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<span>Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early modern history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early modern history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serbian_Revolution_and_Autonomous_Principality_(1804–1878)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian_Revolution_and_Autonomous_Principality_(1804–1878)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Serbian Revolution and Autonomous Principality (1804–1878)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian_Revolution_and_Autonomous_Principality_(1804–1878)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principality/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1878–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principality/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1878–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Principality/Kingdom of Serbia (1878–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principality/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1878–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Serbia in World War I (1914–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia_(1918–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia_(1918–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia_(1918–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia_in_World_War_II_(1941–1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia_in_World_War_II_(1941–1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Serbia in World War II (1941–1944)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia_in_World_War_II_(1941–1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia_as_a_federal_unit_in_Socialist_Yugoslavia_(1945–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia_as_a_federal_unit_in_Socialist_Yugoslavia_(1945–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Serbia as a federal unit in Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia_as_a_federal_unit_in_Socialist_Yugoslavia_(1945–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia_and_Montenegro_(1992–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia_and_Montenegro_(1992–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia_and_Montenegro_(1992–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Milošević_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Milošević_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>The Milošević years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Milošević_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.2</span> <span>Democratic transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Serbia_(2006–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Serbia_(2006–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Republic of Serbia (2006–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Serbia_(2006–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kosovo_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8.1</span> <span>Kosovo dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8.2</span> <span>EU integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Serbia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ صربيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ صربيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Serbia" title="Historia de Serbia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Serbia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সার্বিয়ার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্বিয়ার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Сербия тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сербия тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Сербіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Сербіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Сърбия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Сърбия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Srbije" title="Historija Srbije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija Srbije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor_Serbia" title="Istor Serbia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor Serbia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_S%C3%A8rbia" title="Història de Sèrbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Sèrbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Srbska" title="Dějiny Srbska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Srbska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiens_historie" title="Serbiens historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Serbiens historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Serbiens" title="Geschichte Serbiens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Serbiens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Serbia" title="Historia de Serbia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Serbia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiako_historia" title="Serbiako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Serbiako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Serbie" title="Histoire de la Serbie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Serbie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Serbia" title="Historia de Serbia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Serbia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Srbije" title="Povijest Srbije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Srbije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Serbia" title="Historio di Serbia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Serbia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Serbia" title="Storia della Serbia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Serbia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטוריה של סרביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של סרביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Serbia" title="Historia ya Serbia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Serbia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Serbiae" title="Historia Serbiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Serbiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbijas_v%C4%93sture" title="Serbijas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Serbijas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbijos_istorija" title="Serbijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Serbijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerbia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Szerbia történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerbia történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Србија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Србија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Serbia" title="Sejarah Serbia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Serbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Servi%C3%AB" title="Geschiedenis van Servië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Servië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="セルビアの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルビアの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbias_historie" title="Serbias historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Serbias historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Serbii" title="Historia Serbii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Serbii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_S%C3%A9rvia" title="História da Sérvia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Sérvia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Serbiei" title="Istoria Serbiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Serbiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Сербии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Сербии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Serbis%C3%AB" title="Historia e Serbisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Serbisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Srbije" title="Zgodovina Srbije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Srbije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Историја Србије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Србије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Srbije" title="Historija Srbije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija Srbije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_historia" title="Serbian historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Serbian historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiens_historia" title="Serbiens historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Serbiens historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประวัติศาสตร์เซอร์เบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์เซอร์เบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1rbistan_tarihi" title="Sırbistan tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sırbistan tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%97" title="Історія Сербії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Сербії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="塞尔维亚历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塞尔维亚历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="塞尔维亚历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞尔维亚历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For history of the Serbs in general, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Serbs" title="History of the Serbs">History of the Serbs</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Serbia" title="Category:History of Serbia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Serbia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Empire_1355.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Balkans, Byzantine Empire and Anatolia, 1355. -- Velhagen & Klasing atlas of history, Berlin 1931 (english version)"><img alt="Map of Balkans, Byzantine Empire and Anatolia, 1355. -- Velhagen & Klasing atlas of history, Berlin 1931 (english version)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Byzantine_Empire_1355.jpg/230px-Byzantine_Empire_1355.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Byzantine_Empire_1355.jpg/345px-Byzantine_Empire_1355.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Byzantine_Empire_1355.jpg/460px-Byzantine_Empire_1355.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Centuries_in_Serbia" title="Category:Centuries in Serbia">By century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9th_century_in_Serbia" title="9th century in Serbia">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_Serbia" title="10th century in Serbia">10th</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_sites_in_Serbia" title="Prehistoric sites in Serbia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_sites_in_Serbia#Paleolithic" title="Prehistoric sites in Serbia">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_sites_in_Serbia#Mesolithic" title="Prehistoric sites in Serbia">Mesolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_sites_in_Serbia#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric sites in Serbia">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_sites_in_Serbia#Bronze_Age" title="Prehistoric sites in Serbia">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_sites_in_Serbia#Iron_Age" title="Prehistoric sites in Serbia">Iron Age</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_sites_in_Serbia#Ancient_tribes" title="Prehistoric sites in Serbia">Pre-Roman</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triballi" title="Triballi">Triballi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman heritage in Serbia">Early Roman</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman heritage in Serbia">Late Roman</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Moesia">Diocese of Moesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages#Early_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/White_Serbia" title="White Serbia">White Serbia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> around 600 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality of Serbia</a> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-size:95%; padding-left:1em"><a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travunia" title="Travunia">Travunia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(region)" title="Raška (region)">Raška</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(Early_Middle_Ages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia (Early Middle Ages)">Bosnia</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 7th–10th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Ras" title="Catepanate of Ras">Catepanate of Ras</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> around 969–976</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages#High_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Vojislavljevi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Vojislavljević dynasty">Duklja (Zeta)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 11th–12th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Sirmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Sirmium">Theme of Sirmium</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1018–1071</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Grand_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Grand Principality">Grand Principality</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1071–1217</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1217–1346</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_Stefan_Dragutin" title="Realm of Stefan Dragutin">King Dragutin's realm</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1282–1325</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">Fall</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1346–1371</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Prilep" title="Lordship of Prilep">Lordship of Prilep</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1371–1395</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Serbia" title="Moravian Serbia">Prince Lazar's Serbia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1371–1402</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/District_of_Brankovi%C4%87" title="District of Branković">Vuk's Land</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1371–1412</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Despotate of Serbia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1402–1537</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_history_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern history of Serbia">Early Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman-ruled Serbia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1459–1804</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Nenad" title="Jovan Nenad">Jovan Nenad</a> / <a href="/wiki/Radoslav_%C4%8Celnik" title="Radoslav Čelnik">Radoslav Čelnik</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1526–1530</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Lugoj_and_Caransebe%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș">Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 16th–17th</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg-occupied_Serbia_(1686%E2%80%931691)" title="Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1686–1691)">Habsburg occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1686–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Great_Serb_Migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Serb Migrations">Great Serb Migrations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1690 and<br />1737–1739</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1702–1882</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1718%E2%80%931739)" title="Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739)">Habsburg-ruled Serbia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1718–1739</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da%27s_frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="Koča's frontier">Koča's frontier</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1791</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Serbia" title="History of modern Serbia">Serbia 1804–1918</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1804–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1815–1882</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Vojvodina" title="Serbian Vojvodina">Serbian Vojvodina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Serbia_and_Banat_of_Temeschwar" title="Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar">Serbia and Banat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1860</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1918</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Serbia" title="History of modern Serbia">Serbia since 1918</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1941<br /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Axis occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1944</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Federal unit of Socialist Yugoslavia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1944–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Constituent state with Montenegro</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1992–2006</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:1em"> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–<small>present</small></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Serbia" title="Portal:Serbia">Serbia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width:220px"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Serbs" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Serbs">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em; padding:0.8em 0 1.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia#Description" title="Coat of arms of Serbia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ocilo.svg/100px-Ocilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ocilo.svg/150px-Ocilo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ocilo.svg/200px-Ocilo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Native</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo and Metohija</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Romania" title="Serbs of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Hungary" title="Serbs in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Bulgaria" title="Serbs in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Slovenia" title="Serbs in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Serb_diaspora" title="Serb diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><i>Europe</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Austria" title="Serbs in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbs_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbs in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Belarus" title="Serbs in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_France" title="Serbs in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Germany" title="Serbs in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Greece" title="Serbs in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy" title="Serbs in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Luxembourger" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Luxembourger">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Norway" title="Serbs in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Portugal" title="Serbs in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Russians" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Slovakia" title="Serbs of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Serbs">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_from_the_former_Yugoslavia_to_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration from the former Yugoslavia to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Serbs">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Serbs">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Serbs in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <p><i>Overseas</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Argentine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Australian">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Canadians" title="Serbian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian New Zealander">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian South African">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian American">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Venezuelan">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Serbia">Symbols</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slava_(tradition)" title="Slava (tradition)">Slava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Christmas_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Christmas traditions">Christmas traditions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Property_of_Great_Importance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Property of Great Importance">Cultural Heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Serbia" title="Architecture of Serbia">Architecture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_art" title="Serbian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Cinema</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian dress">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dances" title="Serbian dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_kinship" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian kinship">Kinship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Serbia" title="Sport in Serbia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Serbs" title="History of the Serbs">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of the Serbs">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Serbs" title="Origin hypotheses of the Serbs">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Serbs" title="History of the Serbs">History of Serbs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_monarchs" title="List of Serbian monarchs">Serbian rulers</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Language</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umadija%E2%80%93Vojvodina_dialect" title="Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect">Šumadija–Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizren-Timok_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizren-Timok dialect">Prizren-Timok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smederevo%E2%80%93Vr%C5%A1ac_dialect" title="Smederevo–Vršac dialect">Smederevo–Vršac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta%E2%80%93Ra%C5%A1ka_dialect" title="Zeta–Raška dialect">Zeta–Raška</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Serbia" title="Catholic Church in Serbia">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Community_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamic Community</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">Related nations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serbs" title="Template:Serbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serbs" title="Template talk:Serbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Serbia</b> covers the historical development of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and of its predecessor states, from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Stone Age">Early Stone Age</a> to the present state, as well as that of the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian people</a> and of the areas they ruled historically. Serbian habitation and rule has varied much through the ages, and as a result the history of Serbia is similarly elastic in what it includes. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavs</a> first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in the 6th and 7th centuries, they mixed with local Byzantine subjects, descendants of Paleo-Balkan tribes, such as the Thracian, Dacian, Roman, Illyrian and former Roman colonists. The <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="First Serbian Principality">First Serbian Principality</a> was established in the 8th century by the <a href="/wiki/Vlastimirovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Vlastimirović dynasty">Vlastimirovići</a> dynasty ruling over modern-day <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, and Serbia. It evolved into <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Grand_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Grand Principality">a Grand Principality</a> by the 11th century, and in 1217 the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom</a> and national church (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>) were established, under the <a href="/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty" title="Nemanjić dynasty">Nemanjić</a> dynasty. In 1345 the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> was established, spanning most of the Balkan peninsula. In 1540 Serbia became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>A significant number of Serbs migrated north to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, forming what would later become <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Vojvodina" title="Serbian Vojvodina">Serbian Vojvodina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Serbian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian revolution">Serbian revolution</a> against <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman rule</a> in 1817 marked the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a>, which achieved <i>de facto</i> independence in 1867 and gained full recognition by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Congress">Berlin Congress of 1878</a>. As a victor in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912–1913, Serbia regained <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a>, Kosovo and <a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Metohija</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(region)" title="Raška (region)">Raška</a>. In late 1918, with the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian empire, Serbia was expanded to include regions of the former Serbian Vojvodina. Serbia was united with other Austro-Hungarian provinces into a pan-Slavic <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a>; the Kingdom of Serbia joined the union on 1 December 1918 and the country was named the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>. </p><p>Serbia achieved its current borders at the end of World War II, when it became a federal unit within the <a href="/wiki/Federal_People%27s_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (proclaimed in November 1945). After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Yugoslavia">dissolution of Yugoslavia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">a series of wars</a> in the 1990s, Serbia once again became an independent state on 5 June 2006, following the <a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">breakup</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">short-lived union</a> with Montenegro. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_sites_in_Serbia" title="Prehistoric sites in Serbia">Prehistoric sites in Serbia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory of Southeastern Europe</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepenski_vir_Praroditeljka_(Foremother,_cca_7000_BCE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lepenski_vir_Praroditeljka_%28Foremother%2C_cca_7000_BCE%29.jpg/136px-Lepenski_vir_Praroditeljka_%28Foremother%2C_cca_7000_BCE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lepenski_vir_Praroditeljka_%28Foremother%2C_cca_7000_BCE%29.jpg/204px-Lepenski_vir_Praroditeljka_%28Foremother%2C_cca_7000_BCE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lepenski_vir_Praroditeljka_%28Foremother%2C_cca_7000_BCE%29.jpg/272px-Lepenski_vir_Praroditeljka_%28Foremother%2C_cca_7000_BCE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4349" data-file-height="5632" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg/110px-Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg/165px-Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg/220px-Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Left:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lepenski_Vir" title="Lepenski Vir">Lepenski Vir culture</a> figure, 7000 BC<br /><b>Right:</b> <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a> figure, 4000–4500 BC.</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Paleo-Balkan</a> tribes formed in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. The northernmost <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonian</a> city was in south <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kale-Kr%C5%A1evica" title="Kale-Krševica">Kale-Krševica</a>). The Celtic <a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a> tribe conquered most of Serbia in 279 BC, building many forts throughout the region. The Roman Empire conquered the region in the span of 2nd century BC – 1st century AD. The Romans continued the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> (modern capital Belgrade), <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Naissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naissus">Naissus</a> (Niš), among other centres, and a few remnants of monuments survive, such as <a href="/wiki/Via_Militaris" title="Via Militaris">Via Militaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Fortress">Diana Fortress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Romuliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Romuliana">Felix Romuliana</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_sites_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage sites in Serbia">UNESCO</a>), etc. Northern parts were included in Moesia Superior, Dacia Remesiana and Dacia Mediterranea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo_culture" title="Starčevo culture">Starčevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča cultures</a> existed in or near Belgrade and dominated the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (as well as parts of Central Europe and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>) about 8,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinca_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ancient_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe that the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinča signs">Vinča signs</a> represent one of the earliest known forms of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> (dating to 6000–4000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serbia's strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many foreign armies. The <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> dominated Serbia before the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> migration in the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> colonized the south in the 4th century BC, the northernmost point of the empire of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> being the town of <a href="/wiki/Bujanovac" title="Bujanovac">Kale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blic.rs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blic.rs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman heritage in Serbia">Roman heritage in Serbia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia (region)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medijana_mozaik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Medijana_mozaik.jpg/110px-Medijana_mozaik.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Medijana_mozaik.jpg/165px-Medijana_mozaik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Medijana_mozaik.jpg/220px-Medijana_mozaik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_the_4th-century_Felix_Romuliana_imperial_palace_at_Gamzigrad_(2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Remains_of_the_4th-century_Felix_Romuliana_imperial_palace_at_Gamzigrad_%282008%29.jpg/230px-Remains_of_the_4th-century_Felix_Romuliana_imperial_palace_at_Gamzigrad_%282008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Remains_of_the_4th-century_Felix_Romuliana_imperial_palace_at_Gamzigrad_%282008%29.jpg/345px-Remains_of_the_4th-century_Felix_Romuliana_imperial_palace_at_Gamzigrad_%282008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Remains_of_the_4th-century_Felix_Romuliana_imperial_palace_at_Gamzigrad_%282008%29.jpg/460px-Remains_of_the_4th-century_Felix_Romuliana_imperial_palace_at_Gamzigrad_%282008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Left:</b> <a href="/wiki/Mediana" title="Mediana">Mediana</a>, birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a><br /><b>Right:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gamzigrad" title="Gamzigrad">Gamzigrad</a>, built by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></div></div></div></div> <p>The Romans conquered parts of modern-day Serbia in the 2nd century BC, in 167 BC when conquering the West, establishing the province of <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> and the rest of Central Serbia in 75 BC, establishing the province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Srem" class="mw-redirect" title="Srem">Srem</a> was conquered by 9 BC and <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> in 106 AD after the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a>. </p><p>Contemporary Serbia comprises the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>. The northern Serbian city of <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> (<i>Sremska Mitrovica</i>) was among the top 4 cities of the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, serving as its capital during the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirković2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirković2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief towns of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Moesia">Upper Moesia</a> were: <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>), <a href="/wiki/Viminacium" title="Viminacium">Viminacium</a> (sometimes called municipium Aelium; modern <a href="/wiki/Kostolac" title="Kostolac">Kostolac</a>), Remesiana (<a href="/wiki/Bela_Palanka" title="Bela Palanka">Bela Palanka</a>) </p><p>Seventeen Roman Emperors were born in present-day Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgrade is believed to have been torn by 140 wars since <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 6th century <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, present throughout the Byzantine Empire in large numbers,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> merged with the native population (<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>) and assimilated them,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević197776_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević197776-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming the base of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of modern Serbs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199138,_41_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199138,_41-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2005533_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005533-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Strojimir.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Seal_of_Strojimir.gif/200px-Seal_of_Strojimir.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Seal_of_Strojimir.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Seal of Prince <a href="/wiki/Strojimir" title="Strojimir">Strojimir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Serbia</a>, from the late 9th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Servia1350AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Servia1350AD.png/200px-Servia1350AD.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Servia1350AD.png/300px-Servia1350AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Servia1350AD.png/400px-Servia1350AD.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Approximate borders of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> in 1350</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code,_Prizren_manuscript,_15th_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code%2C_Prizren_manuscript%2C_15th_c.jpg/200px-Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code%2C_Prizren_manuscript%2C_15th_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code%2C_Prizren_manuscript%2C_15th_c.jpg/300px-Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code%2C_Prizren_manuscript%2C_15th_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code%2C_Prizren_manuscript%2C_15th_c.jpg/400px-Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code%2C_Prizren_manuscript%2C_15th_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Dušan's Code">Dušan's Code</a>, a compilation of several legal systems. It was used in the Serbian Empire</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Serbia in the Middle Ages</a></div> <p>The Serbs in the Byzantine world lived in the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Sklavinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sklavinia">Slav lands</a></i>, lands initially out of Byzantine control and independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković200410_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković200410-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vlastimirovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Vlastimirović dynasty">Vlastimirović dynasty</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Serbian Principality</a> ca. 780. In 822, Frankish annalists recorded that for the Serbs "is said to be holding the large part of Dalmatia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertz184583_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertz184583-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholz1970111_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholz1970111-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković200414_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković200414-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine200535_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine200535-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006136_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006136-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianization</a> of Serbs, initiated in the 7th century, was a gradual process, finalized by the middle of the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković200415–17_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković200415–17-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-10th century, Serbian state stretched between the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neretva" title="Neretva">Neretva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pomoravlje_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomoravlje (region)">Morava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Skadar" title="Lake Skadar">Skadar</a>. Ethnic identity of local populations remains a matter of historiographical disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković2012161–162,_181–196_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković2012161–162,_181–196-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 924, the Serbs ambushed and defeated a small Bulgarian army,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provoking a major retaliatory <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">campaign</a> that ended with <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>'s annexation of Serbia at the end of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after death of Bulgarian tsar <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I the Great</a> in 927, Časlav escaped from Preslav to Serbia and reestablished Serbian Principality. Restored Serbian Principality existed until Časlav's death c. 960. Threatened by an alliance between the Byzantines and the Serbian state of <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a>, in 997 the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> tsar <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuel</a> defeated and captured its Prince <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Vladimir" title="Jovan Vladimir">Jovan Vladimir</a> and took control of the Serb lands again.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state disintegrated after the death of the last known Vlastimirid ruler; the Byzantines annexed the region and held it for a century, until 1040 when the Serbs under the leadership of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Vojislavljevi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Vojislavljević dynasty">Vojislavljević dynasty</a> revolted in <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a>, a maritime region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković200425_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković200425-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1091, the <a href="/wiki/Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Vukanović dynasty">Vukanović dynasty</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Grand_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Grand Principality">Serbian Grand Principality</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(region)" title="Raška (region)">Raška</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Rascia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković200423_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković200423-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1166, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a> assumed the throne, marking the beginning of a prospering Serbia, henceforth under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty" title="Nemanjić dynasty">Nemanjić dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković200431–33_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković200431–33-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nemanja's son <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Rastko</a> (<small>posth.</small> <i>Saint Sava</i>), gained <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Church</a> in 1219 and authored <a href="/wiki/Zakonopravilo" title="Zakonopravilo">the oldest known constitution</a>, and at the same time <a href="/wiki/Stefan_the_First-Crowned" title="Stefan the First-Crowned">Stefan the First-Crowned</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Kingdom_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Kingdom (medieval)">Serbian Kingdom</a> in 1217.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković200440–44_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković200440–44-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval Serbia reached its peak during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a> (1331–1355), who took advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">Byzantine civil war</a> and doubled the size of the state by conquering territories to the south and east at the expense of Byzantium, reaching as far as the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, also being crowned Emperor of Serbs and Greeks in 1346.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković200464–65_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković200464–65-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> against the rising <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1389 marks a turning point and is considered as a beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">fall of the medieval Serbian state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković200484–85_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković200484–85-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magnate families <a href="/wiki/Lazarevi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Lazarević dynasty">Lazarević</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brankovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Branković dynasty">Branković</a> ruled the suzerain <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a> afterwards (in the 15th and 16th centuries). After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to the Ottomans in 1453 and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a> fell in 1459 following the siege of the provisional capital of <a href="/wiki/Smederevo" title="Smederevo">Smederevo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004107–108_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004107–108-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1455, central Serbia was completely conquered by the Ottoman Empire. After repelling Ottoman attacks for over 70 years, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> finally fell in 1521, opening the way for Ottoman expansion into Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004115_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004115-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k" title="Délvidék">Délvidék</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>), which was inhabited by Serbs and Hungarians, resisted Ottoman rule until well into the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBataković2005_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBataković2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Siege_of_N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r.jpg/200px-Siege_of_N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Siege_of_N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r.jpg/300px-Siege_of_N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Siege_of_N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r.jpg/400px-Siege_of_N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The 1456 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a> by Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_history_of_Serbia" title="Early modern history of Serbia">Early modern history of Serbia</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> period, from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of Serbia">Ottoman conquest</a> of Serbia in the second half of 15th century, up to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a> in 1804, several <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg–Ottoman wars">Habsburg–Ottoman wars</a> were fought on the territory of modern Serbia. The era includes successive periods of Ottoman and Habsburg rule in various parts of Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBataković2005_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBataković2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsenije_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arsenije_III.jpg/200px-Arsenije_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arsenije_III.jpg/300px-Arsenije_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arsenije_III.jpg/400px-Arsenije_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Serbian Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Arsenije_III_Carnojevic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenije III Carnojevic">Arsenije III</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1718%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)">Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Medieval Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saint_Sava" title="Duchy of Saint Sava">Herzegovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">Zeta</a> lasted until <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina">1463</a>, 1483, and 1496 respectively. A Serbian principality was restored a few years after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Brankovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Branković dynasty">Branković dynasty</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vojvodina" title="History of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>. It was ruled by exiled Serbian despots and nobles, existing until 1540 as a Hungarian vassal, when it fell to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>. The residence of the despots was <a href="/wiki/Kupinovo" title="Kupinovo">Kupinik</a> (modern Kupinovo). The Despots were: <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Grgurevi%C4%87" title="Vuk Grgurević">Vuk Grgurević-Branković</a> (1471–1485), <a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đorđe Branković">Đorđe Branković</a> (1486–1496), <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Jovan Branković">Jovan Branković</a> (1496–1502), <a href="/wiki/Ivani%C5%A1_Berislavi%C4%87" title="Ivaniš Berislavić">Ivaniš Berislavić</a> (1504–1514), <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Berislavi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Berislavić">Stjepan Berislavić</a> (1520–1535), <a href="/wiki/Radi%C4%8D_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radič Božić">Radič Božić</a> (1527–1528, Zapolya faction's pretender), and <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Baki%C4%87" title="Pavle Bakić">Pavle Bakić</a> (1537). Stevan Berislavić moved in 1522 to <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, since Kupinik was seized by the Ottoman forces. </p><p>Many Serbs were recruited during the <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">devshirme</a> system, a form of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a>, in which boys from Balkan Christian families were <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forcibly converted</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and trained for infantry units of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman army</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2010383_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2010383-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2001251_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2001251-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez19976_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez19976-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia201162_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia201162-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 14th century onward an increasing number of Serbs began migrating to the north to the region today known as <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, which was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in that time. The Hungarian kings encouraged the immigration of Serbs to the kingdom, and hired many of them as soldiers and border guards. During the struggle between the Ottoman Empire and Hungary, this Serb population performed an attempt of the restoration of the Serbian state. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> on 29 August 1526, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> defeated the Hungarian army. Soon after the battle, the leader of Serbian mercenaries in Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jovan_Nenad" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Jovan Nenad">Jovan Nenad</a>, established his rule in what is now <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>. He created an ephemeral independent state, with <a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a> as its capital. King <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Szapolyai" class="mw-redirect" title="János Szapolyai">John of Hungary</a> defeated Jovan Nenad in 1527. </p><p>European powers, and Austria in particular, fought many wars against the Ottoman Empire, sometimes with assistance from Serbs. During the Austrian–Ottoman War (1593–1606), in 1594, some Serbs participated in an <a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Banat" title="Uprising in Banat">uprising in Banat</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian plain">Pannonian</a> part of the Ottoman Empire, and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> retaliated by burning the relics of St. Sava.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Austria established troops in <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> but when peace was signed by Ottoman Empire and Austria, Austria abandoned to Ottoman vengeance. This sequence of events became customary for the centuries that followed. </p><p>During the Great War (1683–90) between the Ottoman Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(Great_Ottoman_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy League (Great Ottoman war)">Holy League</a>—created with the sponsorship of the Pope and including Austria, Poland and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>—these three powers as means of divide and conquer strategy, incited including Serbs to rebel against the Ottoman authorities and soon uprisings and terrorism spread throughout the western Balkans: from <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Coast">Dalmatian Coast</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> basin and the regions of Macedonia, Raška, Kosovo and Metohija.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, when the Austrians started to pull out of the Ottoman region, they invited Austrian-loyal people to come north with them into Hungarian territories. Having to choose between Ottoman reprisal or living in Hungary, some Serbs abandoned their homesteads and headed north led by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenije_%C4%8Carnojevi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenije Čarnojević">Arsenije Čarnojević</a>. </p><p>Another important episode in the history of the region took place in 1716–18, when the territories ranging from Dalmatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina to Belgrade and the Danube basin became the battleground for a new Austria-Ottoman war launched by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy" title="Prince Eugene of Savoy">Prince Eugene of Savoy</a>. Some Serbs sided once again with Austria. After a peace treaty was signed in Požarevac, the Ottomans lost all its possessions in the Danube basin, as well as today's northern Serbia and northern Bosnia, parts of Dalmatia and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesus">Peloponnesus</a>. Hacı Mustafa Pasha was the military governor of Belgrade from 1793 to 1801. Unlike most senior Ottoman appointees he was not a member of the wealthy and militarily powerful ayan class of local notables. Instead he was a career bureaucrat who feuded with the ayan. Sultan Selim III (r. 1789–1807) wanted to recentralize provincial governance but this experiment turned out badly because of the alliance between the ayan and the corrupt janissaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZens2012129–146_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZens2012129–146-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last Austrian-Ottoman war was in 1788–91, when the Austrians urged the Christians in Bosnia and Serbia to rebel. No wars were fought afterwards until the 20th century that marked the fall of both Austrian and Ottoman empires, staged together by the European powers just after World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MilosObrenovic_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MilosObrenovic_1848.jpg/200px-MilosObrenovic_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MilosObrenovic_1848.jpg/300px-MilosObrenovic_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MilosObrenovic_1848.jpg/400px-MilosObrenovic_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Miloš Obrenović">Miloš Obrenović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Serbia">Prince of Serbia</a> (1815–1839)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Serbia" title="History of modern Serbia">History of modern Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbian historiography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbian_Revolution_and_Autonomous_Principality_(1804–1878)"><span id="Serbian_Revolution_and_Autonomous_Principality_.281804.E2.80.931878.29"></span>Serbian Revolution and Autonomous Principality (1804–1878)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Serbian Revolution and Autonomous Principality (1804–1878)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbia_and_Vojvodina_1848.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Serbia_and_Vojvodina_1848.png/200px-Serbia_and_Vojvodina_1848.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Serbia_and_Vojvodina_1848.png/300px-Serbia_and_Vojvodina_1848.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Serbia_and_Vojvodina_1848.png/400px-Serbia_and_Vojvodina_1848.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Southern and Northern Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>) in 1848</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Principality_of_Serbia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/COA_of_Principality_of_Serbia.svg/200px-COA_of_Principality_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/COA_of_Principality_of_Serbia.svg/300px-COA_of_Principality_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/COA_of_Principality_of_Serbia.svg/400px-COA_of_Principality_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a></div> <p>David MacKenzie explores the Serbian folk tradition of epic martial poetry dating from the 14th century that commemorates a Serbian defeat at the Battle of Kosovo (1389). It stimulated widespread resistance to Ottoman rule and promoted the emergence of a Serbian national consciousness between 1804 and 1815. Heroism, not accuracy, was the message.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1996133–148_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1996133–148-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serbia gained its autonomy from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in two uprisings in <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">1804</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Đorđe Petrović</a> – Karađorđe) and <a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">1815</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Miloš Obrenović">Miloš Obrenović</a>), although Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade, until 1867. In 1817 the Principality of Serbia was granted de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeriage1978421–439_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeriage1978421–439-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High officials in the Austro-Hungarian Empire lobbied for Ottoman approval of the liberal 1869 constitution for Serbia, which depended on the Porte for final approval. Vienna's strategy was that a liberal political system in Serbia would divert its impulse to foment nationalist unrest within its neighbors, and also delay its efforts to gain territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Serbs launched not only a national revolution but a social one as well. In the process of national unity, Serbia underwent a degree of modernization. The successes included freedom from foreign rule, acquisition of land by the peasants, Belgrade becoming the political and cultural center, and the diffusion of adoption of modern European norms and economic institutions. Less success was reflected in the long delays and disappointments, continued deep poverty, and a growing chasm between the modernizing urban elite and the traditionalistic peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principality/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1878–1918)"><span id="Principality.2FKingdom_of_Serbia_.281878.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Principality/Kingdom of Serbia (1878–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Principality/Kingdom of Serbia (1878–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knez_Mihajlo_III_Obrenovic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Knez_Mihajlo_III_Obrenovic.jpg/200px-Knez_Mihajlo_III_Obrenovic.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Knez_Mihajlo_III_Obrenovic.jpg/300px-Knez_Mihajlo_III_Obrenovic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Knez_Mihajlo_III_Obrenovic.jpg/400px-Knez_Mihajlo_III_Obrenovic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Obrenovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihailo Obrenović">Mihailo Obrenović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Serbia">Prince of Serbia</a> (1860–1868)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principality_of_Serbia_in_1878_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Principality_of_Serbia_in_1878_EN.png/200px-Principality_of_Serbia_in_1878_EN.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Principality_of_Serbia_in_1878_EN.png/300px-Principality_of_Serbia_in_1878_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Principality_of_Serbia_in_1878_EN.png/400px-Principality_of_Serbia_in_1878_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Serbia within borders of 1878–1912</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></div> <p>The Autonomous Principality became an internationally recognized independent country following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a> in 1878. Serbia remained a <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> or <i>kneževina</i> (<i>knjaževina</i>) until 1882, when it became a Kingdom, during which the internal politics revolved largely around dynastic rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Obrenovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Obrenović">Obrenović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Karađorđević">Karađorđević</a> families. </p><p>This period was marked by the alternation of two dynasties descending from <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Đorđe Petrović</a>—Karađorđe, leader of the <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Miloš Obrenović">Miloš Obrenović</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">Second Serbian Uprising</a>. Further development of Serbia was characterized by general progress in economy, culture and arts, primarily owing to a wise state policy of sending young people to European capitals to get an education. They all brought back a new spirit and a new system of values.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the external manifestations of the transformation that the former Turkish province was going through was the proclamation of the Province of Serbia in 1882. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> the Serbs in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> proclaimed a Serbian autonomous province known as <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Vojvodina" title="Serbian Vojvodina">Serbian Vojvodina</a>. By a decision of the Austrian emperor, in November 1849 this province was transformed into the Austrian crown land known as the <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Serbia_and_Temes_Banat" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat">Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat</a> (Dukedom of Serbia and Tamiš Banat). Against the will of the Serbs, the province was abolished in 1860, but the Serbs from the region gained another opportunity to achieve their political demands in 1918. Today this region is known as <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>. </p><p>In 1885 Serbia protested against the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> and attacked Bulgaria. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a>. Despite better weapons and skilled commanders, Serbia lost the war. </p><p>In the second half of 19th century Serbia gained statehood as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>. It thus became part of the constellation of European states and the first political parties were founded, giving new momentum to political life. The <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup</a> in 1903, bringing Karađorđe's grandson to the throne with the title of King <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a>, opened the way for parliamentary democracy in Serbia. Having received a European education this liberal king translated ‘<a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a>’ by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> and gave his country a democratic constitution. It initiated a period of parliamentary government and political freedom interrupted by the outbreak of the liberation wars. </p><p>Serbia had several national goals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large number of Serbs living in Bosnia looked to Serbia as the focus of their nationalism, but they were ruled by the Germans of the Austrian Empire. Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 deeply alienated the Serbian peoples. Plotters swore revenge, which they achieved in 1914 by assassination of the Austrian heir.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbian intellectuals dreamed of a South Slavic state—which in the 1920s became Yugoslavia. </p><p>Serbia was landlocked and strongly felt the need for access to the Mediterranean, preferably through the Adriatic Sea. Austria worked hard to block Serbian access to the sea, for example by helping with the creation of Albania in 1912. Montenegro, Serbia's only real ally, did have a small port but Austrian territory intervened, blocking access until Serbia acquired <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> from Turkey in 1913. To the south Bulgaria blocked Serbian access to the Aegean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria formed the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a> and went to war with the Ottomans in 1912–13. They won decisively and expelled that Empire from almost all of the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main remaining foe was Austria, which strongly rejected Pan-Slavism and Serbian nationalism and was ready to make war to end those threats.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic nationalism would doom the multicultural Austro-Hungarian Empire. Expansion of Serbia would block Austrian and German aspirations for direct rail connections to Constantinople and the Middle East. Serbia relied primarily on Russia for Great Power support but Russia was very hesitant at first to support Pan-Slavism, and counselled caution. However, in 1914 it reversed positions and promised military support to Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)"><span id="Serbia_in_World_War_I_.281914.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Serbia in World War I (1914–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Serbia in World War I (1914–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojska_Ada_Ciganlija.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vojska_Ada_Ciganlija.jpg/220px-Vojska_Ada_Ciganlija.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vojska_Ada_Ciganlija.jpg/330px-Vojska_Ada_Ciganlija.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vojska_Ada_Ciganlija.jpg/440px-Vojska_Ada_Ciganlija.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Serbian infantry positioned at <a href="/wiki/Ada_Ciganlija" title="Ada Ciganlija">Ada Ciganlija</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign of World War I">Serbian Campaign of World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home front during World War I</a></div> <p>Despite its small size and population of 4.6 million, Serbia had the most effective manpower mobilization of the war, and had a highly professional officer corps. It called 350,000 men to arms, of whom 185,000 were in combat units.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the casualties and expenditure of munitions in the Balkan Wars left Serbia depleted and dependent on France for supplies. Austria invaded twice in 1914 and was turned back. </p><p>The 28 June 1914 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassination</a> of Austrian Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Franz Ferdinand</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/Young_Bosnia" title="Young Bosnia">Young Bosnia</a> and one of seven assassins, served as a pretext<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for the Austrian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914, marking the beginning of World War I, despite Serbia's acceptance three days earlier of nearly all of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>'s demands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Austro-Hungarian army invaded Serbia capturing the capital Belgrade on 2 December 1914, however the Serbian Army successfully defended the country, won several victories, and on 15 December 1914 recaptured Belgrade. </p><p>In late 1915, however, German generals were given control and invaded Serbia with Austrian and Bulgarian forces. The Serbian army retreated across the <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albanian</a> mountain ranges to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> by January 1916. Only 70,000 made it through to be evacuated to Greece by Italian, French and British naval forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitrović2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitrović2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serbia became an occupied land. Disease was rampant but the Austrians were pragmatic and paid well for food supplies, so conditions were not harsh. Instead Austria tried to depoliticize Serbia, to minimize violence, and to integrate the country into the Empire. Nevertheless, the harshness of the military occupation and the Austrian military atrocities committed in Serbia worked against these political aims and Serbian nationalism remained defiant and many young men slipped out to help rebuild the Serbian army in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGumz2009_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGumz2009-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> promised the territories of Srem, Bačka, Baranja, eastern Slavonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and eastern Dalmatia to Serbia as a reward after the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Treaty of London is frequently misquoted as promising these territories to Serbia, while in fact Serbia wasn't aware of its content (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Having recuperated on <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> the Serbian Army returned to combat on the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Thessaloniki front</a> together with other <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> forces. Serbia suffered 1,264,000 casualties—28% of its population of 4.6 million, which also represented 58% of its male population—a loss from which it never fully recovered. Serbia suffered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">the biggest casualty rate in World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadivojevićPenev201429–54_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadivojevićPenev201429–54-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia_(1918–1941)"><span id="Kingdom_of_Serbs.2C_Croats_and_Slovenes.2FKingdom_of_Yugoslavia_.281918.E2.80.931941.29"></span>Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:313px;max-width:313px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NikolaPasic--serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/NikolaPasic--serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft.png/145px-NikolaPasic--serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/NikolaPasic--serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft.png/218px-NikolaPasic--serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/NikolaPasic--serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft.png/290px-NikolaPasic--serbiaherpeopleh00petruoft.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="858" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihajlo_Pupin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mihajlo_Pupin.jpg/160px-Mihajlo_Pupin.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mihajlo_Pupin.jpg/240px-Mihajlo_Pupin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mihajlo_Pupin.jpg/320px-Mihajlo_Pupin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Left:</b> <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Pašić">Nikola Pašić</a> was twice a mayor of Belgrade, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbia during World War I and later of Yugoslavia on multiple terms<br /><b>Right:</b> <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a>, physicist and physical chemist, a founding member of <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a>. He influenced the final decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> when the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> were drawn</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>A successful Allied offensive in September 1918 secured first Bulgaria's surrender and then the liberation of the occupied Serbian territories (November 1918). On 25 November, the Assembly of <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a>, and other nations of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> voted to join the region to Serbia. Also, on 29 November the <a href="/wiki/Podgorica_Assembly" title="Podgorica Assembly">National Assembly of Montenegro</a> voted for union with Serbia, and two days later an assembly of leaders of Austria–Hungary's southern Slav regions voted to join the new <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a>. </p><p>With the end of World War I and the collapse of both the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires the conditions were met for proclaiming the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> in December 1918. The Yugoslav ideal had long been cultivated by the intellectual circles of the three nations that gave the name to the country, but the international constellation of political forces and interests did not permit its implementation until then. However, after the war, idealist intellectuals gave way to politicians, and the most influential Croatian politicians opposed the new state right from the start. </p><p>In the early 1920s the Yugoslav government of Serbian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Pašić">Nikola Pašić</a> used police pressure over voters and ethnic minorities, confiscation of opposition pamphlets<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other measures of <a href="/wiki/Rigged_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigged election">election rigging</a> to keep the opposition, and mainly the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Peasant_Party" title="Croatian Peasant Party">Croatian Peasant Party</a> and its allies in minority in Yugoslav parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pašić believed that Yugoslavia should be as centralized as possible, creating in place of distinct regional governments and identities a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbian</a> national concept of concentrated power in the hands of Belgrade.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, what pushed the Kingdom into crisis was when a Serb representative opened fire on the opposition benches in the Parliament, killing two outright and mortally wounding the leader of the Croatian Peasants Party, <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Radić">Stjepan Radić</a> in 1928. </p><p>Taking advantage of the resulting crisis, King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I</a> banned national political parties in 1929, assumed executive power, and renamed the country <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. He hoped to curb separatist tendencies and mitigate nationalist passions. However, the balance of power changed in international relations: in Italy and Germany, <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Fascists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> rose to power, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> became the absolute ruler in the Soviet Union. None of these three states favored the policy pursued by Alexander I. The first two wanted to revise the international treaties signed after World War I, and the Soviets were determined to regain their positions in Europe and pursue a more active international policy. Yugoslavia was an obstacle for these plans, and King Aleksandar I was the pillar of the Yugoslav policy. </p><p>During an official visit to France in 1934, the king was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> – an extreme nationalist organization in Bulgaria that had plans to annex territories along the eastern and southern Yugoslav border—with the cooperation of the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> – a Croatian fascist separatist organization. The international political scene in the late 1930s was marked by growing intolerance between the principal figures, by the aggressive attitude of the totalitarian regimes. Croatian leader Vladko Maček and his party managed to extort the creation of the Croatian banovina (administrative province) in 1939.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The agreement specified that Croatia was to remain part of Yugoslavia, but it was hurriedly building an independent political identity in international relations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia_in_World_War_II_(1941–1944)"><span id="Serbia_in_World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931944.29"></span>Serbia in World War II (1941–1944)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Serbia in World War II (1941–1944)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg/200px-Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg/300px-Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg/400px-Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption>Partisan resistance fighter <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Filipović">Stjepan Filipović</a> shouting "<a href="/wiki/Death_to_fascism,_freedom_to_the_people" title="Death to fascism, freedom to the people">Death to fascism, freedom to the People!</a>" seconds before his execution by a <a href="/wiki/Serbian_State_Guard" title="Serbian State Guard">Serbian State Guard</a> unit in <a href="/wiki/Valjevo" title="Valjevo">Valjevo</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Serbia_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Serbia in World War II">Occupation of Serbia in World War II</a>; <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_Government" title="Commissioner Government">Commissioner Government</a>; <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Vojvodina,_1941%E2%80%931944" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Vojvodina, 1941–1944">Occupation of Vojvodina, 1941–1944</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Republic of Užice</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This article should include a summary of <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Axis occupation of Serbia">Axis occupation of Serbia</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the run up to World War II, Prince Regent Paul signed a treaty with Hitler (as did Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary). However, a popular uprising amongst the people rejected this agreement and Prince Regent Paul was sent to exile. King Peter II assumed full royal duty. </p><p>Thus the beginning of the 1940s, Yugoslavia found itself surrounded by hostile countries. Except for Greece, all other neighboring countries had signed agreements with either Germany or Italy. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was strongly pressuring Yugoslavia to join the Axis powers. The government was even prepared to reach a compromise with him, but the spirit in the country was completely different. Public demonstrations against Nazism prompted a brutal reaction. </p><p>On 6 April 1941 Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria invaded Yugoslavia, and the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">bombed Belgrade</a> for 3 days killing 17,000 people. Belgrade was captured by German forces on 13 April 1941, and four days later on 17 April 1941 the Royal Yugoslavian Army surrendered unconditionally. Acting upon advice and with a heavy heart,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> King Peter II left the country to seek Allied support. He was greeted as the hero who dared oppose Hitler.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Royal Yugoslav Government, the only legal body of Yugoslavia, continued to work in London. The occupying Axis powers then divided Yugoslavia up. The western parts of the country together with Bosnia and Herzegovina were turned into a Nazi puppet state called the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (NDH) and ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Ustashe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustashe">Ustashe</a>. Most of the territory of modern Serbia was occupied by the German army and was governed by the German <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Administration in Serbia">Military Administration in Serbia</a>. The governed territory was called Serbia or the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHehn1971344–373_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHehn1971344–373-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, besides German military administrators, it was also governed by the Serbian puppet governments first under <a href="/wiki/Milan_A%C4%87imovi%C4%87" title="Milan Aćimović">Milan Aćimović</a> and then under Serbian army general <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a>. The northern territories were annexed by Hungary, and eastern and southern territories by Bulgaria. Kosovo and Metohija were mostly annexed by Albania which was under the sponsorship of fascist Italy. Montenegro also lost territories to Albania and was then occupied by Italian troops. <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> was divided between Germany and Italy, which also seized the islands in the Adriatic. </p><p>In Serbia, the German occupation authorities organized several concentration camps for Jews, members of the communist Partisan resistance movement, and Chetniks royalist resistance movement. </p><p>The biggest concentration camps were <a href="/wiki/Banjica_concentration_camp" title="Banjica concentration camp">Banjica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sajmi%C5%A1te_concentration_camp" title="Sajmište concentration camp">Sajmište</a> near <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, where, according to the most conservative estimates, around 40,000 Jews were killed. In all those camps, some 90 percent of the Serbian Jewish population perished. In the <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a> region annexed by Hungary, numerous Serbs and Jews were killed in 1942 raid by the Hungarian authorities. The persecutions against ethnic Serb population also occurred in the region of <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a>, which was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> and in the region of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, which was under direct German control. </p><p>The ruthless attitude of the German occupation forces and the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> policy of the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustaša">Ustaša</a> regime, aimed at Serbs, Jews, Roma and anti-Ustaša Croats, created a strong anti-fascist resistance in the NDH. Many Croats and other nationalities stood up against the genocide and the Nazis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many joined the Partisan forces created by the Communist Party (National Liberation Army headed by <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>) in the liberation and the revolutionary war against Nazis and all the others who were against communism. </p><p>During this war and after it, the Partisans killed many civilians who did not support their Communist ideals. The Communists shot people without trials, or following politically and ideologically motivated courts, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>. The Agricultural Reform conducted after the war meant that peasants had to give away most of their wheat, grain, and cattle to the state, or face serious imprisonment. Land and property were confiscated on a massive scale. Many people also lost civil rights and their names were smeared. Also, a censorship was enforced on all levels of the society and media, and a cult of Tito was created in the media. </p><p>On 20 October 1944 the Soviet Red Army liberated Belgrade and by the end of 1944 all Serbia was free from German control. Yugoslavia was among the countries that had the greatest losses in the war: 1,700,000 (10.8% of the population) people were killed and national damages were estimated at US$9.1 billion according to the prices of that period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia_as_a_federal_unit_in_Socialist_Yugoslavia_(1945–1992)"><span id="Serbia_as_a_federal_unit_in_Socialist_Yugoslavia_.281945.E2.80.931992.29"></span>Serbia as a federal unit in Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1992)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Serbia as a federal unit in Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg/360px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic of Serbia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">constituent country</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRY</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg/180px-Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg/270px-Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg/360px-Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Serbian politician <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a>, vice-president of Yugoslavia (1963–1966)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Serbia in the Yugoslav Wars">Serbia in the Yugoslav Wars</a></div> <p>After the war, <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> became the first president of the new—socialist—<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> which he ruled through the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a>. Once a predominantly agricultural country, Yugoslavia was transformed into a mid-range industrial country, and acquired an international political reputation by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> process and by assuming a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. Socialist Yugoslavia was established as a federal state comprising six republics, from north to south: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">autonomous regions</a> within Serbia – <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. </p><p>The basic motto of Tito's Yugoslavia was "brotherhood and unity", <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>, state-owned property with minimal privately owned property. In the beginning, the country copied the Soviet model, but after the 1948 split with the Soviet Union, it turned more towards the West. Eventually, it created its own brand of socialism, with aspects of a market economy, and milked both the East and the West for significant financial loans. </p><p>The 1974 constitution produced a significantly less centralized federation, increasing the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:autonomy">autonomy</a> of Yugoslavia's republics as well as the autonomous provinces of Serbia. </p><p>When Tito died on 4 May 1980, he was succeeded by a <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">presidency</a> that rotated annually between the six Republics and two Autonomous regions. This led to a fatal weakening of central power and ties between the republics. During the 1980s the republics pursued significantly different economic policies, with separatist- oriented Slovenia and Croatia allowing significant market-based reforms, while Serbia kept to its existing program of state ownership. This, too, was a cause of tension between north and south, as Slovenia in particular experienced a period of strong growth. Prior to the war, inflation skyrocketed. Then, under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a>, things began to improve. Economic reforms had opened up the country, the living standard was at its peak, capitalism seemed to have entered the country and nobody thought that just a year later the first gunshots would be fired. </p><p>Within a year of Tito's death the first cracks began to show when in the spring of 1981 when on <a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">11 March, 26 March, and 31 March to 2 April an escalating series of increasingly large protests</a> spread from the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pristina_(1969%E2%80%931999)" title="University of Pristina (1969–1999)">University of Pristina</a> to the streets of several cities in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> demanding the upgrading of the Autonomous Region to the status of full Republic – these protests were violently suppressed by the Police with many deaths, and a state of emergency was declared. Serbian concerns about the treatment of Serb minorities in other republics and particularly in Kosovo were exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a>, drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> and published in Sep 1986 by<i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_novosti" title="Večernje novosti">Večernje novosti</a></i>, which claimed that Serbs were suffering a genocide at the hands of the Kosovo Albanian majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> leader of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="League of Communists of Serbia">League of Communists of Serbia</a> since May 1986, became the champion of the Serbian Nationalists when on 24 Apr 1987 he visited <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Polje" title="Kosovo Polje">Kosovo Polje</a> and, after local Serbs had clashed with the police declared, 'No one has the right to beat you'.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Slobodan_Milosevic,_portret_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="3215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, President of Serbia (1989–1997) and FRY (1997–2000)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> became the most powerful politician in Serbia on 25 Sep 1987 when he defeated and humiliated his former mentor Serbian President <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87" title="Ivan Stambolić">Ivan Stambolić</a>, during the televised <a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a>. Milosevic governed Serbia from his position as Chairman of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="League of Communists of Serbia">League of Communists of Serbia</a> until 8 May 1989 when he assumed the Presidency of Serbia. Milosevic supporters gained control of three other constituent parts of Yugoslavia in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> on 6 Oct 1988, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> on 17 Nov 1988, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> on 11 Jan 1989. On 25 Nov 1988 the Yugoslav National Assembly granted Serbia the right to change its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1989 this was done, removing autonomy from <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and Kosovo, which caused great unrest in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 June 1989 <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> made what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazimestan Speech">Gazimestan Speech</a> which was the centrepiece of a day-long event, attended by an estimated one million Serbs, to mark the 600th anniversary of the Serbian defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In this speech Milošević's reference to the possibility of "armed battles" in the future of Serbia's national development was seen by many as presaging the collapse of Yugoslavia and the bloodshed of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>. </p><p>On 23 Jan 1990 at its 14th Congress the Communist League of Yugoslavia voted to remove its monopoly on political power, but the same day effectively ceased to exist as a national party when the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia" title="League of Communists of Slovenia">League of Communists of Slovenia</a> walked out after <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> blocked all their reformist proposals. On 27 July 1990 Milošević merged the League of Communists of Serbia with several smaller communist front parties to form the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Party of Serbia">Socialist Party of Serbia</a>. A new Constitution was drawn up and came into force on 28 Sep 1990 transforming the one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic of Serbia</a> into a multi-party <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first multi-party elections were held on <a href="/wiki/1990_Serbian_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Serbian parliamentary election">9 and 23 December 1990</a> and in what became the pattern for the next several elections the Socialist Party of Serbia won, as Milošević maintained firm control over the state media and opposition parties had little access. On 9 March 1991, <a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">a mass rally</a> on the streets of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> turned into a riot with vicious clashes between the protesters and police. It was organized by <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Drašković">Vuk Drašković</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Renewal_Movement" title="Serbian Renewal Movement">Serbian Renewal Movement</a> (SPO). Two people died in the ensuing violence. </p><p>The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia broke up in 1991/1992 in a series of wars following the independence declarations of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> on 25 Jun 1991, and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> on 5 Mar 1992. <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> left the federation peacefully on 25 Sep 1991. The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a>(JNA) tried and failed to prevent the separation of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Day War">Ten Day War</a> 26 Jun – 6 Jul 1991 and completely withdrew by 26 Oct 1991. The JNA attempted and failed to prevent the separation of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> during the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> from 27 Jun 1991 until the truce of Jan 1992, but did successfully enable the Croatian Serb minority to establish the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serb_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serb Krajina">Republic of Serb Krajina</a> which looked to Serbia for support. The biggest battle of this war was the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vukovar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Vukovar">Siege of Vukovar</a>. Following the start of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> on 1 April 1992 the JNA officially withdrew all its forces from Croatia and Bosnia in May 1992 and was formally dissolved on 20 May 1992 – its remnant forces being taken over by the new <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia_and_Montenegro_(1992–2006)"><span id="Serbia_and_Montenegro_.281992.E2.80.932006.29"></span>Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two remaining republics of Yugoslavia, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(federal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serbia (federal)">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(federal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Montenegro (federal)">Montenegro</a>, formed on 28 April 1992 a new federation named <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Milošević_years"><span id="The_Milo.C5.A1evi.C4.87_years"></span>The Milošević years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Milošević years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1996%E2%80%931997_protests_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="1996–1997 protests in Serbia">1996–1997 protests in Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></i> (FRY) was established in 1992 as a federation. In 2003, it was reconstituted as a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political union</a> called the <i><a href="/wiki/State_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="State Union">State Union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a></i> (SCG). </p><p>From 24 March to 10 June 1999, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> undertook an <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">aerial bombing campaign</a> against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia following a <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo war">violent crackdown</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">ethnic Albanian separatists</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Agreement" title="Kumanovo Agreement">Kumanovo Agreement</a> and withdrawal of Yugoslav troops in June, Kosovo was made a United Nations <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/UN_Mission_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Mission in Kosovo">UN Mission in Kosovo</a> (UNMIK) based in <a href="/wiki/Pri%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="Priština">Priština</a>. From early 2001, UNMIK has been working with representatives of the Serbian and union governments to reestablish stable relations in the region. A new assembly of the province was elected in November 2001, which formed a government and chose a president in February 2002. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_1999_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_1999_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpeg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_1999_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_1999_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpeg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_1999_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_1999_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpeg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_1999_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>People crossing <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> after destruction of all three bridges in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> during <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1998 <a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a> became Montenegro's president, following bitterly contested elections in October 1997 against Pro-Milošević candidate <a href="/wiki/Momir_Bulatovi%C4%87" title="Momir Bulatović">Momir Bulatović</a>. His coalition followed up with parliamentary elections in May. Đukanović distanced himself from Milošević and pursued pro-Western policies along with advocating for Montenegrin independence from Serbia. Economic ties with Serbia began to be severed as Montenegro formed a new <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a> and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> as its currency.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 5 October, even as opposition grew, Milošević continued to dominate the organs of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) Government. And although his political party, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Party of Serbia">Socialist Party of Serbia</a> (SPS) (in electoral cartel with <a href="/wiki/Mirjana_Markovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirjana Markovic">Mirjana Markovic</a>' <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_United_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav United Left">Yugoslav United Left</a>), did not enjoy a majority in either the federal or Serbian parliaments, it dominated the governing coalitions and held all the key administrative posts. An essential element of Milošević's grasp on power was his control of the Serbian police, a heavily armed force of some 100,000 that was responsible for internal security and which committed serious human rights abuses. Routine federal elections in September 2000 resulted in <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Kostunica</a> receiving less than a majority, requiring a second round. Immediately, street protests and rallies filled cities across the country as Serbs rallied around <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a>, the recently formed <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia" title="Democratic Opposition of Serbia">Democratic Opposition of Serbia</a> (DOS, a broad coalition of anti-Milošević parties) candidate for FRY president. There had been widespread fear that the second round would be cancelled on the basis of foreign interference in the elections. Cries of fraud and calls for Milošević's removal echoed across city squares from <a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_transition">Democratic transition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Democratic transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a></div> <p>On 5 October 2000, Slobodan Milošević was forced to concede defeat after days of mass protests all across Serbia. </p><p>The new FRY President <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a> was soon joined at the top of the domestic Serbian political scene by the Democratic Party's (DS) <a href="/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87" title="Zoran Đinđić">Zoran Đinđić</a>, who was elected Prime Minister of Serbia at the head of the DOS ticket in December's republican elections. After an initial honeymoon period in the wake of 5 October, DSS and the rest of DOS, led by Đinđić and his DS, found themselves increasingly at odds over the nature and pace of the governments' reform programs. Although initial reform efforts were highly successful, especially in the economic and fiscal sectors, by the middle of 2002, the nationalist Koštunica and the pragmatic Đinđić were openly at odds. Koštunica's party, having informally withdrawn from all DOS decision-making bodies, was agitating for early elections to the Serbian Parliament in an effort to force Đinđić from the scene. After the initial euphoria of replacing Milošević's autocratic regime, the Serbian population, in reaction to this political maneuvering, was sliding into apathy and disillusionment with its leading politicians by mid-2002. This political stalemate continued for much of 2002, and reform initiatives stalled. </p><p>In February 2003, the Constitutional Charter was finally ratified by both republics, and the FRY Parliament and the name of the country was changed from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to Serbia and Montenegro. Under the new Constitutional Charter, most federal functions and authorities devolved to the republic level. The office of President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, held by Vojislav Koštunica, ceased to exist once <a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Marovi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Marović">Svetozar Marović</a> was elected President of Serbia and Montenegro. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87,_Davos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87%2C_Davos.jpg/170px-Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87%2C_Davos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87%2C_Davos.jpg/255px-Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87%2C_Davos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87%2C_Davos.jpg/340px-Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87%2C_Davos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1991" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87" title="Zoran Đinđić">Zoran Đinđić</a>, Prime Minister of Serbia, assassinated in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 March 2003, Serbian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87" title="Zoran Đinđić">Zoran Đinđić</a> was assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly formed union government of Serbia and Montenegro reacted swiftly by calling a state of emergency and undertaking an unprecedented crackdown on organized crime which led to the arrest of more than 4,000 people. </p><p>Parliamentary elections were held in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1990%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a> on 28 December 2003. Serbia had been in a state of political crisis since the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Post-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-communist">post-communist</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, in 2001. The reformers, led by former Yugoslav President <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a>, have been unable to gain control of the Serbian presidency because three successive presidential elections have failed to produce the required 50% turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassination in March 2003 of the reforming Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87" title="Zoran Đinđić">Zoran Đinđić</a> was a major setback. </p><p>Despite the great increase in support for the Radicals, the four pro-reform parties (Koštunica's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Serbia">Democratic Party of Serbia</a>, late Prime Minister Đinđić's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Serbia)" title="Democratic Party (Serbia)">Democratic Party</a>, now led by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Tadi%C4%87" title="Boris Tadić">Boris Tadić</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/G17_Plus" title="G17 Plus">G17 Plus</a> group of liberal economists led by <a href="/wiki/Miroljub_Labus" title="Miroljub Labus">Miroljub Labus</a>, plus the SPO-NS) won 49.8% of the vote, compared with 34.8% for the two anti-western parties, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Radicals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Party of Serbia">Socialists</a> of Milošević, and won 146 seats to 104. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/2004_Serbian_presidential_election" title="2004 Serbian presidential election">2004 Presidential election</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Tadi%C4%87" title="Boris Tadić">Boris Tadić</a>, candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Serbia)" title="Democratic Party (Serbia)">Democratic Party</a> won over <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Tomislav Nikolić">Tomislav Nikolić</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a>, sealing the future reform and EU-integration path of Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Serbia_(2006–present)"><span id="Republic_of_Serbia_.282006.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Republic of Serbia (2006–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Republic of Serbia (2006–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early 2000s governments of Montenegro resumed pro-independence policies, and political tensions with Serbia simmered despite political changes in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. The question whether the Federal Yugoslav state would continue to exist became a serious issue. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Balkans2010.png/220px-Balkans2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Balkans2010.png/330px-Balkans2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Balkans2010.png/440px-Balkans2010.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Serbia and Central Balkans in 2016 (de facto situation). Serbia does not recognize the self-proclaimed independence of Kosovo</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Montenegro's vote for full independence in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">referendum</a> of 21 May 2006 (55.4% yes, 44.6% no),<sup id="cite_ref-globalsecurity_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalsecurity-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montenegro declared independence on 3 June 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed on 5 June 2006 by Serbia's declaration of independence,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marking the final dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and the re-emergence of Serbia as an independent state for the first time since 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/2006_Serbian_constitutional_referendum" title="2006 Serbian constitutional referendum">referendum</a> was held on 28 and 29 October 2006 on a proposed draft of the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Constitution of Serbia</a>, which was approved.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution is Serbia's first as an independent state since the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>'s 1903 constitution. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Serbian parliamentary election">2007 elections</a> confirmed the pro-reform and pro-European stance of the Serbian Parliament, in which Tadić's party doubled his representation.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 February 2008, Tadić was <a href="/wiki/2008_Serbian_presidential_election" title="2008 Serbian presidential election">re-elected as President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Serbia" title="Government of Serbia">Serbian government</a> passed through weeks of severe crisis after the <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_declaration_of_independence" title="Unilateral declaration of independence">unilateral declaration of independence</a> of its southern province of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> on 17 February 2008, which was gradually recognized by the United States and numerous <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries. The crisis was fuelled by the demand by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Serbia">Democratic Party of Serbia</a> (DSS) to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Serbia)" title="Democratic Party (Serbia)">Democratic Party (Serbia)</a> (DS), which held governmental majority, of a restructuring of the governmental contract including an annex according to which Serbia can continue European integration exclusively with Kosovo as its integral part, as stated in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">2006 Constitution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Serbia)" title="Democratic Party (Serbia)">DS</a> and <a href="/wiki/G17%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="G17+">G17+</a> refused, and Koštunica had to resign on 8 March 2008, while also asking the President to dismiss the parliament and schedule pre-term parliamentary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These <a href="/wiki/2008_Serbian_parliamentary_election" title="2008 Serbian parliamentary election">pre-term parliamentary elections were held on 11 May 2008</a>, barely a year after the previous parliamentary election. The results showed a net increase of votes for Tadić's ZES coalition, passing from 87 to 102 seats. After long and difficult negotiations, a new pro-European government was formed on 7 July 2008 by 128 out of 250 parliamentary votes of ZES, SPS-PUPS-JS and 6 out of 7 minorities representatives. The new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">prime minister</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mirko_Cvetkovi%C4%87" title="Mirko Cvetković">Mirko Cvetković</a>, candidate of the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2012, nationalist <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Tomislav Nikolić">Tomislav Nikolić</a> was elected as President of Serbia after defeating Tadić in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Serbian_presidential_election" title="2012 Serbian presidential election">presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2012, Serbian Socialist Party leader <a href="/wiki/Ivica_Da%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivica Dačić">Ivica Dačić</a> became prime minister of Serbia after <a href="/wiki/2012_Serbian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Serbian parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a>. His government was a coalition of President Tomislav Nikolić's nationalist <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party" title="Serbian Progressive Party">Serbian Progressive Party</a>, the Socialist Party and other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Progressive Party came to power,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbia has suffered from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> into <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Freedom_House_2019_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedom_House_2019-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by a decline in <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Serbia" title="Media freedom in Serbia">media freedom</a> and civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party" title="Serbian Progressive Party">Serbian Progressive Party</a> (SNS) won in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Serbian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Serbian parliamentary election">2014 election</a> and the leader of SNS <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a> became prime minister. Three years later he moved to the presidency. <a href="/wiki/Ana_Brnabi%C4%87" title="Ana Brnabić">Ana Brnabić</a> has been prime minister since 2017, but president Vučić has kept a firm hold on executive power.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since his <a href="/wiki/2017_Serbian_presidential_election" title="2017 Serbian presidential election">election</a> as President of Serbia in 2017, Aleksandar Vučić has worked on establishing good relations with European, Russian and Chinese partners.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020, Serbia's ruling Progressive Party (SNS) won a landslide victory in <a href="/wiki/2020_Serbian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Serbian parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a>. Main opposition groups boycotted the vote. According to the opposition the conditions were not free and fair.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2022, President Aleksandar Vučić was <a href="/wiki/2022_Serbian_general_election" title="2022 Serbian general election">re-elected</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vucic's Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) won the snap parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2022_Serbian_general_election" title="2022 Serbian general election">election</a>, which was held simultaneously with the presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbia drew western criticism for not joining EU <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">sanctions against Russia</a> and maintaining bilateral relations after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. However, Serbia condemned Russia at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2023, ruling Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) of President Vučić won a snap <a href="/wiki/2023_Serbian_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Serbian parliamentary election">parliamentary election</a>, gaining an absolute majority with more than half of the 250 seats in the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of January 2024, more than 300,000 Russians have emigrated to Serbia since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. About one in 10 has been issued with a residence permit.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kosovo_dispute">Kosovo dispute</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kosovo dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Political status of Kosovo</a></div> <p>On 17 February 2008 self-proclaimed representatives of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence#ICJ_ruling" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">acting outside</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Institutions_of_Self-Government" title="Provisional Institutions of Self-Government">PISG</a> framework (not representing the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Kosovo">Assembly of Kosovo</a> or any other of these institutions),<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued a <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declaration of independence</a> establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> to <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">mixed international reactions</a>. </p><p>In 2013, the two sides began to normalise relations in accordance with the Brussels Agreement, but the process stalled in November 2018 after Kosovo imposed a 100 percent tax on importing Serbian goods. On 1 April 2020, Kosovo withdrew the tax.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EU_integration">EU integration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: EU integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Accession of Serbia to the European Union</a></div> <p>Serbia officially applied for <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> membership on 22 December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its setbacks in the political field, on 7 December 2009 the EU unfroze the trade agreement with Serbia<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Schengen countries dropped the visa requirement for Serbian citizens on 19 December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilisation and Association Agreement">Stabilisation and Association Agreement</a> (SAA) was signed in 2008 and entered into force on 1 September 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Serbia" title="Portal:Serbia">Serbia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitals_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitals of Serbia">Capitals of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_monarchs" title="List of Serbian monarchs">List of Serbian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Serbia" title="List of presidents of Serbia">List of presidents of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia" title="Military history of Serbia">Military history of Serbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Djokić, Dejan (2023). <i><a href="//doi.org/10.1017/9781139236140" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/9781139236140">A Concise History of Serbia</a></i>. Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vinca-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vinca_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNikola_TasićDragoslav_SrejovićBratislav_Stojanović1990" class="citation book cs1">Nikola Tasić; Dragoslav Srejović; Bratislav Stojanović (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116221552/http://www.rastko.org.rs/arheologija/vinca/vinca_eng.html">"Vinča and its Culture"</a>. In Vladislav Popović (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.org.rs/arheologija/vinca/vinca_eng.html"><i>Vinča: Centre of the Neolithic culture of the Danubian region</i></a>. Smiljka Kjurin (translator). Belgrade. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.org.rs/arheologija/vinca/vinca_eng.html#_Toc504111710">the original</a> on 16 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vin%C4%8Da+and+its+Culture&rft.btitle=Vin%C4%8Da%3A+Centre+of+the+Neolithic+culture+of+the+Danubian+region&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Nikola+Tasi%C4%87&rft.au=Dragoslav+Srejovi%C4%87&rft.au=Bratislav+Stojanovi%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.org.rs%2Farheologija%2Fvinca%2Fvinca_eng.html%23_Toc504111710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancient-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ancient_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090323/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172">"History (Ancient Period)"</a>. Official website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172">the original</a> on 16 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%28Ancient+Period%29&rft.pub=Official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beograd.rs%2Fcms%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D201172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitson1999" class="citation book cs1">Kitson, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWlpqkVMX2YC&pg=PA5"><i>Year's Work in English Studies Volume 77</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21293-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21293-5"><bdi>978-0-631-21293-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year%27s+Work+in+English+Studies+Volume+77&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21293-5&rft.aulast=Kitson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWlpqkVMX2YC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IWilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5">0-631-19807-5</a>, p. 85, "...the area [South Serbia] was originally populated with Thracians..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blic.rs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blic.rs_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821203629/http://www.blic.rs/kultura.php?id=53049">"Blic Online - Najseverniji grad Aleksandrovog carstva"</a>. <i>Blic Online</i>. 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,720153,00.html">The Opposition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620003240/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,720153,00.html">Archived</a> 20 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Time</i>, 6 April 1925</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official name of the occupied territory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHehn1971344–373-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHehn1971344–373_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHehn1971">Hehn 1971</a>, p. 344–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokovoyIrvineLilly1997">Bokovoy, Irvine & Lilly 1997</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/slobodan-milosevic/"><i>Slobodan Milosevic Biography</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409195744/http://www.bookrags.com/biography/slobodan-milosevic/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2011 – via BookRags.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slobodan+Milosevic+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fslobodan-milosevic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=kosovar_self-determination_tmln_151#kosovar_self-determination_tmln_151">http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=kosovar_self-determination_tmln_151#kosovar_self-determination_tmln_151</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230070419/http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=kosovar_self-determination_tmln_151">Archived</a> 30 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Milosevic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=kosovar_self-determination_tmln_154#kosovar_self-determination_tmln_154">"Context of 'March 23, 1989 and After: Kosovo Assembly Approves New Serbian Constitution; Unrest Follows'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>historycommons.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926194248/http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=kosovar_self-determination_tmln_154#kosovar_self-determination_tmln_154">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historycommons.org&rft.atitle=Context+of+%27March+23%2C+1989+and+After%3A+Kosovo+Assembly+Approves+New+Serbian+Constitution%3B+Unrest+Follows%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycommons.org%2Fcontext.jsp%3Fitem%3Dkosovar_self-determination_tmln_154%23kosovar_self-determination_tmln_154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/untc/unpan019071.pdf">"The Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526032528/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN019071.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpan1.un.org%2Fintradoc%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Funtc%2Funpan019071.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbomo2018" class="citation book cs1">Abomo, Paul Tang (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UolcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>R2P and the US Intervention in Libya</i></a>. Springer. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319788319" title="Special:BookSources/9783319788319"><bdi>9783319788319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R2P+and+the+US+Intervention+in+Libya&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783319788319&rft.aulast=Abomo&rft.aufirst=Paul+Tang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUolcDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayerhin2016" class="citation book cs1">Payerhin, Marek (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-v_lDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA493"><i>Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2016-2017</i></a> (Sixteenth ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475828979" title="Special:BookSources/9781475828979"><bdi>9781475828979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic%2C+Central%2C+and+Southeastern+Europe+2016-2017&rft.pages=493&rft.edition=Sixteenth&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781475828979&rft.aulast=Payerhin&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-v_lDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/foreign/10526">"Serbian Prime Minister murdered"</a>. 12 March 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbian+Prime+Minister+murdered&rft.date=2003-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fforeign%2F10526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psephos.adam-carr.net/serbia/serbiaindex.html">see details here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040405060455/http://psephos.adam-carr.net/serbia/serbiaindex.html">Archived</a> 5 April 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703185158/https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/eem/0315-the-pro-european-candidate-boris-tadic-is-elected-president">"The pro-european candidate Boris Tadic is elected president"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/eem/0315-the-pro-european-candidate-boris-tadic-is-elected-president">the original</a> on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+pro-european+candidate+Boris+Tadic+is+elected+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robert-schuman.eu%2Fen%2Feem%2F0315-the-pro-european-candidate-boris-tadic-is-elected-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalsecurity-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globalsecurity_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Recknagel2006" class="citation web cs1">Charles Recknagel (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2006/05/mil-060522-rferl03.htm">"Montenegro: Independence Referendum Turns into Cliffhanger"</a>. globalsecurity.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511150748/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2006/05/mil-060522-rferl03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2008</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"For independence of Montenegro, 55.4 percent of citizens have voted. 44.6 percent of citizens have voted for the union state", Frantisek Lipka, a Slovak diplomat heading the referendum commission, announced at a news conference in Podgorica today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montenegro%3A+Independence+Referendum+Turns+into+Cliffhanger&rft.pub=globalsecurity.org&rft.date=2006-05&rft.au=Charles+Recknagel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Flibrary%2Fnews%2F2006%2F05%2Fmil-060522-rferl03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_2007-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_2007_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/5075632.stm">"Timeline: Montenegro"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308083947/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/5075632.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2008</span>. <q>2006 June – Montenegro declared independence, Serbia responded by declaring itself the independent sovereign successor state to the Union of Serbia and Montenegro.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Montenegro&rft.date=2007-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F5075632.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1068925.html">"Serbia Declares Independence"</a>. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. 5 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Serbia+Declares+Independence&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1068925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiloš_ŽivkovićSlobodan_KremenjakMiloš_Stojković2020" class="citation book cs1">Miloš Živković; Slobodan Kremenjak; Miloš Stojković (21 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hPpDwAAQBAJ&dq=serbia+declared+independence+5+june+2006&pg=PT20"><i>Media Law in Serbia</i></a>. Wolters Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789403523033" title="Special:BookSources/9789403523033"><bdi>9789403523033</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Law+in+Serbia&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft.isbn=9789403523033&rft.au=Milo%C5%A1+%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.au=Slobodan+Kremenjak&rft.au=Milo%C5%A1+Stojkovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7hPpDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dserbia%2Bdeclared%2Bindependence%2B5%2Bjune%2B2006%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (2 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJq5DwAAQBAJ&dq=serbian+independence+5+june+2006&pg=PT3527"><i>The CIA World Factbook 2020–2021</i></a>. Skyhorse. p. Serbia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781510758261" title="Special:BookSources/9781510758261"><bdi>9781510758261</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA+World+Factbook+2020%E2%80%932021&rft.pages=Serbia&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.isbn=9781510758261&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJq5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dserbian%2Bindependence%2B5%2Bjune%2B2006%26pg%3DPT3527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCQ_Press2013" class="citation book cs1">CQ Press (10 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQWhAQAAQBAJ&dq=serbian+independence+5+june+2006&pg=PA1408"><i>Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 1408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452299372" title="Special:BookSources/9781452299372"><bdi>9781452299372</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Government+Directory+with+Intergovernmental+Organizations&rft.pages=1408&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft.isbn=9781452299372&rft.au=CQ+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCQWhAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dserbian%2Bindependence%2B5%2Bjune%2B2006%26pg%3DPA1408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC1_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6097344.stm">"Serbia backs draft constitution"</a>. BBC. 30 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108021510/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6097344.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Serbia+backs+draft+constitution&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6097344.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6283551.stm">"Serbia nationalists claim victory"</a>. 22 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Serbia+nationalists+claim+victory&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6283551.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/03/serbia.kosovo">"Pro-western candidate re-elected in Serbia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 3 February 2008.</cite><span 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Swedish Presidency of the European Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.se2009.eu/en/meetings_news/2009/12/22/serbia_applies_for_eu_membership">the original</a> on 26 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC. 1 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091204230625/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8387938.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+scraps+visas+for+three+Balkan+states&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8387938.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-805_en.htm">"European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - EU and Serbia: enhanced cooperation rules enter into force"</a>. <i>europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft.atitle=European+Commission+-+PRESS+RELEASES+-+Press+release+-+EU+and+Serbia%3A+enhanced+cooperation+rules+enter+into+force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-13-805_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Serbia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Academic journals</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <dl><dt>Scholarly secondary sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgostonMasters2010" class="citation book cs1">Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabac2016" class="citation book cs1">Babac, Dušan M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpgrgEACAAJ"><i>The Serbian Army in the Great War, 1914–1918</i></a>. Solihull: Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910777299" title="Special:BookSources/9781910777299"><bdi>9781910777299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbian+Army+in+the+Great+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Solihull&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781910777299&rft.aulast=Babac&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOpgrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC"><i>Histoire du peuple serbe</i></a> [<i>History of the Serbian People</i>] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587" title="Special:BookSources/9782825119587"><bdi>9782825119587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+peuple+serbe&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Age+d%E2%80%99Homme&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9782825119587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0jA_LdH6nsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokovoyIrvineLilly1997" class="citation book cs1">Bokovoy, Melissa K.; Irvine, Jill A.; Lilly, Carol S., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfbI4e1q1yEC"><i>State-Society Relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992</i></a>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312126902" title="Special:BookSources/9780312126902"><bdi>9780312126902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Society+Relations+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1945%E2%80%931992&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780312126902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfbI4e1q1yEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozhilovGyuzelev1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bozhilov, Ivan; <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Gyuzelev" title="Vasil Gyuzelev">Gyuzelev, Vasil</a> (1999). <i>История на средновековна България VII–XIV век</i> [<i>History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries</i>] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Анубис. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-426-204-0" title="Special:BookSources/954-426-204-0"><bdi>954-426-204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+VII%E2%80%93XIV+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=954-426-204-0&rft.aulast=Bozhilov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Gyuzelev%2C+Vasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronza2010" class="citation book cs1">Bronza, Boro (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC">"The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788"</a>. <i>Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829</i>. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 51–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643106117" title="Special:BookSources/9783643106117"><bdi>9783643106117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Habsburg+Monarchy+and+the+Projects+for+Division+of+the+Ottoman+Balkans%2C+1771%E2%80%931788&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Peninsulas%3A+Southeastern+Europe+between+Karlowitz+and+the+Peace+of+Adrianople%2C+1699%E2%80%931829&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=51-62&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783643106117&rft.aulast=Bronza&rft.aufirst=Boro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCz7pbGvCqhwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulić2013" class="citation book cs1">Bulić, Dejan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pLJCCwAAQBAJ">"The Fortifications of the Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period on the Later Territory of the South-Slavic Principalities, and their re-occupation"</a>. <i>The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)</i>. Istorijski institut SANU. pp. 137–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677431044" title="Special:BookSources/9788677431044"><bdi>9788677431044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fortifications+of+the+Late+Antiquity+and+the+Early+Byzantine+Period+on+the+Later+Territory+of+the+South-Slavic+Principalities%2C+and+their+re-occupation&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Slavs%3A+Studies+of+the+East%2C+West+and+South+Slavs%3A+Civitas%2C+Oppidas%2C+Villas+and+Archeological+Evidence+%287th+to+11th+Centuries+AD%29&rft.pages=137-234&rft.pub=Istorijski+institut+SANU&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788677431044&rft.aulast=Buli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpLJCCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković, Sima</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"><i>The Serbs</i></a>. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915" title="Special:BookSources/9781405142915"><bdi>9781405142915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781405142915&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wc-DWRzoeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković, Sima</a> (2014) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531445107C">"The Double Wreath: A Contribution to the History of Kingship in Bosnia"</a>. <i>Balcanica</i> (45): 107–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1445107C">10.2298/BALC1445107C</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balcanica&rft.atitle=The+Double+Wreath%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+Kingship+in+Bosnia&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=107-143&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2298%2FBALC1445107C&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doiserbia.nb.rs%2Fft.aspx%3Fid%3D0350-76531445107C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClissold1968" class="citation book cs1">Clissold, Stephen, ed. 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Texas: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890966884" title="Special:BookSources/9780890966884"><bdi>9780890966884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%27s+Secret+War%3A+Propaganda+and+the+Deceit+of+History&rft.place=Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780890966884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC"><i>The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139428880" title="Special:BookSources/9781139428880"><bdi>9781139428880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Slavs%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Lower+Danube+Region%2C+c.+500%E2%80%93700&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781139428880&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcFGhCVs0sYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</i></a></span>. 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Seoul: 257–281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Assertions+to+Knowledge%3A+Yugoslav+Historiography+Concerning+the+War+of+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=257-281&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dimi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljubodrag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimić2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ljubodrag_Dimi%C4%87" title="Ljubodrag Dimić">Dimić, Ljubodrag</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/316519979/Velike-sile-i-male-dr%C5%BEave-u-Hladnom-ratu-1945-1955-Slu%C4%8Daj-Jugoslavije">"Ideology and culture in Yugoslavia (1945–1955)"</a>. <i>Velike sile i male države u hladnom ratu 1945–1955: Slučaj Jugoslavije</i>. 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Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. pp. 383–407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788670256590" title="Special:BookSources/9788670256590"><bdi>9788670256590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbian+Historiography+on+the+Great+War&rft.btitle=The+Serbs+and+the+First+World+War+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=383-407&rft.pub=Serbian+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9788670256590&rft.aulast=Dimi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljubodrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUjRjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiNardo2015" class="citation book cs1">DiNardo, Richard L. 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Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 125–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643106117" title="Special:BookSources/9783643106117"><bdi>9783643106117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Background+to+Serbian+Culture+and+Education+in+the+First+Half+of+the+18th+Century+according+to+Serbian+Historiographical+Sources&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Peninsulas%3A+Southeastern+Europe+between+Karlowitz+and+the+Peace+of+Adrianople%2C+1699%E2%80%931829&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=125-131&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783643106117&rft.aulast=%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milo%C5%A1+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCz7pbGvCqhwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragnich1994" class="citation book cs1">Dragnich, Alex N., ed. 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Boulder: East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880335416" title="Special:BookSources/9780880335416"><bdi>9780880335416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780880335416&rft.aulast=Dragnich&rft.aufirst=Alex+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd3dpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor"><i>The Slavs in European History and Civilization</i></a></span>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813507996" title="Special:BookSources/9780813507996"><bdi>9780813507996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs+in+European+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780813507996&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavsineuropeanh0000dvor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472081497" title="Special:BookSources/0472081497"><bdi>0472081497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0472081497&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082604" title="Special:BookSources/0472082604"><bdi>0472082604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0472082604&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C"><i>When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472025600" title="Special:BookSources/0472025600"><bdi>0472025600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Ethnicity+Did+Not+Matter+in+the+Balkans%3A+A+Study+of+Identity+in+Pre-Nationalist+Croatia%2C+Dalmatia%2C+and+Slavonia+in+the+Medieval+and+Early-Modern+Periods&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0472025600&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwEF5oN5erE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryer1997" class="citation book cs1">Fryer, Charles (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4NpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Destruction of Serbia in 1915</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880333856" title="Special:BookSources/9780880333856"><bdi>9780880333856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Serbia+in+1915&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780880333856&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB4NpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavrilović2001" class="citation book cs1">Gavrilović, Zaga (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UBNAAAAYAAJ"><i>Studies in Byzantine and Serbian Medieval Art</i></a>. London: The Pindar Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781899828340" title="Special:BookSources/9781899828340"><bdi>9781899828340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Byzantine+and+Serbian+Medieval+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Pindar+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781899828340&rft.aulast=Gavrilovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Zaga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UBNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumz2009" class="citation book cs1">Gumz, Jonathan E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3EOOwAACAAJ"><i>The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914–1918</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521896276" title="Special:BookSources/9780521896276"><bdi>9780521896276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection+and+Collapse+of+Empire+in+Habsburg+Serbia%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521896276&rft.aulast=Gumz&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3EOOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2014" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard C., ed. 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Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610690317" title="Special:BookSources/9781610690317"><bdi>9781610690317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Balkans%3A+An+Encyclopedic+History+from+the+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+to+the+Breakup+of+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610690317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwy3TBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHehn1971" class="citation journal cs1">Hehn, Paul N. (1971). "Serbia, Croatia and Germany 1941–1945: Civil War and Revolution in the Balkans". <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 344–373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1971.11091249">10.1080/00085006.1971.11091249</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40866373">40866373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Serbia%2C+Croatia+and+Germany+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Civil+War+and+Revolution+in+the+Balkans&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=344-373&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1971.11091249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40866373%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hehn&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngraoSamardžićPešalj2011" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC"><i>The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718</i></a>. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557535948" title="Special:BookSources/9781557535948"><bdi>9781557535948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peace+of+Passarowitz%2C+1718&rft.place=West+Lafayette&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781557535948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3Sg_1wR4poC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsailovićKrstić2015" class="citation book cs1">Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25272837">"Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries"</a>. <i>Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania</i>. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbian+Language+and+Cyrillic+Script+as+a+Means+of+Diplomatic+Literacy+in+South+Eastern+Europe+in+15th+and+16th+Centuries&rft.btitle=Literacy+Experiences+concerning+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Transylvania&rft.place=Cluj-Napoca&rft.pages=185-195&rft.pub=George+Bari%C5%A3iu+Institute+of+History&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Isailovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Neven+G.&rft.au=Krsti%C4%87%2C+Aleksandar+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25272837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvić1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pavle_Ivi%C4%87" title="Pavle Ivić">Ivić, Pavle</a>, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nItAQAAIAAJ"><i>The History of Serbian Culture</i></a>. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781870732314" title="Special:BookSources/9781870732314"><bdi>9781870732314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Serbian+Culture&rft.place=Edgware&rft.pub=Porthill+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781870732314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nItAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanković2004" class="citation journal cs1">Janković, Đorđe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/delo/13047">"The Slavs in the 6th Century North Illyricum"</a>. <i>Гласник Српског археолошког друштва</i>. <b>20</b>: 39–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.atitle=The+Slavs+in+the+6th+Century+North+Illyricum&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=39-61&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jankovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C4%90or%C4%91e&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Farheologija%2Fdelo%2F13047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C"><i>History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521252492" title="Special:BookSources/9780521252492"><bdi>9780521252492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Eighteenth+and+Nineteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780521252492&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqR4EeOrTm-0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC"><i>History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century</i></a>. 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Belgrade: Institute of History, Yunus Emre Enstitüsü Turkish Cultural Centre. pp. 129–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677431259" title="Special:BookSources/9788677431259"><bdi>9788677431259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Which+Realm+will+You+Opt+for%3F+%E2%80%93+The+Serbian+Nobility+Between+the+Ottomans+and+the+Hungarians+in+the+15th+Century&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+the+Balkans+Before+and+After+Establishment+of+Ottoman+Rule&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=129-163&rft.pub=Institute+of+History%2C+Yunus+Emre+Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC+Turkish+Cultural+Centre&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9788677431259&rft.aulast=Krsti%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesGHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrstić2019" class="citation book cs1">Krstić, Aleksandar R. 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London: Cardinal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780351176449" title="Special:BookSources/9780351176449"><bdi>9780351176449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Commonwealth%3A+Eastern+Europe%2C+500%E2%80%931453&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cardinal&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780351176449&rft.aulast=Obolensky&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlBoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. 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Amsterdam: Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789025607937" title="Special:BookSources/9789025607937"><bdi>9789025607937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Central+Balkan+Tribes+in+pre-Roman+Times%3A+Triballi%2C+Autariatae%2C+Dardanians%2C+Scordisci+and+Moesians&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789025607937&rft.aulast=Papazoglu&rft.aufirst=Fanula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUp4JAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlovich1989" class="citation book cs1">Pavlovich, Paul (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hzZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church</i></a>. Serbian Heritage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969133124" title="Special:BookSources/9780969133124"><bdi>9780969133124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Serbian+Orthodox+Church&rft.pub=Serbian+Heritage+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780969133124&rft.aulast=Pavlovich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hzZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch" title="Stevan K. 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London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654773" title="Special:BookSources/9781850654773"><bdi>9781850654773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+The+History+behind+the+Name&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781850654773&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-RuLDaNwbMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch" title="Stevan K. 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New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231700504" title="Special:BookSources/9780231700504"><bdi>9780231700504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+new+disorder%3A+The+Second+World+War+in+Yugoslavia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780231700504&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdI9pAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPešalj2010" class="citation book cs1">Pešalj, Jovan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC">"Early 18th-Century Peacekeeping: How Habsburgs and Ottomans Resolved Several Border Disputes after Karlowitz"</a>. <i>Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829</i>. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 29–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643106117" title="Special:BookSources/9783643106117"><bdi>9783643106117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+18th-Century+Peacekeeping%3A+How+Habsburgs+and+Ottomans+Resolved+Several+Border+Disputes+after+Karlowitz&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Peninsulas%3A+Southeastern+Europe+between+Karlowitz+and+the+Peace+of+Adrianople%2C+1699%E2%80%931829&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=29-42&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783643106117&rft.aulast=Pe%C5%A1alj&rft.aufirst=Jovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCz7pbGvCqhwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrović2007" class="citation journal cs1">Petrović, Vladimir P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/balcanica/Balcanica%20XXXVII%20(2006).pdf">"Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania: Historical and Geographical Considerations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Balcanica</i> (37). Balkanološki institut SANU: 7–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balcanica&rft.atitle=Pre-Roman+and+Roman+Dardania%3A+Historical+and+Geographical+Considerations&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=7-23&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Petrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninstitut.com%2Fpdf%2Fizdanja%2Fbalcanica%2FBalcanica%2520XXXVII%2520%282006%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPisarri2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pisarri, Milovan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531344357P">"Bulgarian Crimes Against Civilians in Occupied Serbia during the First World War"</a>. <i>Balcanica</i> (44): 357–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1344357P">10.2298/BALC1344357P</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balcanica&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Crimes+Against+Civilians+in+Occupied+Serbia+during+the+First+World+War&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=357-390&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2298%2FBALC1344357P&rft.aulast=Pisarri&rft.aufirst=Milovan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doiserbia.nb.rs%2Fft.aspx%3Fid%3D0350-76531344357P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopovićMarjanović-DušanićPopović2016" class="citation book cs1">Popović, Marko; <a href="/wiki/Smilja_Marjanovi%C4%87-Du%C5%A1ani%C4%87" title="Smilja Marjanović-Dušanić">Marjanović-Dušanić, Smilja</a>; Popović, Danica (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wJfvgAACAAJ"><i>Daily Life in Medieval Serbia</i></a>. 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Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 171–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643106117" title="Special:BookSources/9783643106117"><bdi>9783643106117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Serbian+Revolution+and+the+Creation+of+the+Modern+State%3A+The+Beginning+of+Geopolitical+Changes+in+the+Balkan+Peninsula+in+the+19th+Century&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Peninsulas%3A+Southeastern+Europe+between+Karlowitz+and+the+Peace+of+Adrianople%2C+1699%E2%80%931829&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=171-178&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783643106117&rft.aulast=Radosavljevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nedeljko+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCz7pbGvCqhwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajić2010" class="citation book cs1">Rajić, Suzana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC">"Serbia - the Revival of the Nation-state, 1804–1829: From Turkish Provinces to Autonomous Principality"</a>. <i>Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829</i>. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 143–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643106117" title="Special:BookSources/9783643106117"><bdi>9783643106117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbia+-+the+Revival+of+the+Nation-state%2C+1804%E2%80%931829%3A+From+Turkish+Provinces+to+Autonomous+Principality&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Peninsulas%3A+Southeastern+Europe+between+Karlowitz+and+the+Peace+of+Adrianople%2C+1699%E2%80%931829&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=143-148&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783643106117&rft.aulast=Raji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Suzana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCz7pbGvCqhwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Riley-Smith, Jonathan</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00jona"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192854285" title="Special:BookSources/9780192854285"><bdi>9780192854285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780192854285&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Junius_P._Rodriguez" title="Junius P. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521357227" title="Special:BookSources/9780521357227"><bdi>9780521357227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Romanus+Lecapenus+and+His+Reign%3A+A+Study+of+Tenth-Century+Byzantium&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780521357227&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXHVzWN6gqxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamardžićDuškov1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radovan_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Samardžić">Samardžić, Radovan</a>; Duškov, Milan, eds. 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Belgrade: Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675830153" title="Special:BookSources/9788675830153"><bdi>9788675830153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbs+in+European+Civilization&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Nova%2C+Serbian+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts%2C+Institute+for+Balkan+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788675830153&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3MtAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Sedlar, Jean W. 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"The Serbian campaign of 1915: Its diplomatic background." <i>American Historical Review</i> 73.1 (1967): 51–69 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1849028">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotirović2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sotirović, Vladislav B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/14uxFUXu94fwnln_ROYPKOrUm7mZdr-6o/view">"The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in the Ottoman Empire: The First Phase (1557–94)"</a>. <i>Serbian Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 143–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fser.2011.0038">10.1353/ser.2011.0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143629322">143629322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serbian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Serbian+Patriarchate+of+Pe%C4%87+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+The+First+Phase+%281557%E2%80%9394%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-169&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fser.2011.0038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143629322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sotirovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladislav+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F14uxFUXu94fwnln_ROYPKOrUm7mZdr-6o%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoulis1984" class="citation book cs1">Soulis, George Christos (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXFpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors</i></a>. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884021377" title="Special:BookSources/9780884021377"><bdi>9780884021377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs+and+Byzantium+during+the+reign+of+Tsar+Stephen+Du%C5%A1an+%281331%E2%80%931355%29+and+his+successors&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780884021377&rft.aulast=Soulis&rft.aufirst=George+Christos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXFpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanković2016" class="citation book cs1">Stanković, Vlada, ed. 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Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498513265" title="Special:BookSources/9781498513265"><bdi>9781498513265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+and+the+Byzantine+World+before+and+after+the+Captures+of+Constantinople%2C+1204+and+1453&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781498513265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavTADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leften_Stavrianos" class="mw-redirect" title="Leften Stavrianos">Stavrianos, Leften</a> (2000) [1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC"><i>The Balkans Since 1453</i></a>. London: Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850655510" title="Special:BookSources/9781850655510"><bdi>9781850655510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+Since+1453&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781850655510&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxcp7OXQE0FMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2000" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILiOI0UgxHoC"><i>Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521770170" title="Special:BookSources/9780521770170"><bdi>9780521770170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%27s+Balkan+Frontier%3A+A+Political+Study+of+the+Northern+Balkans%2C+900%E2%80%931204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521770170&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILiOI0UgxHoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2003" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0PmrXKnczUC"><i>The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer</i></a>. 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"The absence of nationalism in Serbian politics before 1840." <i>Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism.</i> (1976) 4#1 pp 77–90.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemperley1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Temperley" title="Harold Temperley">Temperley, Harold W. V.</a> (1919) [1917]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/historyofserbia00temp/historyofserbia00temp.pdf"><i>History of Serbia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2 ed.). London: Bell and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Serbia&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Temperley&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fhistoryofserbia00temp%2Fhistoryofserbia00temp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC"><i>War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804779241" title="Special:BookSources/9780804779241"><bdi>9780804779241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780804779241&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurlej2016" class="citation book cs1">Turlej, Stanisław (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2yYDQAAQBAJ"><i>Justiniana Prima: An Underestimated Aspect of Justinian's Church Policy</i></a>. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323395560" title="Special:BookSources/9788323395560"><bdi>9788323395560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justiniana+Prima%3A+An+Underestimated+Aspect+of+Justinian%27s+Church+Policy&rft.place=Krakow&rft.pub=Jagiellonian+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788323395560&rft.aulast=Turlej&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2yYDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzelac2011" class="citation journal cs1">Uzelac, Aleksandar B. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36829282">"Prince Michael of Zahumlje – a Serbian ally of Tsar Simeon"</a>. <i>Emperor Symeon's Bulgaria in the History of Europe's South-East: 1100 years from the Battle of Achelous</i>. Sofia: St Kliment Ohridski University Press. pp. 236–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prince+Michael+of+Zahumlje+%E2%80%93+a+Serbian+ally+of+Tsar+Simeon&rft.btitle=Emperor+Symeon%27s+Bulgaria+in+the+History+of+Europe%27s+South-East%3A+1100+years+from+the+Battle+of+Achelous&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=236-245&rft.pub=St+Kliment+Ohridski+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Uzelac&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36829282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZens2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zens, Robert W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41474984">"In the Name of the Sultan: Haci Mustafa Pasha of Belgrade and Ottoman Provincial Rule in the Late 18th Century"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 129–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811001280">10.1017/S0020743811001280</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41474984">41474984</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162893473">162893473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=In+the+Name+of+the+Sultan%3A+Haci+Mustafa+Pasha+of+Belgrade+and+Ottoman+Provincial+Rule+in+the+Late+18th+Century&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-146&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162893473%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41474984%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743811001280&rft.aulast=Zens&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41474984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ"><i>Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550–1150</i></a>. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675585732" title="Special:BookSources/9788675585732"><bdi>9788675585732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+unity%3A+The+South+Slavs+between+East+and+West+550%E2%80%931150&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History%2C+%C4%8Cigoja+%C5%A1tampa&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788675585732&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlIsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1231887"><i>De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source</i></a>. Belgrade: The Institute of History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+conversione+Croatorum+et+Serborum%3A+A+Lost+Source&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1231887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zametica, John. <i>Folly and malice: the Habsburg empire, the Balkans and the start of World War One</i> (London: Shepheard–Walwyn, 2017). 416pp.</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoravcsik1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Moravcsik" title="Gyula Moravcsik">Moravcsik, Gyula</a>, ed. 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Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884020219" title="Special:BookSources/9780884020219"><bdi>9780884020219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+Porphyrogenitus%3A+De+Administrando+Imperio&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780884020219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3al15wpFWiMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertz1845" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_Pertz" title="Georg Heinrich Pertz">Pertz, Georg Heinrich</a>, ed. (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBhKAAAAcAAJ"><i>Einhardi Annales</i></a>. Hanover.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einhardi+Annales&rft.place=Hanover&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBhKAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiske1840" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII <i>Porphyrogenitus</i></a> (1840). <a href="/wiki/De_Ceremoniis" title="De Ceremoniis"><i>De Ceremoniis</i></a> (Reiske, J. J. ed.). Impensis E. Weberi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Ceremoniis&rft.edition=Reiske%2C+J.+J.&rft.pub=Impensis+E.+Weberi&rft.date=1840&rft.au=Constantine+VII+%27%27Porphyrogenitus%27%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz1970" class="citation book cs1">Scholz, Bernhard Walter, ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC"><i>Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472061860" title="Special:BookSources/0472061860"><bdi>0472061860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carolingian+Chronicles%3A+Royal+Frankish+Annals+and+Nithard%27s+Histories&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0472061860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTzl6wFjehMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurn1973" class="citation book cs1">Thurn, Hans, ed. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79jH-QXdf0EC"><i>Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum</i></a>. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110022858" title="Special:BookSources/9783110022858"><bdi>9783110022858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ioannis+Scylitzae+Synopsis+historiarum&rft.place=Berlin-New+York&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9783110022858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79jH-QXdf0EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШишић1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ferdo_%C5%A0i%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ferdo Šišić">Шишић, Фердо</a>, ed. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXwCSCgxTlcC"><i>Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja)</i></a>. Београд-Загреб: Српска краљевска академија.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%28Chronicle+of+the+Priest+of+Duklja%29&rft.place=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXwCSCgxTlcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКунчер2009" class="citation book cs1">Кунчер, Драгана (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/27256737/Gesta-Regum-Sclavorum-I"><i>Gesta Regum Sclavorum</i></a>. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Regum+Sclavorum&rft.place=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9B&rft.pub=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%2C+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F27256737%2FGesta-Regum-Sclavorum-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЖивковић2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Живковић, Тибор</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/66926958/Tibor-Zivkovic-Gesta-Regum-Sclavorum-II"><i>Gesta Regum Sclavorum</i></a>. Vol. 2. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Regum+Sclavorum&rft.place=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9B&rft.pub=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%2C+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B&rft.aufirst=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F66926958%2FTibor-Zivkovic-Gesta-Regum-Sclavorum-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Serbia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North 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Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Serbia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serbia_topics" title="Template:Serbia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serbia_topics" title="Template talk:Serbia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serbia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serbia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serbia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Serbia" title="Outline of Serbia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serbian_history" title="Timeline of Serbian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Serbia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman heritage in Serbia">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Grand Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Serbia" title="Moravian Serbia">Moravian Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Despotate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1718%E2%80%931739)" title="Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739)">Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Serbia" title="History of modern Serbia">History of modern Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Serbia" title="Revolutionary Serbia">Revolutionary Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia_after_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbia after 1918">Since 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">German occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Nedić's regime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Federal Republic (1992–2006)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitals_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitals of Serbia">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Serbia" title="Demographic history of Serbia">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Serbia" title="LGBT history in Serbia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia" title="Military history of Serbia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the Serbs">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Serbia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Serbia">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Serbia" title="Geography of Serbia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Serbia" title="List of caves in Serbia">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Serbia" title="Climate of Serbia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Serbia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Serbia" title="List of rivers of Serbia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swamps_in_Serbia" title="List of swamps in Serbia">Swamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Serbia" title="Geology of Serbia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Serbia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of Serbia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Serbia" title="Fauna of Serbia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Serbia" title="List of islands of Serbia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Serbia" title="List of lakes of Serbia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Serbia" title="List of mountains in Serbia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfalls_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfalls of Serbia">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governance of Serbia">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Serbia" title="Administrative divisions of Serbia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Serbia" title="Elections in Serbia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Serbia" title="Foreign relations of Serbia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Serbia" title="Government of Serbia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Serbia" title="Human rights in Serbia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Serbia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Serbia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Armed_Forces" title="Serbian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_General_Staff" title="Serbian General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Serbian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Serbian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Serbia" title="President of the National Assembly of Serbia">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Serbia" title="List of political parties in Serbia">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia" title="Economy of Serbia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Serbia" title="Banking in Serbia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Serbia" title="National Bank of Serbia">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Dinar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Serbia" title="Healthcare in Serbia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Serbia" title="Insurance in Serbia">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Serbia" title="Taxation in Serbia">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Serbia" title="Agriculture in Serbia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia" title="Automotive industry in Serbia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Serbia" title="List of companies of Serbia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Serbia" title="Energy in Serbia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Serbia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Serbia" title="Tourism in Serbia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Serbia" title="Transport in Serbia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Serbia" title="List of shopping malls in Serbia">Shopping malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Serbia" title="List of supermarket chains in Serbia">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Serbia" title="Category:Society of Serbia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Serbia" title="Crime in Serbia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Serbia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Serbia">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Serbia" title="Architecture of Serbia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_art" title="Serbian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian clan">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Serbia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_national_identity" title="Serbian national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Heritage of Serbia">Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Serbian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Serbia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian names">Naming culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Serbia" title="Public holidays in Serbia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="National symbols of Serbia">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Serbia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Serbia" title="Demographics of Serbia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Serbia" title="List of people from Serbia">Notable people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_actors" title="List of Serbian actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_architects" title="List of Serbian architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Serbian inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_musicians" title="List of Serbian musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_sportspeople" title="List of Serbian sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Serbia" title="Christianity in Serbia">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Serbia">Roman Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Serbia" title="Protestantism in Serbia">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Serbia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Serbia" title="Sport in Serbia">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Federations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_Federation_of_Serbia" title="Basketball Federation of Serbia">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Federation of Serbia">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball_Federation_of_Serbia" title="Handball Federation of Serbia">Handball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_League_of_Serbia" title="Basketball League of Serbia">Basketball superleague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Serbia" title="Football in Serbia">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_at_the_Olympics" title="Serbia at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Serbia" title="Outline of Serbia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Serbia" title="Outline of Serbia">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serbia" title="Category:Serbia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Serbia" title="Portal:Serbia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223195#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85120163">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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