentially lethal at very high concentrations (typically 100 times "normal" atmospheric levels).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-niosh-co2-67">[67]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hse-co2-68">[68]</a> Although the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Health_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recognizes CO2 as a climate pollutant, it does not include the gas in its Air Quality Guidelines or set recommended targets for it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Workplace exposure limits exist in places like UK (5,000 ppm for long-term exposure and 15,000 ppm for short-term exposure).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hse-co2-68">[68]</a> Natural disasters like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limnic_eruption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limnic eruption">limnic eruption</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Nyos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Nyos">Lake Nyos</a> can result in a large sudden release as well.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> CO2 is sometimes called an air pollutant, because it is the main <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> responsible for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> This question of terminology has practical consequences, for example, in determining whether the U.S. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> (which is designed to improve air quality) is deemed to regulate CO2 emissions. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> of 2022 amended the Clean Air Act to define CO2 from fossil fuel burning explicitly as an air pollutant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Carbon_monoxide">Carbon monoxide</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Carbon monoxide" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_monoxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> It is a product of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combustion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. In the past, emissions from vehicles were the main source of CO, but modern vehicles do not emit much CO. Now, wildfires and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonfire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> are the main source of outdoors CO.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Indoors, CO is a larger problem and mainly comes from cooking and heating.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nitrogen_oxides">Nitrogen oxides</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Nitrogen oxides" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Global_air_pollution_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Global_air_pollution_map.png/300px-Global_air_pollution_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Global_air_pollution_map.png/300px-Global_air_pollution_map.png" data-width="300" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Global_air_pollution_map.png/450px-Global_air_pollution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Global_air_pollution_map.png/600px-Global_air_pollution_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Nitrogen dioxide concentrations as measured from satellite 2002–2004 </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">Nitrogen oxides</a> (NOx), particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a>, are expelled from high temperature combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electric_discharge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electric discharge">electric discharge</a>. They can be seen as a brown <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haze">haze</a> dome above or a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plume (hydrodynamics)">plume</a> downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. One of the most prominent air pollutants, this reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Particulate_matter">Particulate matter</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Particulate matter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particulate_matter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">Particulate matter</a> (PM), also known as particle pollution, is a mix of microscopic solid particles or droplets suspended in a gas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Volcanoes, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dust_storm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>, forest and grassland fires, living plants, and sea spray are all sources of particles. Aerosols are produced by human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, power plants, and industrial processes.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> altered lung function and lung cancer;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a> a definitive link between fine particulate pollution and higher death rates in urban areas was established by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvard_Six_Cities_study?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvard Six Cities study">Harvard Six Cities study</a>, published in 1993.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-laden-80">[80]</a> Particulates are related to respiratory infections and can be particularly harmful to those with conditions like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asthma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Efforts to reduce particulate matter in the air may result in better health.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sulfur_dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sulfur dioxide" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> (SO2) is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. High concentrations of SO2 in the air upon emissions generally also lead to the formation of other sulfur oxides (SOx). SOx can react with other compounds in the atmosphere to form small particles and contribute to particulate matter (PM) pollution [...] At high concentrations, gaseous SOx can harm plants by damaging foliage and decreasing growth. SO2 and other sulfur oxides can contribute to acid rain.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-usepaso2-83">[83]</a> Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acid_rain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> is formed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ground-level_ozone">Ground-level ozone</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ground-level ozone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ground-level_ozone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ground-level ozone">Ground-level ozone</a> (O3): Ozone is created when NOx and VOCs mix.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it fuel many of the chemical activities that occur in the atmosphere during the day and night. It is a pollutant and a component of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smog">smog</a> that is produced in large quantities as a result of human activities (mostly the combustion of fossil fuels).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a> O3 is largely produced by chemical reactions involving NOx gases (nitrogen oxides, especially from combustion) and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Due to the influence of temperature and sunlight on this reaction, high ozone levels are most common on hot summer afternoons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Volatile_organic_compounds">Volatile organic compounds</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Volatile organic compounds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">Volatile organic compounds</a> (VOC): VOCs are both indoor and outdoor air pollutants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-epa-voc-87">[87]</a> They are categorized as either methane (CH4) or non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_warming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases because of their role in creating ozone and prolonging the life of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmospheric methane">methane in the atmosphere</a>. This effect varies depending on local air quality. The aromatic NMVOCs benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia with prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound often associated with industrial use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_pollutants">Other pollutants</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other pollutants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorofluorocarbons">Chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs): Emitted from goods that are now prohibited from use; harmful to the ozone layer. These are gases emitted by air conditioners, freezers, aerosol sprays, and other similar devices. CFCs reach the stratosphere after being released into the atmosphere.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> They interact with other gases here, causing harm to the ozone layer. UV rays are able to reach the Earth's surface as a result of this. This can result in skin cancer, eye problems, and even plant damage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutants</a>, which can attach to particulates. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_degradation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical degradation">environmental degradation</a> due to chemical, biological, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photodissociation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photodissociation">photolytic</a> processes. As a result, they've been discovered to survive in the environment, be capable of long-range transmission, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bioaccumulate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioaccumulate">bioaccumulate</a> in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and pose a major threat to human health and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecosystem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a> identified pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants of concern. These include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxin">dioxins</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furan">furans</a> which are unintentionally created by combustion of organics, like open burning of plastics, and are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptors</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mutagen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mutagen">mutagens</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Persistent_radicals" title="Radical (chemistry)">Persistent free radicals</a> connected to airborne fine particles are linked to cardiopulmonary disease.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs): a group of aromatic compounds formed from the incomplete combustion of organic compounds including coal and oil and tobacco.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Wood burning is another significant source of PAHs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactive_pollutants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive pollutants">Radioactive pollutants</a>: Produced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_explosions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear explosions">nuclear explosions</a>, nuclear events, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.</li> <li>Toxic metals, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(element)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, especially their compounds.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peroxyacetyl_nitrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peroxyacetyl nitrate">Peroxyacetyl nitrate</a> (C2H3NO5): formed from NOx and VOCs, like ozone.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photochemical_Smog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical Smog">Photochemical smog</a>: particles are formed from gaseous primary contaminants and chemicals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Smog is a type of pollution that occurs in the atmosphere. Smog is caused by a huge volume of coal being burned in a certain region, resulting in a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Modern smog is usually caused by automotive and industrial emissions, which are acted on in the atmosphere by UV light from the sun to produce secondary pollutants, which then combine with the primary emissions to generate photochemical smog.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microplastics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a> from cosmetics, clothing, and many other sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> </ul> There are many other chemicals classed as hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in the USA under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> and in Europe under numerous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_European_Union_directives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of European Union directives">directives</a> (including the Air "Framework" Directive, 96/62/EC, on ambient air quality assessment and management, Directive 98/24/EC, on risks related to chemical agents at work, and Directive 2004/107/EC covering heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide."> <noscript> <img alt="Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/200px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/200px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" data-alt="Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide." data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/300px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/400px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a> was installed, the emissions from this power plant in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> contained excessive amounts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Thermal oxidisers are air pollution abatement options for hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and odorous emissions."> <noscript> <img alt="Thermal oxidisers are air pollution abatement options for hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and odorous emissions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg/197px-Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="602"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 197px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg/197px-Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg" data-alt="Thermal oxidisers are air pollution abatement options for hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and odorous emissions." data-width="197" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg/295px-Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg/393px-Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermal_oxidiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal oxidiser">Thermal oxidisers</a> are air pollution abatement options for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazardous_air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous air pollutant">hazardous air pollutants</a> (HAPs), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs), and odorous emissions. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"> <video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm/200px--NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="103" data-mwtitle="NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm/NASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANASA_-_Human_Fingerprint_on_Global_Air_Quality.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </video> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> This video provides an overview of a NASA study on the human fingerprint on global air quality. </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Exposure">Exposure</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Exposure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:New_Delhi_Met_Office,_India_02.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/New_Delhi_Met_Office%2C_India_02.jpg/220px-New_Delhi_Met_Office%2C_India_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/New_Delhi_Met_Office%2C_India_02.jpg/220px-New_Delhi_Met_Office%2C_India_02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/New_Delhi_Met_Office%2C_India_02.jpg/330px-New_Delhi_Met_Office%2C_India_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/New_Delhi_Met_Office%2C_India_02.jpg/440px-New_Delhi_Met_Office%2C_India_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Air quality monitoring, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Delhi,_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New Delhi, India">New Delhi, India</a> </figcaption> </figure> There is an important difference between air pollution emissions and exposure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Emissions are the quantity of pollutants released from a particular source; exposure is the quantity of a pollutant breathed in by people or other living things. Where air pollution laws may seek to limit the emissions of a particular pollutant, or the concentration in a particular environment, the health impacts depend on people's exposure to that pollutant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Based on the 2021 WHO air quality standards, 99% of the world population is exposed to harmful air pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-9">[9]</a> The risk of air pollution is determined by the pollutant's hazard and the amount of exposure to that pollutant. Air pollution exposure can be measured for a person, a group, such as a neighborhood or a country's children, or an entire population. For example, one would want to determine a geographic area's exposure to a dangerous air pollution, taking into account the various microenvironments and age groups. This can be calculated<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-102">[102]</a> as an inhalation exposure. This would account for daily exposure in various settings, e.g. different indoor micro-environments and outdoor locations. The exposure needs to include different ages and other demographic groups, especially infants, children, pregnant women, and other sensitive subpopulations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Share-above-who-pollution-guidelines_(OWID_0948).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Share-above-who-pollution-guidelines_%28OWID_0948%29.png/220px-Share-above-who-pollution-guidelines_%28OWID_0948%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Share-above-who-pollution-guidelines_%28OWID_0948%29.png/220px-Share-above-who-pollution-guidelines_%28OWID_0948%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Share-above-who-pollution-guidelines_%28OWID_0948%29.png/330px-Share-above-who-pollution-guidelines_%28OWID_0948%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Share-above-who-pollution-guidelines_%28OWID_0948%29.png/440px-Share-above-who-pollution-guidelines_%28OWID_0948%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Share of the population exposed to air pollution levels above WHO guidelines, 2017 </figcaption> </figure> For each specific time that the subgroup is in the setting and engaged in particular activities, the exposure to an air pollutant must integrate the concentrations of the air pollutant with regard to the time spent in each setting and the respective inhalation rates for each subgroup, playing, cooking, reading, working, spending time in traffic, etc. A little child's inhaling rate, for example, will be lower than that of an adult. A young person engaging in strenuous exercise will have a faster rate of breathing than a child engaged in sedentary activity. The daily exposure must therefore include the amount of time spent in each micro-environmental setting as well as the kind of activities performed there. The air pollutant concentration in each microactivity/microenvironmental setting is summed to indicate the exposure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-102">[102]</a> For some pollutants such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_carbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>, traffic related exposures may dominate total exposure despite short exposure times since high concentrations coincide with proximity to major roads or participation in (motorized) traffic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dons_et_al.-103">[103]</a> A large portion of total daily exposure occurs as short peaks of high concentrations, but it remains unclear how to define peaks and determine their frequency and health impact.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dons_et_al._2019-104">[104]</a> In 2021, the WHO halved its recommended guideline limit for tiny particles from burning fossil fuels. The new limit for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> (NO2) is 75% lower.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Growing evidence that air pollution—even when experienced at very low levels—hurts human health, led the WHO to revise its guideline (from 10 μg/m3 to 5 μg/m3) for what it considers a safe level of exposure of particulate pollution, bringing most of the world—97.3 percent of the global population—into the unsafe zone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Indoor_air_quality">Indoor air quality</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Indoor air quality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indoor_air_quality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indoor_air_pollution_in_developing_countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor air pollution in developing countries">Indoor air pollution in developing countries</a> </div> A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. Indoor air pollution can pose a significant health risk. According to EPA reports, the concentrations of many air pollutants can be two to five times higher in indoor air than in outdoor air. Indoor air pollutants can be up to 100 times higher in some cases than they are inside.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cooking_fuel">Cooking fuel</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cooking fuel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Household_air_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Household air pollution">Household air pollution</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution,_OWID.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 233px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution%2C_OWID.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="233" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution%2C_OWID.svg/495px-Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution%2C_OWID.svg/660px-Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The share of total deaths from indoor air pollution, 2017 </figcaption> </figure> As of 2023, more than 2.3 billion people<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[108]</a> in developing countries rely on burning polluting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biomass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biomass">biomass fuels</a> such as wood, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dry_dung_fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dry dung fuel">dry dung</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coal">coal</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kerosene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> for cooking, which causes harmful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Household_air_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Household air pollution">household air pollution</a>. Health effects are concentrated among women, who are likely to be responsible for cooking, and young children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Health_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) estimates that cooking-related pollution causes 3.8 million annual deaths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Burden_of_Disease_Study?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Burden of Disease Study">Global Burden of Disease</a> study estimated the number of deaths in 2021 at 3.1 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The problem is closely related to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energy_poverty_and_cooking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energy poverty and cooking">energy poverty and cooking</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_indoor_air_pollution">Other indoor air pollution</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other indoor air pollution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Indoor contaminants that can cause pollution include asbestos, biologic agents, building materials, radon, tobacco smoke, and wood stoves, gas ranges, or other heating systems.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-107">[107]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radon">Radon</a> (Rn) gas, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carcinogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plywood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plywood">plywood</a> emit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formaldehyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> (H-CHO) gas. Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lead">Lead</a> paint can degenerate into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dust">dust</a> and be inhaled.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sapiens.revues.org-112">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Improved_Clean_Cookstoves-113">[113]</a> Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_freshener?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air freshener">air fresheners</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incense">incense</a>, and other scented items. Controlled wood fires in cook stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of harmful smoke particulates into the air, inside and out.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sapiens.revues.org-112">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Improved_Clean_Cookstoves-113">[113]</a> Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pesticide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation. Also the kitchen in a modern produce harmful particles and gases, with equipment like toasters being one of the worst sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Chronic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a> can result even from poorly-adjusted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilot_light?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pilot light">pilot lights</a>. Traps are built into all domestic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plumbing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a> to keep sewer gas and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, out of interiors. Clothing emits <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tetrachloroethylene">tetrachloroethylene</a>, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after dry cleaning. Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asbestos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous material in many localities. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asbestosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a> is a chronic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflammation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> medical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs. It occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos-containing materials in structures. Those with asbestosis have severe <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dyspnea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> (shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lung_cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>. Care should be taken to distinguish between several forms of related diseases. They may be defined as asbestosis, lung cancer, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peritoneal mesothelioma">peritoneal mesothelioma</a> (generally a very rare form of cancer, when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne particulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes and decomposed hair, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_dust_mite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House dust mite">dust mites</a> in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit methane, mold forms on walls and generates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mycotoxins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycotoxins">mycotoxins</a> and spores, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_conditioning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> systems can incubate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legionellosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionellosis">Legionnaires' disease</a> and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Health effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Air pollution is an important risk factor for various diseases, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COPD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a> (a common lung disease), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stroke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemic heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lung_cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pneumonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. Indoor air pollution is also associated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cataract?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cataract">cataract</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-117">[117]</a> Air pollution has further been linked to brain disorders, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dementia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, depression, anxiety and psychosis.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-118">[118]</a> Diseases that develop from persistent exposure to air pollution are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a> diseases, which develop when a health environment is not maintained.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Pollutants strongly linked to negative health effects include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and sulphur dioxide (SO2). Fine particulates are especially damaging, as they can enter the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circulatory_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circulatory system">bloodstream</a> via the lungs and reach other organs. Air pollution causes disease by driving <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Systemic_inflammation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Systemic inflammation">inflammation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxidative_stress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, suppressing the immune system and by damaging DNA.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-117">[117]</a> Even at very low levels (under the WHO recommended levels), fine particulates can continue to cause harm.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p7-8-120">[120]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Child?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Child">Children</a> are highly vulnerable to air pollution as they breathe at a higher rate than adults. Because they are shorter, they breathe in air closer to the ground, which usually has higher pollution levels (for instance, from vehicle exhaust or dust).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p21-23-121">[121]</a> People living in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poverty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, babies and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old age">older people</a> are also disproportionately affected by air pollution; pregnancy is also more risky when exposed to air pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p4-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mortality">Mortality</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mortality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:How-many-people-die-from-air-pollution-1-1.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/How-many-people-die-from-air-pollution-1-1.png/330px-How-many-people-die-from-air-pollution-1-1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="1551"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 193px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/How-many-people-die-from-air-pollution-1-1.png/330px-How-many-people-die-from-air-pollution-1-1.png" data-width="330" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/How-many-people-die-from-air-pollution-1-1.png/495px-How-many-people-die-from-air-pollution-1-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/How-many-people-die-from-air-pollution-1-1.png/660px-How-many-people-die-from-air-pollution-1-1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Estimates of the death toll from air pollution vary across publications. </figcaption> </figure> Estimates of deaths due to air pollution vary.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The 2024 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Burden_of_Disease_Study?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Burden of Disease Study">Global Burden of Disease Study</a> estimates that air pollution contributed to 8.1 million deaths in 2021, which is more than 1 in 8 deaths. Outdoor particulate pollution (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PM2.5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM2.5</a>) was the largest cause of death (4.7 million), followed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Household_air_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Household air pollution">indoor air pollution</a> (3.1 million) and ozone (0.5 million).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p3-4-5">[5]</a> The WHO estimates that 6.7 million people die from air pollution each year, 4.2 million due to outdoor air pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-who2024-124">[124]</a> Roughly 68% of outdoor air pollution-related premature deaths were due to ischaemic heart disease and stroke, 14% due to COPD and 14% due to lung infections (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">lower respiratory tract infections</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-who2024-124">[124]</a> A study published in 2019 estimated that, for 2015, the number was around 8.8 million, with 5.5 million of these premature deaths due to air pollution from human sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2019-03-12-guardian-126">[126]</a> The global mean <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Years_of_potential_life_lost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Years of potential life lost">loss of life expectancy</a> from air pollution in 2015 was 2.9 years, substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct violence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10.1093/cvr/cvaa025-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="By_region">By region</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: By region" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pollution-deaths-from-fossil-fuels_(OWID_0831).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pollution-deaths-from-fossil-fuels_%28OWID_0831%29.png/300px-Pollution-deaths-from-fossil-fuels_%28OWID_0831%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 212px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pollution-deaths-from-fossil-fuels_%28OWID_0831%29.png/300px-Pollution-deaths-from-fossil-fuels_%28OWID_0831%29.png" data-width="300" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pollution-deaths-from-fossil-fuels_%28OWID_0831%29.png/450px-Pollution-deaths-from-fossil-fuels_%28OWID_0831%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pollution-deaths-from-fossil-fuels_%28OWID_0831%29.png/600px-Pollution-deaths-from-fossil-fuels_%28OWID_0831%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Air pollution deaths by nation due to fossil fuels </figcaption> </figure> India and China have the higher number of deaths from air pollution. In India, it contributed to 2.1 million deaths in 2021, whereas China saw 2.4 million deaths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In some countries, more than 20% of deaths were attributed to air pollution, for instance in Nepal, Bangladesh, Laos and North Korea. Air pollution deaths are high in middle-income countries due to industry and in low-income countries due to the use of solid fuels for cooking.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Annual premature European deaths from air pollution are estimated at 416,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[130]</a> to 800,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2019-03-12-guardian-126">[126]</a> The UK saw some 17,000 deaths in 2021 due to air pollution. Nigeria, Indonesia and Pakistan each saw over 200,000 deaths resulting from air pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Eliminating energy-related emissions in the United States would prevent 46,900–59,400 premature deaths each year and provide $537–$678 billion in benefits from avoided PM2.5-related illness and death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GeoHealth_20220516-132">[132]</a> A 2023 study on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> emissions by coal power plants (coal PM2.5) concluded that "exposure to coal PM2.5 was associated with 2.1 times greater mortality risk than exposure to PM2.5 from all sources."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-science2023mortality-133">[133]</a> From 1999 to 2020, a total of 460,000 deaths in the US were attributed to coal PM2.5.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-science2023mortality-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Major_causes">Major causes</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Major causes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">§ Sources</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2021_Death_rates,_by_energy_source.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/288px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 162px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/288px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="288" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/432px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/576px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Deaths caused by accidents and air pollution from fossil fuel use in power plants exceed those caused by production of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021-134">[134]</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> The largest cause of air pollution is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossil_fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> combustion<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754-135">[135]</a> – mostly the production and use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Car?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Car">cars</a>, electricity production, and heating.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a> There are estimated 4.5 million annual premature deaths worldwide due to pollutants released by high-emission power stations and vehicle exhausts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a> A study concluded that PM2.5 air pollution <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embedded_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Embedded emissions">induced</a> by the contemporary free trade and consumption by the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>19 G20 nations causes two million premature deaths annually, suggesting that the average lifetime consumption of about ~28 people in these countries causes at least one premature death (average age ~67) while developing countries "cannot be expected" to implement or be able to implement countermeasures without external support or internationally coordinated efforts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10.1038/s41467-021-26348-y-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cardiovascular_disease">Cardiovascular disease</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular disease" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There is strong evidence that air pollution increases the risk of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stroke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hypertension?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coronary artery disease">ischemic heart disease</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-de_BontJaganathanDahlquist2022-140">[140]</a> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Burden_of_Disease_Study?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Burden of Disease Study">Global Burden of Disease Study</a>, air pollution is responsible for 27% of deaths from strokes worldwide and 28% of ischemic heart disease.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p27-141">[141]</a> The risks are highest in regions with higher air pollution (i.e. Asia), for elderly and for people who are overweight.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-de_BontJaganathanDahlquist2022-140">[140]</a> Air pollution is a leading risk factor for stroke, particularly in developing countries where pollutant levels are highest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p27-141">[141]</a> A systematic analysis of 17 different risk factors in 188 countries found air pollution is associated with nearly one in three strokes (29%) worldwide (34% of strokes in developing countries versus 10% in developed countries).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mayor2016-142">[142]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FeiginRothNaghavi2016-143">[143]</a> The mechanisms linking air pollution to increased cardiovascular mortality are not fully understood, but likely <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Systemic_inflammation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Systemic inflammation">systemic inflammation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxidative_stress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lung_disease">Lung disease</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Lung disease" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Air pollution has been associated with increased hospitalization and mortality and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[145]</a> COPD is a common disease which causes breathing difficulties and is the fourth-largest cause of death globally.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Almost half of COPD deaths are due to air pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p27-141">[141]</a> Fine particles (PM2.5) or NO2 were associated with increased risk of developing COPD.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Air pollution is further associated with increased risk of asthma and worsening of symptoms, and this effect seems stronger in children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[148]</a> For adults, fine particles (PM2.5) or NO2 are most strongly linked to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asthma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asthma">asthma</a> onset.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Short-term exposure to ozone makes asthma worse in children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p18-150">[150]</a> There is limited evidence on (almost) fatal asthma attacks in children: ground-level ozone and PM2.5 seem to increase its risk.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The risk of lung disease from air pollution is greatest for infants and young children, whose normal breathing is faster than that of older children and adults; the elderly; those who work outside or spend a lot of time outside; and those who have heart or lung disease <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comorbidity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comorbidity">comorbidities</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cancer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Dark factory clouds obscure the Clark Avenue Bridge in Cleveland, Ohio, July 1973." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg/170px-DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2919"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 260px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg/170px-DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg" data-alt="Dark factory clouds obscure the Clark Avenue Bridge in Cleveland, Ohio, July 1973." data-width="170" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg/255px-DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg/340px-DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Dark factory-emitted clouds obscuring the Clark Avenue Bridge in Cleveland, Ohio in July 1973 </figcaption> </figure> Around 265,000 lung cancer deaths were attributed globally in 2019 to exposure to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PM2.5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">fine particulate matter</a>, PM2.5, suspended in the air.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-153">[153]</a> PM2.5 exposure, such as from car exhausts, activates dormant mutations in lung cells, causing them to become cancerous.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-155">[155]</a> Exposure to indoor air pollution, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radon">radon</a>, caused another 170,000 lung cancer deaths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-153">[153]</a> Lung cancer was also more common among people exposed to NO2 and black carbon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Outdoor air pollution may increase risk of other types of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancer">cancer</a> too, but the evidence is not as clear as for lung cancer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:11-157">[157]</a> For instance, there may be a relationship between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kidney_cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kidney cancer">kidney cancer</a> and PM2.5 and NO2 levels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Household air pollution, for instance from cooking with solid fuels, but also from radon in building material, has been associated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cervical_cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cervical cancer">cervical</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oral_sex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oral sex">oral</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esophageal_cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancer</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:11-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pregnancy_and_children">Pregnancy and children</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pregnancy and children" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stillbirth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirths</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miscarriage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miscarriage">miscarriages</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birth_defect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> are all more likely when the mother is exposed to air pollution during pregnancy. Exposure to air pollution also raises the chance a baby has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Low_birth_weight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>. The impacts might be due to pollutants directly impacting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Placenta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Placenta">placenta</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fetus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fetus">fetus</a>, or indirectly as via the mother's health (as air pollution can cause systemic inflammation and oxidative stress).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p21-23-121">[121]</a> Over a third of preterm births were associated with air pollution in 2021 globally. It causes more than half a million newborn deaths, a quarter of overall deaths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p21-23-121">[121]</a> The source of PM2.5 differs greatly by region. In South and East Asia, pregnant women are frequently exposed to indoor air pollution because of wood and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biomass_heating_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biomass heating system">biomass</a> fuels being used for cooking, which are responsible for more than 80% of regional pollution. In the Middle East, North Africa and West sub-Saharan Africa, fine PM comes from natural sources, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dust_storm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-159">[159]</a> Including older children, polluted air leads resulted in the death of over 700,000 children in 2021 (709,000 under 5 years of age and 16,600 aged 5–14 years).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HEI_2024_p21-23-121">[121]</a> Children in low or middle income countries are exposed to higher levels of fine particulate matter than those in high income countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:8-160">[160]</a> Further health effects of air pollution on children include asthma, pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:9-161">[161]</a> There is possibly a link between exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and after birth and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autism">autism</a> in children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Brain_health">Brain health</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Brain health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a> </div> Air pollution is linked to various diseases of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brain">brain</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-118">[118]</a> It raises the risk of dementia in people over 50 years old.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Indoor air pollution exposure during childhood may negatively affect cognitive function and neurodevelopment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107523-166">[166]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prenatal_exposure">Prenatal exposure</a> may also affect neurodevelopment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Studies show that air pollution is associated with a variety of developmental disabilities, oxidative stress, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neuro-inflammation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuro-inflammation">neuro-inflammation</a> and that it may contribute to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107523-166">[166]</a> Exposure to air pollution may also drive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mental_health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mental health">mental health</a> issues, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Depression_(mood)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anxiety_disorder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In particular, air pollution from the use of solid fuels was associated with a higher depression risk.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Depression risk and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suicide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suicide">suicide</a> was more strongly linked to finer particulate matter (PM2.5), compared to coarser particles (PM10). The association was strongest for people over the age of 65.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Problems with thinking (cognitive issues) are also associated with air pollution. In people over the age of 40, both NOx and PM2.5 have been linked to general cognitive problems. PM2.5 was also associated with reduced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verbal_fluency_test?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verbal fluency test">verbal fluency</a> (for instance, number of animals one can list in a minute) and worse <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_functions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a> (like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attention">attention</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working_memory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working memory">working memory</a>). Similarly, children tended to fare worse in tests involving working memory when there was NOx, PM2.5, or PM10 pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Air_Quality_(PM_2.5)_Regional_Overview.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Air_Quality_%28PM_2.5%29_Regional_Overview.svg/220px-Air_Quality_%28PM_2.5%29_Regional_Overview.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="767"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Air_Quality_%28PM_2.5%29_Regional_Overview.svg/220px-Air_Quality_%28PM_2.5%29_Regional_Overview.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Air_Quality_%28PM_2.5%29_Regional_Overview.svg/330px-Air_Quality_%28PM_2.5%29_Regional_Overview.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Air_Quality_%28PM_2.5%29_Regional_Overview.svg/440px-Air_Quality_%28PM_2.5%29_Regional_Overview.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> PM2.5 Levels Across the World's 5 Most Populated Nations in 2019 </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Agricultural_effects">Agricultural effects</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Agricultural effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Various studies have estimated the impacts of air pollution on agriculture, especially ozone. A 2020 study showed that ozone pollution in California may reduce yields of certain perennial crops such as table grapes by as much as 22% per year, translating into economic damages of more than $1 billion per year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[173]</a> After air pollutants enter the agricultural environment, they not only directly affect agricultural production and quality, but also enter agricultural waters and soil.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The COVID-19 induced lockdown served as a natural experiment to expose the close links between air quality and surface greenness. In India, the lockdown induced improvement in air quality, enhanced surface greenness and photosynthetic activity, with the positive response of vegetation to reduce air pollution was dominant in croplands.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[175]</a> On the other hand, agriculture in its traditional form is one of the primary contributors to the emission of trace gases like atmospheric ammonia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[176]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Economic effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> study found that PM2.5 pollution in 2019 cost the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World economy">world economy</a> over $8 trillion, which was over 6% of global <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gross_domestic_product?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>. They suggested prioritising reducing pollution from diesel fuelled vehicles and coal-fired power plants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[177]</a>: ix The problem is most acute in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Developing_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>. "Children under age 5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high-income countries."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-documents.worldbank.org-178">[178]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-commondreams.org-179">[179]</a> Choosing an appropriate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concentration-response_curve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration-response curve">Concentration Response Function</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Value_of_life?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Value of life">Value of a Statistical Life</a> can be difficult for researchers in low and middle income countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[180]</a> A study published in 2022 found "a strong and significant connection between air pollution and construction site accidents" and that "a 10-ppb increase in NO2 levels increases the likelihood of an accident by as much as 25%".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lavy_Rachkovski_Yoresh_2022_p.-181">[181]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Historical_disasters">Historical disasters</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Historical disasters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> The world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis was the 1984 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhopal_Disaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhopal Disaster">Bhopal Disaster</a> in India.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Leaked industrial vapours from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A. (later bought by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow Chemical Company</a>), killed at least 3787 people and injured from 150,000 to 600,000.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the 4 December <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Smog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Smog">Great Smog</a> of 1952 formed over London. In six days more than 4,000 died and more recent estimates put the figure at nearer 12,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EHP_112_1-183">[183]</a> The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the US occurred in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donora,_Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donora, Pennsylvania">Donora, Pennsylvania</a>, in late October 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-184">[184]</a> An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sverdlovsk_anthrax_leak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sverdlovsk anthrax leak">accidental leak of anthrax</a> spores from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biological_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Yekaterinburg (formerly Sverdlovsk) is believed to have caused at least 64 deaths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[185]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Reduction_and_regulation">Reduction and regulation</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Reduction and regulation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Pollution prevention seeks to prevent pollution such as air pollution and could include adjustments to industrial and business activities such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sustainable_design?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Design_for_sustainable_manufacturing" title="Sustainable design">designing sustainable manufacturing processes (and the products' designs)</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186">[186]</a> and related legal regulations as well as efforts towards <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy_transition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy transition">renewable energy transitions</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pollution_control">Pollution control</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pollution control" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Air_pollution_in_Ghana_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Air_pollution_in_Ghana_2.jpg/220px-Air_pollution_in_Ghana_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Air_pollution_in_Ghana_2.jpg/220px-Air_pollution_in_Ghana_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Air_pollution_in_Ghana_2.jpg/330px-Air_pollution_in_Ghana_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Air_pollution_in_Ghana_2.jpg/440px-Air_pollution_in_Ghana_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Burning of items polluting Jamestown environment in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accra,_Ghana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Accra, Ghana">Accra, Ghana</a> </figcaption> </figure> Various pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce air pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fensterstock1971-189">[189]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fensterstock1972-190">[190]</a> At its most basic level, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land-use_planning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land-use planning">land-use planning</a> is likely to involve zoning and transport infrastructure planning. In most developed countries, land-use planning is an important part of social policy, ensuring that land is used efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy and population, as well as to protect the environment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Stringent environmental regulations, effective control technologies and shift towards the renewable source of energy also helping countries like China and India to reduce their sulfur dioxide pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titanium_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a> has been researched for its ability to reduce air pollution. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultraviolet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> light will release free electrons from material, thereby creating free radicals, which break up VOCs and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>NOx gases. One form is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superhydrophilicity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superhydrophilicity">superhydrophilic</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Pollution-eating <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanoparticle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> placed near a busy road were shown to absorb toxic emission from around 20 cars each day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Energy_transition">Energy transition</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Energy transition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since a large share of air pollution is caused by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, the reduction of these fuels can reduce air pollution drastically. Most effective is the switch to clean power sources such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wind_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydro_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydro power">hydro power</a> which do not cause air pollution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jacobson-195">[195]</a> Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/String_trimmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="String trimmer">string trimmers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chainsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chainsaw">chainsaws</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Snowmobiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowmobiles">snowmobiles</a>), increased <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuel_efficiency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>, conversion to cleaner fuels, and conversion to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electric_vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>. For example, buses in New Delhi, India, have run on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> since 2000, to help eliminate the city's "pea-soup" smog.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:9-161">[161]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[196]</a> A very effective means to reduce air pollution is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energy_transition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energy transition">transition</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. According to a study published in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energy_and_Environmental_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy and Environmental Science">Energy and Environmental Science</a> in 2015 the switch to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a> in the United States would eliminate about 62,000 premature deaths per year and about 42,000 in 2050, if no biomass were used. This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jacobson-195">[195]</a> Air quality improvement is a near-term benefit among the many societal benefits from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Transport">Transport</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Within_cities,_make_public_transport_more_efficient_and_ban_high-emission_vehicles..svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Within_cities%2C_make_public_transport_more_efficient_and_ban_high-emission_vehicles..svg/220px-Within_cities%2C_make_public_transport_more_efficient_and_ban_high-emission_vehicles..svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 311px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Within_cities%2C_make_public_transport_more_efficient_and_ban_high-emission_vehicles..svg/220px-Within_cities%2C_make_public_transport_more_efficient_and_ban_high-emission_vehicles..svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Within_cities%2C_make_public_transport_more_efficient_and_ban_high-emission_vehicles..svg/330px-Within_cities%2C_make_public_transport_more_efficient_and_ban_high-emission_vehicles..svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Within_cities%2C_make_public_transport_more_efficient_and_ban_high-emission_vehicles..svg/440px-Within_cities%2C_make_public_transport_more_efficient_and_ban_high-emission_vehicles..svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Support for a ban on high-emission vehicles in city centres in Europe, China and the US from respondents to the European Investment Bank Climate Survey </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NET_tram_201-03.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/NET_tram_201-03.jpg/220px-NET_tram_201-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/NET_tram_201-03.jpg/220px-NET_tram_201-03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/NET_tram_201-03.jpg/330px-NET_tram_201-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/NET_tram_201-03.jpg/440px-NET_tram_201-03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Support, use and infrastructure-expansion of forms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public transport">public transport</a> that do not cause air pollution may be a critical key alternative to pollution. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>Reducing motor vehicle travel can curb pollution. After Stockholm reduced motor vehicle traffic in the central city with a congestion tax, nitrogen dioxide and PM10 pollution declined, as did acute pediatric asthma attacks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NBERMar2018-197">[197]</a> Motor traffic can also be reduced by creating more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walkability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walkability">walkable</a> cities and by investing in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling infrastructure</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>Increased use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public transport">public transport</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9-Euro-Ticket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9-Euro-Ticket">9-Euro-Ticket</a> scheme in Germany which allowed people to buy a monthly pass allowing use on all local and regional transport (trains, trams and busses) for 9 euro (€) for one month of unlimited travel saved 1.8 million tons of CO2 emissions during its three-month implementation from June to August 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li>Reduced need for travel for work via with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Remote_work?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Remote work">remote work</a>, reductions of work, relocations, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Localism_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Localism (politics)">localizations</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles</a> is a critical component of a shift to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sustainable_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sustainable transport">sustainable transport</a>; Motor vehicles driven by fossil fuels, a key factor in urban air pollution, can be replaced by electric vehicles. Even in emission-free electric vehicles, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rubber_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rubber pollution">rubber tires produce significant amounts of air pollution</a> themselves, ranking as 13th worst pollutant in Los Angeles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li>Areas downwind (over 20 miles) of major airports have more than double total particulate emissions in air than other areas, even when factoring in areas with frequent ship calls, and heavy freeway and city traffic like Los Angeles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aviation_biofuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aviation biofuel">Aviation biofuel</a> mixed in with jetfuel at a 50/50 ratio can reduce jet derived cruise altitude particulate emissions by 50–70%, according to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NASA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NASA">NASA</a> led 2017 study (however, this should imply ground level benefits to urban air pollution as well).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li>Ship propulsion and idling can be switched to cleaner fuels like natural gas. (Ideally a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable natural gas">renewable source</a> but not practical yet)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Heating,_ventilation_and_power_production">Heating, ventilation and power production</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Heating, ventilation and power production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>Combustion of fossil fuels for space heating can be replaced by using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heat_pumps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat pumps">heat pumps</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_storage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seasonal thermal energy storage">seasonal thermal energy storage</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li>Electricity generated from the combustion of fossil fuels can be replaced by nuclear and renewable energy. Heating and home stoves, which contribute significantly to regional air pollution, can be replaced with a much cleaner fossil fuel, such as natural gas, or, preferably, renewables, in poor countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anaerobic digestion">Biodigesters</a> can be used in poor nations where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slash_and_burn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> is prevalent, turning a useless commodity into a source of income. The plants can be gathered and sold to a central authority that will break them down in a large modern biodigester, producing much needed energy to use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>Induced humidity and ventilation both can greatly dampen air pollution in enclosed spaces, which was found to be relatively high inside subway lines due to braking and friction and relatively less ironically inside transit buses than lower sitting passenger automobiles or subways.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Control_devices">Control devices</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Control devices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Debris_netting.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Debris_netting.JPG/220px-Debris_netting.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Debris_netting.JPG/220px-Debris_netting.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Debris_netting.JPG/330px-Debris_netting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Debris_netting.JPG/440px-Debris_netting.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tarps and netting are often used to reduce the amount of dust released from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Construction_site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction site">construction sites</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Atmospheric_pollution.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Atmospheric_pollution.jpg/220px-Atmospheric_pollution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Atmospheric_pollution.jpg/220px-Atmospheric_pollution.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Atmospheric_pollution.jpg/330px-Atmospheric_pollution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Atmospheric_pollution.jpg/440px-Atmospheric_pollution.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Air pollution from a car </figcaption> </figure> The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices in industry and transportation. They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li>Particulate control <ul> <li>Mechanical collectors (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyclonic_separation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyclonic separation">dust cyclones</a>, multicyclones)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitators</a>: An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner, is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air), using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulates such as dust and smoke from the air stream.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dust_collector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Types_of_baghouses" title="Dust collector">Baghouses</a>: Designed to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system (distinguished from air cleaners which utilize disposable filters to remove the dust).</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wet_scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wet scrubber">Particulate scrubbers</a>: A wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants.</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scrubber">Scrubbers</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baffle_spray_scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baffle spray scrubber">Baffle spray scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyclonic_spray_scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyclonic spray scrubber">Cyclonic spray scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ejector_venturi_scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejector venturi scrubber">Ejector venturi scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mechanically_aided_scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mechanically aided scrubber">Mechanically aided scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spray_tower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spray tower">Spray tower</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wet_scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wet scrubber">Wet scrubber</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen oxide"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NOx control</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LO-NOx_burner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LO-NOx burner">LO-NOx burners</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selective catalytic reduction">Selective catalytic reduction</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selective_non-catalytic_reduction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selective non-catalytic reduction">Selective non-catalytic reduction</a> (SNCR)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wet_scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wet scrubber">NOx scrubbers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exhaust_gas_recirculation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exhaust gas recirculation">Exhaust gas recirculation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catalytic_converter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a> (also for VOC control)</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volatile organic compound">VOC abatement</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adsorption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adsorption">Adsorption systems</a>, using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Activated_carbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluidized_bed_concentrator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluidized bed concentrator">Fluidized Bed Concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_flare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas flare">Flares</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermal_oxidizer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermal oxidizer">Thermal oxidizers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catalytic_converter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converters</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biofilter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biofilter">Biofilters</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wet_scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wet scrubber">Absorption (scrubbing)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cryogenic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">Cryogenic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condensers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vapor_recovery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vapor recovery">Vapor recovery systems</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acid_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acid gas">Acid gas</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur dioxide">SO2</a> control <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wet_scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wet scrubber">Wet scrubbers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scrubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dry_scrubbing" title="Scrubber">Dry scrubbers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">Flue-gas desulfurization</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(element)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> control <ul> <li>Sorbent injection technology</li> <li>Electro-catalytic oxidation (ECO)</li> <li>K-Fuel</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">Dioxin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furan">furan</a> control</li> <li>Miscellaneous associated equipment <ul> <li>Source capturing systems</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continuous_emissions_monitoring_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continuous emissions monitoring system">Continuous emissions monitoring systems</a> (CEMS)</li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Monitoring" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smart_city?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smart city">Smart city</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollution_measurement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air pollution measurement">Air pollution measurement</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_monitoring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental monitoring">Environmental monitoring</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spatiotemporal_pattern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spatiotemporal pattern">Spatiotemporal</a> monitoring of air quality may be necessary for improving air quality, and thereby the health and safety of the public, and assessing impacts of interventions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Such monitoring is done to different extents with different regulatory requirements with discrepant regional coverage by a variety of organizations and governance entities such as using a variety of technologies for use of the data and sensing such mobile <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_of_things?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet of things">IoT</a> sensors,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Environmental_monitoring" title="Earth observation satellite">satellites</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-216">[216]</a> and monitoring stations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Some websites attempt to map air pollution levels using available data.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Air_quality_indexes">Air quality indexes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Air quality indexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_quality_index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a> </div> Air quality indexes (AQIs) offer a simple way for governments to communicate changes in air quality and associated health risks, especially during short-term pollution episodes, such as wildfires.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-221">[221]</a> An AQI is essentially a health protection tool people can use to help reduce their short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution. Examples include Canada's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_Quality_Health_Index_(Canada)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air Quality Health Index (Canada)">Air Quality Health Index (AQHI)</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Malaysia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air Pollution Index">Air Pollution Index</a>, and Singapore's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollutant_Standards_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollutant Standards Index">Pollutant Standards Index</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Emission_factors">Emission factors</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Emission factors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AP_42_Compilation_of_Air_Pollutant_Emission_Factors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors">AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors</a> </div> Air pollutant emission factors are reported representative values that aim to link the quantity of a pollutant released into the ambient air to an activity connected with that pollutant's release.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto1-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The weight of the pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or time of the activity generating the pollutant is how these factors are commonly stated (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per tonne of coal burned). These criteria make estimating emissions from diverse sources of pollution easier. Most of the time, these components are just averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and they are thought to be typical of long-term averages. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274038083">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0;border-spacing:0px}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tbody{display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{display:block;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tr:not(:first-child):hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff)}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{border:dashed 1pt grey}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption> Mean <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acid_rain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acid rain">acidifying emissions</a> (air pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nemecek_987%E2%80%93992-226">[226]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Food Types</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Acidifying Emissions (g SO2eq per 100g protein)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beef?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beef">Beef</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:22.9em;"></div>343.6 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11em;"></div>165.5 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pork?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pork">Pork</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9.5em;"></div>142.7 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9.2em;"></div>139.0 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquaculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquaculture">Farmed crustaceans</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.9em;"></div>133.1 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poultry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:6.8em;"></div>102.4 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquaculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquaculture">Farmed fish</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.4em;"></div>65.9 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egg_as_food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">Eggs</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.6em;"></div>53.7 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faboideae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faboideae">Groundnuts</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.5em;"></div>22.6 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">Peas</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.6em;"></div>8.5 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tofu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></th> <td> <div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"> <div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div>6.7 </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> has published a compilation of air pollutant emission factors for a wide range of industrial sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and many other countries have published similar compilations, as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Environment_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Air_quality_modeling">Air quality modeling</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Air quality modeling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_quality_modeling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality modeling">Air quality modeling</a> </div> Numerical models either on a global scale using tools such as GCMs (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_circulation_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General circulation model">general circulation models</a> coupled with a pollution module) or CTMs (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_transport_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical transport model">Chemical transport model</a>) can be used to simulate the levels of different pollutants in the atmosphere. These tools can have several types (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmospheric model">Atmospheric model</a>) and different uses. These models can be used in forecast mode which can help policy makers to decide on appropriate actions when an air pollution episode is detected. They can also be used for climate modeling including evolution of air quality in the future, for example the IPCC (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>) provides climate simulations including air quality assessments in their reports (latest report accessible through their <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ipcc.ch/">site</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Campaigning,_public_awareness_and_litigation">Campaigning, public awareness and litigation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Campaigning, public awareness and litigation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2022, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution recognizing the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment as a human right.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In the United Kingodm air pollution campaigning currently involves a mixture of grassroots activism (by groups such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mums_for_Lungs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mums for Lungs">Mums for Lungs</a> and individual campaigners such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosamund_Kissi-Debrah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosamund Kissi-Debrah">Rosamund Kissi-Debrah</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[233]</a>), public health awareness (through events such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clean_Air_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clean Air Day">Clean Air Day</a>), legal work (advanced by activist lawyers such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ClientEarth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ClientEarth">ClientEarth</a>), and more traditional campaigning (by environmental groups such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenpeace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a>, public health advocacy groups such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Lung_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Lung Foundation">British Lung Foundation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asthma_UK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthma UK">Asthma UK</a>, and organizations that raise health and safety issues, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Safety_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Safety Council">British Safety Council</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citizen_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a> projects combine scientific research with public health awareness raising and grassroots environmental campaigning.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-235">[235]</a> In 2019, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the EU</a>, found that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> did not comply with the limit values of the EU air quality standards applicable to the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in 12 air quality zones.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Laws_and_regulations">Laws and regulations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Laws and regulations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_quality_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air quality law">Air quality law</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cairo_in_smog.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cairo_in_smog.jpg/220px-Cairo_in_smog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="887"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cairo_in_smog.jpg/220px-Cairo_in_smog.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cairo_in_smog.jpg/330px-Cairo_in_smog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cairo_in_smog.jpg/440px-Cairo_in_smog.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Smog in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cairo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> </figcaption> </figure> Although a majority of countries have air pollution laws, according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNEP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a>, 43% of countries lack a legal definition of air pollution, 31% lack outdoor air quality standards, and just 31% have laws for tackling pollution originating from outside their borders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unep2021-237">[237]</a> Some air pollution laws include specific air quality standards, such as the U.S. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a> and E.U. Air Quality Directive,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[238]</a> which specify maximum atmospheric concentrations for specific pollutants. Environmental agencies enact regulations which are intended to result in attainment of these target levels. Other examples of air quality laws around the world include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clean Air Act 1956">Clean Air Act</a> in Britain, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">US Clean Air Act</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TA_Luft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TA Luft">TA Luft</a> in Germany.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[239]</a> The World Health Organization's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_quality_guideline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air quality guideline">Global Air Quality Guidelines</a> encourage improvements in a similar way to national standards, but are "recommendations" and "good practice" rather than mandatory targets that countries must achieve.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-who-guidelines-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Best_practices">Best practices</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Best practices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Cities and towns often work together, both nationally and internationally, to share best practices for improving air quality. Initiatives of this kind include the BreatheLife Network of 79 cities (a campaign launched in 2016 by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_and_Clean_Air_Coalition_to_Reduce_Short-Lived_Climate_Pollutants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants">Climate and Clean Air Coalition</a>, World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Bank),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Cities_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Cities Day">World Cities Day</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Day_of_Clean_Air_for_Blue_Skies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies">International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies</a> (two UN initiatives), and the Partnership for Healthy Cities (sponsored by the World Health Organization and health organization Vital Strategies).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wcday-242">[242]</a> Other networks include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a>, a public 'non-state' network of the world's leading cities that aims to curb their greenhouse emissions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pattberg-243">[243]</a> The C40 has been identified as 'governance from the middle' and is an alternative to intergovernmental policy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-244">[244]</a> It has the potential to improve urban air quality as participating cities "exchange information, learn from best practices and consequently mitigate carbon dioxide emissions independently from national government decisions".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pattberg-243">[243]</a> A criticism of the C40 network is that its exclusive nature limits influence to participating cities and risks drawing resources away from less powerful city and regional actors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Indigenous_people">Indigenous people</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Indigenous people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Because Indigenous people<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[245]</a> frequently experience a disproportionate share of the effects of environmental degradation and climate change, even while they have made very little contribution to the processes causing these changes, environmental justice is especially important to them. Indigenous peoples have been marginalized and their lands and resources have been exploited as a result of historical and continuing colonization, institutional injustices, and inequality. Indigenous groups frequently lack the political and financial clout to influence policy decisions that impact their lands and means of subsistence or to lessen the effects of climate change. This makes the already-existing inequalities in these communities' social, economic, and health conditions worse. Furthermore, traditional ecological knowledge and Indigenous knowledge systems provide insightful information about sustainable resource management and climate change adaptation techniques. To promote persistence and environmental justice, Indigenous viewpoints must be acknowledged and integrated into efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt to them. Combating climate change necessitates an all-encompassing strategy that recognizes the interdependence of social, economic, and environmental elements. This entails defending treaty rights, advancing Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination, and aiding Indigenous-led projects for sustainable development and environmental preservation. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Hotspots">Hotspots</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hotspots" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toxic_hotspot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toxic hotspot">Toxic hotspot</a> </div> Air pollution hotspots are areas where air pollution emissions expose individuals to increased negative health effects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[246]</a> They are particularly common in highly populated, urban areas, where there may be a combination of stationary sources (e.g. industrial facilities) and mobile sources (e.g. cars and trucks) of pollution. Fine particulate matter such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diesel_exhaust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diesel exhaust">diesel soot</a>, which contributes to more than 3.2 million premature deaths around the world each year, is a significant problem. It is very small and can lodge itself within the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Diesel soot is concentrated in densely populated areas, and one in six people in the U.S. live near a diesel pollution hot spot, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancer_Alley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancer Alley">Cancer Alley</a> along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mississippi_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <table class="infobox" style="width: 220px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> <noscript> <img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://airvisual.com/earth">AirVisual Earth</a> – realtime map of global wind and air pollution<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[248]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> While air pollution hotspots affect a variety of populations, some groups are more likely to be located in hotspots. Previous studies have shown disparities in exposure to pollution by race and/or income. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazard">Hazardous</a> land uses (toxic storage and disposal facilities, manufacturing facilities, major roadways) tend to be located where property values and income levels are low. Low <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socioeconomic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> status can be a proxy for other kinds of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_vulnerability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social vulnerability">social vulnerability</a>, including race, a lack of ability to influence regulation and a lack of ability to move to neighborhoods with less environmental pollution. These communities bear a disproportionate burden of environmental pollution and are more likely to face health risks such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancer">cancer</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asthma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Drury-249">[249]</a> Studies show that patterns in race and income disparities not only indicate a higher exposure to pollution but also higher risk of adverse health outcomes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Morello-Frosch_2011-250">[250]</a> Communities characterized by low <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socioeconomic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> status and racial minorities can be more vulnerable to cumulative adverse health impacts resulting from elevated exposure to pollutants than more privileged communities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Morello-Frosch_2011-250">[250]</a> Blacks and Latinos generally face more pollution than Whites and Asians, and low-income communities bear a higher burden of risk than affluent ones.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Drury-249">[249]</a> Racial discrepancies are particularly distinct in suburban areas of the Southern United States and metropolitan areas of the Midwestern and Western United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Residents in public housing, who are generally low-income and cannot move to healthier neighborhoods, are highly affected by nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Refinery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Refinery">refineries</a> and chemical plants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png/450px-Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 450px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png/450px-Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png" data-width="450" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png/675px-Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png/900px-Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> air in 2005 after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rain">rain</a> (left) and a smoggy day (right) </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_most_polluted_cities_in_the_world_by_particulate_matter_concentration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most polluted cities in the world by particulate matter concentration">List of most polluted cities in the world by particulate matter concentration</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration</a> </div> Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a>, especially in developing countries where cities are experiencing rapid growth and environmental regulations are relatively lax or nonexistent. Urbanization leads to a rapid rise in premature <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mortality_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a> due to air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-253">[253]</a> However, even populated areas in developed countries have unhealthy levels of pollution, with Los Angeles and Rome being two examples.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Between 2002 and 2011 the incidence of lung cancer in Beijing near doubled. While smoking remains the leading cause of lung cancer in China, the number of smokers is falling while lung cancer rates are rising .<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-256">[256]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>World's Most Polluted Cities 2020</th> <th>2020 Average</th> <th>2019 Average</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Hotan, China</td> <td>110.2</td> <td>110.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ghaziabad, India</td> <td>106.6</td> <td>110.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bulandshahr, India</td> <td>98.4</td> <td>89.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bisrakh Jalalpur, India</td> <td>96.0</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bhiwadi, India</td> <td>95.5</td> <td>83.4</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Tehran was declared the most polluted city in the world on May 24, 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-257">[257]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/32px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="816"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/32px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/48px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/64px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Global_warming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Global warming">Global warming portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/48px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/64px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Plants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Trees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col div-col-small"> Source <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beehive_burner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beehive burner">Beehive burner</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bottom_ash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bottom ash">Bottom ash</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concrete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Concrete_%E2%80%93_health_and_safety" title="Concrete">Concrete#Concrete – health and safety</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diwali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Air_pollution_Air_Pollution_in_India_due_to_Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali-related air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flue-gas_emissions_from_fossil-fuel_combustion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion">Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_impacts_of_sawdust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health impacts of sawdust">Health impacts of sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metal_working?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rubber_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag">Slag</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smelting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tire_fire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tire fire">Tire fire</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welding">Welding</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_ash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood ash">Wood ash</a></li> </ul> Measurement <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant_concentrations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air pollutant concentrations">Air pollutant concentrations</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_molecular_tracers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic molecular tracers">Organic molecular tracers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intake_fraction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intake fraction">Intake fraction</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particulate_matter_sampler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Particulate matter sampler">Particulate matter sampler</a></li> </ul> Others <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_stagnation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air stagnation">Air stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASEAN_Agreement_on_Transboundary_Haze_Pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution">ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critical_load?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critical load">Critical load</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emission_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emission standard">Emission standard</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emissions_%26_Generation_Resource_Integrated_Database?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database">Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_racism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exposome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exposome">Exposome</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Atmosphere_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Atmosphere Watch">Global Atmosphere Watch</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_dimming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indicator_value?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indicator value">Indicator value</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_disasters_by_death_toll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Smog" title="List of accidents and disasters by death toll">List of smogs by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoremediation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=54&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Air_pollution-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Air_pollution_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Air_pollution_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution">"Air pollution"</a>. www.who.int. Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Air+pollution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhealth-topics%2Fair-pollution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/naaqs/carbon-monoxide-co-air-quality-standards">"Carbon Monoxide (CO) Air Quality Standards"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carbon+Monoxide+%28CO%29+Air+Quality+Standards&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fnaaqs%2Fcarbon-monoxide-co-air-quality-standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto1_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManisalidisStavropoulouStavropoulosBezirtzoglou2020" class="citation journal cs1">Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044178">"Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frontiers_in_Public_Health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frontiers in Public Health">Frontiers in Public Health</a>. 8: 14. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3389%252Ffpubh.2020.00014">10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-2565">2296-2565</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044178">7044178</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32154200">32154200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Environmental+and+Health+Impacts+of+Air+Pollution%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7044178%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2296-2565&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32154200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpubh.2020.00014&rft.aulast=Manisalidis&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rft.au=Stavropoulou%2C+Elisavet&rft.au=Stavropoulos%2C+Agathangelos&rft.au=Bezirtzoglou%2C+Eugenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7044178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowellPickerill2016" class="citation book cs1">Howell R, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_Pickerill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenny Pickerill">Pickerill J</a> (2016). "The Environment and Environmentalism". In Daniels P, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_J._Bradshaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael J. Bradshaw">Bradshaw M</a>, Shaw D, Sidaway J, Hall T (eds.). An Introduction To Human Geography (5th ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pearson_Education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pearson Education">Pearson</a>. p. 134. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-12939-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-292-12939-6"><bdi>978-1-292-12939-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Environment+and+Environmentalism&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+To+Human+Geography&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-292-12939-6&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Pickerill%2C+Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HEI_2024_p3-4-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p3-4_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p3-4_5-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p3-4_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth_Effects_InstituteInstitute_for_Health_Metrics_and_EvaluationUNICEF2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_Effects_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health Effects Institute">Health Effects Institute</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNICEF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.stateofglobalair.org/resources/report/state-global-air-report-2024">State of Global Air Report 2024: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and its Health Impacts with a Focus on Children's Health</a>. Health Effects Institute. pp. 3–4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2578-6873">2578-6873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Global+Air+Report+2024%3A+A+Special+Report+on+Global+Exposure+to+Air+Pollution+and+its+Health+Impacts+with+a+Focus+on+Children%27s+Health.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=2578-6873&rft.au=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.au=Institute+for+Health+Metrics+and+Evaluation&rft.au=UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stateofglobalair.org%2Fresources%2Freport%2Fstate-global-air-report-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:10-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:10_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:10_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/news/item/25-06-2024-what-are-health-consequences-of-air-pollution-on-populations">"Health consequences of air pollution"</a>. World Health Organization. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Health+consequences+of+air+pollution&rft.date=2024-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F25-06-2024-what-are-health-consequences-of-air-pollution-on-populations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerLandriganBalakrishnanBathan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller R, Landrigan PJ, Balakrishnan K, Bathan G, Bose-O'Reilly S, Brauer M, et al. (June 2022). "Pollution and health: a progress update". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Lancet_Planetary_Health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lancet Planetary Health">The Lancet Planetary Health</a>. 6 (6): e535 – e547. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252FS2542-5196%252822%252900090-0">10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35594895">35594895</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248905224">248905224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Planetary+Health&rft.atitle=Pollution+and+health%3A+a+progress+update&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee535+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee547%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248905224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35594895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2542-5196%2822%2900090-0&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Landrigan%2C+Philip+J&rft.au=Balakrishnan%2C+Kalpana&rft.au=Bathan%2C+Glynda&rft.au=Bose-O%27Reilly%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Brauer%2C+Michael&rft.au=Caravanos%2C+Jack&rft.au=Chiles%2C+Tom&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Corra%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Cropper%2C+Maureen&rft.au=Ferraro%2C+Greg&rft.au=Hanna%2C+Jill&rft.au=Hanrahan%2C+David&rft.au=Hu%2C+Howard&rft.au=Hunter%2C+David&rft.au=Janata%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Kupka%2C+Rachael&rft.au=Lanphear%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Lichtveld%2C+Maureen&rft.au=Martin%2C+Keith&rft.au=Mustapha%2C+Adetoun&rft.au=Sanchez-Triana%2C+Ernesto&rft.au=Sandilya%2C+Karti&rft.au=Schaefli%2C+Laura&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Seddon%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Suk%2C+William&rft.au=T%C3%A9llez-Rojo%2C+Martha+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Yan%2C+Chonghuai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-JuginovićVukovićAranza2021-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Juginovi%C4%87Vukovi%C4%87Aranza2021_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuginovićVukovićAranzaBiloš2021" class="citation journal cs1">Juginović A, Vuković M, Aranza I, Biloš V (18 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602675">"Health impacts of air pollution exposure from 1990 to 2019 in 43 European countries"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 22516. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1122516J">2021NatSR..1122516J</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41598-021-01802-5">10.1038/s41598-021-01802-5</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602675">8602675</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34795349">34795349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Health+impacts+of+air+pollution+exposure+from+1990+to+2019+in+43+European+countries&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22516&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8602675%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.eissn=2045-2322&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1122516J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34795349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-01802-5&rft.aulast=Juginovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Alen&rft.au=Vukovi%C4%87%2C+Miro&rft.au=Aranza%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Bilo%C5%A1%2C+Valentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8602675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:13-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:13_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:13_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2022-billions-of-people-still-breathe-unhealthy-air-new-who-data">"Billions of people still breathe unhealthy air: new WHO data"</a>. World Health Organization. Retrieved 14 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Billions+of+people+still+breathe+unhealthy+air%3A+new+WHO+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F04-04-2022-billions-of-people-still-breathe-unhealthy-air-new-who-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-boubel2013-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-boubel2013_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoubelValleroFoxTurner2013" class="citation book cs1">Boubel R, Vallero D, Fox D, Turner B, Stern A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpfEkBQAAQBAJ">Fundamentals of Air Pollution</a> (Third ed.). Elsevier. pp. 447–522. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080507071?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780080507071"><bdi>9780080507071</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Air+Pollution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E522&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780080507071&rft.aulast=Boubel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Vallero%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Fox%2C+Donald&rft.au=Turner%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Stern%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfEkBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-brimblecombe50-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brimblecombe50_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrimblecombe2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Brimblecombe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Brimblecombe">Brimblecombe P</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1256/wea.127.06">"The clean air act after 50 years"</a>. Weather. 61 (11): 311–314. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Wthr...61..311B">2006Wthr...61..311B</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1256%252Fwea.127.06">10.1256/wea.127.06</a>. Retrieved 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather&rft.atitle=The+clean+air+act+after+50+years.&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1256%2Fwea.127.06&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Wthr...61..311B&rft.aulast=Brimblecombe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1256%2Fwea.127.06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/progress-cleaning-air-and-improving-peoples-health">"Progress Cleaning the Air and Improving People's Health"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Progress+Cleaning+the+Air+and+Improving+People%27s+Health&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fclean-air-act-overview%2Fprogress-cleaning-air-and-improving-peoples-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment2018" class="citation web cs1">Environment UN (29 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unep.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-montreal-protocol">"About Montreal Protocol"</a>. Ozonaction. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ozonaction&rft.atitle=About+Montreal+Protocol&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft.aulast=Environment&rft.aufirst=U.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fozonaction%2Fwho-we-are%2Fabout-montreal-protocol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements">"Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Global+Climate+Agreements%3A+Successes+and+Failures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fparis-global-climate-change-agreements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution/basic-information-about-no2">"Basic Information about NO2"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Basic+Information+about+NO2&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fno2-pollution%2Fbasic-information-about-no2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/radon-and-health">"Radon"</a>. World Health Organization. Retrieved 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Radon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fradon-and-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32154200-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid32154200_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManisalidisStavropoulouStavropoulosBezirtzoglou2020" class="citation journal cs1">Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044178">"Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review"</a>. Front Public Health. 8: 14. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3389%252Ffpubh.2020.00014">10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044178">7044178</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32154200">32154200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Environmental+and+Health+Impacts+of+Air+Pollution%3A+A+Review.&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7044178%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32154200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpubh.2020.00014&rft.aulast=Manisalidis&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Stavropoulou%2C+E&rft.au=Stavropoulos%2C+A&rft.au=Bezirtzoglou%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7044178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-perera-18">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-perera_18-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-perera_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerera2017" class="citation journal cs1">Perera F (23 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5800116">"Pollution from Fossil-Fuel Combustion is the Leading Environmental Threat to Global Pediatric Health and Equity: Solutions Exist"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research_and_Public_Health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</a>. 15 (1): 16. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3390%252Fijerph15010016">10.3390/ijerph15010016</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601">1660-4601</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5800116">5800116</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29295510">29295510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Pollution+from+Fossil-Fuel+Combustion+is+the+Leading+Environmental+Threat+to+Global+Pediatric+Health+and+Equity%3A+Solutions+Exist&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5800116%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29295510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph15010016&rft.aulast=Perera&rft.aufirst=Frederica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5800116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-5P/Sentinel-5P_data_used_in_new_methane_detection_system">"Mapping methane emissions on a global scale"</a>. European Space Agency. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+methane+emissions+on+a+global+scale&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FApplications%2FObserving_the_Earth%2FCopernicus%2FSentinel-5P%2FSentinel-5P_data_used_in_new_methane_detection_system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60203683">"Climate change: Satellites map huge methane plumes from oil and gas"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Climate+change%3A+Satellites+map+huge+methane+plumes+from+oil+and+gas&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-60203683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauvauxGironMazzolinid'Aspremont2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lauvaux T, Giron C, Mazzolini M, d'Aspremont A, Duren R, Cusworth D, et al. (4 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj4351">"Global assessment of oil and gas methane ultra-emitters"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 375 (6580): 557–561. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.06387">2105.06387</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...375..557L">2022Sci...375..557L</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.abj4351">10.1126/science.abj4351</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35113691">35113691</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246530897">246530897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Global+assessment+of+oil+and+gas+methane+ultra-emitters&rft.volume=375&rft.issue=6580&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E557-%3C%2Fspan%3E561&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246530897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...375..557L&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2105.06387&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abj4351&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35113691&rft.aulast=Lauvaux&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Giron%2C+C.&rft.au=Mazzolini%2C+M.&rft.au=d%27Aspremont%2C+A.&rft.au=Duren%2C+R.&rft.au=Cusworth%2C+D.&rft.au=Shindell%2C+D.&rft.au=Ciais%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abj4351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentschlerLeonova2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rentschler J, Leonova N (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10363163">"Global air pollution exposure and poverty"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature_Communications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>. 14 (1): 4432. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCo..14.4432R">2023NatCo..14.4432R</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41467-023-39797-4">10.1038/s41467-023-39797-4</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10363163">10363163</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37481598">37481598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Global+air+pollution+exposure+and+poverty&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4432&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10363163%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37481598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-023-39797-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatCo..14.4432R&rft.aulast=Rentschler&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft.au=Leonova%2C+Nadezda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10363163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenniseSmith" class="citation web cs1">Pennise D, Smith K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709001603/http://www.who.int/indoorair/interventions/antiguamod21.pdf">"Biomass Pollution Basics"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Health_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/indoorair/interventions/antiguamod21.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biomass+Pollution+Basics&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.aulast=Pennise&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Smith%2C+Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Findoorair%2Finterventions%2Fantiguamod21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/heli/risks/indoorair/indoorair/en/index.html">"Indoor air pollution and household energy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Health_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> and UNEP. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indoor+air+pollution+and+household+energy&rft.pub=WHO+and+UNEP&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fheli%2Frisks%2Findoorair%2Findoorair%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/emissions-of-air-pollutants/emissions-of-air-pollutants-in-the-uk-particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25">"Emissions of air pollutants in the UK – Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)"</a>. GOV.UK. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Emissions+of+air+pollutants+in+the+UK+%E2%80%93+Particulate+matter+%28PM10+and+PM2.5%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fstatistics%2Femissions-of-air-pollutants%2Femissions-of-air-pollutants-in-the-uk-particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-auto-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/factsheets/Pages/wood-smoke.aspx">"Wood burning heaters and your health"</a>. New South Wales Health. NSW Government. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+Health&rft.atitle=Wood+burning+heaters+and+your+health&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.nsw.gov.au%2Fenvironment%2Ffactsheets%2FPages%2Fwood-smoke.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/combustion-pollutants-your-home-guidelines">"Combustion Pollutants in Your Home - Guidelines"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2022. <q>"... most furnaces, wood stoves, fireplaces, gas water heaters, and gas clothes dryers, usually vent (exhaust) the combustion pollutants directly to the outdoors. However, if the vent system is not properly designed, installed, and maintained, indoor pollutants can build up quickly inside the home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combustion+Pollutants+in+Your+Home+-+Guidelines&rft.pub=California+Air+Resources+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2.arb.ca.gov%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Fcombustion-pollutants-your-home-guidelines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNace" class="citation news cs1">Nace T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2017/10/24/china-shuts-down-tens-of-thousands-of-factories-in-widespread-pollution-crackdown/">"China Shuts Down Tens Of Thousands Of Factories In Widespread Pollution Crackdown"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 16 June 2022. <q>... it is estimated that 40 percent of all China's factories have been shut down at some point in order to be inspected... [and] over 80,000 factories have been hit with fines and criminal offenses as a result of their emissions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=China+Shuts+Down+Tens+Of+Thousands+Of+Factories+In+Widespread+Pollution+Crackdown&rft.aulast=Nace&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftrevornace%2F2017%2F10%2F24%2Fchina-shuts-down-tens-of-thousands-of-factories-in-widespread-pollution-crackdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuoZhangGuanSu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Huo H, Zhang Q, Guan D, Su X, Zhao H, He K (16 December 2014). "Examining Air Pollution in China Using Production- And Consumption-Based Emissions Accounting Approaches". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a>. 48 (24): 14139–14147. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EnST...4814139H">2014EnST...4814139H</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1021%252Fes503959t">10.1021/es503959t</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25401750">25401750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Examining+Air+Pollution+in+China+Using+Production-+And+Consumption-Based+Emissions+Accounting+Approaches&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14139-%3C%2Fspan%3E14147&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes503959t&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25401750&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EnST...4814139H&rft.aulast=Huo&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Qiang&rft.au=Guan%2C+Dabo&rft.au=Su%2C+Xin&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Hongyan&rft.au=He%2C+Kebin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuoZhangGuanSu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Huo H, Zhang Q, Guan D, Su X, Zhao H, He K (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es503959t">"Examining Air Pollution in China Using Production- And Consumption-Based Emissions Accounting Approaches"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a>. 48 (24): 14139–14147. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EnST...4814139H">2014EnST...4814139H</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1021%252Fes503959t">10.1021/es503959t</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25401750">25401750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Examining+Air+Pollution+in+China+Using+Production-+And+Consumption-Based+Emissions+Accounting+Approaches&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14139-%3C%2Fspan%3E14147&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes503959t&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25401750&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EnST...4814139H&rft.aulast=Huo&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Qiang&rft.au=Guan%2C+Dabo&rft.au=Su%2C+Xin&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Hongyan&rft.au=He%2C+Kebin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fes503959t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-azarmi-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-azarmi_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzarmiKumarMulheron2015" class="citation web cs1">Azarmi F, Kumar P, Mulheron MJ (7 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280568056">"Particulate matter emissions from activities of building refurbishment"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 12 January 2025. <q>During the refurbishment activities, UFPs accounted for over 90% of the total PNCs ... The highest UFP concentrations were 4860, 740, 650 and 500 times above the background value during wall chasing, drilling, cementing and general demolition activities, respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Particulate+matter+emissions+from+activities+of+building+refurbishment&rft.date=2015-06-07&rft.aulast=Azarmi&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Mulheron%2C+Mike+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280568056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/emissions-of-air-pollutants/emissions-of-air-pollutants-in-the-uk-particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25%23major-emission-sources-for-pm10-and-pm25-in-the-uk">"Emissions of air pollutants in the UK – Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122102456/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/emissions-of-air-pollutants/emissions-of-air-pollutants-in-the-uk-particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25%23major-emission-sources-for-pm10-and-pm25-in-the-uk">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emissions+of+air+pollutants+in+the+UK+%E2%80%93+Particulate+matter+%28PM%3Csub%3E10%3C%2Fsub%3E+and+PM%3Csub%3E2.5%3C%2Fsub%3E%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fstatistics%2Femissions-of-air-pollutants%2Femissions-of-air-pollutants-in-the-uk-particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25%23major-emission-sources-for-pm10-and-pm25-in-the-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzarmiKumar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Azarmi F, Kumar P (July 2016). "Ambient exposure to coarse and fine particle emissions from building demolition". Atmospheric Environment. 137: 62–79. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.137...62A">2016AtmEn.137...62A</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.atmosenv.2016.04.029">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=Ambient+exposure+to+coarse+and+fine+particle+emissions+from+building+demolition&rft.volume=137&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2016.04.029&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016AtmEn.137...62A&rft.aulast=Azarmi&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Prashant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-products/2-a-5-b-construction">"EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EMEP%2FEEA+air+pollutant+emission+inventory+guidebook+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Femep-eea-guidebook-2019%2Fpart-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters%2F2-industrial-processes%2F2-a-mineral-products%2F2-a-5-b-construction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-hkGov-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hkGov_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/public/green/greenrenovation.htm">"GovHK: Green Tips for Home Renovation"</a>. GovHK. 16 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovHK&rft.atitle=GovHK%3A+Green+Tips+for+Home+Renovation&rft.date=2024-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.hk%2Fen%2Fresidents%2Fenvironment%2Fpublic%2Fgreen%2Fgreenrenovation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-waste-crisis-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-waste-crisis_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://phys.org/news/2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html">"Health crisis: Up to a billion tons of waste potentially burned in the open every year"</a>. phys.org. Retrieved 13 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Health+crisis%3A+Up+to+a+billion+tons+of+waste+potentially+burned+in+the+open+every+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookVelis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cook E, Velis CA (6 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169766/">"Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Global_Review_on_Safer_End_of_Engineered_Life&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life (page does not exist)">Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Review+on+Safer+End+of+Engineered+Life&rft.atitle=Global+Review+on+Safer+End+of+Engineered+Life&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Velis%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F169766%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas">"Basic Information about Landfill Gas"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/US_Environmental_Protection_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="US Environmental Protection Agency">US Environmental Protection Agency</a>. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2022. <q>Landfill gas (LFG) is a natural byproduct of the decomposition of organic material in landfills. LFG is composed of roughly 50 percent methane...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Basic+Information+about+Landfill+Gas&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Flmop%2Fbasic-information-about-landfill-gas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ccacoalition.org/projects/open-waste-burning-prevention">"Open waste burning prevention | Climate & Clean Air Coalition"</a>. www.ccacoalition.org. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccacoalition.org&rft.atitle=Open+waste+burning+prevention+%7C+Climate+%26+Clean+Air+Coalition&rft.date=2023-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccacoalition.org%2Fprojects%2Fopen-waste-burning-prevention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/overview-air-pollution-transportation">"Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Air+Pollution+from+Transportation&rft.pub=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2021-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Ftransportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change%2Foverview-air-pollution-transportation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanMaraisBalhatchetEastham2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan RG, Marais EA, Balhatchet CJ, Eastham SD (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9287058">"Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earth's_Future&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Earth's Future (page does not exist)">Earth's Future</a>. 10 (6): e2021EF002612. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EaFut..1002612R">2022EaFut..1002612R</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1029%252F2021EF002612">10.1029/2021EF002612</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2328-4277">2328-4277</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9287058">9287058</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35865359">35865359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%27s+Future&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Rocket+Launch+and+Space+Debris+Air+Pollutant+Emissions+on+Stratospheric+Ozone+and+Global+Climate&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e2021EF002612&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9287058%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EaFut..1002612R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35865359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021EF002612&rft.issn=2328-4277&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft.au=Marais%2C+Eloise+A.&rft.au=Balhatchet%2C+Chloe+J.&rft.au=Eastham%2C+Sebastian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmato2018" class="citation book cs1">Amato F (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhSk0DwAAQBAJ">Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health; Impact and Mitigation Measures</a>. London, UK: Academic Press. p. 4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128117705?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780128117705"><bdi>9780128117705</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Exhaust+Emissions%3A+An+Urban+Air+Quality+Problem+for+Public+Health%3B+Impact+and+Mitigation+Measures&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780128117705&rft.aulast=Amato&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhSk0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31143547-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid31143547_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangWuLiuYang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wang J, Wu Q, Liu J, Yang H, Yin M, Chen S, et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526014">"Vehicle emission and atmospheric pollution in China: problems, progress, and prospects"</a>. PeerJ. 7: e6932. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.7717%252Fpeerj.6932">10.7717/peerj.6932</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526014">6526014</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31143547">31143547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Vehicle+emission+and+atmospheric+pollution+in+China%3A+problems%2C+progress%2C+and+prospects.&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=e6932&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6526014%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31143547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.6932&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Wu%2C+Q&rft.au=Liu%2C+J&rft.au=Yang%2C+H&rft.au=Yin%2C+M&rft.au=Chen%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6526014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAir_Quality_Expert_Group2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_Quality_Expert_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air Quality Expert Group">Air Quality Expert Group</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/assets/documents/reports/aqeg/nitrogen_dioxide_in_the_UK-summary.pdf">Nitrogen Dioxide in the United Kingdom</a> (PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Retrieved 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nitrogen+Dioxide+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Department+for+Environment%2C+Food+and+Rural+Affairs&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Air+Quality+Expert+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk-air.defra.gov.uk%2Flibrary%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2Freports%2Faqeg%2Fnitrogen_dioxide_in_the_UK-summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26142107-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid26142107_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggarwal_P,_Jain_S2015" class="citation journal cs1">Aggarwal P, Jain S (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom%3Dpubmed%26tool%3Dsumsearch.org/cite%26retmode%3Dref%26cmd%3Dprlinks%26id%3D26142107">"Impact of air pollutants from surface transport sources on human health: A modeling and epidemiological approach"</a>. Environ Int. 83: 146–57. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnInt..83..146A">2015EnInt..83..146A</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.envint.2015.06.010">10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.010</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26142107">26142107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ+Int&rft.atitle=Impact+of+air+pollutants+from+surface+transport+sources+on+human+health%3A+A+modeling+and+epidemiological+approach.&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26142107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2015.06.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015EnInt..83..146A&rft.au=Aggarwal+P%2C+Jain+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Feutils%2Felink.fcgi%3Fdbfrom%3Dpubmed%26tool%3Dsumsearch.org%2Fcite%26retmode%3Dref%26cmd%3Dprlinks%26id%3D26142107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20100218a/">"NASA GISS: NASA News & Feature Releases:Road Transportation Emerges as Key Driver of Warming"</a>. www.giss.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.giss.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+GISS%3A+NASA+News+%26+Feature+Releases%3ARoad+Transportation+Emerges+as+Key+Driver+of+Warming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giss.nasa.gov%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2F20100218a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/car-emissions-global-warming">"Car Emissions & Global Warming | Union of Concerned Scientists"</a>. www.ucsusa.org. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucsusa.org&rft.atitle=Car+Emissions+%26+Global+Warming+%7C+Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fresources%2Fcar-emissions-global-warming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia23356-nasas-airs-maps-carbon-monoxide-from-brazil-fires">"NASA's AIRS Maps Carbon Monoxide from Brazil Fires"</a>. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory+%28JPL%29&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+AIRS+Maps+Carbon+Monoxide+from+Brazil+Fires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2Fpia23356-nasas-airs-maps-carbon-monoxide-from-brazil-fires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperDoerrSantinFroyd2018" class="citation journal cs1">Harper AR, Doerr SH, Santin C, Froyd CA, Sinnadurai P (15 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717335878">"Prescribed fire and its impacts on ecosystem services in the UK"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_of_the_Total_Environment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science of the Total Environment">Science of the Total Environment</a>. 624: 691–703. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ScTEn.624..691H">2018ScTEn.624..691H</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2017.12.161">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.161</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29272838">29272838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Prescribed+fire+and+its+impacts+on+ecosystem+services+in+the+UK&rft.volume=624&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E691-%3C%2Fspan%3E703&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2017.12.161&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29272838&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ScTEn.624..691H&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Ashleigh+R.&rft.au=Doerr%2C+Stefan+H.&rft.au=Santin%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Froyd%2C+Cynthia+A.&rft.au=Sinnadurai%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0048969717335878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusseiniAboahIssifu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Husseini R, Aboah DT, Issifu H (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227619308063">"Fire control systems in forest reserves: An assessment of three forest districts in the Northern region, Ghana"</a>. Scientific African. 7: e00245. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciAf...700245H">2020SciAf...700245H</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.sciaf.2019.e00245">10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00245</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2468-2276">2468-2276</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213400214">213400214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+African&rft.atitle=Fire+control+systems+in+forest+reserves%3A+An+assessment+of+three+forest+districts+in+the+Northern+region%2C+Ghana&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=e00245&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sciaf.2019.e00245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213400214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2468-2276&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciAf...700245H&rft.aulast=Husseini&rft.aufirst=Rikiatu&rft.au=Aboah%2C+Daniel+T.&rft.au=Issifu%2C+Hamza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2468227619308063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyesCasal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Reyes O, Casal M (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:VEGE.0000048089.25497.0c">"Effects of forest fire ash on germination and early growth of four pinus species"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant_Ecology_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plant Ecology (journal)">Plant Ecology</a>. 175 (1): 81–89. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PlEco.175...81R">2004PlEco.175...81R</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1023%252FB%253AVEGE.0000048089.25497.0c">10.1023/B:VEGE.0000048089.25497.0c</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-0237">1385-0237</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20388177">20388177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Ecology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+forest+fire+ash+on+germination+and+early+growth+of+four+pinus+species&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AVEGE.0000048089.25497.0c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20388177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1385-0237&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PlEco.175...81R&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Casal%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1023%2FB%3AVEGE.0000048089.25497.0c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunDaiYu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sun F, Dai Y, Yu X (December 2017). "Air pollution, food production and food security: A review from the perspective of food system". Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 16 (12): 2945–2962. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JIAgr..16.2945S">2017JIAgr..16.2945S</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252FS2095-3119%252817%252961814-8">10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61814-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Integrative+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Air+pollution%2C+food+production+and+food+security%3A+A+review+from+the+perspective+of+food+system&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2945-%3C%2Fspan%3E2962&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2095-3119%2817%2961814-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JIAgr..16.2945S&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Feifei&rft.au=Dai%2C+Yun&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xiaohua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10.1038/nature15371-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10.1038/nature15371_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelieveldEvansFnaisGiannadaki2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lelieveld J, Evans JS, Fnais M, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A (September 2015). "The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 525 (7569): 367–371. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.525..367L">2015Natur.525..367L</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fnature15371">10.1038/nature15371</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26381985">26381985</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4460927">4460927</a>. <q>Whereas in much of the USA and in a few other countries emissions from traffic and power generation are important, in eastern USA, Europe, Russia and East Asia agricultural emissions make the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with the estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions regarding particle toxicity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+contribution+of+outdoor+air+pollution+sources+to+premature+mortality+on+a+global+scale&rft.volume=525&rft.issue=7569&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4460927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.525..367L&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature15371&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26381985&rft.aulast=Lelieveld&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Evans%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Fnais%2C+M.&rft.au=Giannadaki%2C+D.&rft.au=Pozzer%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiep2018" class="citation news cs1">Diep F (31 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://psmag.com/environment/californias-farms-are-an-even-larger-source-of-air-pollution-than-we-thought">"California's Farms Are an Even Larger Source of Air Pollution Than We Thought"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacific_Standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Standard&rft.atitle=California%27s+Farms+Are+an+Even+Larger+Source+of+Air+Pollution+Than+We+Thought&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Diep&rft.aufirst=Francie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsmag.com%2Fenvironment%2Fcalifornias-farms-are-an-even-larger-source-of-air-pollution-than-we-thought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2018" class="citation news cs1">Chatterjee R (15 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/15/585886321/your-wall-paint-perfumes-and-cleaning-agents-are-polluting-our-air">"Wall Paint, Perfumes and Cleaning Agents Are Polluting Our Air"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NPR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Wall+Paint%2C+Perfumes+and+Cleaning+Agents+Are+Polluting+Our+Air&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Rhitu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2018%2F02%2F15%2F585886321%2Fyour-wall-paint-perfumes-and-cleaning-agents-are-polluting-our-air&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafemeister2016" class="citation cs2">Hafemeister D (2016), "Biological and Chemical Weapons", Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism in the Post-9/11 World, Cham: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>, pp. 337–351, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252F978-3-319-25367-1_15">10.1007/978-3-319-25367-1_15</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25365-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25365-7"><bdi>978-3-319-25365-7</bdi></a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123302">7123302</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+and+Chemical+Weapons&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Proliferation+and+Terrorism+in+the+Post-9%2F11+World&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7123302%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-25367-1_15&rft.isbn=978-3-319-25365-7&rft.aulast=Hafemeister&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320212032/https://www.cleanairresources.com/data">"Education Data, Visualizations & Graphics on particulate pollution"</a>. www.cleanairresources.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cleanairresources.com/data">the original</a> on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cleanairresources.com&rft.atitle=Education+Data%2C+Visualizations+%26+Graphics+on+particulate+pollution.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanairresources.com%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinKovenHealdFung2009" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein AH, Koven CD, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colette_Heald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colette Heald">Heald CL</a>, Fung IY (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690056">"Biogenic carbon and anthropogenic pollutants combine to form a cooling haze over the southeastern United States"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>. 106 (22): 8835–40. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.8835G">2009PNAS..106.8835G</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1073%252Fpnas.0904128106">10.1073/pnas.0904128106</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690056">2690056</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19451635">19451635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Biogenic+carbon+and+anthropogenic+pollutants+combine+to+form+a+cooling+haze+over+the+southeastern+United+States&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8835-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2690056%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19451635&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0904128106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..106.8835G&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Allen+H.&rft.au=Koven%2C+Charles+D.&rft.au=Heald%2C+Colette+L.&rft.au=Fung%2C+Inez+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2690056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischetti2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fischetti M (2014). "Trees That Pollute". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 310 (6): 14. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SciAm.310f..14F">2014SciAm.310f..14F</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fscientificamerican0614-14">10.1038/scientificamerican0614-14</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25004561">25004561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Trees+That+Pollute&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25004561&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0614-14&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014SciAm.310f..14F&rft.aulast=Fischetti&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://intlpollution.commons.gc.cuny.edu/volcanic-pollution/">"Volcanic Pollution |"</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volcanic+Pollution+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintlpollution.commons.gc.cuny.edu%2Fvolcanic-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2015" class="citation web cs1">US EPA O (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/air-quality-management-process/managing-air-quality-air-pollutant-types">"Managing Air Quality - Air Pollutant Types"</a>. www.epa.gov. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/US_Environmental_Protection_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="US Environmental Protection Agency">US Environmental Protection Agency</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Managing+Air+Quality+-+Air+Pollutant+Types&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=OAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fair-quality-management-process%2Fmanaging-air-quality-air-pollutant-types&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hidy2012-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hidy2012_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidy2012" class="citation book cs1">Hidy G (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOJxPHYnC9b8C">Aerosols: An Industrial and Environmental Science</a>. Elsevier. p. 1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-14251-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-14251-9"><bdi>978-0-323-14251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aerosols%3A+An+Industrial+and+Environmental+Science&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-323-14251-9&rft.aulast=Hidy&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJxPHYnC9b8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roy_M._Harrison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roy M. Harrison">Harrison RM</a> (2005). "1: Sources of Air Pollution". Air Quality Guidelines: Global Update 2005 : Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Sulfur Dioxide. Copenhagen: World Health Organization. p. 9. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9289021926?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9289021926"><bdi>9289021926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Sources+of+Air+Pollution&rft.btitle=Air+Quality+Guidelines%3A+Global+Update+2005+%3A+Particulate+Matter%2C+Ozone%2C+Nitrogen+Dioxide%2C+and+Sulfur+Dioxide&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9289021926&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Roy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation news cs1">Carrington D (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/04/ammonia-from-farms-behind-60-of-uk-particulate-air-pollution-study">"Ammonia from farms behind 60% of UK particulate air pollution – study"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ammonia+from+farms+behind+60%25+of+UK+particulate+air+pollution+%E2%80%93+study&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fnov%2F04%2Fammonia-from-farms-behind-60-of-uk-particulate-air-pollution-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250144316">"The Effect of Changing Background Emissions on External Cost Estimates for Secondary Particulates"</a>. Open environmental sciences. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Effect+of+Changing+Background+Emissions+on+External+Cost+Estimates+for+Secondary+Particulates&rft.pub=Open+environmental+sciences&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F250144316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id%3D77%26t%3D11">"How much of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions are associated with electricity generation?"</a>. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+much+of+U.S.+carbon+dioxide+emissions+are+associated+with+electricity+generation%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Ftools%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq.cfm%3Fid%3D77%26t%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-niosh-co2-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-niosh-co2_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0103.html">"Carbon dioxide"</a>. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.atitle=Carbon+dioxide&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0103.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-hse-co2-68">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hse-co2_68-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hse-co2_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hse.gov.uk/carboncapture/carbondioxide.htm">"General hazards of Carbon Dioxide"</a>. Health and Safety Executive. UK Government. Retrieved 19 April 2023. <q>For over a century CO2 has been recognised as a workplace hazard at high concentrations. CO2 is naturally present in the air we breathe at a concentration of about 0.037% and is not harmful to health at low concentrations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+and+Safety+Executive&rft.atitle=General+hazards+of+Carbon+Dioxide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hse.gov.uk%2Fcarboncapture%2Fcarbondioxide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005: Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization. 2006. p. 12. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-890-2192-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/92-890-2192-6"><bdi>92-890-2192-6</bdi></a>. <q>Some pollutants, and especially those associated with greenhouse warming effects (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Quality+Guidelines+Global+Update+2005%3A+Particulate+matter%2C+ozone%2C+nitrogen+dioxide+and+sulfur+dioxide&rft.place=Copenhagen%2C+Denmark&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-890-2192-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2011-1/fomine.htm">"The Strange Lake Nyos CO2 Gas Disaster: Impacts and The Displacement and Return of Affected Communities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Lake+Nyos+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+Gas+Disaster%3A+Impacts+and+The+Displacement+and+Return+of+Affected+Communities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.massey.ac.nz%2F~trauma%2Fissues%2F2011-1%2Ffomine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidyanathan" class="citation web cs1">Vaidyanathan G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-worst-climate-pollution-is-carbon-dioxide/">"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Worst+Climate+Pollution+Is+Carbon+Dioxide&rft.pub=Scientific+American&rft.aulast=Vaidyanathan&rft.aufirst=Gayathri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-worst-climate-pollution-is-carbon-dioxide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallero2014" class="citation book cs1">Vallero DA (2014). Fundamentals of Air Pollution (5th ed.). Academic Press. p. 421. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-401733-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-401733-7"><bdi>978-0-12-401733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Air+Pollution&rft.pages=421&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-12-401733-7&rft.aulast=Vallero&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2022" class="citation news cs1">Friedman L (22 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/22/climate/epa-supreme-court-pollution.html">"Democrats Designed the Climate Law to Be a Game Changer. Here's How"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Democrats+Designed+the+Climate+Law+to+Be+a+Game+Changer.+Here%27s+How.&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F22%2Fclimate%2Fepa-supreme-court-pollution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/carbon-monoxide-poisoning/">"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – NHS"</a>. 17 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carbon+Monoxide+Poisoning+%E2%80%93+NHS&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fcarbon-monoxide-poisoning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonDerwent2022" class="citation book cs1">Pearson JK, Derwent RG (2022). Air pollution and climate change: the basics. The basics (First ed.). London ; New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-29313-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-29313-2"><bdi>978-1-003-29313-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+pollution+and+climate+change%3A+the+basics&rft.place=London+%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=The+basics&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-003-29313-2&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft.au=Derwent%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonDerwent2022" class="citation book cs1">Pearson JK, Derwent RG (2022). Air pollution and climate change: the basics. The basics (First ed.). London ; New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 19–20. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-29313-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-29313-2"><bdi>978-1-003-29313-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+pollution+and+climate+change%3A+the+basics&rft.place=London+%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=The+basics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-003-29313-2&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft.au=Derwent%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607141238/https://www3.epa.gov/region1/eco/uep/particulatematter.html">"What is Particulate Matter? | Urban Environmental Program in New England"</a>. US EPA. 29 March 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www3.epa.gov/region1/eco/uep/particulatematter.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=What+is+Particulate+Matter%3F+%7C+Urban+Environmental+Program+in+New+England&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.epa.gov%2Fregion1%2Feco%2Fuep%2Fparticulatematter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603014952if_/http://www.newsroom.heart.org/index.php?s%3D43%26item%3D1029">"Evidence growing of air pollution's link to heart disease, death"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newsroom.heart.org/index.php?s%3D43%26item%3D1029">the original</a> on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evidence+growing+of+air+pollution%27s+link+to+heart+disease%2C+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsroom.heart.org%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D43%26item%3D1029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"> // American Heart Association. 10 May 2010</li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres2010" class="citation book cs1">Ayres J (21 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/comeap-mortality-effects-of-long-term-exposure-to-particulate-air-pollution-in-the-uk">Mortality effects of long term exposure to particulate air pollution in the UK</a>. UK: Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85951-685-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85951-685-3"><bdi>978-0-85951-685-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mortality+effects+of+long+term+exposure+to+particulate+air+pollution+in+the+UK&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Committee+on+the+Medical+Effects+of+Air+Pollutants&rft.date=2010-12-21&rft.isbn=978-0-85951-685-3&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fcomeap-mortality-effects-of-long-term-exposure-to-particulate-air-pollution-in-the-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-laden-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-laden_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaden2019" class="citation journal cs1">Laden F (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1097%252F01.EE9.0000608272.94008.7b">"A Tale of Six Cities: The Landmark Harvard Six Cities Study"</a>. Environmental Epidemiology. 3: 221. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1097%252F01.EE9.0000608272.94008.7b">10.1097/01.EE9.0000608272.94008.7b</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210638367">210638367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Six+Cities%3A+The+Landmark+Harvard+Six+Cities+Study&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=221&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.EE9.0000608272.94008.7b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210638367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Laden&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.EE9.0000608272.94008.7b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmesFineSheppard1987" class="citation journal cs1">Balmes J, Fine J, Sheppard D (1987). "Symptomatic bronchoconstriction after short-term inhalation of sulfur dioxide". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Review_of_Respiratory_Disease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="American Review of Respiratory Disease">American Review of Respiratory Disease</a>. 136 (5): 1117–21. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1164%252Fajrccm%252F136.5.1117">10.1164/ajrccm/136.5.1117</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3674573">3674573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Review+of+Respiratory+Disease&rft.atitle=Symptomatic+bronchoconstriction+after+short-term+inhalation+of+sulfur+dioxide&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1117-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Fajrccm%2F136.5.1117&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3674573&rft.aulast=Balmes&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft.au=Fine%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Sheppard%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsBoogaardPolusPfadenhauer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van-Erp AM, et al. (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526394">"Interventions to Reduce Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Their Effect on Health"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cochrane_Database_of_Systematic_Reviews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews">Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</a>. 2019 (5): CD010919. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F14651858.CD010919.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD010919.pub2</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526394">6526394</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31106396">31106396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interventions+to+Reduce+Ambient+Particulate+Matter+Air+Pollution+and+Their+Effect+on+Health&rft.volume=2019&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=CD010919&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6526394%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31106396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010919.pub2&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Boogaard%2C+H&rft.au=Polus%2C+S&rft.au=Pfadenhauer%2C+LM&rft.au=Rohwer%2C+AC&rft.au=van-Erp%2C+AM&rft.au=Turley%2C+R&rft.au=Rehfeuss%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6526394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-usepaso2-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-usepaso2_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution/sulfur-dioxide-basics">"Sulfur Dioxide Basics"</a>. US EPA. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=Sulfur+Dioxide+Basics&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fso2-pollution%2Fsulfur-dioxide-basics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"> <noscript> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_domain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nap.edu/read/1889/chapter/8">Read "Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution" at NAP.edu</a>. 1991. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17226%252F1889">10.17226/1889</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04631-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04631-2"><bdi>978-0-309-04631-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Read+%22Rethinking+the+Ozone+Problem+in+Urban+and+Regional+Air+Pollution%22+at+NAP.edu&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F1889&rft.isbn=978-0-309-04631-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F1889%2Fchapter%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mrgscience.com/ess-topic-63-photochemical-smog.html">"ESS Topic 6.3: Photochemical Smog"</a>. Amazing World of Science With Mr. Green. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazing+World+of+Science+With+Mr.+Green&rft.atitle=ESS+Topic+6.3%3A+Photochemical+Smog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrgscience.com%2Fess-topic-63-photochemical-smog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkansas_Energy_Department_of_Energy_and_Environment" class="citation web cs1">Arkansas Energy Department of Energy and Environment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/air/planning/ozone/cars.aspx">"Cars and Air Pollution"</a>. www.adeq.state.ar.us. Retrieved 24 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adeq.state.ar.us&rft.atitle=Cars+and+Air+Pollution&rft.au=Arkansas+Energy+Department+of+Energy+and+Environment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adeq.state.ar.us%2Fair%2Fplanning%2Fozone%2Fcars.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-epa-voc-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-epa-voc_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/technical-overview-volatile-organic-compounds">"Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 14 March 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Technical+Overview+of+Volatile+Organic+Compounds&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Findoor-air-quality-iaq%2Ftechnical-overview-volatile-organic-compounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2017" class="citation web cs1">US EPA O (5 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/basic-ozone-layer-science">"Basic Ozone Layer Science"</a>. www.epa.gov. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/US_Environmental_Protection_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="US Environmental Protection Agency">US Environmental Protection Agency</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Basic+Ozone+Layer+Science&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=OAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fozone-layer-protection%2Fbasic-ozone-layer-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs/">"Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are heavier than air, so how do scientists suppose that these chemicals reach the altitude of the ozone layer to adversely affect it?"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Chlorofluorocarbons+%28CFCs%29+are+heavier+than+air%2C+so+how+do+scientists+suppose+that+these+chemicals+reach+the+altitude+of+the+ozone+layer+to+adversely+affect+it%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fchlorofluorocarbons-cfcs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghKumarKarmakarSiddiqui2021" class="citation book cs1">Singh R, Kumar S, Karmakar S, Siddiqui AJ, Mathur A, Adnan M, et al. (2021). "2: Causes, Consequences, and Control of Persistent Organic Pollutants". In Kumar N, Shukla V (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNiRAEAAAQBAJ">Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment: Origin and Role</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CRC_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. 31–54. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-05317-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-05317-0"><bdi>978-1-003-05317-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Causes%2C+Consequences%2C+and+Control+of+Persistent+Organic+Pollutants&rft.btitle=Persistent+Organic+Pollutants+in+the+Environment%3A+Origin+and+Role&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-003-05317-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ritu&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Sanjeev&rft.au=Karmakar%2C+Susmita&rft.au=Siddiqui%2C+Arif+J.&rft.au=Mathur%2C+Ankita&rft.au=Adnan%2C+Mohd.&rft.au=Rajput%2C+Vishnu+D.&rft.au=Rani%2C+Anita&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Narendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNiRAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.physorg.com/pdf138201201.pdf">"Newly detected air pollutant mimics damaging effects of cigarette smoke"</a> (PDF). Physorg.com. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physorg.com&rft.atitle=Newly+detected+air+pollutant+mimics+damaging+effects+of+cigarette+smoke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fpdf138201201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090722123751.htm">"Infant Inhalation Of Ultra-fine Air Pollution Linked To Adult Lung Disease"</a>. Sciencedaily.com. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sciencedaily.com&rft.atitle=Infant+Inhalation+Of+Ultra-fine+Air+Pollution+Linked+To+Adult+Lung+Disease&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F07%2F090722123751.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimJahanKabirBrown2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E, Brown RJ (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013001633">"A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environment_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environment International">Environment International</a>. 60: 71–80. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EnInt..60...71K">2013EnInt..60...71K</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.envint.2013.07.019">10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-4120">0160-4120</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24013021">24013021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=A+review+of+airborne+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons+%28PAHs%29+and+their+human+health+effects&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2013.07.019&rft.issn=0160-4120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24013021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EnInt..60...71K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Ki-Hyun&rft.au=Jahan%2C+Shamin+Ara&rft.au=Kabir%2C+Ehsanul&rft.au=Brown%2C+Richard+J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0160412013001633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsiodraGrivasTavernarakiBougiatioti2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tsiodra I, Grivas G, Tavernaraki K, Bougiatioti A, Apostolaki M, Paraskevopoulou D, et al. (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.5194%252Facp-21-17865-2021">"Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_Chemistry_and_Physics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics">Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</a>. 21 (23): 17865–17883. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ACP....2117865T">2021ACP....2117865T</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.5194%252Facp-21-17865-2021">10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1680-7316">1680-7316</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245103794">245103794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.atitle=Annual+exposure+to+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons+in+urban+environments+linked+to+wintertime+wood-burning+episodes&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17865-%3C%2Fspan%3E17883&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Facp-21-17865-2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245103794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1680-7316&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ACP....2117865T&rft.aulast=Tsiodra&rft.aufirst=Irini&rft.au=Grivas%2C+Georgios&rft.au=Tavernaraki%2C+Kalliopi&rft.au=Bougiatioti%2C+Aikaterini&rft.au=Apostolaki%2C+Maria&rft.au=Paraskevopoulou%2C+Despina&rft.au=Gogou%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Parinos%2C+Constantine&rft.au=Oikonomou%2C+Konstantina&rft.au=Tsagkaraki%2C+Maria&rft.au=Zarmpas%2C+Pavlos&rft.au=Nenes%2C+Athanasios&rft.au=Mihalopoulos%2C+Nikolaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Facp-21-17865-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2018" class="citation cs2">Acharya B (1 January 2018), Basu P (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128129920000108">"Chapter 10 - Cleaning of Product Gas of Gasification"</a>, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction (Third Edition), Academic Press, pp. 373–391, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812992-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812992-0"><bdi>978-0-12-812992-0</bdi></a>, retrieved 7 June 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomass+Gasification%2C+Pyrolysis+and+Torrefaction+%28Third+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Chapter+10+-+Cleaning+of+Product+Gas+of+Gasification&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-12-812992-0&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Bishnu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780128129920000108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/smog/">"smog | National Geographic Society"</a>. education.nationalgeographic.org. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=smog+%7C+National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fsmog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVethaakLegler2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vethaak D, Legler J (12 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abe5041">"Microplastics and human health"</a>. Science. 371 (6530): 672–674. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...371..672V">2021Sci...371..672V</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.abe5041">10.1126/science.abe5041</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/1874%252F407468">1874/407468</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33574197">33574197</a>. Retrieved 17 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Microplastics+and+human+health&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=6530&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E672-%3C%2Fspan%3E674&rft.date=2021-02-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F407468&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33574197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abe5041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Sci...371..672V&rft.aulast=Vethaak&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft.au=Legler%2C+Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abe5041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/haps">"Hazardous Air Pollutants"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Hazardous+Air+Pollutants&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fhaps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality-concentrations/air-quality-standards">"Air quality standards"</a>. European Environment Agency. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Environment+Agency&rft.atitle=Air+quality+standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fthemes%2Fair%2Fair-quality-concentrations%2Fair-quality-standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irceline.be/en/documentation/faq/what-is-the-difference-between-emission-concentration-exposure-and-deposition">"What is the difference between emission, concentration, exposure and deposition?"</a>. Belgian Interregional Environmental Agency. Retrieved 16 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belgian+Interregional+Environmental+Agency&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+emission%2C+concentration%2C+exposure+and+deposition%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irceline.be%2Fen%2Fdocumentation%2Ffaq%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-emission-concentration-exposure-and-deposition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/air-quality-energy-and-health/health-impacts">"Air quality, energy and health"</a>. World Health Organization. Retrieved 16 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Air+quality%2C+energy+and+health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fteams%2Fenvironment-climate-change-and-health%2Fair-quality-energy-and-health%2Fhealth-impacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:7-102">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_102-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_102-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallero2007" class="citation book cs1">Vallero DA (1 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shop.elsevier.com/books/fundamentals-of-air-pollution/vallero/978-0-12-373615-4">Fundamentals of Air Pollution</a> (4th ed.). Academic Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124054813?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780124054813"><bdi>9780124054813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Air+Pollution&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft.isbn=9780124054813&rft.aulast=Vallero&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Ffundamentals-of-air-pollution%2Fvallero%2F978-0-12-373615-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Dons_et_al.-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dons_et_al._103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDons2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dons E (2011). "Impact of time-activity patterns on personal exposure to black carbon". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_Environment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmospheric Environment">Atmospheric Environment</a>. 45 (21): 3594–3602. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AtmEn..45.3594D">2011AtmEn..45.3594D</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.atmosenv.2011.03.064">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=Impact+of+time-activity+patterns+on+personal+exposure+to+black+carbon&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3594-%3C%2Fspan%3E3602&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2011.03.064&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AtmEn..45.3594D&rft.aulast=Dons&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Dons_et_al._2019-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dons_et_al._2019_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDons2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dons E (2019). "Transport most likely to cause air pollution peak exposures in everyday life: Evidence from over 2000 days of personal monitoring". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_Environment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmospheric Environment">Atmospheric Environment</a>. 213: 424–432. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AtmEn.213..424D">2019AtmEn.213..424D</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.atmosenv.2019.06.035">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.06.035</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10044%252F1%252F80194">10044/1/80194</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197131423">197131423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=Transport+most+likely+to+cause+air+pollution+peak+exposures+in+everyday+life%3A+Evidence+from+over+2000+days+of+personal+monitoring&rft.volume=213&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E424-%3C%2Fspan%3E432&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10044%2F1%2F80194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197131423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2019.06.035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AtmEn.213..424D&rft.aulast=Dons&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation web cs1">Carrington D (22 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/22/who-cuts-guideline-limits-on-air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels">"WHO slashes guideline limits on air pollution from fossil fuels"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=WHO+slashes+guideline+limits+on+air+pollution+from+fossil+fuels&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fsep%2F22%2Fwho-cuts-guideline-limits-on-air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://aqli.epic.uchicago.edu/news/most-of-the-world-breathes-unsafe-air-taking-more-than-2-years-off-global-life-expectancy/">"Most of the World Breathes Unsafe Air, Taking More Than 2 Years Off Global Life Expectancy"</a>. AQLI. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AQLI&rft.atitle=Most+of+the+World+Breathes+Unsafe+Air%2C+Taking+More+Than+2+Years+Off+Global+Life+Expectancy&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faqli.epic.uchicago.edu%2Fnews%2Fmost-of-the-world-breathes-unsafe-air-taking-more-than-2-years-off-global-life-expectancy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:6-107">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:6_107-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:6_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/exposure-history/Indoor-Air-Pollution-Sources.html">"Taking an Exposure History: What Are Possible Sources of Indoor Air Pollution | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR"</a>. www.atsdr.cdc.gov. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atsdr.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Taking+an+Exposure+History%3A+What+Are+Possible+Sources+of+Indoor+Air+Pollution+%7C+Environmental+Medicine+%7C+ATSDR&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Fcsem%2Fexposure-history%2FIndoor-Air-Pollution-Sources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"> <noscript> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_domain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iea.org/reports/a-vision-for-clean-cooking-access-for-all/executive-summary">"Executive summary – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All – Analysis"</a>. IEA. Retrieved 9 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=Executive+summary+%E2%80%93+A+Vision+for+Clean+Cooking+Access+for+All+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fa-vision-for-clean-cooking-access-for-all%2Fexecutive-summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2016" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124101534/http://www.who.int/airpollution/publications/burning-opportunities/en/">Burning opportunity : clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children</a>. Geneva, Switzerland. pp. VII–XIV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/airpollution/publications/burning-opportunities/en/">the original</a> on 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+opportunity+%3A+clean+household+energy+for+health%2C+sustainable+development%2C+and+wellbeing+of+women+and+children&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EVII-%3C%2Fspan%3EXIV&rft.date=2016&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fairpollution%2Fpublications%2Fburning-opportunities%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health">"Household air pollution and health: fact sheet"</a>. WHO. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft.atitle=Household+air+pollution+and+health%3A+fact+sheet&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fhousehold-air-pollution-and-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieRoser2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannah Ritchie">Ritchie H</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Roser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Roser">Roser M</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ourworldindata.org/indoor-air-pollution%23indoor-air-pollution-is-one-of-the-leading-risk-factors-for-premature-death">"Access to Energy"</a>. Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Access+to+Energy&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Findoor-air-pollution%23indoor-air-pollution-is-one-of-the-leading-risk-factors-for-premature-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-sapiens.revues.org-112">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sapiens.revues.org_112-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sapiens.revues.org_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufloGreenstoneHanna2008" class="citation journal cs1">Duflo E, Greenstone M, Hanna R (26 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sapiens.revues.org/index130.html">"Indoor air pollution, health and economic well-being"</a>. S.A.P.I.EN.S. 1 (1). Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S.A.P.I.EN.S&rft.atitle=Indoor+air+pollution%2C+health+and+economic+well-being&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft.aulast=Duflo&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft.au=Greenstone%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hanna%2C+Rema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsapiens.revues.org%2Findex130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Improved_Clean_Cookstoves-113">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Improved_Clean_Cookstoves_113-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Improved_Clean_Cookstoves_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/improved-clean-cookstoves">"Improved Clean Cookstoves"</a>. Project Drawdown. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Drawdown&rft.atitle=Improved+Clean+Cookstoves&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drawdown.org%2Fsolutions%2Fimproved-clean-cookstoves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwilley2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Twilley N (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/08/the-hidden-air-pollution-in-our-homes">"The Hidden Air Pollution in Our Homes"</a>. The New Yorker – via www.newyorker.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Air+Pollution+in+Our+Homes&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft.aulast=Twilley&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2019%2F04%2F08%2Fthe-hidden-air-pollution-in-our-homes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21059594">"Bucknell tent death: Hannah Thomas-Jones died from carbon monoxide poisoning"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bucknell+tent+death%3A+Hannah+Thomas-Jones+died+from+carbon+monoxide+poisoning&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-21059594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524203454/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123072/AQG2ndEd_6_2_asbestos.PDF">"Chapter 6.2. Asbestos. Air quality guidelines, Second edition"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Health_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123072/AQG2ndEd_6_2_asbestos.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization+Europe&rft.atitle=Chapter+6.2.+Asbestos.+Air+quality+guidelines%2C+Second+edition.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro.who.int%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0015%2F123072%2FAQG2ndEd_6_2_asbestos.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-117">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_117-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/air-quality-energy-and-health/health-impacts">"Air quality, energy and health"</a>. World Health Organization. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+quality%2C+energy+and+health&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fteams%2Fenvironment-climate-change-and-health%2Fair-quality-energy-and-health%2Fhealth-impacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:3-118">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_118-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew2025" class="citation journal cs1">Drew L (14 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00053-y">"Air pollution and brain damage: what the science says"</a>. Nature. 637 (8046): 536–538. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Natur.637..536D">2025Natur.637..536D</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fd41586-025-00053-y">10.1038/d41586-025-00053-y</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39809913">39809913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+and+brain+damage%3A+what+the+science+says&rft.volume=637&rft.issue=8046&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E536-%3C%2Fspan%3E538&rft.date=2025-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-025-00053-y&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39809913&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2025Natur.637..536D&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-025-00053-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDovjakKukec2019" class="citation book cs1">Dovjak M, Kukec A (2019). "Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments". Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 43–82. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252F978-3-030-19412-3_2">10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19411-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19411-6"><bdi>978-3-030-19411-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1285508857">1285508857</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190160283">190160283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Health+Outcomes+Related+to+Built+Environments&rft.btitle=Creating+Healthy+and+Sustainable+Buildings&rft.place=Switzerland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1285508857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190160283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-19412-3_2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-19411-6&rft.aulast=Dovjak&rft.aufirst=Mateja&rft.au=Kukec%2C+Andreja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HEI_2024_p7-8-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p7-8_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth_Effects_InstituteInstitute_for_Health_Metrics_and_EvaluationUNICEF2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_Effects_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health Effects Institute">Health Effects Institute</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNICEF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.stateofglobalair.org/resources/report/state-global-air-report-2024">State of Global Air Report 2024: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and its Health Impacts with a Focus on Children's Health</a>. Health Effects Institute. pp. 7–8. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2578-6873">2578-6873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Global+Air+Report+2024%3A+A+Special+Report+on+Global+Exposure+to+Air+Pollution+and+its+Health+Impacts+with+a+Focus+on+Children%27s+Health.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=2578-6873&rft.au=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.au=Institute+for+Health+Metrics+and+Evaluation&rft.au=UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stateofglobalair.org%2Fresources%2Freport%2Fstate-global-air-report-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HEI_2024_p21-23-121">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p21-23_121-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p21-23_121-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p21-23_121-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p21-23_121-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth_Effects_InstituteInstitute_for_Health_Metrics_and_EvaluationUNICEF2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_Effects_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health Effects Institute">Health Effects Institute</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNICEF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.stateofglobalair.org/resources/report/state-global-air-report-2024">State of Global Air Report 2024: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and its Health Impacts with a Focus on Children's Health</a>. Health Effects Institute. pp. 21–23. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2578-6873">2578-6873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Global+Air+Report+2024%3A+A+Special+Report+on+Global+Exposure+to+Air+Pollution+and+its+Health+Impacts+with+a+Focus+on+Children%27s+Health.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=2578-6873&rft.au=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.au=Institute+for+Health+Metrics+and+Evaluation&rft.au=UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stateofglobalair.org%2Fresources%2Freport%2Fstate-global-air-report-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HEI_2024_p4-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p4_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth_Effects_InstituteInstitute_for_Health_Metrics_and_EvaluationUNICEF2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_Effects_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health Effects Institute">Health Effects Institute</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNICEF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.stateofglobalair.org/resources/report/state-global-air-report-2024">State of Global Air Report 2024: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and its Health Impacts with a Focus on Children's Health</a>. Health Effects Institute. p. 4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2578-6873">2578-6873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Global+Air+Report+2024%3A+A+Special+Report+on+Global+Exposure+to+Air+Pollution+and+its+Health+Impacts+with+a+Focus+on+Children%27s+Health.&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=2578-6873&rft.au=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.au=Institute+for+Health+Metrics+and+Evaluation&rft.au=UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stateofglobalair.org%2Fresources%2Freport%2Fstate-global-air-report-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoser2024" class="citation journal cs1">Roser M (18 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ourworldindata.org/data-review-air-pollution-deaths">"Data review: how many people die from air pollution?"</a>. Our World in Data.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Data+review%3A+how+many+people+die+from+air+pollution%3F&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft.aulast=Roser&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fdata-review-air-pollution-deaths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-who2024-124">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-who2024_124-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-who2024_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health">"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution"</a>. www.who.int. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Health_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Ambient+%28outdoor%29+air+pollution&rft.date=2024-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fambient-%28outdoor%29-air-quality-and-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelieveldKlingmüllerPozzerBurnett2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lelieveld J, Klingmüller K, Pozzer A, Burnett RT, Haines A, Ramanathan V (9 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6462052">"Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (15): 7192–7197. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116.7192L">2019PNAS..116.7192L</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1073%252Fpnas.1819989116">10.1073/pnas.1819989116</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6462052">6462052</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30910976">30910976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Effects+of+fossil+fuel+and+total+anthropogenic+emission+removal+on+public+health+and+climate&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7192-%3C%2Fspan%3E7197&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6462052%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..116.7192L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30910976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1819989116&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Lelieveld&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Klingm%C3%BCller%2C+K.&rft.au=Pozzer%2C+A.&rft.au=Burnett%2C+R.+T.&rft.au=Haines%2C+A.&rft.au=Ramanathan%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6462052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2019-03-12-guardian-126">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2019-03-12-guardian_126-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2019-03-12-guardian_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2019" class="citation news cs1">Carrington D (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/air-pollution-deaths-are-double-previous-estimates-finds-research">"Air pollution deaths are double previous estimates, finds research"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+deaths+are+double+previous+estimates%2C+finds+research&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Fmar%2F12%2Fair-pollution-deaths-are-double-previous-estimates-finds-research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10.1093/cvr/cvaa025-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10.1093/cvr/cvaa025_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelieveldPozzerPöschlFnais2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lelieveld J, Pozzer A, Pöschl U, Fnais M, Haines A, Münzel T (1 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7449554">"Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective"</a>. Cardiovascular Research. 116 (11): 1910–1917. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fcvr%252Fcvaa025">10.1093/cvr/cvaa025</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-6363">0008-6363</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7449554">7449554</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32123898">32123898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardiovascular+Research&rft.atitle=Loss+of+life+expectancy+from+air+pollution+compared+to+other+risk+factors%3A+a+worldwide+perspective&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1910-%3C%2Fspan%3E1917&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7449554%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0008-6363&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32123898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcvr%2Fcvaa025&rft.aulast=Lelieveld&rft.aufirst=Jos&rft.au=Pozzer%2C+Andrea&rft.au=P%C3%B6schl%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Fnais%2C+Mohammed&rft.au=Haines%2C+Andy&rft.au=M%C3%BCnzel%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7449554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://web.archive.org/web/20250114131817/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/air-pollution-deaths-country">"Deaths from air pollution"</a>. Our World in Data. 20 May 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/air-pollution-deaths-country">the original</a> on 14 January 2025. Retrieved 19 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Deaths+from+air+pollution&rft.date=2024-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fair-pollution-deaths-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieRoser2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie H, Roser M (February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution">"Air Pollution"</a>. Our World in Data. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution&rft.date=2024-02&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fair-pollution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/harm-to-human-health-from-air-pollution-2024">"Harm to human health from air pollution in Europe: burden of disease status, 2024"</a>. www.eea.europa.eu. 10 December 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eea.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Harm+to+human+health+from+air+pollution+in+Europe%3A+burden+of+disease+status%2C+2024&rft.date=2024-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fanalysis%2Fpublications%2Fharm-to-human-health-from-air-pollution-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.stateofglobalair.org/data">"Explore the Data | State of Global Air"</a>. www.stateofglobalair.org. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stateofglobalair.org&rft.atitle=Explore+the+Data+%7C+State+of+Global+Air&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stateofglobalair.org%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-GeoHealth_20220516-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GeoHealth_20220516_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaillouxAbelHollowayPatz2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mailloux NA, Abel DW, Holloway T, Patz JA (16 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9109601">"Nationwide and Regional PM2.5-Related Air Quality Health Benefits From the Removal of Energy-Related Emissions in the United States"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GeoHealth&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="GeoHealth (page does not exist)">GeoHealth</a>. 6 (5): e2022GH000603. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GHeal...6..603M">2022GHeal...6..603M</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1029%252F2022GH000603">10.1029/2022GH000603</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9109601">9109601</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35599962">35599962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoHealth&rft.atitle=Nationwide+and+Regional+PM2.5-Related+Air+Quality+Health+Benefits+From+the+Removal+of+Energy-Related+Emissions+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e2022GH000603&rft.date=2022-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9109601%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35599962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2022GH000603&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022GHeal...6..603M&rft.aulast=Mailloux&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.&rft.au=Abel%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Holloway%2C+Tracey&rft.au=Patz%2C+Jonathan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9109601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-science2023mortality-133">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-science2023mortality_133-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-science2023mortality_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennemanChoiratDedoussiDominici2023" class="citation journal cs1">Henneman L, Choirat C, Dedoussi I, Dominici F, Roberts J, Zigler C (24 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10870829">"Mortality risk from United States coal electricity generation"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 382 (6673): 941–946. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...382..941H">2023Sci...382..941H</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.adf4915">10.1126/science.adf4915</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10870829">10870829</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37995235">37995235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mortality+risk+from+United+States+coal+electricity+generation&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=6673&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E941-%3C%2Fspan%3E946&rft.date=2023-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10870829%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37995235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adf4915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Sci...382..941H&rft.aulast=Henneman&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft.au=Choirat%2C+Christine&rft.au=Dedoussi%2C+Irene&rft.au=Dominici%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Zigler%2C+Corwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10870829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieRoser2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannah Ritchie">Ritchie H</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Roser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Roser">Roser M</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy">"What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?"</a>. Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115112316/https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=What+are+the+safest+and+cleanest+sources+of+energy%3F&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fsafest-sources-of-energy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"> Data sources: Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); UNSCEAR (2008; 2018); Sovacool et al. (2016); IPCC AR5 (2014); Pehl et al. (2017); Ember Energy (2021).</li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVohraVodonosSchwartzMarais2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP, Mickley LJ (1 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935121000487">"Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_Research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental Research">Environmental Research</a>. 195: 110754. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ER....19510754V">2021ER....19510754V</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.envres.2021.110754">10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-9351">0013-9351</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33577774">33577774</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231909881">231909881</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=Global+mortality+from+outdoor+fine+particle+pollution+generated+by+fossil+fuel+combustion%3A+Results+from+GEOS-Chem&rft.volume=195&rft.pages=110754&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231909881%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ER....19510754V&rft.issn=0013-9351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envres.2021.110754&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33577774&rft.aulast=Vohra&rft.aufirst=Karn&rft.au=Vodonos%2C+Alina&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Joel&rft.au=Marais%2C+Eloise+A.&rft.au=Sulprizio%2C+Melissa+P.&rft.au=Mickley%2C+Loretta+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0013935121000487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzieTurrentine2021" class="citation web cs1">Mackenzie J, Turrentine J (22 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-need-know">"Air Pollution: Everything You Need to Know"</a>. NRDC. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRDC&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft.au=Turrentine%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrdc.org%2Fstories%2Fair-pollution-everything-you-need-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrowMillerMyllyvirta2020" class="citation book cs1">Farrow A, Miller KA, Myllyvirta L (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-southeastasia-stateless/2020/02/21b480fa-toxic-air-report-110220.pdf">Toxic air: The price of fossil fuels</a> (PDF). Seoul: Greenpeace Southeast Asia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxic+air%3A+The+price+of+fossil+fuels&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Greenpeace+Southeast+Asia&rft.date=2020-02&rft.aulast=Farrow&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Miller%2C+Kathryn+A&rft.au=Myllyvirta%2C+Lauri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Fstatic%2Fplanet4-southeastasia-stateless%2F2020%2F02%2F21b480fa-toxic-air-report-110220.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2295873-air-pollution-from-g20-consumers-caused-two-million-deaths-in-2010/">"Air pollution from G20 consumers caused two million deaths in 2010"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+from+G20+consumers+caused+two+million+deaths+in+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2295873-air-pollution-from-g20-consumers-caused-two-million-deaths-in-2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10.1038/s41467-021-26348-y-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10.1038/s41467-021-26348-y_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNansaiTohnoChataniKanemoto2021" class="citation journal cs1">Nansai K, Tohno S, Chatani S, Kanemoto K, Kagawa S, Kondo Y, et al. (2 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8563796">"Consumption in the G20 nations causes particulate air pollution resulting in two million premature deaths annually"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature_Communications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>. 12 (1): 6286. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.6286N">2021NatCo..12.6286N</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41467-021-26348-y">10.1038/s41467-021-26348-y</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8563796">8563796</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34728619">34728619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Consumption+in+the+G20+nations+causes+particulate+air+pollution+resulting+in+two+million+premature+deaths+annually&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6286&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8563796%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatCo..12.6286N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34728619&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26348-y&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Nansai&rft.aufirst=Keisuke&rft.au=Tohno%2C+Susumu&rft.au=Chatani%2C+Satoru&rft.au=Kanemoto%2C+Keiichiro&rft.au=Kagawa%2C+Shigemi&rft.au=Kondo%2C+Yasushi&rft.au=Takayanagi%2C+Wataru&rft.au=Lenzen%2C+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8563796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-de_BontJaganathanDahlquist2022-140">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-de_BontJaganathanDahlquist2022_140-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-de_BontJaganathanDahlquist2022_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_BontJaganathanDahlquistPersson2022" class="citation journal cs1">de Bont J, Jaganathan S, Dahlquist M, Persson Å, Stafoggia M, Ljungman P (8 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9310863">"Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses"</a>. Journal of Internal Medicine. 291 (6): 779–800. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fjoim.13467">10.1111/joim.13467</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2796">1365-2796</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6820">0954-6820</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9310863">9310863</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35138681">35138681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ambient+air+pollution+and+cardiovascular+diseases%3A+An+umbrella+review+of+systematic+reviews+and+meta-analyses&rft.volume=291&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E779-%3C%2Fspan%3E800&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9310863%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.eissn=1365-2796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjoim.13467&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35138681&rft.issn=0954-6820&rft.aulast=de+Bont&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft.au=Jaganathan%2C+Suganthi&rft.au=Dahlquist%2C+Marcus&rft.au=Persson%2C+%C3%85sa&rft.au=Stafoggia%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Ljungman%2C+Petter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9310863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HEI_2024_p27-141">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p27_141-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p27_141-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p27_141-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth_Effects_InstituteInstitute_for_Health_Metrics_and_EvaluationUNICEF2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_Effects_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health Effects Institute">Health Effects Institute</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNICEF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.stateofglobalair.org/resources/report/state-global-air-report-2024">State of Global Air Report 2024: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and its Health Impacts with a Focus on Children's Health</a>. Health Effects Institute. p. 27. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2578-6873">2578-6873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Global+Air+Report+2024%3A+A+Special+Report+on+Global+Exposure+to+Air+Pollution+and+its+Health+Impacts+with+a+Focus+on+Children%27s+Health.&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=2578-6873&rft.au=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.au=Institute+for+Health+Metrics+and+Evaluation&rft.au=UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stateofglobalair.org%2Fresources%2Freport%2Fstate-global-air-report-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Mayor2016-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mayor2016_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mayor S (12 June 2016). "Air pollution is a leading risk factor for stroke, global study shows". BMJ. 353: i3272. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1136%252Fbmj.i3272">10.1136/bmj.i3272</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-1833">1756-1833</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27298274">27298274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+is+a+leading+risk+factor+for+stroke%2C+global+study+shows&rft.volume=353&rft.pages=i3272&rft.date=2016-06-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27298274&rft.eissn=1756-1833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.i3272&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FeiginRothNaghavi2016-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FeiginRothNaghavi2016_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeiginRothNaghaviParmar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M, Parmar P, Krishnamurthi R, Chugh S, et al. (August 2016). "Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". The Lancet Neurology. 15 (9): 913–924. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252FS1474-4422%252816%252930073-4">10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30073-4</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10292%252F14061">10292/14061</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-4422">1474-4422</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27291521">27291521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Neurology&rft.atitle=Global+burden+of+stroke+and+risk+factors+in+188+countries%2C+during+1990%E2%80%932013%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2013&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E913-%3C%2Fspan%3E924&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10292%2F14061&rft.issn=1474-4422&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27291521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2816%2930073-4&rft.aulast=Feigin&rft.aufirst=Valery+L&rft.au=Roth%2C+Gregory+A&rft.au=Naghavi%2C+Mohsen&rft.au=Parmar%2C+Priya&rft.au=Krishnamurthi%2C+Rita&rft.au=Chugh%2C+Sumeet&rft.au=Mensah%2C+George+A&rft.au=Norrving%2C+Bo&rft.au=Shiue%2C+Ivy&rft.au=Ng%2C+Marie&rft.au=Estep%2C+Kara&rft.au=Cercy%2C+Kelly&rft.au=Murray%2C+Christopher+J+L&rft.au=Forouzanfar%2C+Mohammad+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontoneRinaldiBonanniSeverino2023" class="citation journal cs1">Montone RA, Rinaldi R, Bonanni A, Severino A, Pedicino D, Crea F, et al. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021915023000254">"Impact of air pollution on ischemic heart disease: Evidence, mechanisms, clinical perspectives"</a>. Atherosclerosis. 366: 22–31. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.atherosclerosis.2023.01.013">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.01.013</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36696748">36696748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atherosclerosis&rft.atitle=Impact+of+air+pollution+on+ischemic+heart+disease%3A+Evidence%2C+mechanisms%2C+clinical+perspectives&rft.volume=366&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atherosclerosis.2023.01.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36696748&rft.aulast=Montone&rft.aufirst=Rocco+A.&rft.au=Rinaldi%2C+Riccardo&rft.au=Bonanni%2C+Alice&rft.au=Severino%2C+Anna&rft.au=Pedicino%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Crea%2C+Filippo&rft.au=Liuzzo%2C+Giovanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0021915023000254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinDoironAgustiAnzueto2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sin DD, Doiron D, Agusti A, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Celli BR, et al. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://publications.ersnet.org/content/erj/61/5/2202469">"Air pollution and COPD: GOLD 2023 committee report"</a>. European Respiratory Journal. 61 (5): 2202469. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1183%252F13993003.02469-2022">10.1183/13993003.02469-2022</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0903-1936">0903-1936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+and+COPD%3A+GOLD+2023+committee+report&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2202469&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F13993003.02469-2022&rft.issn=0903-1936&rft.aulast=Sin&rft.aufirst=Don+D.&rft.au=Doiron%2C+Dany&rft.au=Agusti%2C+Alvar&rft.au=Anzueto%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Celli%2C+Bartolome+R.&rft.au=Criner%2C+Gerard+J.&rft.au=Halpin%2C+David&rft.au=Han%2C+MeiLan+K.&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Fernando+J.&rft.au=Montes+de+Oca%2C+Maria&rft.au=Papi%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Pavord%2C+Ian&rft.au=Roche%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Singh%2C+Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.ersnet.org%2Fcontent%2Ferj%2F61%2F5%2F2202469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)">"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)"</a>. World Health Organisation. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organisation&rft.atitle=Chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease+%28COPD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fchronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-%28copd%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltjerBloemsmaBeijersCornelissen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Holtjer JC, Bloemsma LD, Beijers RJ, Cornelissen ME, Hilvering B, Houweling L, et al. (30 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://publications.ersnet.org/lookup/doi/10.1183/16000617.0009-2023">"Identifying risk factors for COPD and adult-onset asthma: an umbrella review"</a>. European Respiratory Review. 32 (168): 230009. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1183%252F16000617.0009-2023">10.1183/16000617.0009-2023</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0905-9180">0905-9180</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10155046">10155046</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37137510">37137510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Respiratory+Review&rft.atitle=Identifying+risk+factors+for+COPD+and+adult-onset+asthma%3A+an+umbrella+review&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=168&rft.pages=230009&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10155046%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0905-9180&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37137510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F16000617.0009-2023&rft.aulast=Holtjer&rft.aufirst=Judith+C.S.&rft.au=Bloemsma%2C+Lizan+D.&rft.au=Beijers%2C+Rosanne+J.H.C.G.&rft.au=Cornelissen%2C+Merel+E.B.&rft.au=Hilvering%2C+Bart&rft.au=Houweling%2C+Laura&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+Roel+C.H.&rft.au=Downward%2C+George+S.&rft.au=Maitland-Van+der+Zee%2C+Anke-Hilse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.ersnet.org%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1183%2F16000617.0009-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouSampathNadeau2024" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou X, Sampath V, Nadeau KC (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(24)00018-8/fulltext">"Effect of air pollution on asthma"</a>. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 132 (4): 426–432. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.anai.2024.01.017">10.1016/j.anai.2024.01.017</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1081-1206">1081-1206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Allergy%2C+Asthma+%26amp%3B+Immunology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+air+pollution+on+asthma&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E426-%3C%2Fspan%3E432&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anai.2024.01.017&rft.issn=1081-1206&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Xiaoying&rft.au=Sampath%2C+Vanitha&rft.au=Nadeau%2C+Kari+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annallergy.org%2Farticle%2FS1081-1206%2824%2900018-8%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeTianHeCragg2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lee S, Tian D, He R, Cragg JJ, Carlsten C, Giang A, et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2542519624002791">"Ambient air pollution exposure and adult asthma incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. The Lancet Planetary Health. 8 (12): e1065 – e1078. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252FS2542-5196%252824%252900279-1">10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00279-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Planetary+Health&rft.atitle=Ambient+air+pollution+exposure+and+adult+asthma+incidence%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee1065+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee1078%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2542-5196%2824%2900279-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Tian%2C+Derek&rft.au=He%2C+Rose&rft.au=Cragg%2C+Jacquelyn+J&rft.au=Carlsten%2C+Chris&rft.au=Giang%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Gill%2C+Prubjot+K&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Kate+M&rft.au=Brigham%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2542519624002791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HEI_2024_p18-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HEI_2024_p18_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth_Effects_InstituteInstitute_for_Health_Metrics_and_EvaluationUNICEF2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_Effects_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health Effects Institute">Health Effects Institute</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNICEF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.stateofglobalair.org/resources/report/state-global-air-report-2024">State of Global Air Report 2024: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and its Health Impacts with a Focus on Children's Health</a>. Health Effects Institute. p. 18. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2578-6873">2578-6873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Global+Air+Report+2024%3A+A+Special+Report+on+Global+Exposure+to+Air+Pollution+and+its+Health+Impacts+with+a+Focus+on+Children%27s+Health.&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=2578-6873&rft.au=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.au=Institute+for+Health+Metrics+and+Evaluation&rft.au=UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stateofglobalair.org%2Fresources%2Freport%2Fstate-global-air-report-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargheseFerrisLeeGrigg2024" class="citation journal cs1">Varghese D, Ferris K, Lee B, Grigg J, Pinnock H, Cunningham S (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppul.26932">"Outdoor air pollution and near‐fatal/fatal asthma attacks in children: A systematic review"</a>. Pediatric Pulmonology. 59 (5): 1196–1206. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252Fppul.26932">10.1002/ppul.26932</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8755-6863">8755-6863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Pulmonology&rft.atitle=Outdoor+air+pollution+and+near%E2%80%90fatal%2Ffatal+asthma+attacks+in+children%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1196-%3C%2Fspan%3E1206&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fppul.26932&rft.issn=8755-6863&rft.aulast=Varghese&rft.aufirst=Deepa&rft.au=Ferris%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Lee%2C+Bohee&rft.au=Grigg%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Pinnock%2C+Hilary&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fppul.26932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://resphealth.org/clean-air/understanding-air-pollution/">"Understanding Air Pollution"</a>. Respiratory Health Association. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Health+Association&rft.atitle=Understanding+Air+Pollution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresphealth.org%2Fclean-air%2Funderstanding-air-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:12-153">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:12_153-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:12_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergSchillerBoffettaCai2023" class="citation journal cs1">Berg CD, Schiller JH, Boffetta P, Cai J, Connolly C, Kerpel-Fronius A, et al. (1 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1556086423006019">"Air Pollution and Lung Cancer: A Review by International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Early Detection and Screening Committee"</a>. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 18 (10): 1277–1289. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.jtho.2023.05.024">10.1016/j.jtho.2023.05.024</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-0864">1556-0864</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37277094">37277094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Oncology&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution+and+Lung+Cancer%3A+A+Review+by+International+Association+for+the+Study+of+Lung+Cancer+Early+Detection+and+Screening+Committee&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1277-%3C%2Fspan%3E1289&rft.date=2023-10-01&rft.issn=1556-0864&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37277094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtho.2023.05.024&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Christine+D.&rft.au=Schiller%2C+Joan+H.&rft.au=Boffetta%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Cai%2C+Jing&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Casey&rft.au=Kerpel-Fronius%2C+Anna&rft.au=Kitts%2C+Andrea+Borondy&rft.au=Lam%2C+David+C.+L.&rft.au=Mohan%2C+Anant&rft.au=Myers%2C+Renelle&rft.au=Suri%2C+Tejas&rft.au=Tammemagi%2C+Martin+C.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Dawei&rft.au=Lam%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1556086423006019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillLimWeedenLee2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hill W, Lim EL, Weeden CE, Lee C, Augustine M, Chen K, et al. (5 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614604">"Lung adenocarcinoma promotion by air pollutants"</a>. Nature. 616 (7955): 159–167. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.616..159H">2023Natur.616..159H</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41586-023-05874-3">10.1038/s41586-023-05874-3</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614604">7614604</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37020004">37020004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Lung+adenocarcinoma+promotion+by+air+pollutants&rft.volume=616&rft.issue=7955&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7614604%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.616..159H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37020004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05874-3&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Lim%2C+Emilia+L.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Clare+E.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Augustine%2C+Marcellus&rft.au=Chen%2C+Kezhong&rft.au=Kuan%2C+Feng-Che&rft.au=Marongiu%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Evans%2C+Edward+J.&rft.au=Moore%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+Felipe+S.&rft.au=Pich%2C+Oriol&rft.au=Bakker%2C+Bjorn&rft.au=Cha%2C+Hongui&rft.au=Myers%2C+Renelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7614604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-155"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/sep/10/cancer-breakthrough-is-a-wake-up-call-on-danger-of-air-pollution">"Cancer breakthrough is a 'wake-up' call on danger of air pollution"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 10 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cancer+breakthrough+is+a+%27wake-up%27+call+on+danger+of+air+pollution&rft.date=2022-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2Fsep%2F10%2Fcancer-breakthrough-is-a-wake-up-call-on-danger-of-air-pollution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarimiSamadi2024" class="citation journal cs1">Karimi B, Samadi S (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38887768/">"Long-term exposure to air pollution on cardio-respiratory, and lung cancer mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering. 22 (1): 75–95. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JEHSE..22...75K">2024JEHSE..22...75K</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs40201-024-00900-6">10.1007/s40201-024-00900-6</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2052-336X">2052-336X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> 11180069. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38887768">38887768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Health+Science+%26+Engineering&rft.atitle=Long-term+exposure+to+air+pollution+on+cardio-respiratory%2C+and+lung+cancer+mortality%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11180069%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024JEHSE..22...75K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38887768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40201-024-00900-6&rft.issn=2052-336X&rft.aulast=Karimi&rft.aufirst=Behrooz&rft.au=Samadi%2C+Sadegh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F38887768%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:11-157">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:11_157-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:11_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerAndersenBaccarelliDiver2020" class="citation journal cs1">Turner MC, Andersen ZJ, Baccarelli A, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Pope CA, et al. (25 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7904962">"Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations"</a>. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 70 (6): 460–479. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3322%252Fcaac.21632">10.3322/caac.21632</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1542-4863">1542-4863</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7904962">7904962</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32964460">32964460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.atitle=Outdoor+air+pollution+and+cancer%3A+An+overview+of+the+current+evidence+and+public+health+recommendations&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E479&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7904962%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1542-4863&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32964460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcaac.21632&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Michelle+C.&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Zorana+J.&rft.au=Baccarelli%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Diver%2C+W.+Ryan&rft.au=Gapstur%2C+Susan+M.&rft.au=Pope%2C+C.+Arden&rft.au=Prada%2C+Diddier&rft.au=Samet%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Thurston%2C+George&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7904962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahmanGauthierCamierBigna2024" class="citation journal cs1">Dahman L, Gauthier V, Camier A, Bigna JJ, Glowacki F, Amouyel P, et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11519201">"Air pollution and kidney cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Journal of Nephrology. 37 (7): 1779–1790. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs40620-024-01984-x">10.1007/s40620-024-01984-x</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1724-6059">1724-6059</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11519201">11519201</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38913266">38913266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+and+kidney+cancer+risk%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1779-%3C%2Fspan%3E1790&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11519201%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1724-6059&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38913266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40620-024-01984-x&rft.aulast=Dahman&rft.aufirst=Lina&rft.au=Gauthier%2C+Victoria&rft.au=Camier%2C+Aurore&rft.au=Bigna%2C+Jean+Joel&rft.au=Glowacki%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Amouyel%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Dauchet%2C+Luc&rft.au=Hamroun%2C+Aghiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11519201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalleyKuylenstiernaVallackHenze2017" class="citation journal cs1">Malley CS, Kuylenstierna JC, Vallack HW, Henze DK, Blencowe H, Ashmore MR (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112553/1/Malley_2017_Environment_International.pdf">"Preterm birth associated with maternal fine particulate matter exposure: A global, regional and national assessment"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environment_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environment International">Environment International</a>. 101: 173–82. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnInt.101..173M">2017EnInt.101..173M</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.envint.2017.01.023">10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.023</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-6750">1873-6750</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28196630">28196630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Preterm+birth+associated+with+maternal+fine+particulate+matter+exposure%3A+A+global%2C+regional+and+national+assessment&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2017.01.023&rft.issn=1873-6750&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28196630&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017EnInt.101..173M&rft.aulast=Malley&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rft.au=Kuylenstierna%2C+Johan+C.+I.&rft.au=Vallack%2C+Harry+W.&rft.au=Henze%2C+Daven+K.&rft.au=Blencowe%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Ashmore%2C+Mike+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F112553%2F1%2FMalley_2017_Environment_International.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:8-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:8_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/air-pollution-and-child-health">Air pollution and child health: prescribing clean air. Summary</a>. Geneva: World Health Organisation. 2018. pp. 2–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+pollution+and+child+health%3A+prescribing+clean+air.+Summary.&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fi%2Fitem%2Fair-pollution-and-child-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:9-161">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:9_161-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:9_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonMackayRehfuess2004" class="citation book cs1">Gordon B, Mackay R, Rehfuess E (2004). "Polluted Cities: The Air Children Breathe". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241591560">Inheriting the World: The Atlas of Children's Health and the Environment</a>. World Health Organisation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polluted+Cities%3A+The+Air+Children+Breathe&rft.btitle=Inheriting+the+World%3A+The+Atlas+of+Children%27s+Health+and+the+Environment&rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Mackay%2C+Richard&rft.au=Rehfuess%2C+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fi%2Fitem%2F9241591560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutheilComptourMorlonMermillod2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dutheil F, Comptour A, Morlon R, Mermillod M, Pereira B, Baker JS, et al. (1 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749121004383">"Autism spectrum disorder and air pollution: A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Environmental Pollution. 278: 116856. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EPoll.27816856D">2021EPoll.27816856D</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.envpol.2021.116856">10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116856</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33714060">33714060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.atitle=Autism+spectrum+disorder+and+air+pollution%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=278&rft.pages=116856&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33714060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2021.116856&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021EPoll.27816856D&rft.aulast=Dutheil&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Comptour%2C+Aur%C3%A9lie&rft.au=Morlon%2C+Roxane&rft.au=Mermillod%2C+Martial&rft.au=Pereira%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Baker%2C+Julien+S.&rft.au=Charkhabi%2C+Morteza&rft.au=Clinchamps%2C+Ma%C3%ABlys&rft.au=Bourdel%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0269749121004383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangSargsyanChoughPetrick2024" class="citation journal cs1">Kang N, Sargsyan S, Chough I, Petrick L, Liao J, Chen W, et al. (15 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026974912401443X">"Dysregulated metabolic pathways associated with air pollution exposure and the risk of autism: Evidence from epidemiological studies"</a>. Environmental Pollution. 361: 124729. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.envpol.2024.124729">10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124729</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-7491">0269-7491</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39147228">39147228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.atitle=Dysregulated+metabolic+pathways+associated+with+air+pollution+exposure+and+the+risk+of+autism%3A+Evidence+from+epidemiological+studies&rft.volume=361&rft.pages=124729&rft.date=2024-11-15&rft.issn=0269-7491&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39147228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2024.124729&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Ni&rft.au=Sargsyan%2C+Suzan&rft.au=Chough%2C+Ino&rft.au=Petrick%2C+Lauren&rft.au=Liao%2C+Jiawen&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wu&rft.au=Pavlovic%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Lurmann%2C+Frederick+W.&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Mayra+P.&rft.au=McConnell%2C+Rob&rft.au=Xiang%2C+Anny+H.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zhanghua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS026974912401443X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/18/air-pollution-causes-jump-in-dementia-risk-study-suggests">Air pollution linked to much greater risk of dementia</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulvezLópez-VicenteWarembourgMaitre2021" class="citation journal cs1">Julvez J, López-Vicente M, Warembourg C, Maitre L, Philippat C, Gützkow KB, et al. (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8287594">"Early life multiple exposures and child cognitive function: A multi-centric birth cohort study in six European countries"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_Pollution_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental Pollution (journal)">Environmental Pollution</a>. 284: 117404. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EPoll.28417404J">2021EPoll.28417404J</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.envpol.2021.117404">10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117404</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-7491">0269-7491</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8287594">8287594</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34077897">34077897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.atitle=Early+life+multiple+exposures+and+child+cognitive+function%3A+A+multi-centric+birth+cohort+study+in+six+European+countries&rft.volume=284&rft.pages=117404&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8287594%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021EPoll.28417404J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34077897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2021.117404&rft.issn=0269-7491&rft.aulast=Julvez&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Vicente%2C+M%C3%B3nica&rft.au=Warembourg%2C+Charline&rft.au=Maitre%2C+Lea&rft.au=Philippat%2C+Claire&rft.au=G%C3%BCtzkow%2C+Kristine+B.&rft.au=Guxens%2C+Monica&rft.au=Evandt%2C+Jorunn&rft.au=Andrusaityte%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Burgaleta%2C+Miguel&rft.au=Casas%2C+Maribel&rft.au=Chatzi%2C+Leda&rft.au=de+Castro%2C+Montserrat&rft.au=Donaire-Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+David&rft.au=Gra%C5%BEulevi%C4%8Dien%C4%97%2C+Regina&rft.au=Hernandez-Ferrer%2C+Carles&rft.au=Heude%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Mceachan%2C+Rosie&rft.au=Mon-Williams%2C+Mark&rft.au=Nieuwenhuijsen%2C+Mark&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Sakhi%2C+Amrit+K.&rft.au=Sebastian-Galles%2C+Nuria&rft.au=Slama%2C+Remy&rft.au=Sunyer%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Tamayo-Uria%2C+Ibon&rft.au=Thomsen%2C+Cathrine&rft.au=Urquiza%2C+Jose&rft.au=Vafeiadi%2C+Marina&rft.au=Wright%2C+John&rft.au=Basaga%C3%B1a%2C+Xavier&rft.au=Vrijheid%2C+Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8287594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107523-166">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107523_166-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107523_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostaColeDaoChang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Costa LG, Cole TB, Dao K, Chang YC, Coburn J, Garrick JM (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7245732">"Effects of air pollution on the nervous system and its possible role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharmacology_%26_Therapeutics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pharmacology & Therapeutics">Pharmacology & Therapeutics</a>. 210: 107523. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.pharmthera.2020.107523">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107523</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-016X">1879-016X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7245732">7245732</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32165138">32165138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Effects+of+air+pollution+on+the+nervous+system+and+its+possible+role+in+neurodevelopmental+and+neurodegenerative+disorders&rft.volume=210&rft.pages=107523&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7245732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1879-016X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32165138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2020.107523&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Lucio+G.&rft.au=Cole%2C+Toby+B.&rft.au=Dao%2C+Khoi&rft.au=Chang%2C+Yu-Chi&rft.au=Coburn%2C+Jacki&rft.au=Garrick%2C+Jacqueline+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7245732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkPereraBraunKingsley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Volk HE, Perera F, Braun JM, Kingsley SL, Gray K, Buckley J, et al. (1 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8060371">"Prenatal air pollution exposure and neurodevelopment: A review and blueprint for a harmonized approach within ECHO"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_Research_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research (journal)">Environmental Research</a>. 196: 110320. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ER....19610320V">2021ER....19610320V</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.envres.2020.110320">10.1016/j.envres.2020.110320</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-9351">0013-9351</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8060371">8060371</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33098817">33098817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=Prenatal+air+pollution+exposure+and+neurodevelopment%3A+A+review+and+blueprint+for+a+harmonized+approach+within+ECHO&rft.volume=196&rft.pages=110320&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8060371%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ER....19610320V&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33098817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envres.2020.110320&rft.issn=0013-9351&rft.aulast=Volk&rft.aufirst=Heather+E.&rft.au=Perera%2C+Frederica&rft.au=Braun%2C+Joseph+M.&rft.au=Kingsley%2C+Samantha+L.&rft.au=Gray%2C+Kimberly&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Jessie&rft.au=Clougherty%2C+Jane+E.&rft.au=Croen%2C+Lisa+A.&rft.au=Eskenazi%2C+Brenda&rft.au=Herting%2C+Megan&rft.au=Just%2C+Allan+C.&rft.au=Kloog%2C+Itai&rft.au=Margolis%2C+Amy&rft.au=McClure%2C+Leslie+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Levine%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Wright%2C+Rosalind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8060371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShangYangYangHuang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shang L, Yang L, Yang W, Huang L, Qi C, Yang Z, et al. (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329770">"Effects of prenatal exposure to NO2 on children's neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Environmental_Science_and_Pollution_Research&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Environmental Science and Pollution Research (page does not exist)">Environmental Science and Pollution Research</a>. 27 (20): 24786–24798. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ESPR...2724786S">2020ESPR...2724786S</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs11356-020-08832-y">10.1007/s11356-020-08832-y</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1614-7499">1614-7499</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329770">7329770</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32356052">32356052</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216650267">216650267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Effects+of+prenatal+exposure+to+NO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+on+children%27s+neurodevelopment%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24786-%3C%2Fspan%3E24798&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7329770%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216650267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ESPR...2724786S&rft.issn=1614-7499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-020-08832-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32356052&rft.aulast=Shang&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Yang%2C+Liren&rft.au=Yang%2C+Wenfang&rft.au=Huang%2C+Liyan&rft.au=Qi%2C+Cuifang&rft.au=Yang%2C+Zixuan&rft.au=Fu%2C+Zhuxuan&rft.au=Chung%2C+Mei+Chun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7329770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaoTianHuYu2024" class="citation journal cs1">Cao T, Tian M, Hu H, Yu Q, You J, Yang Y, et al. (1 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00207640231197941?url_ver%3DZ39.88-2003%26rfr_id%3Dori:rid:crossref.org%26rfr_dat%3Dcr_pub%2520%25200pubmed">"The relationship between air pollution and depression and anxiety disorders – A systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of a cohort-based study"</a>. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 70 (2): 241–270. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F00207640231197941">10.1177/00207640231197941</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7640">0020-7640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Social+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+air+pollution+and+depression+and+anxiety+disorders+%E2%80%93+A+systematic+evaluation+and+meta-analysis+of+a+cohort-based+study&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00207640231197941&rft.issn=0020-7640&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Tingting&rft.au=Tian%2C+Meichen&rft.au=Hu%2C+Han&rft.au=Yu%2C+Qingqing&rft.au=You%2C+Jing&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yishu&rft.au=An%2C+Zhen&rft.au=Song%2C+Jie&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Guofu&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Guicheng&rft.au=Wu%2C+Weidong&rft.au=Wu%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F00207640231197941%3Furl_ver%3DZ39.88-2003%26rfr_id%3Dori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org%26rfr_dat%3Dcr_pub%2520%25200pubmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangDingYangQiao2024" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang X, Ding L, Yang F, Qiao G, Gao X, Xiong Z, et al. (8 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38719299/">"Association between indoor air pollution and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies"</a>. BMJ open. 14 (5): e075105. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1136%252Fbmjopen-2023-075105">10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075105</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055">2044-6055</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38719299">38719299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+open&rft.atitle=Association+between+indoor+air+pollution+and+depression%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+cohort+studies&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e075105&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft.issn=2044-6055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38719299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2023-075105&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiaona&rft.au=Ding%2C+Linlin&rft.au=Yang%2C+Fen&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Guiyuan&rft.au=Gao%2C+Xiaolian&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Zhenfang&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xinhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F38719299%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWangGuDeng2021" class="citation journal cs1">Liu Q, Wang W, Gu X, Deng F, Wang X, Lin H, et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33481201/">"Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 28 (8): 9029–9049. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs11356-021-12357-3">10.1007/s11356-021-12357-3</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1614-7499">1614-7499</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33481201">33481201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research+International&rft.atitle=Association+between+particulate+matter+air+pollution+and+risk+of+depression+and+suicide%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9029-%3C%2Fspan%3E9049&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1614-7499&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33481201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-021-12357-3&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Qisijing&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wanzhou&rft.au=Gu%2C+Xuelin&rft.au=Deng%2C+Furong&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xueqin&rft.au=Lin%2C+Hualiang&rft.au=Guo%2C+Xinbiao&rft.au=Wu%2C+Shaowei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F33481201%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonSmithKarimShen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson R, Smith RB, Karim YB, Shen C, Drummond K, Teng C, et al. (10 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004896972207334X">"Air pollution and human cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Science of The Total Environment. 859: 160234. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2022.160234">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160234</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+The+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+and+human+cognition%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=859&rft.pages=160234&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.160234&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Rhiannon&rft.au=Smith%2C+Rachel+B.&rft.au=Karim%2C+Yasmin+Bou&rft.au=Shen%2C+Chen&rft.au=Drummond%2C+Kayleigh&rft.au=Teng%2C+Chloe&rft.au=Toledano%2C+Mireille+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS004896972207334X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongMuellerBurneyZhang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hong C, Mueller ND, Burney JA, Zhang Y, AghaKouchak A, Moore FC, et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-020-0043-8">"Impacts of ozone and climate change on yields of perennial crops in California"</a>. Nature Food. 1 (3): 166–172. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs43016-020-0043-8">10.1038/s43016-020-0043-8</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216425480">216425480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Food&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+ozone+and+climate+change+on+yields+of+perennial+crops+in+California&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43016-020-0043-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216425480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Chaopeng&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Nathaniel+D.&rft.au=Burney%2C+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yang&rft.au=AghaKouchak%2C+Amir&rft.au=Moore%2C+Frances+C.&rft.au=Qin%2C+Yue&rft.au=Tong%2C+Dan&rft.au=Davis%2C+Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs43016-020-0043-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiTangCaoGuo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Li H, Tang M, Cao A, Guo L (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-21287-7">"Assessing the relationship between air pollution, agricultural insurance, and agricultural green total factor productivity: evidence from China"</a>. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29 (52): 78381–78395. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ESPR...2978381L">2022ESPR...2978381L</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs11356-022-21287-7">10.1007/s11356-022-21287-7</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0944-1344">0944-1344</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35689771">35689771</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249551277">249551277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+relationship+between+air+pollution%2C+agricultural+insurance%2C+and+agricultural+green+total+factor+productivity%3A+evidence+from+China&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78381-%3C%2Fspan%3E78395&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249551277%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESPR...2978381L&rft.issn=0944-1344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-022-21287-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35689771&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Houjian&rft.au=Tang%2C+Mengqian&rft.au=Cao%2C+Andi&rft.au=Guo%2C+Lili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-022-21287-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashyapKuttippurathPatel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kashyap R, Kuttippurath J, Patel VK (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9805897">"Improved air quality leads to enhanced vegetation growth during the COVID–19 lockdown in India"</a>. Applied Geography. 151: 102869. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023AppGe.15102869K">2023AppGe.15102869K</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.apgeog.2022.102869">10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102869</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-6228">0143-6228</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9805897">9805897</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36619606">36619606</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255439854">255439854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Geography&rft.atitle=Improved+air+quality+leads+to+enhanced+vegetation+growth+during+the+COVID%E2%80%9319+lockdown+in+India&rft.volume=151&rft.pages=102869&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9805897%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255439854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023AppGe.15102869K&rft.issn=0143-6228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apgeog.2022.102869&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36619606&rft.aulast=Kashyap&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft.au=Kuttippurath%2C+J.&rft.au=Patel%2C+V.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9805897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuttippurathSinghDashMallic2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kuttippurath J, Singh A, Dash SP, Mallic N, Clerbaux C, Van Damme M, et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720335063">"Record high levels of atmospheric ammonia over India: Spatial and temporal analyses"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 740: 139986. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.74039986K">2020ScTEn.74039986K</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2020.139986">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139986</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32927535">32927535</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221722300">221722300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Record+high+levels+of+atmospheric+ammonia+over+India%3A+Spatial+and+temporal+analyses&rft.volume=740&rft.pages=139986&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221722300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ScTEn.74039986K&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.139986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32927535&rft.aulast=Kuttippurath&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Singh%2C+A.&rft.au=Dash%2C+S.+P.&rft.au=Mallic%2C+N.&rft.au=Clerbaux%2C+C.&rft.au=Van+Damme%2C+M.&rft.au=Clarisse%2C+L.&rft.au=Coheur%2C+P.-F.&rft.au=Raj%2C+S.&rft.au=Abbhishek%2C+K.&rft.au=Varikoden%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0048969720335063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2022" class="citation book cs1">World Bank (12 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldbank.org/404_response.htm">The Global Health Cost of PM2.5 Air Pollution: A Case for Action Beyond 2021</a>. The World Bank. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1596%252F978-1-4648-1816-5">10.1596/978-1-4648-1816-5</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1816-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1816-5"><bdi>978-1-4648-1816-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Health+Cost+of+PM2.5+Air+Pollution%3A+A+Case+for+Action+Beyond+2021&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1596%2F978-1-4648-1816-5&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-1816-5&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2F404_response.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-documents.worldbank.org-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-documents.worldbank.org_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_BankInstitute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation_at_University_of_Washington_–_Seattle2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at University of Washington – Seattle (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/781521473177013155/pdf/108141-REVISED-Cost-of-PollutionWebCORRECTEDfile.pdf">The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">The World Bank</a>. xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cost+of+Air+Pollution%3A+Strengthening+the+Economic+Case+for+Action&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2016&rft.au=World+Bank&rft.au=Institute+for+Health+Metrics+and+Evaluation+at+University+of+Washington+%E2%80%93+Seattle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F781521473177013155%2Fpdf%2F108141-REVISED-Cost-of-PollutionWebCORRECTEDfile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-commondreams.org-179"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-commondreams.org_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley2016" class="citation news cs1">McCauley L (8 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/08/making-case-clean-air-world-bank-says-pollution-cost-global-economy-5-trillion">"Making Case for Clean Air, World Bank Says Pollution Cost Global Economy $5 Trillion"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Dreams?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common Dreams">Common Dreams</a>. Retrieved 3 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Making+Case+for+Clean+Air%2C+World+Bank+Says+Pollution+Cost+Global+Economy+%245+Trillion&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fnews%2F2016%2F09%2F08%2Fmaking-case-clean-air-world-bank-says-pollution-cost-global-economy-5-trillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangSongXuChen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Wang S, Song R, Xu Z, Chen M, Di Tanna GL, Downey L, et al. (21 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337783">"The costs, health and economic impact of air pollution control strategies: a systematic review"</a>. Global Health Research and Policy. 9 (1): 30. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1186%252Fs41256-024-00373-y">10.1186/s41256-024-00373-y</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-0642">2397-0642</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337783">11337783</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39164785">39164785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Health+Research+and+Policy&rft.atitle=The+costs%2C+health+and+economic+impact+of+air+pollution+control+strategies%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2024-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11337783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2397-0642&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39164785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs41256-024-00373-y&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Siyuan&rft.au=Song%2C+Rong&rft.au=Xu%2C+Zhiwei&rft.au=Chen%2C+Mingsheng&rft.au=Di+Tanna%2C+Gian+Luca&rft.au=Downey%2C+Laura&rft.au=Jan%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Si%2C+Lei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11337783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Lavy_Rachkovski_Yoresh_2022_p.-181"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lavy_Rachkovski_Yoresh_2022_p._181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavyRachkovskiYoresh2022" class="citation report cs1">Lavy V, Rachkovski G, Yoresh O (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nber.org/papers/w30715">Heads Up: Does Air Pollution Cause Workplace Accidents?</a> (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3386%252Fw30715">10.3386/w30715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Heads+Up%3A+Does+Air+Pollution+Cause+Workplace+Accidents%3F&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw30715&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Rachkovski%2C+Genia&rft.au=Yoresh%2C+Omry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw30715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti" class="citation news cs1">Chakrabarti S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2004/s1257352.htm">"20th anniversary of world's worst industrial disaster"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=20th+anniversary+of+world%27s+worst+industrial+disaster&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Simi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fworldtoday%2Fcontent%2F2004%2Fs1257352.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-EHP_112_1-183"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellDavisFletcher2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bell ML, Davis DL, Fletcher T (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241789">"A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_Health_Perspectives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental Health Perspectives">Environ Health Perspect</a>. 112 (1): 6–8. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnvHP.112....6B">2004EnvHP.112....6B</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1289%252Fehp.6539">10.1289/ehp.6539</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241789">1241789</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14698923">14698923</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13045119">13045119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ+Health+Perspect&rft.atitle=A+Retrospective+Assessment+of+Mortality+from+the+London+Smog+Episode+of+1952%3A+The+Role+of+Influenza+and+Pollution&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241789%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13045119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EnvHP.112....6B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14698923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.6539&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Michelle+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Devra+L.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2002" class="citation book cs1">Davis D (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/whensmokeranlike00davi">When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle Against Pollution</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basic_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01521-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01521-4"><bdi>978-0-465-01521-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Smoke+Ran+Like+Water%3A+Tales+of+Environmental+Deception+and+the+Battle+Against+Pollution&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01521-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Devra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhensmokeranlike00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeselsonGuilleminHugh-Jones1994" class="citation journal cs1">Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M (November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921004004/http://www.anthrax.osd.mil/documents/library/Sverdlovsk.pdf">"The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979"</a> (PDF). Science. 266 (5188): 1202–08. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...266.1202M">1994Sci...266.1202M</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.7973702">10.1126/science.7973702</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7973702">7973702</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.anthrax.osd.mil/documents/library/Sverdlovsk.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Sverdlovsk+anthrax+outbreak+of+1979&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=5188&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1202-%3C%2Fspan%3E08&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7973702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7973702&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Sci...266.1202M&rft.aulast=Meselson&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Guillemin%2C+J&rft.au=Hugh-Jones%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthrax.osd.mil%2Fdocuments%2Flibrary%2FSverdlovsk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamahanThurston1998" class="citation journal cs1">Camahan JV, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deborah_Thurston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deborah Thurston">Thurston DL</a> (1998). "Trade-off Modeling for Product and Manufacturing Process Design for the Environment". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Industrial_Ecology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Industrial Ecology">Journal of Industrial Ecology</a>. 2 (1): 79–92. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JInEc...2...79C">1998JInEc...2...79C</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1162%252Fjiec.1998.2.1.79">10.1162/jiec.1998.2.1.79</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9290">1530-9290</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154730593">154730593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Trade-off+Modeling+for+Product+and+Manufacturing+Process+Design+for+the+Environment&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjiec.1998.2.1.79&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154730593%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1530-9290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JInEc...2...79C&rft.aulast=Camahan&rft.aufirst=James+V.&rft.au=Thurston%2C+Deborah+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsonvon_KraulandCoughlinPalmer2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson MZ, von Krauland AK, Coughlin SJ, Palmer FC, Smith MM (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499">"Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_Energy_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable Energy (journal)">Renewable Energy</a>. 184: 430–442. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022REne..184..430J">2022REne..184..430J</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.renene.2021.11.067">10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-1481">0960-1481</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244820608">244820608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Energy&rft.atitle=Zero+air+pollution+and+zero+carbon+from+all+energy+at+low+cost+and+without+blackouts+in+variable+weather+throughout+the+U.S.+with+100%25+wind-water-solar+and+storage&rft.volume=184&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.renene.2021.11.067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244820608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0960-1481&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022REne..184..430J&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Mark+Z.&rft.au=von+Krauland%2C+Anna-Katharina&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Frances+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Miles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0960148121016499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGielenBoshellSayginBazilian2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gielen D, Boshell F, Saygin D, Bazilian MD, Wagner N, Gorini R (1 April 2019). "The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Energy_Strategy_Reviews&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Energy Strategy Reviews (page does not exist)">Energy Strategy Reviews</a>. 24: 38–50. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EneSR..24...38G">2019EneSR..24...38G</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.esr.2019.01.006">10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-467X">2211-467X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135283552">135283552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Strategy+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+role+of+renewable+energy+in+the+global+energy+transformation&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.esr.2019.01.006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135283552%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2211-467X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EneSR..24...38G&rft.aulast=Gielen&rft.aufirst=Dolf&rft.au=Boshell%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Saygin%2C+Deger&rft.au=Bazilian%2C+Morgan+D.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Gorini%2C+Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Fensterstock1971-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fensterstock1971_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFensterstockKurtzwegOzolins1971" class="citation journal cs1">Fensterstock JC, Kurtzweg JA, Ozolins G (1971). "Reduction of Air Pollution Potential through Environmental Planning". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_Air_Pollution_Control_Association&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association (page does not exist)">Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association</a>. 21 (7): 395–399. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F00022470.1971.10469547">10.1080/00022470.1971.10469547</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5148260">5148260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Air+Pollution+Control+Association&rft.atitle=Reduction+of+Air+Pollution+Potential+through+Environmental+Planning&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00022470.1971.10469547&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5148260&rft.aulast=Fensterstock&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Kurtzweg%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Ozolins%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Fensterstock1972-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fensterstock1972_190-0">^</a> Fensterstock, Ketcham and Walsh, The Relationship of Land Use and Transportation Planning to Air Quality Management, Ed. George Hagevik, May 1972.</li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oas.org/pgdm/document/bitc/papers/dthomas.htm">"The Importance of Development Plans/Land Use Policy for Development Control"</a>. www.oas.org. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oas.org&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Development+Plans%2FLand+Use+Policy+for+Development+Control&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oas.org%2Fpgdm%2Fdocument%2Fbitc%2Fpapers%2Fdthomas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuttippurathPatelPathakSingh2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kuttippurath J, Patel VK, Pathak M, Singh A (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9189448">"Improvements in SO2 pollution in India: role of technology and environmental regulations"</a>. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29 (52): 78637–78649. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ESPR...2978637K">2022ESPR...2978637K</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs11356-022-21319-2">10.1007/s11356-022-21319-2</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1614-7499">1614-7499</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9189448">9189448</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35696063">35696063</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249613744">249613744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Improvements+in+SO2+pollution+in+India%3A+role+of+technology+and+environmental+regulations&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78637-%3C%2Fspan%3E78649&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9189448%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249613744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESPR...2978637K&rft.issn=1614-7499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-022-21319-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35696063&rft.aulast=Kuttippurath&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Patel%2C+V.+K.&rft.au=Pathak%2C+M.&rft.au=Singh%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9189448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2011" class="citation news cs1">Palmer J (12 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15694973">"'Smog-Eating' Material Breaking into the Big Time"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Smog-Eating%27+Material+Breaking+into+the+Big+Time&rft.date=2011-11-12&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-15694973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27425217">"Nanotechnology to gobble up pollution"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nanotechnology+to+gobble+up+pollution&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-27425217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobson-195">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jacobson_195-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jacobson_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Z. Jacobson">Jacobson MZ</a> (2015). "100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy road maps for the 50 United States". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energy_and_Environmental_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy and Environmental Science">Energy and Environmental Science</a>. 8 (7): 2093–2117. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1039%252FC5EE01283J">10.1039/C5EE01283J</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+and+Environmental+Science&rft.atitle=100%25+clean+and+renewable+wind%2C+water%2C+and+sunlight+%28WWS%29+all-sector+energy+road+maps+for+the+50+United+States&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2093-%3C%2Fspan%3E2117&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC5EE01283J&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Mark+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrellingBadami2022" class="citation journal cs1">Krelling C, Badami MG (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967070X21002973">"Cost-effectiveness analysis of compressed natural gas implementation in the public bus transit fleet in Delhi, India"</a>. Transport Policy. 115: 49–61. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.tranpol.2021.10.019">10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.10.019</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-070X">0967-070X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transport+Policy&rft.atitle=Cost-effectiveness+analysis+of+compressed+natural+gas+implementation+in+the+public+bus+transit+fleet+in+Delhi%2C+India&rft.volume=115&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2021.10.019&rft.issn=0967-070X&rft.aulast=Krelling&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Badami%2C+Madhav+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0967070X21002973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NBERMar2018-197"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NBERMar2018_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimeonova2018" class="citation journal cs1">Simeonova E (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nber.org/papers/w24410">"Congestion Pricing, Air Pollution and Children's Health"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=National_Bureau_of_Environmental_Research&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="National Bureau of Environmental Research (page does not exist)">National Bureau of Environmental Research</a>. Working Paper Series. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3386%252Fw24410">10.3386/w24410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=Congestion+Pricing%2C+Air+Pollution+and+Children%27s+Health&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw24410&rft.aulast=Simeonova&rft.aufirst=Emilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw24410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.c40.org/news/how-active-travel-is-transforming-cities/">"Blue skies and healthy lives: How active travel is transforming our cities"</a>. C40 Cities. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C40+Cities&rft.atitle=Blue+skies+and+healthy+lives%3A+How+active+travel+is+transforming+our+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c40.org%2Fnews%2Fhow-active-travel-is-transforming-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandrigan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Landrigan PJ (1 January 2017). "Air pollution and health". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Lancet_Public_Health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lancet Public Health">The Lancet Public Health</a>. 2 (1): e4 – e5. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252FS2468-2667%252816%252930023-8">10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30023-8</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2468-2667">2468-2667</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29249479">29249479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+and+health&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee4+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee5%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.issn=2468-2667&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29249479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2468-2667%2816%2930023-8&rft.aulast=Landrigan&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonsKenworthyNewman1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lyons TJ, Kenworthy JR, Newman PW (1 January 1990). "Urban structure and air pollution". Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere. 24 (1): 43–48. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990AtmEB..24...43L">1990AtmEB..24...43L</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252F0957-1272%252890%252990008-I">10.1016/0957-1272(90)90008-I</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0957-1272">0957-1272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment.+Part+B.+Urban+Atmosphere&rft.atitle=Urban+structure+and+air+pollution&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.issn=0957-1272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0957-1272%2890%2990008-I&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990AtmEB..24...43L&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft.au=Kenworthy%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Newman%2C+P.+W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2022" class="citation news cs1">Connolly K (30 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/30/germanys-9-train-tickets-scheme-saved-18m-tons-of-co2-emissions">"Germany's €9 train tickets scheme 'saved 1.8m tons of CO2 emissions'"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+%E2%82%AC9+train+tickets+scheme+%27saved+1.8m+tons+of+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+emissions%27&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Faug%2F30%2Fgermanys-9-train-tickets-scheme-saved-18m-tons-of-co2-emissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sciencenetlinks.com/science-news/science-updates/road-rubber/">"Road Rubber"</a>. Sciencenetlinks.com Science Updates – Science NetLinks. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sciencenetlinks.com+Science+Updates+%E2%80%93+Science+NetLinks&rft.atitle=Road+Rubber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencenetlinks.com%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-updates%2Froad-rubber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cen.acs.org/articles/92/web/2014/05/Los-Angeles-Airport-Pollutes-City.html">"Los Angeles Airport Pollutes City Air For Miles Downwind"</a>. Chemical and Engineering news. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Angeles+Airport+Pollutes+City+Air+For+Miles+Downwind&rft.pub=Chemical+and+Engineering+news&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F92%2Fweb%2F2014%2F05%2FLos-Angeles-Airport-Pollutes-City.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.flyingmag.com/nasa-confirms-biofuels-reduce-jet-emissions">"NASA Confirms Biofuels Reduce Jet Emissions"</a>. Flyingmag.com. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flyingmag.com&rft.atitle=NASA+Confirms+Biofuels+Reduce+Jet+Emissions&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingmag.com%2Fnasa-confirms-biofuels-reduce-jet-emissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.icax.co.uk/interseasonal_heat_transfer.html">"Interseasonal Heat Transfer – Seasonal Heat Storage – GSHC – Renewable Heat & Renewable Cooling from ThermalBanks – Efficient Renewable Energy – Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems"</a>. Icax.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Icax.co.uk&rft.atitle=Interseasonal+Heat+Transfer+%E2%80%93+Seasonal+Heat+Storage+%E2%80%93+GSHC+%E2%80%93+Renewable+Heat+%26+Renewable+Cooling+from+ThermalBanks+%E2%80%93+Efficient+Renewable+Energy+%E2%80%93+Hybrid+Renewable+Energy+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icax.co.uk%2Finterseasonal_heat_transfer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/air-pollution-heating-and-cooling-stepping-clean-energy-use-urgently-needed-2025-01-07_en">"Air pollution from heating and cooling: stepping up clean energy use urgently needed - European Commission"</a>. joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu. 13 November 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+from+heating+and+cooling%3A+stepping+up+clean+energy+use+urgently+needed+-+European+Commission&rft.date=2024-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu%2Fjrc-news-and-updates%2Fair-pollution-heating-and-cooling-stepping-clean-energy-use-urgently-needed-2025-01-07_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhujaTatsutani2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahuja D, Tatsutani M (7 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/823">"Sustainable energy for developing countries"</a>. S.A.P.I.EN.S (in French). 2 (1). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1993-3800">1993-3800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S.A.P.I.EN.S&rft.atitle=Sustainable+energy+for+developing+countries&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft.issn=1993-3800&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft.au=Tatsutani%2C+Marika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fsapiens%2F823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOyedepo2012" class="citation journal cs1">Oyedepo SO (23 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1186%252F2192-0567-2-15">"Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Energy,_Sustainability_and_Society&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Energy, Sustainability and Society (page does not exist)">Energy, Sustainability and Society</a>. 2 (1): 15. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ESusS...2...15O">2012ESusS...2...15O</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1186%252F2192-0567-2-15">10.1186/2192-0567-2-15</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2192-0567">2192-0567</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40436190">40436190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy%2C+Sustainability+and+Society&rft.atitle=Energy+and+sustainable+development+in+Nigeria%3A+the+way+forward&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2192-0567-2-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40436190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2192-0567&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ESusS...2...15O&rft.aulast=Oyedepo&rft.aufirst=Sunday+Olayinka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252F2192-0567-2-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcademy2022" class="citation web cs1">Academy S (16 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://samphina.com.ng/impact-air-pollution-environment/">"Impact Of Air Pollution On The Environment"</a>. Samphina. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samphina&rft.atitle=Impact+Of+Air+Pollution+On+The+Environment&rft.date=2022-04-16&rft.aulast=Academy&rft.aufirst=Samphina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamphina.com.ng%2Fimpact-air-pollution-environment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/subway-air-pollution-damages-passenger-health/3007012.article">"Subway air pollution damages passenger health"</a>. Chemistryworld.com. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemistryworld.com&rft.atitle=Subway+air+pollution+damages+passenger+health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryworld.com%2Fnews%2Fsubway-air-pollution-damages-passenger-health%2F3007012.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinglaBansalMisraRaheja2018" class="citation journal cs1">Singla S, Bansal D, Misra A, Raheja G (31 August 2018). "Towards an integrated framework for air quality monitoring and exposure estimation-a review". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 190 (9): 562. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EMnAs.190..562S">2018EMnAs.190..562S</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs10661-018-6940-8">10.1007/s10661-018-6940-8</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2959">1573-2959</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30167891">30167891</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52135179">52135179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Monitoring+and+Assessment&rft.atitle=Towards+an+integrated+framework+for+air+quality+monitoring+and+exposure+estimation-a+review&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=562&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52135179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EMnAs.190..562S&rft.issn=1573-2959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10661-018-6940-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30167891&rft.aulast=Singla&rft.aufirst=Savina&rft.au=Bansal%2C+Divya&rft.au=Misra%2C+Archan&rft.au=Raheja%2C+Gaurav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrarDyo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zarrar H, Dyo V (1 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.techrxiv.org/articles/preprint/Drive-by_Air_Pollution_Sensing_Systems_Challenges_and_Future_Directions/21999125">"Drive-by Air Pollution Sensing Systems: Challenges and Future Directions"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IEEE_Sensors_Journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IEEE Sensors Journal">IEEE Sensors Journal</a>. 23 (19): 23692–23703. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ISenJ..2323692Z">2023ISenJ..2323692Z</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1109%252FJSEN.2023.3305779">10.1109/JSEN.2023.3305779</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10547%252F625961">10547/625961</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261152934">261152934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Sensors+Journal&rft.atitle=Drive-by+Air+Pollution+Sensing+Systems%3A+Challenges+and+Future+Directions&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23692-%3C%2Fspan%3E23703&rft.date=2023-10-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10547%2F625961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A261152934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJSEN.2023.3305779&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ISenJ..2323692Z&rft.aulast=Zarrar&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft.au=Dyo%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrxiv.org%2Farticles%2Fpreprint%2FDrive-by_Air_Pollution_Sensing_Systems_Challenges_and_Future_Directions%2F21999125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaivonenNgai2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kaivonen S, Ngai EC (1 February 2020). "Real-time air pollution monitoring with sensors on city bus". Digital Communications and Networks. 6 (1): 23–30. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.dcan.2019.03.003">10.1016/j.dcan.2019.03.003</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-8648">2352-8648</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88485659">88485659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Communications+and+Networks&rft.atitle=Real-time+air+pollution+monitoring+with+sensors+on+city+bus&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88485659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2352-8648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dcan.2019.03.003&rft.aulast=Kaivonen&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft.au=Ngai%2C+Edith+C.+-H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangZhangLinFeng2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang R, Zhang Y, Lin H, Feng X, Fu TM, Wang Y (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3390%252Fatmos11040433">"NOx Emission Reduction and Recovery during COVID-19 in East China"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosphere_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphere (journal)">Atmosphere</a>. 11 (4): 433. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Atmos..11..433Z">2020Atmos..11..433Z</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3390%252Fatmos11040433">10.3390/atmos11040433</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219002558">219002558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmosphere&rft.atitle=NOx+Emission+Reduction+and+Recovery+during+COVID-19+in+East+China&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=433&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219002558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fatmos11040433&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Atmos..11..433Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y&rft.au=Lin%2C+H&rft.au=Feng%2C+X&rft.au=Fu%2C+TM&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fatmos11040433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china">"Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China"</a>. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 28 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402162640/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Airborne+Nitrogen+Dioxide+Plummets+Over+China&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2F146362%2Fairborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter">"Analysis: Coronavirus temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter"</a>. Carbon Brief. 19 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304082845/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Coronavirus+temporarily+reduced+China%27s+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+emissions+by+a+quarter&rft.date=2020-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fanalysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/04/air-pollution-cities-monitoring-technologies/">"New monitoring technologies can help cities combat air pollution"</a>. World Economic Forum. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=New+monitoring+technologies+can+help+cities+combat+air+pollution&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2021%2F04%2Fair-pollution-cities-monitoring-technologies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuWangCirenSun2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yu T, Wang W, Ciren P, Sun R (18 October 2018). "An assessment of air-quality monitoring station locations based on satellite observations". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Journal_of_Remote_Sensing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Journal of Remote Sensing">International Journal of Remote Sensing</a>. 39 (20): 6463–6478. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJRS...39.6463Y">2018IJRS...39.6463Y</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F01431161.2018.1460505">10.1080/01431161.2018.1460505</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-1161">0143-1161</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135457028">135457028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Remote+Sensing&rft.atitle=An+assessment+of+air-quality+monitoring+station+locations+based+on+satellite+observations&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6463-%3C%2Fspan%3E6478&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01431161.2018.1460505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135457028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0143-1161&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018IJRS...39.6463Y&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Tao&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wen&rft.au=Ciren%2C+Pubu&rft.au=Sun%2C+Rui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://air.plumelabs.com/en/">"World Air Map: Live air quality everywhere in the world"</a>. Plume Labs Air Report. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plume+Labs+Air+Report&rft.atitle=World+Air+Map%3A+Live+air+quality+everywhere+in+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fair.plumelabs.com%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iqair.com/air-quality-map">"Live Animated Air Quality Map (AQI, PM2.5...) | AirVisual"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IQAir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IQAir">IQAir</a>. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Live+Animated+Air+Quality+Map+%28AQI%2C+PM2.5...%29+%7C+AirVisual&rft.pub=IQAir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iqair.com%2Fair-quality-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/air-pollution/daqi">"Daily Air Quality Index"</a>. UK Air. Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs. Retrieved 17 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Air&rft.atitle=Daily+Air+Quality+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk-air.defra.gov.uk%2Fair-pollution%2Fdaqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2007" class="citation web cs1">Canada Ea (10 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-quality-health-index/about.html">"About the Air Quality Health Index"</a>. Canada.ca. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada.ca&rft.atitle=About+the+Air+Quality+Health+Index&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Environment+and+Climate+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fenvironment-climate-change%2Fservices%2Fair-quality-health-index%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/emission.html">"Air Pollution Emissions"</a>. US EPA. 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution+Emissions&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.epa.gov%2Fairquality%2Femission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment_and_Climate_Change_Canada2010" class="citation web cs1">Environment and Climate Change Canada (14 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/air-pollutant-emissions.html">"Air pollutant emissions"</a>. Canada.ca. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada.ca&rft.atitle=Air+pollutant+emissions&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft.au=Environment+and+Climate+Change+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fenvironment-climate-change%2Fservices%2Fenvironmental-indicators%2Fair-pollutant-emissions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManisalidisStavropoulouStavropoulosBezirtzoglou2020" class="citation journal cs1">Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (20 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044178">"Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frontiers_in_Public_Health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frontiers in Public Health">Frontiers in Public Health</a>. 8: 14. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3389%252Ffpubh.2020.00014">10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-2565">2296-2565</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044178">7044178</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32154200">32154200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Environmental+and+Health+Impacts+of+Air+Pollution%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2020-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7044178%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2296-2565&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32154200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpubh.2020.00014&rft.aulast=Manisalidis&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rft.au=Stavropoulou%2C+Elisavet&rft.au=Stavropoulos%2C+Agathangelos&rft.au=Bezirtzoglou%2C+Eugenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7044178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Nemecek_987–992-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nemecek_987%E2%80%93992_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemecekPoore2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nemecek T, Poore J (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.aaq0216">"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 360 (6392): 987–992. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...360..987P">2018Sci...360..987P</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.aaq0216">10.1126/science.aaq0216</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29853680">29853680</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206664954">206664954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Reducing+food%27s+environmental+impacts+through+producers+and+consumers&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=6392&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E987-%3C%2Fspan%3E992&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206664954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...360..987P&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaq0216&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29853680&rft.aulast=Nemecek&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Poore%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aaq0216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html">"AP 42, Volume I"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/US_Environmental_Protection_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="US Environmental Protection Agency">US Environmental Protection Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924132127/http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=AP+42%2C+Volume+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fttn%2Fchief%2Fap42%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707144526/http://www.naei.org.uk/emissions/index.php">"United Kingdom's emission factor database"</a>. Naei.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.naei.org.uk/emissions/index.php">the original</a> on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naei.org.uk&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom%27s+emission+factor+database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naei.org.uk%2Femissions%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009">"EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook—2009"</a>. Eea.europa.eu. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Environmental_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European Environmental Agency">European Environmental Agency</a>. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eea.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EMEP%2FEEA+air+pollutant+emission+inventory+guidebook%E2%80%942009&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Femep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.theenvironmentalblog.org/environmental-issues/environmental-pollution/">"Environmental Pollution"</a>. Theenvironmentalblog.org. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theenvironmentalblog.org&rft.atitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theenvironmentalblog.org%2Fenvironmental-issues%2Fenvironmental-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321094829/http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs6.htm">"Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (reference manual)"</a>. Ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs6.htm">the original</a> on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp&rft.atitle=Revised+1996+IPCC+Guidelines+for+National+Greenhouse+Gas+Inventories+%28reference+manual%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp%2Fpublic%2Fgl%2Finvs6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/historic-move-un-declares-healthy-environment-human-right">"In historic move, UN declares healthy environment a human right"</a>. www.unep.org. 28 July 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unep.org&rft.atitle=In+historic+move%2C+UN+declares+healthy+environment+a+human+right&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fstory%2Fhistoric-move-un-declares-healthy-environment-human-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2022" class="citation web cs1">Wilson S (8 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bigissue.com/news/environment/the-battle-to-end-air-pollution/">"'Imagine if all politicians were affected': The battle to end air pollution"</a>. Big Issue. Retrieved 12 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Issue&rft.atitle=%27Imagine+if+all+politicians+were+affected%27%3A+The+battle+to+end+air+pollution&rft.date=2022-10-08&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigissue.com%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Fthe-battle-to-end-air-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britsafe.org/impact-and-influence/time-to-breathe-air-pollution-campaign">"Time to Breathe air pollution campaign"</a>. British Safety Council. Retrieved 12 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Safety+Council&rft.atitle=Time+to+Breathe+air+pollution+campaign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britsafe.org%2Fimpact-and-influence%2Ftime-to-breathe-air-pollution-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2023" class="citation news cs1">Fuller G (13 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/13/pollutionwatch-citizen-science-alarm-uk-air-pollution">"Pollutionwatch: citizen science helps raise alarm on UK air pollution"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pollutionwatch%3A+citizen+science+helps+raise+alarm+on+UK+air+pollution&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Fjan%2F13%2Fpollutionwatch-citizen-science-alarm-uk-air-pollution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_1880">"Air quality: Commission decides to refer France to the Court over failure to meet its obligation to protect citizens against poor air quality"</a>. European Commission. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Air+quality%3A+Commission+decides+to+refer+France+to+the+Court+over+failure+to+meet+its+obligation+to+protect+citizens+against+poor+air+quality&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2Fip_20_1880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-unep2021-237"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-unep2021_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/regulating-air-quality-first-global-assessment-air-pollution-legislation">Regulating Air Quality: The First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation</a>. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. 2021. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3872-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3872-8"><bdi>978-92-807-3872-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulating+Air+Quality%3A+The+First+Global+Assessment+of+Air+Pollution+Legislation&rft.place=Nairobi%2C+Kenya&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Programme&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-92-807-3872-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fresources%2Freport%2Fregulating-air-quality-first-global-assessment-air-pollution-legislation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (11 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090225/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/directive.htm">"European Commission - Environment - Air - Air quality"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/directive.htm">the original</a> on 11 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Commission+-+Environment+-+Air+-+Air+quality&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft.au=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fair%2Fquality%2Flegislation%2Fdirective.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629162917/https://www.centrotherm-cs.de/en/innovation/news-journal/detail/?cHash%3D2f8c3c73736a8bfee683c94544e0d805%26tx_news_pi1%255Baction%255D%3Ddetail%26tx_news_pi1%255Bcontroller%255D%3DNews%26tx_news_pi1%255Bnews%255D%3D9">"German TA-Luft is guaranteed by us"</a>. centrotherm clean solutions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.centrotherm-cs.de/en/innovation/news-journal/detail/?cHash%3D2f8c3c73736a8bfee683c94544e0d805%26tx_news_pi1%255Baction%255D%3Ddetail%26tx_news_pi1%255Bcontroller%255D%3DNews%26tx_news_pi1%255Bnews%255D%3D9">the original</a> on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=centrotherm+clean+solutions&rft.atitle=German+TA-Luft+is+guaranteed+by+us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrotherm-cs.de%2Fen%2Finnovation%2Fnews-journal%2Fdetail%2F%3FcHash%3D2f8c3c73736a8bfee683c94544e0d805%26tx_news_pi1%255Baction%255D%3Ddetail%26tx_news_pi1%255Bcontroller%255D%3DNews%26tx_news_pi1%255Bnews%255D%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-who-guidelines-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-who-guidelines_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/who-global-air-quality-guidelines">"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines"</a>. World Health Organization. Retrieved 17 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=WHO+Global+Air+Quality+Guidelines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Fquestions-and-answers%2Fitem%2Fwho-global-air-quality-guidelines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://breathelife2030.org/">"BreatheLife Network"</a>. Retrieved 18 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BreatheLife+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbreathelife2030.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-wcday-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wcday_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/news/item/31-10-2023-on-world-cities-day-2023--who-calls-for-increased-financing--for-a-sustainable--healthy-urban-future-for-all">"On World Cities Day 2023, WHO calls for increased financing for a sustainable, healthy urban future for all"</a>. World Health Organization. 31 October 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=On+World+Cities+Day+2023%2C+WHO+calls+for+increased+financing+for+a+sustainable%2C+healthy+urban+future+for+all&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F31-10-2023-on-world-cities-day-2023--who-calls-for-increased-financing--for-a-sustainable--healthy-urban-future-for-all&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-pattberg-243">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pattberg_243-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pattberg_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattbergStripple2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pattberg P, Stripple J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs10784-008-9085-3">"Beyond the public and private divide: remapping transnational climate governance in the 21st century"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=International_Environmental_Agreements:_Politics,_Law_and_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics (page does not exist)">International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics</a>. 8 (4): 367–388. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008IEAPL...8..367P">2008IEAPL...8..367P</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs10784-008-9085-3">10.1007/s10784-008-9085-3</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62890754">62890754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Environmental+Agreements%3A+Politics%2C+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+public+and+private+divide%3A+remapping+transnational+climate+governance+in+the+21st+century&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62890754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10784-008-9085-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008IEAPL...8..367P&rft.aulast=Pattberg&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Stripple%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10784-008-9085-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Roman M (2010). "Governing from the middle: the C40 Cities Leadership Group". Corporate Governance. 10 (1): 73–84. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1108%252F14720701011021120">10.1108/14720701011021120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Governance&rft.atitle=Governing+from+the+middle%3A+the+C40+Cities+Leadership+Group&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F14720701011021120&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/11/28/indigenous-tribes-keep-air-clean-but-pollution-knows-no-boundaries/71603257007/">"Tribes do their part to keep air clean. Now, they want to make sure pollution from afar doesn't put that at risk"</a>. USA TODAY. Retrieved 16 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Tribes+do+their+part+to+keep+air+clean.+Now%2C+they+want+to+make+sure+pollution+from+afar+doesn%27t+put+that+at+risk.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2023%2F11%2F28%2Findigenous-tribes-keep-air-clean-but-pollution-knows-no-boundaries%2F71603257007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/abc/air-pollution-hot-spot.htm">"Air pollution hot spot"</a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+pollution+hot+spot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenfacts.org%2Fglossary%2Fabc%2Fair-pollution-hot-spot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettit2014" class="citation web cs1">Pettit D (14 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061609/http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dpettit/global_toll_of_air_pollution_o.html">"Global Toll of Air Pollution: Over 3 Million Deaths Each Year"</a>. Switchboard NRDC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dpettit/global_toll_of_air_pollution_o.html">the original</a> on 8 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Toll+of+Air+Pollution%3A+Over+3+Million+Deaths+Each+Year&rft.pub=Switchboard+NRDC&rft.date=2014-12-14&rft.aulast=Pettit&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswitchboard.nrdc.org%2Fblogs%2Fdpettit%2Fglobal_toll_of_air_pollution_o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.science.org/content/article/watch-air-pollution-flow-across-planet-real-time">"Watch air pollution flow across the planet in real time"</a>. Science Magazine News. 28 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Magazine+News&rft.atitle=Watch+air+pollution+flow+across+the+planet+in+real+time&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fwatch-air-pollution-flow-across-planet-real-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Drury-249">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Drury_249-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Drury_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruryBelliveauKuhnShipra1999" class="citation journal cs1">Drury R, Belliveau M, Kuhn JS, Shipra B (Spring 1999). "Pollution Trading and Environmental Justice: Los Angeles' Failed Experiment in Air Pollution Policy". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Duke_Environmental_Law_%26_Policy_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum (page does not exist)">Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum</a>. 9 (231).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Environmental+Law+%26+Policy+Forum&rft.atitle=Pollution+Trading+and+Environmental+Justice%3A+Los+Angeles%27+Failed+Experiment+in+Air+Pollution+Policy&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=231&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Belliveau%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+J.+Scott&rft.au=Shipra%2C+Bansal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Morello-Frosch_2011-250">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Morello-Frosch_2011_250-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Morello-Frosch_2011_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorello-FroschZukJerrettShamasunder2011" class="citation journal cs1">Morello-Frosch R, Zuk M, Jerrett M, Shamasunder B, Kyle AD (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1377%252Fhlthaff.2011.0153">"Understanding the Cumulative Impacts of Inequalities in Environmental Health: Implications for Policy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health Affairs">Health Affairs</a>. 30 (5): 879–87. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1377%252Fhlthaff.2011.0153">10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0153</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21555471">21555471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Cumulative+Impacts+of+Inequalities+in+Environmental+Health%3A+Implications+for+Policy&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E879-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0153&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21555471&rft.aulast=Morello-Frosch&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Zuk%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Jerrett%2C+Michael&rft.au=Shamasunder%2C+Bhavna&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Amy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1377%252Fhlthaff.2011.0153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohaiLantzMorenoffHouse2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mohai P, Lantz P, Morenoff J, House J, Mero R (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2774179">"Racial and Socioeocnomic Disparities in Residential Proximity"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a>. 99 (3): S649–56. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2105%252Fajph.2007.131383">10.2105/ajph.2007.131383</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2774179">2774179</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19890171">19890171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Racial+and+Socioeocnomic+Disparities+in+Residential+Proximity&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=S649-56&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2774179%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19890171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2Fajph.2007.131383&rft.aulast=Mohai&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Lantz%2C+P.M.&rft.au=Morenoff%2C+J.&rft.au=House%2C+J.S.&rft.au=Mero%2C+R.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2774179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lerner S (2010). "Sacrifice Zones: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States". Port Arthur, Texas: Public Housing Residents Breathe Contaminated Air from Nearby Refineries and Chemical Plants. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MIT_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Port+Arthur%2C+Texas%3A+Public+Housing+Residents+Breathe+Contaminated+Air+from+Nearby+Refineries+and+Chemical+Plants&rft.atitle=Sacrifice+Zones%3A+The+Front+Lines+of+Toxic+Chemical+Exposure+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVohraMaraisBlossSchwartz2022" class="citation journal cs1">Vohra K, Marais EA, Bloss WJ, Schwartz J, Mickley LJ, Van Damme M, et al. (8 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8993110">"Rapid rise in premature mortality due to anthropogenic air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities from 2005 to 2018"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_Advances?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a>. 8 (14): eabm4435. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SciA....8M4435V">2022SciA....8M4435V</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fsciadv.abm4435">10.1126/sciadv.abm4435</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8993110">8993110</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35394832">35394832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Rapid+rise+in+premature+mortality+due+to+anthropogenic+air+pollution+in+fast-growing+tropical+cities+from+2005+to+2018&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=eabm4435&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8993110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022SciA....8M4435V&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35394832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abm4435&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Vohra&rft.aufirst=Karn&rft.au=Marais%2C+Eloise+A.&rft.au=Bloss%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Joel&rft.au=Mickley%2C+Loretta+J.&rft.au=Van+Damme%2C+Martin&rft.au=Clarisse%2C+Lieven&rft.au=Coheur%2C+Pierre-F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8993110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelozziForastiereFuscoPerucci1998" class="citation journal cs1">Michelozzi P, Forastiere F, Fusco D, Perucci CA, Ostro B, Ancona C, et al. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1757645">"Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Rome, Italy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupational_and_Environmental_Medicine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupational and Environmental Medicine">Occupational and Environmental Medicine</a>. 55 (9): 605–10. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1136%252Foem.55.9.605">10.1136/oem.55.9.605</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27730990">27730990</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1757645">1757645</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861182">9861182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution+and+Daily+Mortality+in+Rome%2C+Italy&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E605-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1757645%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9861182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27730990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.55.9.605&rft.aulast=Michelozzi&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Forastiere%2C+F.&rft.au=Fusco%2C+D.&rft.au=Perucci%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Ostro%2C+B.&rft.au=Ancona%2C+C.&rft.au=Pallotti%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1757645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-255">^</a> The Daily Telegraph 8 January 2014 'Air pollution killing up to 500,000 Chinese each year, admits former health minister'.</li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iqair.com/us/world-most-polluted-cities">"World's Most Polluted Cities in 2020 - PM2.5 Ranking | AirVisual"</a>. www.iqair.com. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iqair.com&rft.atitle=World%27s+Most+Polluted+Cities+in+2020+-+PM2.5+Ranking+%7C+AirVisual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iqair.com%2Fus%2Fworld-most-polluted-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iqair.com/world-air-quality-ranking">"World Air Quality Index (AQI) Ranking | IQAir"</a>. www.iqair.com. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iqair.com&rft.atitle=World+Air+Quality+Index+%28AQI%29+Ranking+%7C+IQAir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iqair.com%2Fworld-air-quality-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=55&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Books">Books</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=56&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Air pollution <hr> </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DAir%2Bpollution">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DAir%2Bpollution%26library%3D0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrimblecombe2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Brimblecombe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Brimblecombe">Brimblecombe P</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbTKGdPwzYCwC">The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London since Medieval Times</a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70329-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70329-4"><bdi>978-1-136-70329-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Smoke%3A+A+History+of+Air+Pollution+in+London+since+Medieval+Times&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-70329-4&rft.aulast=Brimblecombe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbTKGdPwzYCwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherni2002" class="citation book cs1">Cherni J (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/economicgrowthve0000cher">Economic Growth Versus the Environment: The Politics of Wealth, Health and Air Pollution</a>. New York: Palgrave. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/033392956X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/033392956X"><bdi>033392956X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Growth+Versus+the+Environment%3A+The+Politics+of+Wealth%2C+Health+and+Air+Pollution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=033392956X&rft.aulast=Cherni&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicgrowthve0000cher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorton2015" class="citation book cs1">Corton C (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DuipUCwAAQBAJ">London Fog: The Biography</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088351?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780674088351"><bdi>9780674088351</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Fog%3A+The+Biography&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674088351&rft.aulast=Corton&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuipUCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2012" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez G (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dofxc2dMtEBAC">The Politics of Air Pollution: Urban Growth, Ecological Modernization, and Symbolic Inclusion</a>. New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791483862?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780791483862"><bdi>9780791483862</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Air+Pollution%3A+Urban+Growth%2C+Ecological+Modernization%2C+and+Symbolic+Inclusion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780791483862&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dofxc2dMtEBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2020" class="citation book cs1">Hill M (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Understanding_Environmental_Pollution/hILoDwAAQBAJ">Understanding Environmental Pollution</a> (Fourth ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108436106?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781108436106"><bdi>9781108436106</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Environmental+Pollution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781108436106&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Marquita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FUnderstanding_Environmental_Pollution%2FhILoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Z. Jacobson">Jacobson M</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUeGlmU2F8_8C">Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107691155?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781107691155"><bdi>9781107691155</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Pollution+and+Global+Warming%3A+History%2C+Science%2C+and+Solutions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107691155&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUeGlmU2F8_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodford2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chris_Woodford_(author)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Woodford (author)">Woodford C</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0lEXEAAAQBAJ">Breathless: Why Air Pollution Matters – and How it Affects You</a>. Icon Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78578-710-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78578-710-2"><bdi>978-1-78578-710-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breathless%3A+Why+Air+Pollution+Matters+%E2%80%93+and+How+it+Affects+You&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78578-710-2&rft.aulast=Woodford&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lEXEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=57&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Articles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunekreefHolgate2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brunekreef B, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_Holgate_(physician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephen Holgate (physician)">Holgate S</a> (19 October 2002). "Air pollution and health". The Lancet. 360 (9341): 1233–1242. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252802%252911274-8">10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11274-8</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401268">12401268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Air+pollution+and+health&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=9341&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1233-%3C%2Fspan%3E1242&rft.date=2002-10-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2802%2911274-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12401268&rft.aulast=Brunekreef&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft.au=Holgate%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerBrimblecombeBurrowsHeal2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Fowler_(physicist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Fowler (physicist)">Fowler D</a>, Brimblecombe P, Burrows J, Heal M, Grennfelt P, Stevenson D, et al. (30 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536029">"A chronology of global air quality"</a>. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 378 (2183). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPTA.37890314F">2020RSPTA.37890314F</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1098%252Frsta.2019.0314">10.1098/rsta.2019.0314</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536029">7536029</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32981430">32981430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+A&rft.atitle=A+chronology+of+global+air+quality&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=2183&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7536029%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32981430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RSPTA.37890314F&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Brimblecombe%2C+Peter&rft.au=Burrows%2C+John&rft.au=Heal%2C+Mathew&rft.au=Grennfelt%2C+Peringe&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+David&rft.au=Jowett%2C+Alan&rft.au=Nemitz%2C+Eiko&rft.au=Coyle%2C+Mhairi&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xuejun&rft.au=Chang%2C+Yunhua&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Gary&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Mark&rft.au=Klimont%2C+Zbigniew&rft.au=Unsworth%2C+Mike&rft.au=Vieno%2C+Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7536029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+pollution" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=edit&section=58&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Air pollution">Air pollution</a>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikivoyage has travel information for <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Air_pollution%23Q131123" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Air pollution">Air pollution</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health">WHO fact sheet on outdoor air pollution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution/who-air-quality-database">WHO Ambient Air quality database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://aqicn.org/map/world/">Global real-time air quality index map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/">Air Quality Index (AQI) Basics and Calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/index.htm">European Commission > Environment > Air > Air Quality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/haps/">Hazardous air pollutants</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epa.gov/haps/what-are-hazardous-air-pollutants">What are hazardous pollutants</a> at EPA.gov</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DAir_pollution%26oldid%3D1275884949">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&oldid=1275884949</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 17:19 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugbesoedeling" title="Lugbesoedeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lugbesoedeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25AB_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1" title="تلوث الهواء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلوث الهواء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A7%2581_%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25A3" title="বায়ু প্ৰদূষণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বায়ু প্ৰদূষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%25C3%25B3n_atmosf%25C3%25A9rica" title="Contaminación atmosférica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Contaminación atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer_%25C3%25A7irkl%25C9%2599nm%25C9%2599si" title="Atmosfer çirklənməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atmosfer çirklənməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25A3" title="বায়ুদূষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বায়ুদূষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B" title="Забруджванне атмасферы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Забруджванне атмасферы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="हवा प्रदूषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हवा प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusyon_sa_duros" title="Polusyon sa duros – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polusyon sa duros" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D1%258A%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%258F%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B2%25D1%258A%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0" title="Замърсяване на въздуха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Замърсяване на въздуха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%25C3%25B3_atmosf%25C3%25A8rica" title="Contaminació atmosfèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contaminació atmosfèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zne%25C4%258Di%25C5%25A1t%25C4%259Bn%25C3%25AD_ovzdu%25C5%25A1%25C3%25AD" title="Znečištění ovzduší – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znečištění ovzduší" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygredd_aer" title="Llygredd aer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygredd aer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Air pollution" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftforurening" title="Luftforurening – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luftforurening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftverschmutzung" title="Luftverschmutzung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftverschmutzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2595husaastus" title="Õhusaastus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õhusaastus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CF%2584%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF%25CF%2583%25CF%2586%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CF%2581%25CF%258D%25CF%2580%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7" title="Ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%25C3%25B3n_atmosf%25C3%25A9rica" title="Contaminación atmosférica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contaminación atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aera_poluado" title="Aera poluado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aera poluado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airearen_kutsadura" title="Airearen kutsadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Airearen kutsadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C_%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7" title="آلودگی هوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلودگی هوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_de_l%2527air" title="Pollution de l'air – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pollution de l'air" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtfersmoarging" title="Luchtfersmoarging – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Luchtfersmoarging" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truailli%25C3%25BA_aeir" title="Truailliú aeir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Truailliú aeir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%25C3%25B3n_atmosf%25C3%25A9rica" title="Contaminación atmosférica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Contaminación atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25B5%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25AF%25E0%25AB%2581%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2581%25E0%25AA%2582_%25E0%25AA%25AA%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AA%25A6%25E0%25AB%2582%25E0%25AA%25B7%25E0%25AA%25A3" title="વાયુનું પ્રદૂષણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વાયુનું પ્રદૂષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258C%2580%25EA%25B8%25B0_%25EC%2598%25A4%25EC%2597%25BC" title="대기 오염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대기 오염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar_Iska" title="Gurbacewar Iska – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gurbacewar Iska" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B8%25D5%25AC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25BF%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B2%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B4" title="Մթնոլորտի աղտոտում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մթնոլորտի աղտոտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="वायु प्रदूषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वायु प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%25C4%258Di%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587avanje_zraka" title="Onečišćavanje zraka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Onečišćavanje zraka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferala_polutajo" title="Atmosferala polutajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atmosferala polutajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmet%25E1%25BB%258D_ikuku" title="Mmetọ ikuku – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmetọ ikuku" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_udara" title="Pencemaran udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencemaran udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungcoliseko_lomoya" title="Ungcoliseko lomoya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ungcoliseko lomoya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquinamento_atmosferico" title="Inquinamento atmosferico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inquinamento atmosferico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2596%25D7%2599%25D7%2594%25D7%2595%25D7%259D_%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8" title="זיהום אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיהום אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B3%2581_%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF" title="ವಾಯು ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಯು ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25B0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25AB%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590" title="ჰაერის დაბინძურება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაერის დაბინძურება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B_%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583" title="Атмосфераны ластау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атмосфераны ластау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imyuka_Ihumanya_Ikirere" title="Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchafuzi_wa_hewa" title="Uchafuzi wa hewa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchafuzi wa hewa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%2588%25D1%258B" title="Абанын булганышы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Абанын булганышы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquinatio_a%25C3%25ABris" title="Inquinatio aëris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inquinatio aëris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaisa_pies%25C4%2581r%25C5%2586ojums" title="Gaisa piesārņojums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaisa piesārņojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_tar%25C5%25A1a" title="Oro tarša – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oro tarša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveg%25C5%2591szennyez%25C3%25A9s" title="Levegőszennyezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Levegőszennyezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%259A%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582" title="Загадување на воздухот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Загадување на воздухот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2585%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B5%2580%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B7%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%2580%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25A3%25E0%25B4%2582" title="അന്തരീക്ഷമലിനീകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തരീക്ഷമലിനീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2582_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="वायू प्रदूषण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वायू प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_udara" title="Pencemaran udara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencemaran udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2585%25EA%25AF%25A8%25EA%25AF%25A1%25EA%25AF%2581%25EA%25AF%25A4%25EA%25AF%25A0_%25EA%25AF%2583%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%25A1%25EA%25AF%258A%25EA%25AF%25A3%25EA%25AF%259B%25EA%25AF%2584" title="ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Агаарын бохирдол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Агаарын бохирдол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtvervuiling" title="Luchtvervuiling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtvervuiling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="वायु प्रदूषण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वायु प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25B0%2597%25E6%25B1%259A%25E6%259F%2593" title="大気汚染 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大気汚染" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftforurensning" title="Luftforurensning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luftforurensning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollucion_atmosferica" title="Pollucion atmosferica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pollucion atmosferica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havoning_ifloslanishi" title="Havoning ifloslanishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Havoning ifloslanishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B9%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BE_%25E0%25A8%25AA%25E0%25A9%258D%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25A6%25E0%25A9%2582%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25A3" title="ਹਵਾ ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਵਾ ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7_%25DA%25A9%25DA%25A9%25DA%2593%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="د هوا ککړتيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هوا ککړتيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanieczyszczenie_powietrza" title="Zanieczyszczenie powietrza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zanieczyszczenie powietrza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polui%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_atmosf%25C3%25A9rica" title="Poluição atmosférica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poluição atmosférica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluarea_aerului" title="Poluarea aerului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poluarea aerului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B_%25D0%2597%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Загрязнение атмосферы Земли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Загрязнение атмосферы Земли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D" title="वायुमालिन्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वायुमालिन्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndotja_e_ajrit" title="Ndotja e ajrit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndotja e ajrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%2594_%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B7%2596%25E0%25B7%2582%25E0%25B6%25AB%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="වායු දූෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වායු දූෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Air pollution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25BE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A_%25DA%25AF%25D8%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25DA%25BB" title="ھوائي گدلاڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھوائي گدلاڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25DA%25BE%25DB%2595%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7" title="مەترسیەکانی پیسبونی ھەوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەترسیەکانی پیسبونی ھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%259A%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0" title="Загађење ваздуха – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Загађење ваздуха" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerozaga%25C4%2591enje" title="Aerozagađenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aerozagađenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilman_saastuminen" title="Ilman saastuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilman saastuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftf%25C3%25B6roreningar" title="Luftföroreningar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luftföroreningar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AE%25BF_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D" title="வளி மாசடைதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வளி மாசடைதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B1%2581_%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%25B7%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%2582" title="వాయు కాలుష్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాయు కాలుష్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A8" title="มลพิษทางอากาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มลพิษทางอากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B3%2581_%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B3%258A" title="ವಾಯು ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಾಯು ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_kirlili%25C4%259Fi" title="Hava kirliliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hava kirliliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%258F" title="Забруднення повітря – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Забруднення повітря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C" title="فضائی آلودگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فضائی آلودگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqlah_hoengheiq" title="Uqlah hoengheiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Uqlah hoengheiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2594_nhi%25E1%25BB%2585m_kh%25C3%25B4ng_kh%25C3%25AD" title="Ô nhiễm không khí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ô nhiễm không khí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannixhance_di_l%2527_air" title="Mannixhance di l' air – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mannixhance di l' air" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E6%25B0%2594%25E6%25B1%25A1%25E6%259F%2593" title="空气污染 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="空气污染" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%25A4%25D7%2598_%25D7%25A4%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592" title="לופט פארפעסטיקונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לופט פארפעסטיקונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E6%25B0%25A3%25E6%25B1%25A1%25E6%259F%2593" title="空氣污染 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="空氣污染" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E6%25B0%25A3%25E6%25B1%25A1%25E6%259F%2593" title="空氣污染 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空氣污染" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 17:19 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DAir_pollution%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-ghnnz","wgBackendResponseTime":506,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.973","walltime":"3.347","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20302,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":829986,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6484,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1085027,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2798.352 1 -total"," 62.53% 1749.677 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.12% 814.773 103 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.74% 496.459 101 Template:Cite_web"," 7.01% 196.139 36 Template:Cite_book"," 4.48% 125.307 13 Template:Navbox"," 4.13% 115.514 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 3.94% 110.393 1 Template:Pollution_sidebar"," 3.30% 92.479 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.03% 84.925 3 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.891","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8851122,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","18.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","17.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","7.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","5.1"],["type","100","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.0"],["[others]","500","25.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-58bb4f8ccf-npwvj","timestamp":"20250215171941","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Air pollution","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_pollution","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131123","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131123","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-27T07:33:19Z","dateModified":"2025-02-15T17:19:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e3\/Death-rate-from-air-pollution-map_2021_IHME.svg","headline":"presence of dangerous substances in the atmosphere"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>