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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_Period_(1632–1855)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_Period_(1632–1855)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early Modern Period (1632–1855) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_Period_(1632–1855)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Imperialism_(1855–1916)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Imperialism_(1855–1916)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Age of Imperialism (1855–1916) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Imperialism_(1855–1916)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haile_Selassie_I_era_(1916–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haile_Selassie_I_era_(1916–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haile_Selassie_I_era_(1916–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derg_era_(1974–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derg_era_(1974–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Derg era (1974–1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derg_era_(1974–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Democratic_Republic_(1991–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Democratic_Republic_(1991–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Democratic_Republic_(1991–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_and_hydropower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_hydropower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Energy and hydropower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_hydropower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Exports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rural_and_urban_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_and_urban_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Rural and urban life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_and_urban_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ethiopia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 275 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-275" aria-hidden="true" > 275 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Эфиопие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Эфиопие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ethiopië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopien" title="Äthiopien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Äthiopien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢትዮጵያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢትዮጵያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इथियोपिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इथियोपिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigelhearwenaland" title="Sigelhearwenaland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sigelhearwenaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Ефиопиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ефиопиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إثيوبيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إثيوبيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%AB" title="ܟܘܫ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܘܫ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Եթովպիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եթովպիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tiopie" title="Ètiopie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ètiopie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Etiopía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Etiopía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Etiopía – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Etiopía" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8" title="ХӀабаши – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀабаши" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiwpiya" title="Itiwpiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Itiwpiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopiya" title="Efiopiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Efiopiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="اتیوپی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اتیوپی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thiopia" title="Éthiopia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Éthiopia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইথিওপিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইথিওপিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфиопия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эфиопия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эфіопія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эфіопія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Этыёпія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Этыёпія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इथियोपिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इथियोपिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyopya" title="Etyopya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Etyopya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiopia" title="Itiopia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Itiopia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Етиопия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етиопия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopien" title="Ethiopien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ethiopien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་ཐི་ཨོ་པི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་ཐི་ཨོ་པི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija" title="Etiopija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Etiopija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Эфиопи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эфиопи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia" title="Etiòpia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Etiòpia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Эфиопи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эфиопи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyopiya" title="Etyopiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Etyopiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopie" title="Etiopie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etiopie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Etiopía – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Etiopía" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itopiya" title="Itopiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Itopiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettiopia" title="Ettiopia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ettiopia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopien" title="Etiopien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Etiopien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إتيوپيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إتيوپيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopien" title="Äthiopien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Äthiopien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%99%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%9D%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6" title="ޙަބުޝްކަރަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޙަބުޝްކަރަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinbijeeh_Dazhdi%C5%82idii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tsinbijeeh Dazhdiłidii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsinbijeeh Dazhdiłidii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopiska" title="Etiopiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Etiopiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इथियोपिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इथियोपिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioopia" title="Etioopia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Etioopia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αιθιοπία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιθιοπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эфиопия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эфиопия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Etiopía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etiopía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopio" title="Etiopio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etiopio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="اتیوپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتیوپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thiopie" title="Éthiopie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éthiopie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioopje" title="Etioopje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Etioopje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoppi" title="Ecoppi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ecoppi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Aet%C3%B3ip" title="An Aetóip – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Aetóip" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eetoip" title="Yn Eetoip – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Eetoip" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopiya" title="Etiyopiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Etiyopiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Aeti%C3%B2p" title="An Aetiòp – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Aetiòp" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Etiopía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Etiopía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88" title="ХӀабиш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀабиш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="埃塞俄比亞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="埃塞俄比亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ઇથિયોપિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇથિયોપિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इथिओपिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इथिओपिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84" title="에티오피아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에티오피아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itofiya" title="Itofiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Itofiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAikiopia" title="ʻAikiopia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAikiopia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Եթովպիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եթովպիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इथोपिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इथोपिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopiska" title="Etiopiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Etiopiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija" title="Etiopija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Etiopija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইথিওপিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইথিওপিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Эфиопи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эфиопи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITopiya" title="ITopiya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ITopiya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Itiyopiya" title="I-Itiyopiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Itiyopiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%BE%C3%AD%C3%B3p%C3%ADa" title="Eþíópía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eþíópía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="אתיופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתיופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thiopia" title="Éthiopia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Éthiopia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyoopii" title="Etiyoopii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Etiyoopii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಇತಿಯೋಪಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇತಿಯೋಪಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეთიოპია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეთიოპია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopi%C3%B4" title="Etiopiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Etiopiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфиопия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эфиопия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi" title="Ethiopi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ethiopi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopiya" title="Etiyopiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Etiyopiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфиопия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эфиопия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiopia" title="Itiopia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Itiopia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ityopia" title="Ityopia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ityopia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyopi" title="Etyopi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etyopi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9tchopi" title="Létchopi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Létchopi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopya" title="Etiyopya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Etiyopya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфиопия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эфиопия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Эфиопи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эфиопи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດເອທິໂອປີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເອທິໂອປີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aethiopia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija" title="Etiopija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Etiopija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopien" title="Ethiopien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ethiopien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфиопия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эфиопия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija" title="Etiopija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etiopija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia" title="Etiòpia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Etiòpia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ethiopië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopi" title="Etiopi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Etiopi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiopia" title="Itiopia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Itiopia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopii" title="Efiopii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Efiopii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/itiopias" title="itiopias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="itiopias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia" title="Etiópia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Etiópia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इथियोपिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इथियोपिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Етиопија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Етиопија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B4pia" title="Etiôpia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Etiôpia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="എത്യോപ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എത്യോപ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etjopja" title="Etjopja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Etjopja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इथियोपिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इथियोपिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეთიოპია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეთიოპია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اثيوبيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اثيوبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="اتیوپی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اتیوپی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsyah" title="Habsyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Habsyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯦꯊꯤꯌꯣꯄꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯊꯤꯌꯣꯄꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia" title="Etiópia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Etiópia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Этиопия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Этиопия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Этиоп – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Этиоп" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီသီယိုးပီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီသီယိုးပီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ethiopië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopie" title="Etiopie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Etiopie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इथियोपिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इथियोपिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इथियोपिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इथियोपिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2" title="エチオピア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エチオピア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8B%DF%97%DF%8F%DF%94%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߋߗߏߔߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߋߗߏߔߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Эфиопи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эфиопи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioopien" title="Etioopien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Etioopien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эфиопий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эфиопий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଇଥିଓପିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଥିଓପିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itoophiyaa" title="Itoophiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Itoophiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopiya" title="Efiopiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Efiopiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਇਥੋਪੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਥੋਪੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ईथ्योपिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईथ्योपिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایتھوپیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایتھوپیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایتوپیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایتوپیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iityuopia" title="Iityuopia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iityuopia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Итьоппья – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Итьоппья" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8" title="អេត្យូពី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេត្យូពី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia" title="Etiòpia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Etiòpia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isubya" title="Isubya – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Isubya" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopien" title="Äthiopien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Äthiopien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia" title="Etiópia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Etiópia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopiya" title="Efiopiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Efiopiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%C5%9Fistan" title="Abeşistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Abeşistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithiyupya" title="Ithiyupya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ithiyupya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Етіопія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Етіопія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфиопия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эфиопия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Этиопия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Этиопия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitiope" title="Aitiope – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aitiope" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ईथ्योपिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ईथ्योपिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%AFi" title="Etiopïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Etiopïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia" title="Etiòpia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Etiòpia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopie" title="Ethiopie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ethiopie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopien" title="Äthiopien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Äthiopien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඉතියෝපියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉතියෝපියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BF%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايٿوپيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايٿوپيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITopiya" title="ITopiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ITopiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia" title="Etiópia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Etiópia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija" title="Etiopija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Etiopija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%B3%D1%97%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Єѳїопїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єѳїопїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etjopijo" title="Etjopijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Etjopijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itoobiya" title="Itoobiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Itoobiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیتیۆپیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتیۆپیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopikondre" title="Ethiopikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ethiopikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Етиопија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етиопија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija" title="Etiopija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Etiopija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tiopia" title="Étiopia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Étiopia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopien" title="Etiopien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etiopien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="எத்தியோப்பியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எத்தியோப்பியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ityubya" title="Ityubya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ityubya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ityupya" title="Ityupya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ityupya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopie" title="Etiopie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Etiopie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%88%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хәбәшстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хәбәшстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢီႇတီႇယူဝ်းပီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇတီႇယူဝ်းပီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఇథియోపియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇథియోపియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศเอธิโอเปีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเอธิโอเปีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢትዮጵያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኢትዮጵያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфиопия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эфиопия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%AAti%C5%8Dpia" title="ʻĪtiōpia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻĪtiōpia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A3%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%A0" title="ᎢᏗᎣᏈᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏗᎣᏈᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopya" title="Etiyopya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etiyopya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopi%C3%BDa" title="Efiopiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Efiopiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ityopya" title="Ityopya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ityopya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфиопия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эфиопия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ефіопія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефіопія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایتھوپیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایتھوپیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%81%D9%89%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئېفىئوپىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېفىئوپىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia" title="Etiòpia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Etiòpia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopii" title="Efiopii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Efiopii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4tiop%C3%A4n" title="Lätiopän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lätiopän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioopia" title="Etioopia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Etioopia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopeye" title="Etiopeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Etiopeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E7%B4%A2%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="衣索比亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="衣索比亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ethiopië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoopi" title="Ecoopi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ecoopi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="埃塞俄比亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃塞俄比亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiya" title="Topiya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Topiya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="עטיאפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עטיאפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="埃塞俄比亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃塞俄比亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyopya" title="Etyopya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Etyopya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ethiopië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiuop%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Etiuopėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Etiuopėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃塞俄比亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsi" title="Habsi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Habsi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopij%C9%99" title="Efiopijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Efiopijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵉⵜⵢⵓⴱⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵜⵢⵓⴱⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q115#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ethiopia&params=9_N_38.7_E_">9°00′N 38°42′E / 9°N 38.7°E / 9; 38.7</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in the Horn of Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ethiopia (disambiguation)">Ethiopia (disambiguation)</a>. For the genus of moths, see <a href="/wiki/Ethopia" title="Ethopia">Ethopia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article contains several <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> names rather than family names. These persons are addressed by their <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, and not by their <a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">inherited name</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:86%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">in other official languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:77%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">ityoppiah federalih demokrasih ummuno</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itiyoophiyaa</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ethiopia"><img alt="Flag of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Ethiopia"><img alt="Emblem of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Ethiopia" title="Emblem of Ethiopia"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  ወደፊት ገስግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ "Wedefīt Gesigishī Wid Inat ītiyop’iy" (English: "<a href="/wiki/March_Forward,_Dear_Mother_Ethiopia" title="March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia">March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia</a>") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_(Africa_orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Ethiopia"><img alt="Location of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ethiopia_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Ethiopia_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ethiopia_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Ethiopia_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ethiopia_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Ethiopia_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ethiopia&params=9_1_N_38_45_E_type:city">9°1′N 38°45′E / 9.017°N 38.750°E / 9.017; 38.750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a><a href="#cite_note-Ventures-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nazret-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-africanews.com-5">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional languages</a><a href="#cite_note-africa.upenn.edu-6">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidamo language">Sidama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages of Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2007<a href="#cite_note-CSA-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-2007Census-8">[6]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>34.5% <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a></li> <li>26.9% <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a></li> <li>6.2% <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Ethiopia" title="Somalis in Ethiopia">Somali</a></li> <li>6.1% <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a></li> <li>4.0% <a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidama</a></li> <li>2.5% <a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">Gurage</a></li> <li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Welayta</a></li> <li>1.7% <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_people" title="Hadiya people">Hadiya</a></li> <li>1.7% <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a></li> <li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/Gamo_people" title="Gamo people">Gamo</a></li> <li>12.6% <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2016<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>67.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Christianity</a> <ul><li>43.8% <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>22.8% <a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay</a></li> <li>0.7% other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">31.3% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.6% <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">others</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">Ethiopian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary republic</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia" title="President of Ethiopia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie" title="Taye Atske Selassie">Taye Atske Selassie</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia#Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Deputy Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temesgen_Tiruneh" title="Temesgen Tiruneh">Temesgen Tiruneh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia" title="Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia">Chief Justice of the Federal Supreme Court</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tewodros_Mihret" title="Tewodros Mihret">Tewodros Mihret</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Federal Parliamentary Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Federation" title="House of Federation">House of Federation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives" title="House of Peoples' Representatives">House of Peoples' Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">980 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">400 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1270</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1769</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint#End_of_Zemene_Mesafint_era" title="Zemene Mesafint">Reunification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 February 1855</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II#Conquest_of_neighboring_states_and_defeat_of_the_Italians" title="Menelik II">Centralisation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1904</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Occupied and annexed</a> into <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 May 1936</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Agreement" title="Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement">Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1987</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Transitional Government of Ethiopia">Transitional government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Ethiopia">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1995</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,104,300 km2 (426,400 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.7</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 132,900,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2007 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 73,750,932<a href="#cite_note-2007Census-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">92.7/km2 (240.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">123rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $434.44 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ET-12">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">55th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4,050<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ET-12">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">159th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $145.03 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ET-12">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">59th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1,350<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ET-12">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">159th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2015)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 35.0<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-13">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.492<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-14">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">176th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Birr</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ETB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ethiopia" title="Telephone numbers in Ethiopia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B251" class="mw-redirect" title="+251">+251</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ET" title="ISO 3166-2:ET">ET</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.et" title=".et">.et</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ethiopia,<a href="#cite_note-15">[c]</a> officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> region of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. It shares borders with <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_border" title="Eritrea–Ethiopia border">north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Ethiopia_border" title="Djibouti–Ethiopia border">northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somalia_border" title="Ethiopia–Somalia border">east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Kenya_border" title="Ethiopia–Kenya border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93South_Sudan_border" title="Ethiopia–South Sudan border">west</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Sudan_border" title="Ethiopia–Sudan border">northwest</a>. Ethiopia covers a land area of 1,104,300 square kilometres (1,104,300 square kilometres (426,400 sq mi)).<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is home to around 132 million inhabitants, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">10th-most populous</a> country in the world,<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">2nd-most populous in Africa</a> after <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and the most populated landlocked country on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-csa2-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19">[16]</a> The national capital and largest city, <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, lies several kilometres west of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> that splits the country into the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Plate">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA2-20">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">Anatomically modern humans</a> emerged from modern-day Ethiopia and set out for the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Southwestern Ethiopia has been proposed as a possible <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic homeland">homeland of the Afroasiatic language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2006-26">[23]</a> In 980 BC, the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">D'mt</a> extended its realm over Eritrea and the northern region of Ethiopia, while the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> maintained a unified civilization in the region for 900 years. Christianity was embraced by the kingdom in 330,<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> and Islam arrived by the <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" title="Migration to Abyssinia">first Hijra</a> in 615.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> After the collapse of Aksum in 960, the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a> ruled the north-central parts of Ethiopia until being overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> in 1270, inaugurating the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a>, claimed descent from the biblical <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> under their son <a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a>. By the 14th century, the empire had grown in prestige through territorial expansion and fighting against adjacent territories; most notably, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a> (1529–1543) contributed to fragmentation of the empire, which ultimately fell under a decentralization known as <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a> in the mid-18th century. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a> ended Zemene Mesafint at the beginning of his reign in 1855, marking the reunification and modernization of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> From 1878 onwards, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> launched a series of conquests known as <a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Expansions">Menelik's Expansions</a>, which resulted in the formation of Ethiopia's current border. Externally, during the late 19th century, Ethiopia defended itself against foreign invasions, including from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Egyptian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Egyptian War">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">Italy</a>; as a result, Ethiopia preserved its sovereignty during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. In 1936, Ethiopia was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> and annexed with Italian-possessed <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, later forming <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>. In 1941, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">occupied by the British Army</a>, and its full sovereignty was <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Agreement#Negotiating_a_new_agreement" title="Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement">restored in 1944</a> after a period of <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration_(Ethiopia)" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia)">military administration</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a>, a Soviet-backed military junta, took power in 1974 after <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">deposing</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> and the Solomonic dynasty, and ruled the country for nearly 17 years amidst the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Derg">dissolution of the Derg</a> in 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF) dominated the country with a <a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">new constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism#Ethiopia" title="Ethnic federalism">ethnic-based federalism</a>. Since then, Ethiopia has suffered from prolonged and unsolved <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_discrimination_in_Ethiopia" title="Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia">inter-ethnic clashes</a> and political instability marked by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a>. From 2018, regional and ethnically based factions carried out armed attacks in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">multiple ongoing wars throughout Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1120-30">[27]</a> Ethiopia is a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multi-ethnic state</a> with over 80 different <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia">ethnic groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the most widely professed faith in the country, with significant minorities of the adherents of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Islam</a> and a small percentage to <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">traditional faiths</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> is a founding member of the UN, the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">Group of 24</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>. Addis Ababa is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Africa">United Nations Economic Commission for Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a> and many of the global <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> focused on Africa. Ethiopia became a full member of <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Ethiopia is one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> but is sometimes considered an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">emerging power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> having the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_growth" title="List of African countries by GDP growth">fastest economic growth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan African</a> countries because of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> in expansion of agricultural and manufacturing industries;<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia" title="Agriculture in Ethiopia">agriculture</a> is the country's largest economic sector, accounting for over 37% of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> as of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> However, in terms of <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> the country is regarded as poor, with high rates of <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ethiopia" title="Poverty in Ethiopia">poverty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> poor respect for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia" title="Human rights in Ethiopia">human rights</a>, widespread <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_discrimination_in_Ethiopia" title="Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia">ethnic discrimination</a>, and a literacy rate of only 49%.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></div> Tradition holds that the name Ethiopia (ኢትዮጵያ) comes from the name of the first King of Ethiopia, Ethiop, or <a href="/wiki/Ethiopis" title="Ethiopis">Ethiopis</a>. Ayele Berkerie explains: <blockquote>According to an Ethiopian tradition, the term Ethiopia is derived from the word Ethiopis, a name of the Ethiopian king, the seventh in the ancestral lines. Metshafe Aksum or the Ethiopian Book of Aksum identifies Itiopis as the twelfth king of Ethiopia and the father of Aksumawi. The Ethiopians pronounce Ethiopia እትዮጵያ with a Sades or the sixth sound እ as in incorporate and the graph ጰ has no equivalent in English or Latin graphs. Ethiopis is believed to be the twelfth direct descendant of Adam. His father is identified as Kush, while his grandfather is known as Kam.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a></blockquote>In the 15th-century Ge'ez <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Axum" title="Book of Axum">Book of Axum</a>, the name is ascribed to a legendary individual called <a href="/wiki/Ethiopis" title="Ethiopis">Ityopp'is</a>. He was an extra-biblical son of <a href="/wiki/Cush_(Bible)" title="Cush (Bible)">Cush, son of Ham</a>, said to have founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Agrvt-40">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> name Αἰθιοπία (from Αἰθίοψ, "an Ethiopian") is a compound word, later explained as derived from the Greek words αἴθω and ὤψ (eithō "I burn" + ōps "face"). According to the <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon</a>, the designation properly translates as burnt-face in noun form and red-brown in adjectival form.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> used the appellation to denote those parts of Africa south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> that were then known within the <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">Ecumene</a> (habitable world).<a href="#cite_note-Herodotus1-42">[39]</a> The earliest mention of the term is found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, where it is used to refer to two people groups, one in Africa and one in the east from eastern Turkey to India.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> This Greek name was borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> as ኢትዮጵያ, ʾĪtyōṗṗyā. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> epigraphs, Aethiopia was a specific toponym for ancient <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hatke-44">[41]</a> At least as early as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 850,<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> the name Aethiopia also occurs in many translations of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> in allusion to Nubia. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> texts identify Nubia instead as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> However, in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the Greek term Aithiops does occur, referring to a servant of the <a href="/wiki/Kandake" title="Kandake">Kandake</a>, the queen of Kush.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Following the Hellenic and biblical traditions, the <a href="/wiki/Monumentum_Adulitanum" title="Monumentum Adulitanum">Monumentum Adulitanum</a>, a 3rd-century inscription belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite Empire</a>, indicates that Aksum's ruler governed an area that was flanked to the west by the territory of Ethiopia and Sasu. The Aksumite King <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana</a> eventually conquered Nubia the following century, and the Aksumites thereafter appropriated the designation "Ethiopians" for their own kingdom. In the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Ge'ez</a> version of the Ezana inscription, Aἰθίοπες is equated with the unvocalized Ḥbšt and Ḥbśt (Ḥabashat), and denotes for the first time the highland inhabitants of Aksum. This new <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> was subsequently rendered as ḥbs ('Aḥbāsh) in <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaic</a> and as Ḥabasha in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hatke-44">[41]</a> Derivatives of this are used in some languages that use loanwords from Arabic, for example in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> Habsyah. In English, and generally outside of Ethiopia, the country was historically known as Abyssinia. This toponym was derived from the Latinized form of the ancient Habash.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History of Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopian historiography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Ethiopic characters.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistoric Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_Sapiens_Idaltu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Homo_Sapiens_Idaltu.JPG/220px-Homo_Sapiens_Idaltu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Homo_Sapiens_Idaltu.JPG/330px-Homo_Sapiens_Idaltu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Homo_Sapiens_Idaltu.JPG/440px-Homo_Sapiens_Idaltu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">Homo sapiens idaltu</a> hominid skull</figcaption></figure> Several important finds have propelled Ethiopia and the surrounding region to the forefront of <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">palaeontology</a>. The oldest <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominid</a> discovered to date in Ethiopia is the 4.2 million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ardi" title="Ardi">Ardi</a>) found by <a href="/wiki/Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">Tim D. White</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-OldestHuman-49">[46]</a> The most well-known hominid discovery is <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)" title="Lucy (Australopithecus)">Lucy</a>). Known locally as Dinkinesh, the specimen was found in the <a href="/wiki/Awash_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Awash Valley">Awash Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a> in 1974 by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Johanson" title="Donald Johanson">Donald Johanson</a>, and is one of the most complete and best-preserved adult <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecine</a> fossils ever uncovered. Lucy's taxonomic name refers to the region where the discovery was made. This hominid is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dinkinesh-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-iho1-52">[49]</a> Ethiopia is also considered one of the earliest sites of the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">anatomically modern humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a>. The oldest of these local fossil finds, the <a href="/wiki/Omo_remains" title="Omo remains">Omo remains</a>, were excavated in the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Omo_Kibish_Formation" title="Omo Kibish Formation">Omo Kibish</a> area and have been dated to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>, around 200,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Mcdougall2005-53">[50]</a> Additionally, skeletons of <a href="/wiki/Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">Homo sapiens idaltu</a> were found at a site in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Awash" title="Middle Awash">Middle Awash</a> valley. Dated to approximately 160,000 years ago, they may represent an extinct subspecies of Homo sapiens, or the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Archaic Homo sapiens fossils excavated at the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a> site in Morocco have since been dated to an earlier period, about 300,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> while Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) from southern Ethiopia is the oldest anatomically modern Homo sapiens skeleton currently known (196 ± 5 kya).<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> According to some linguists, the first <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era from the family's proposed <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic homeland">urheimat</a> ("original homeland") in the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zarins-57">[54]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aane-58">[55]</a> The majority of scholars today propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in northeast Africa because of the higher diversity of lineages in that region, a telltale sign of linguistic origin.<a href="#cite_note-Blench143144-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> In 2019, archaeologists discovered a 30,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> rock shelter at the <a href="/wiki/Fincha_Habera,_Ethiopia" title="Fincha Habera, Ethiopia">Fincha Habera</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Bale_Mountains" title="Bale Mountains">Bale Mountains</a> at an elevation of 3,469 metres (11,381 feet) above sea level. At this high altitude, humans are susceptible both to <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia#Environmental_oxygen" title="Hypoxemia">hypoxia</a> and to extreme weather. According to a study published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, this dwelling is proof of the earliest permanent human occupation at high altitude yet discovered. Thousands of animal bones, hundreds of stone tools, and ancient fireplaces were discovered, revealing a diet that featured giant <a href="/wiki/Spalacidae" title="Spalacidae">mole rats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Evidence of some of the earliest known stone-tipped projectile weapons (a characteristic tool of Homo sapiens), the stone tips of javelins or throwing spears, were discovered in 2013 at the Ethiopian site of <a href="/wiki/Gademotta" title="Gademotta">Gademotta</a>, which date to around 279,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-SahlePLOS1-69">[66]</a> In 2019, additional Middle Stone Age projectile weapons were found at Aduma, dated 100,000–80,000 years ago, in the form of points considered likely to belong to darts delivered by spear throwers.<a href="#cite_note-Sahle-70">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg/220px-KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg/330px-KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg/440px-KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite currency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Axumite_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Axumite kings">Aksumite king</a> <a href="/wiki/Endubis" title="Endubis">Endubis</a>, 227–35, at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[d]</a></figcaption></figure> In 980 BC, <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a> was established in present-day <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and the northern part of Ethiopia in Tigray and Amhara regions, and is widely believed to be the successor state to <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Punt</a>. This polity's capital was located at <a href="/wiki/Yeha" title="Yeha">Yeha</a> in what is now northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a native Ethiopian one, although in earlier times many suggested it was <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaean</a>-influenced because of the latter's hegemony of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-72">[68]</a> Other scholars regard Dʿmt as the result of a union of Afroasiatic-speaking cultures of the Cushitic and Semitic branches; namely, local <a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw peoples</a> and Sabaeans from Southern Arabia. However, <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Ge'ez</a>, the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is thought to have developed independently from the <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaean language</a>. As early as 2000 BC, other Semitic speakers were living in Ethiopia and Eritrea where Ge'ez developed.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limited to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may have been a trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Axumite state.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-72">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png/220px-The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png/330px-The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png/440px-The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png 2x" data-file-width="17877" data-file-height="20000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Empire of Axum</a> at its peak in the 6th century.</figcaption></figure> After the fall of Dʿmt during the 4th century BC, the Ethiopian plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. In the 1st century AD, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> emerged in what is now Tigray Region and Eritrea. According to the medieval <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Axum" title="Book of Axum">Book of Axum</a>, the kingdom's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.<a href="#cite_note-Agrvt-40">[37]</a> Aksum would later at times extend its rule into Yemen on the other side of the Red Sea.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> The Persian prophet <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his era, during the 3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> It is also believed that there was a connection between Egyptian and Ethiopian churches. There is diminutive evidence that the Aksumites were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>, via their royal inscription.<a href="#cite_note-:5-77">[73]</a> Around 316 AD, <a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a> and his brother Edesius from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> accompanied their uncle on a voyage to Ethiopia. When the vessel stopped at a Red Sea port, the natives killed all the travellers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court as <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">slaves</a>. They were given positions of trust by the monarch, and they converted members of the royal court to Christianity. Frumentius became the first bishop of Aksum.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-313-32273-2-78">[74]</a> A coin dated to 324 shows that Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity (after Armenia did so in 301), although the religion may have been at first confined to court circles; it was the first major power to do so. The Aksumites were accustomed to the Greco-Roman sphere of influence, but embarked on significant cultural ties and trade connections between the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and the Roman Empire via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, primarily exporting <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory</a>, tortoise shell, gold and emeralds, and importing silk and spices.<a href="#cite_note-:5-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-britishmuseum.org-79">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ethiopia in the Middle Ages">Ethiopia in the Middle Ages</a></div> The kingdom adopted the name "Ethiopia" during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana</a> in the 4th century. After the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> in 330, the Aksumite territory reached its peak between the 5th and 6th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-72">[68]</a> This period was interrupted by several incursions into the South Arabian protectorate, including <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhu_Nuwas" title="Dhu Nuwas">Dhu Nuwas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aksumite%E2%80%93Persian_wars" title="Aksumite–Persian wars">Aksumite–Persian wars</a>. In 575, the Aksumites <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_reconquest_of_Yemen" title="Sasanian reconquest of Yemen">besieged and retook Sana'a</a> following the assassination of its governor <a href="/wiki/Sayf_ibn_Dhi_Yazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan">Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan</a>. The Red Sea was left to the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> in 646, and the port city of <a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a> was plundered by Arab Muslims in the 8th century; along with irrevocable <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, claimed <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a> and sporadic rainfall precipitation from 730 to 760,<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> these factors likely caused the kingdom to decline in power as part of an important trade route.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-81">[77]</a> Aksum came to an end in 960 when <a href="/wiki/Gudit" title="Gudit">Queen Gudit</a> defeated the last king of Aksum.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> In response, the remnant of the Aksumite population to shift into the southern region and establish the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a>, changing its capital to <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Zagwe's rule ended when an <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> noble man <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> revolted against King <a href="/wiki/Yetbarak" title="Yetbarak">Yetbarak</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> (known by exonym "Abyssinia"). <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bete_Medhane_Alem_in_Lalibela.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bete_Medhane_Alem_in_Lalibela.JPG/201px-Bete_Medhane_Alem_in_Lalibela.JPG" decoding="async" width="201" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bete_Medhane_Alem_in_Lalibela.JPG/302px-Bete_Medhane_Alem_in_Lalibela.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bete_Medhane_Alem_in_Lalibela.JPG/402px-Bete_Medhane_Alem_in_Lalibela.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> during the Middle Ages </figcaption></figure> The Ethiopian Empire initiated territorial expansion under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a>. He launched campaigns against his Muslim adversaries to the east, resulting in a significant shift in the balance of power in favor of the Christians for the next two centuries. After Amda Seyon's successful eastern campaigns, most of the Muslim principalities in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> came under the suzerainty of the Ethiopian Empire. Stretching from <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a> to the Somali Coast in <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zelia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Among these Muslim entities was the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a>. During the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a>, the Ethiopian Empire reached its pinnacle. His rule was marked by the consolidation of territorial acquisitions from earlier rulers, the oversight of the construction of numerous churches and monasteries, the active promotion of literature and art, and the strengthening of central imperial authority.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3b-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelKillion2011160-87">[83]</a> Ifat's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> tried to conquer Ethiopia during the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a>, but was ultimately defeated at the 1543 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Battle of Wayna Daga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> By the 16th century, an influx of migration by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> into northern parts of the region fragmented the empire's power. Embarking from present-day <a href="/wiki/Guji_Zone" title="Guji Zone">Guji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borena_Zone" title="Borena Zone">Borena Zone</a>, the Oromos were largely motivated by several folkloric conceptions—beginning with Moggaasaa<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> and Liqimssa—many of whom related to their raids. This persisted until gada of Meslé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1997301-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-92">[88]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bahrey" title="Bahrey">Abba Bahrey</a>, the earliest expansion occurred under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_II" title="Dawit II">Dawit II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luba_Melbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Luba Melbah">luba Melbah</a>), when they encroached to <a href="/wiki/Bale_Province,_Ethiopia" title="Bale Province, Ethiopia">Bale</a> before invading Adal Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-Reference-93">[89]</a> Ethiopia saw major diplomatic contact with Portugal from the 17th century, mainly related to religion. Beginning in 1555,<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Portuguese Jesuits attempted to develop Roman Catholicism as the state religion. After several failures, they sent several missionaries in 1603, including the most influential, Spanish Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Pedro_P%C3%A1ez" title="Pedro Páez">Pedro Paez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> Under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Susenyos_I" title="Susenyos I">Susenyos I</a>, Roman Catholicism became the state religion of the Ethiopian Empire in 1622.<a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2019-96">[92]</a> This decision caused an uprising by the Orthodox populace.<a href="#cite_note-berndl2005-97">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Period_(1632–1855)">Early Modern Period (1632–1855)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fasil_Ghebbi_IV_(23869587160).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fasil_Ghebbi_IV_%2823869587160%29.jpg/220px-Fasil_Ghebbi_IV_%2823869587160%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fasil_Ghebbi_IV_%2823869587160%29.jpg/330px-Fasil_Ghebbi_IV_%2823869587160%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fasil_Ghebbi_IV_%2823869587160%29.jpg/440px-Fasil_Ghebbi_IV_%2823869587160%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4231" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>Fasil Ghebbi, one of the key castles of the <a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1632, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Fasilides" title="Fasilides">Fasilides</a> halted Roman Catholic state administration, restoring <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> as the state religion.<a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2019-96">[92]</a> Fasilides' reign solidified imperial power, relocating the capital to <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> in 1636, marking the beginning of the "<a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a>".<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> He expelled Jesuits, reclaimed lands, and relocated them to <a href="/wiki/Fremona" title="Fremona">Fremona</a>. During his rule, Fasilides constructed the iconic royal fortress, <a href="/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi" title="Fasil Ghebbi">Fasil Ghebbi</a>, built forty-four churches,<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> and revived <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian art</a>. He is also credited with building seven stone bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile River">Blue Nile River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> Gondar's power declined after the death of <a href="/wiki/Iyasu_I" title="Iyasu I">Iyasu I</a> in 1706. Following <a href="/wiki/Iyasu_II" title="Iyasu II">Iyasu II</a>'s death in 1755, Empress <a href="/wiki/Mentewab" title="Mentewab">Mentewab</a> brought her brother, <a href="/wiki/Ras_(title)" title="Ras (title)">Ras</a> Wolde Leul, to Gondar, making him Ras Bitwaded. This led to regnal conflict between Mentewab's Quaregnoch and the Wollo group led by Wubit. In 1767, Ras <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Sehul" title="Mikael Sehul">Mikael Sehul</a>, a regent in <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray Province</a>, seized Gondar, killing the child <a href="/wiki/Iyoas_I" title="Iyoas I">Iyoas I</a> in 1769, the reigning emperor, and installed 70-year-old <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_II" title="Yohannes II">Yohannes II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> Between 1769 and 1855, Ethiopia witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a> or "Age of Princes," a period of isolation. Emperors became figureheads, controlled by regional lords and noblemen like Ras Mikael Sehul, Ras <a href="/wiki/Wolde_Selassie" title="Wolde Selassie">Wolde Selassie</a> of Tigray, and by the <a href="/wiki/Yejju" title="Yejju">Yejju</a> Oromo dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint#Wara_Sheh_rulers_(Yejju)_(1784–1855)" title="Zemene Mesafint">Wara Sheh</a>, including Ras <a href="/wiki/Gugsa_of_Yejju" title="Gugsa of Yejju">Gugsa of Yejju</a>. Before the Zemene Mesafint, Emperor Iyoas I had introduced the Oromo language (Afaan Oromo) at court, replacing Amharic.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Imperialism_(1855–1916)">Age of Imperialism (1855–1916)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A9wodros_II_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/T%C3%A9wodros_II_-_2.jpg/140px-T%C3%A9wodros_II_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/T%C3%A9wodros_II_-_2.jpg/210px-T%C3%A9wodros_II_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/T%C3%A9wodros_II_-_2.jpg/280px-T%C3%A9wodros_II_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="504" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a> (r. 1855–1868) brought an end to Zemene Mesafint</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/164px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/246px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/328px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="3524" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> defended Ethiopia's sovereignty during the age of imperialism.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Abyssinia" title="British expedition to Abyssinia">British expedition to Abyssinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Invasions">Menelik's Invasions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">Egyptian–Ethiopian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a></div>Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that concluded with an alliance between the two nations, but it was not until 1855 that the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia (Gondar, <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>) were briefly united after the power of the emperor was restored beginning with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Middleton2015-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> Tewodros II began a process of consolidation, centralisation, and state-building that would be continued by succeeding emperors. This process reduced the power of regional rulers, restructured the empire's administration, and created a professional army. These changes created the basis for establishing the effective sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Ethiopian state.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> In 1875 and 1876, Ottoman and Egyptian forces, accompanied by many European and American advisors, twice <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">invaded Abyssinia</a> but were initially defeated.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> From 1885 to 1889 (under <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a>), Ethiopia joined the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> allied to Britain, Turkey, and Egypt against the Sudanese Mahdist State. In 1887, <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>, invaded the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar" title="Emirate of Harar">Emirate of Harar</a> after his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chelenqo" title="Battle of Chelenqo">Battle of Chelenqo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> On 10 March 1889, Yohannes IV was killed by the Sudanese Khalifah Abdullah's army whilst leading his army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallabat" title="Battle of Gallabat">Battle of Gallabat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> Ethiopia, in roughly its current form, began under the reign of Menelik II, who was Emperor from 1889 until his death in 1913. From his base in the central province of Shewa, Menelik set out to annex territories to the south, east, and west<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-110">[106]</a> — areas inhabited by the Oromo, <a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidama</a>, Gurage, <a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Welayta</a>, and other peoples.<a href="#cite_note-igg-111">[107]</a> He achieved this with the help of Ras <a href="/wiki/Gobana_Dacche" title="Gobana Dacche">Gobana Dacche</a>'s Shewan Oromo militia, which occupied lands that had not been held since <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a>'s war, as well as other areas that had never been under Ethiopian rule.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> For his leadership, despite opposition from more traditional elements of society, Menelik II was heralded as a national hero. He had signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wuchale" title="Treaty of Wuchale">Treaty of Wuchale</a> with Italy in May 1889, by which Italy would recognize Ethiopia's sovereignty so long as Italy could control an area north of Ethiopia (now part of modern Eritrea). In return, Italy was to provide Menelik with weapons and support him as emperor. The Italians used the time between the signing of the treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to expand their territorial claims. This <a href="/wiki/First_Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italo–Ethiopian War">First Italo–Ethiopian War</a> culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a> on 1 March 1896, in which Italy's colonial forces were defeated by the Ethiopians.<a href="#cite_note-igg-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> During this time, about a third of the population died in the <a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Great Ethiopian Famine</a> (1888 to 1892),<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic" title="1890s African rinderpest epizootic">rinderpest</a> swept through the area, destroying much of the herd economy. On 11 October 1897, Ethiopia adopted the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">colours of the pan-African flag</a> with green, yellow and red stripes in representation of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Africanist">pan-Africanist</a> ideology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haile_Selassie_I_era_(1916–1974)">Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Italian Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Soldiers_Korean_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ethiopian_Soldiers_Korean_War.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_Soldiers_Korean_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ethiopian_Soldiers_Korean_War.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_Soldiers_Korean_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ethiopian_Soldiers_Korean_War.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_Soldiers_Korean_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian troops sent by the government under the <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Emperor Haile Selassie I</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> fighting for South Korean independence</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg/220px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg/330px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg/440px-Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Emperor Haile Selassie I</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> during the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> The early 20th century was marked by the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (Ras Tafari). He came to power after <a href="/wiki/Lij_Iyasu" title="Lij Iyasu">Lij Iyasu</a> was deposed, and undertook <a href="/wiki/Modernization_under_Haile_Selassie" title="Modernization under Haile Selassie">a nationwide modernization campaign</a> from 1916 when he was made a Ras and Regent (Inderase) for the <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Empress Regnant</a> <a href="/wiki/Zewditu" title="Zewditu">Zewditu</a>, and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian Empire. Following Zewditu's death, on 2 November 1930, he succeeded her as emperor.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> In 1931, Haile Selassie endowed Ethiopia with its first-ever <a href="/wiki/1931_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1931 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution</a> in emulation of Imperial Japan's <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">1890 Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> The independence of Ethiopia was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, beginning when it was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> in early October 1935, and by subsequent Italian rule of the country (1936–1941) after Italian victory in the war.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> Italy, however, never managed to secure the country in its totality, due to resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Arbegnoch</a>, this made Ethiopia, along with <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, the only African countries to never be colonized.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> Following the entry of Italy into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> forces, together with the <a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Arbegnoch</a>, liberated Ethiopia in the course of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a> in 1941. The country was placed under <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration_(Ethiopia)" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia)">British military administration</a>, and then Ethiopia's full <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> was restored with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Agreement" title="Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement">Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement</a> in December 1944.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> On 24 October 1945, Ethiopia became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. In 1952, Haile Selassie orchestrated a <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">federation with Eritrea</a>. He dissolved this in 1962 and <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> Eritrea, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Haile Selassie also played a leading role in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU).<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> Opinion within Ethiopia turned against Haile Selassie, owing to the worldwide <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> causing a sharp increase in gasoline prices starting on 13 February 1974, leading to student and worker protests.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The feudal oligarchical cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Aklilu_Habte-Wold" title="Aklilu Habte-Wold">Aklilu Habte-Wold</a> was toppled, and a new government was formed with <a href="/wiki/Endelkachew_Makonnen" title="Endelkachew Makonnen">Endelkachew Makonnen</a> serving as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derg_era_(1974–1991)">Derg era (1974–1991)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Ethiopian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" title="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia">1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg/134px-Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg/201px-Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg/268px-Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> was sentenced to death <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a> for committing <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">crimes during his rule</a></figcaption></figure> Haile Selassie's rule ended on 12 September 1974, when he was <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">deposed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a>, a committee made up of military and police officers.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> After the execution of <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Sixty" title="Massacre of the Sixty">60 former government and military officials</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> the new <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Military_Administrative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Military Administrative Council">Provisional Military Administrative Council</a> abolished the monarchy in March 1975 and established Ethiopia as a <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist state">Marxist-Leninist state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The abolition of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>, and sweeping <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_and_villagization_in_Ethiopia" title="Resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia">resettlement and villagization</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> became priorities.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> After a power struggle in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Halie Mariam</a> gained undisputed leadership of the Derg.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> In 1977, Somalia, which had previously been receiving assistance and arms from the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, invaded Ethiopia in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>, capturing part of the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> region. Ethiopia recovered it after it began receiving massive military aid from the Soviet bloc countries.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> By the end of the seventies, Mengistu presided over the second-largest army in all of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, as well as a formidable <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">air force</a> and navy. In 1976–78, up to 500,000 were killed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-133">[129]</a> a violent <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> campaign by the Derg against various opposition groups.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Book2-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> In 1987, the Derg dissolved itself and established the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> (PDRE) upon the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1987 Constitution of Ethiopia">1987 Constitution of Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> A <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" title="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia">1983–85 famine</a> affected around 8 million people, resulting in 1 million dead. Insurrections against <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> rule sprang up, particularly in the northern regions of Eritrea and Tigray. The <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray People's Liberation Front</a> (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements in 1989, to form the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF).<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> The collapse of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a> coincided with the Soviet Union stopping aid to Ethiopia altogether in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa in May 1991, and Mengistu fled the country and was granted asylum in Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Democratic_Republic_(1991–present)">Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1993_Eritrean_independence_referendum" title="1993 Eritrean independence referendum">1993 Eritrean independence referendum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Civil_War_(2020-present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ethiopian_Civil_War_%282020-present%29.svg/220px-Ethiopian_Civil_War_%282020-present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ethiopian_Civil_War_%282020-present%29.svg/330px-Ethiopian_Civil_War_%282020-present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ethiopian_Civil_War_%282020-present%29.svg/440px-Ethiopian_Civil_War_%282020-present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a>: territorial control as of September 2023<a href="#cite_note-144">[e]</a></figcaption></figure> In July 1991, the EPRDF convened a National Conference to establish the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Transitional Government of Ethiopia">Transitional Government of Ethiopia</a> composed of an 87-member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1996121–23-145">[140]</a> In 1994, a new constitution was written that established a parliamentary republic with a bicameral legislature and a judicial system.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution2-146">[141]</a> In April 1993, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> gained independence from Ethiopia after a <a href="/wiki/1993_Eritrean_independence_referendum" title="1993 Eritrean independence referendum">national referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> In May 1998, a border dispute with Eritrea led to the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a>, which lasted until June 2000 and cost both countries an estimated $1 million a day.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> This had a negative effect on Ethiopia's economy, and a <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">border conflict</a> between the two countries would continue <a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">until 2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-150">[145]</a> As of 2018, further <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">civil war in Ethiopia</a> continues, mainly due to destabilization of the country. <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia#Ethnic_violence" title="Human rights in Ethiopia">Ethnic violence rose</a> during the late 2010s and early 2020s,<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> with various clashes and conflicts leading to millions of Ethiopians being displaced.<a href="#cite_note-irinnews-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> The federal government decided that elections for 2020 (later being <a href="/wiki/2021_Ethiopian_general_election" title="2021 Ethiopian general election">rescheduled to 2021</a>) be cancelled, due to health and safety concerns about <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a>'s TPLF opposed this, and <a href="/wiki/2020_Tigray_regional_election" title="2020 Tigray regional election">proceeded to hold elections</a> anyway on 9 September 2020.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> Relations between the federal government and Tigray deteriorated rapidly,<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> and in November 2020, Ethiopia began a military offensive in Tigray in response to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_attacks_(Ethiopia)" title="Northern Command attacks (Ethiopia)">attacks on army units stationed</a> there, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> By March 2022, as many as 500,000 people had died as a result of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_northern_Ethiopia_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)">famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> After a number of <a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_peace_process" title="Tigrayan peace process">peace and mediation proposals</a> in the intervening years, Ethiopia and the Tigrayan rebel forces agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Tigray_peace_agreement" title="Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement">cessation of hostilities on 2 November 2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> Coupled with <a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a>, the federal government relations with Fano militias, who previously allied to the government in the Tigray War, deteriorated in mid-2023, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">war in the Amhara Region</a>. According to reports conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Ethiopian Human Rights Commission">Ethiopian Human Rights Commission</a> (EHRC), mass human rights violations carried out by ENDF troops including door-to-door searches, extrajudicial killings, massacres and detentions. Notable incident includes the <a href="/wiki/Merawi_massacre" title="Merawi massacre">Merawi massacre</a> in early 2024, which left 50 to 100 residents deaths in <a href="/wiki/Merawi,_Ethiopia" title="Merawi, Ethiopia">Merawi</a> town in Amhara.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Geography of Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ethiopia_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-Ethiopia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ethiopia_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Ethiopia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ethiopia_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-Ethiopia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Relief map of Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> At 1,104,300 square kilometres (426,372.61 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-168">[163]</a> Ethiopia is the world's 26th-largest country, comparable in size to <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. It lies between the <a href="/wiki/3rd_parallel_north" title="3rd parallel north">3rd parallel north</a> and the <a href="/wiki/15th_parallel_north" title="15th parallel north">15th parallel north</a> and longitudes <a href="/wiki/33rd_meridian_east" title="33rd meridian east">33rd meridian east</a> and <a href="/wiki/48th_meridian_east" title="48th meridian east">48th meridian east</a>. The major portion of Ethiopia lies in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, which is the easternmost part of the African landmass. The territories that have frontiers with Ethiopia are Eritrea to the north and then, moving in a clockwise direction, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan. Within Ethiopia is a vast highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia" title="Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia">Great Rift Valley</a>, which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>, or semi-desert. There is a great diversity of terrain with wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation and settlement patterns. Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border to the tropical forests in the south to extensive <a href="/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">Afromontane</a> in the northern and southwestern parts. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> in the north is the source of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>. It also has many <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species, notably the <a href="/wiki/Gelada" title="Gelada">gelada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">walia ibex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf</a> ("Simien fox"). The wide range of altitude has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, and this has helped to encourage the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation. The nation is a land of geographical contrasts, ranging from the vast fertile west, with its forests and numerous rivers, to the world's hottest settlement of <a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Dallol</a> in its north. The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> are the largest continuous mountain ranges in Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Sof_Omar_Caves" title="Sof Omar Caves">Sof Omar Caves</a> contains the largest cave on the continent. Ethiopia also has the second-largest number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ethiopia" title="Climate of Ethiopia">Climate of Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ethiopia" title="Climate change in Ethiopia">Climate change in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Ethiopia.svg/220px-K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Ethiopia.svg/330px-K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Ethiopia.svg/440px-K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification of Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> The predominant climate type is tropical monsoon, with wide topographic-induced variation. The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> cover most of the country and have a climate which is generally considerably cooler than other regions at similar proximity to the Equator. Most of the country's major cities are located at elevations of around 2,000–2,500 m (6,562–8,202 ft) above sea level, including historic capitals such as Gondar and Axum. The modern capital, Addis Ababa, is situated on the foothills of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Entoto" title="Mount Entoto">Mount Entoto</a> at an elevation of around 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). It experiences a mild climate year round. With temperatures fairly uniform year round, the seasons in Addis Ababa are largely defined by rainfall: a dry season from October to February, a light rainy season from March to May, and a heavy rainy season from June to September. The average annual rainfall is approximately 1,200 millimetres (47 in). There are on average seven hours of sunshine per day. The dry season is the sunniest time of the year, though even at the height of the rainy season in July and August there are still usually several hours per day of bright sunshine. The average annual temperature in Addis Ababa is 16 °C (60.8 °F), with daily maximum temperatures averaging 20–25 °C (68.0–77.0 °F) throughout the year, and overnight lows averaging 5–10 °C (41.0–50.0 °F). Most major cities and tourist sites in Ethiopia lie at a similar elevation to Addis Ababa and have a comparable climate. In less elevated regions, particularly the lower lying <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands">Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands</a> in the east of Ethiopia, the climate can be significantly hotter and drier. <a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Dallol</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Danakil_Depression" title="Danakil Depression">Danakil Depression</a> in this eastern zone, has the world's highest average annual temperature of 34 °C (93.2 °F). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Nile_Falls,_Ethiopia_(51625800835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Blue_Nile_Falls%2C_Ethiopia_%2851625800835%29.jpg/220px-Blue_Nile_Falls%2C_Ethiopia_%2851625800835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Blue_Nile_Falls%2C_Ethiopia_%2851625800835%29.jpg/330px-Blue_Nile_Falls%2C_Ethiopia_%2851625800835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Blue_Nile_Falls%2C_Ethiopia_%2851625800835%29.jpg/440px-Blue_Nile_Falls%2C_Ethiopia_%2851625800835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Falls" title="Blue Nile Falls">Blue Nile falls</a> during winter provides over 86 percent of the Nile river's water coming from melted snow in the <a href="/wiki/Simien_Mountains_National_Park" title="Simien Mountains National Park">Simien mountains</a> below 0.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a></figcaption></figure> Ethiopia is vulnerable to many of the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>. These include increases in temperature and changes in precipitation. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> in these forms threatens food security and the economy, which is agriculture based.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> Many Ethiopians have been forced to leave their homes and travel as far as the Gulf, Southern Africa and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> Since April 2019, the Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has promoted <a href="/wiki/Beautifying_Sheger" title="Beautifying Sheger">Beautifying Sheger</a>, a development project that aims to reduce the negative effects of climate change – among other things – in the capital city Addis Ababa.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> In the following May, the government held "Dine for Sheger", a fundraising event in order to cover some of the $1 billion needed through the public.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> $25 million was raised through the expensive event, both through the cost of attending and donations.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> Two Chinese railway companies under the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> between China and Ethiopia had supplied funds to develop 12 of the total 56 kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ethiopia" title="Wildlife of Ethiopia">Wildlife of Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Ethiopia" title="Environmental issues in Ethiopia">Environmental issues in Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Ethiopia" title="Deforestation in Ethiopia">Deforestation in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capra_walie_87176348.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Capra_walie_87176348.jpg/220px-Capra_walie_87176348.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Capra_walie_87176348.jpg/330px-Capra_walie_87176348.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Capra_walie_87176348.jpg/440px-Capra_walie_87176348.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia Ibex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Simien_Mountains_National_Park" title="Simien Mountains National Park">Simien Mountains National Park</a>, one of the national symbols of Ethiopia, found only in the north of the country</figcaption></figure> Ethiopia is a global centre of avian diversity. To date more than 856 bird species have been recorded in Ethiopia, twenty of which are endemic to the country.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> Sixteen species are endangered or critically endangered. Many of these birds feed on butterflies, like the <a href="/wiki/Bicyclus_anynana" title="Bicyclus anynana">Bicyclus anynana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Historically, throughout the African continent, wildlife populations have been rapidly declining due to logging, civil wars, pollution, poaching, and other human factors.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively affected Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> Habitat destruction is a factor that leads to endangerment. When changes to a habitat occur rapidly, animals do not have time to adjust. Human impact threatens many species, with greater threats expected as a result of climate change induced by <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> With carbon dioxide emissions in 2010 of 6,494,000 tonnes, Ethiopia contributes just 0.02% to the annual human-caused release of greenhouse gases.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Ethiopia has 31 <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> species of mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Massicot-184">[179]</a> Ethiopia has many species listed as critically endangered and vulnerable to global extinction. The threatened species in Ethiopia can be broken down into three categories (based on <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> ratings): <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Massicot-184">[179]</a> Ethiopia is one of the eight fundamental and independent <a href="/wiki/Centres_of_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Centres of origin">centres of origin</a> for cultivated plants in the world.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> is a major concern for Ethiopia as studies suggest loss of forest contributes to soil erosion, loss of nutrients in the soil, loss of animal habitats, and reduction in biodiversity. At the beginning of the 20th century, around 420,000 km2 (or 35%) of Ethiopia's land was covered by trees, but recent research indicates that forest cover is now approximately 11.9% of the area.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> The country had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 50th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-187">[182]</a> Ethiopia loses an estimated 1,410 km2 of natural forests each year due to firewood collection, conversion to farmland, overgrazing, and use of forest wood for building material. Between 1990 and 2005 the country lost approximately 21,000 km2 of forests.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> Current government programs to control deforestation consist of education, promoting reforestation programs, and providing raw materials which are alternatives to timber. In rural areas the government also provides non-timber fuel sources and access to non-forested land to promote agriculture without destroying forest habitat.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> Organizations such as SOS and Farm Africa are working with the federal government and local governments to create a system of forest management.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Government of Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ethiopia" title="Law of Ethiopia">Law of Ethiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ethiopia" title="Judiciary of Ethiopia">Judiciary of Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rulers_and_Heads_of_State_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia">Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethiopian_Parliament.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethiopian_Parliament.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethiopian_Parliament.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives" title="House of Peoples' Representatives">House of Peoples' Representatives</a> is the lower house of the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Federal Parliamentary Assembly</a></figcaption></figure> Ethiopia is a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>, wherein the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia" title="President of Ethiopia">President</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> but with largely ceremonial powers. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government and federal <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Federation" title="House of Federation">House of Federation</a> is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature with 108 seats, and the lower chamber is the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives" title="House of Peoples' Representatives">House of Peoples' Representatives</a> (HoPR) with 547 seats. The House of Federation is chosen by the regional councils whereas MPs of the HoPR are elected directly, in turn, they elect the president for a six-year term and the prime minister for a 5-year term. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-The_Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia.jpg/330px-The_Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia.jpg/440px-The_Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia" title="Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia">Federal Supreme Court</a> is the highest court determining constitutionality of ordeals in the nation</figcaption></figure> The Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ethiopia" title="Judiciary of Ethiopia">judiciary</a> consists of dual system with two court structures: the federal and state courts. The FDRE Constitution vested federal judicial authority to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia" title="Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia">Federal Supreme Court</a> which can overturn and review decisions of subordinate federal courts; itself has regular division assigned for fundamental <a href="/wiki/Error_(law)" title="Error (law)">errors of law</a>. In addition, the Supreme Court can perform <a href="/wiki/Circuit_court" title="Circuit court">circuit hearings</a> in established five states at any states of federal levels or "area designated for its jurisdiction" if deemed "necessary for the efficient rendering of justice".<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> The Federal Supreme Proclamation granted three subject matter principles: laws, parties and place to federal court jurisdiction, first "cases arising under the <a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_law" title="Federal law">federal laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="International treaties">international treaties</a>", second over "parties specified by federal laws".<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> On the basis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, the judiciary is completely independent of the executive and the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> To ensure this, the President and Vice President of the Supreme Court are appointed by Parliament on the nomination of Prime Minister. Once elected, the executive power has no authority to remove them from office. Other judges are nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Administration_Council" title="Federal Judicial Administration Council">Federal Judicial Administration Council</a> (FJAC) on the basis of transparent criteria and the Prime Minister's recommendation for appointment in the HoPR. In all cases, judges cannot be removed from their duty unless they retired, violated disciplinary rules, gross incompatibility, or inefficiency to unfit due to ill health. Contrary, the majority vote of HoPR have the right to sanction removal in federal judiciary level or state council in cases of state judges.<a href="#cite_note-:7-195">[190]</a> In 2015, the realities of this provision were questioned in a report prepared by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Taye_Atske_Selassie_MFA_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Taye_Atske_Selassie_MFA_Portrait.jpg/162px-Taye_Atske_Selassie_MFA_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Taye_Atske_Selassie_MFA_Portrait.jpg/243px-Taye_Atske_Selassie_MFA_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Taye_Atske_Selassie_MFA_Portrait.jpg/324px-Taye_Atske_Selassie_MFA_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1080" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Abiy_Ahmed_with_LI_Yong_2018_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Abiy_Ahmed_with_LI_Yong_2018_%28cropped%29.jpeg/162px-Abiy_Ahmed_with_LI_Yong_2018_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Abiy_Ahmed_with_LI_Yong_2018_%28cropped%29.jpeg/243px-Abiy_Ahmed_with_LI_Yong_2018_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Abiy_Ahmed_with_LI_Yong_2018_%28cropped%29.jpeg/324px-Abiy_Ahmed_with_LI_Yong_2018_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1325" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie" title="Taye Atske Selassie">Taye Atske Selassie</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia" title="President of Ethiopia">President</a> (representative head of state) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> (head of government) </td></tr></tbody></table> Post-1995, Ethiopia's politics has been liberalized which promotes all-encompassing reforms to the country. Today, its economy is based on <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market-oriented</a> principles.<a href="#cite_note-:7-195">[190]</a> Ethiopia has eleven semi-autonomous administrative regions that have the power to raise and spend their own revenues.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/1995_Ethiopian_general_election" title="1995 Ethiopian general election">first multiparty election</a> took place in May 1995, which was won by the EPRDF.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1996142-197">[192]</a> The president of the transitional government, EPRDF leader <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a>, became the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, and <a href="/wiki/Negasso_Gidada" title="Negasso Gidada">Negasso Gidada</a> was elected its president.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> Meles' government was consistently re-elected; however, these results were heavily criticized by international observers, and denounced by the opposition as fraudulent.<a href="#cite_note-FH_Ethiopia-199">[194]</a> Meles died on 20 August 2012 in Brussels, where he was being treated for an unspecified illness.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam Desalegn</a> was appointed as a new prime minister until the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_general_election,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian general election, 2015">2015 elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> and remained so afterwards with his party in control of every parliamentary seat.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_HD_holds-202">[197]</a> On 15 February 2018, Hailemariam <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Resignation of Hailemariam Desalegn">resigned</a> as Prime Minister, following <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Oromo_protests" title="2014–2016 Oromo protests">years of protests</a> and a <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_Ethiopian_state_of_emergency" title="2016–2018 Ethiopian state of emergency">state of emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters1-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a> became prime minister following Hailemariam's resignation. He made a historic visit to Eritrea in 2018, ending the state of conflict between the two countries,<a href="#cite_note-:1-150">[145]</a> and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> published by the United Kingdom-based <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> in late 2010, Ethiopia was an "authoritarian regime", ranking as the 118th-most democratic out of 167 countries.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> Ethiopia had dropped 13 places on the list since 2008, and the 2010 report attributed the drop to the government's crackdown on opposition activities, media, and civil society before the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_general_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian general election, 2010">2010 parliamentary election</a>, which the report argued had made Ethiopia a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">de facto one-party state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> Accompanied by pervasive <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_discrimination_in_Ethiopia" title="Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia">internal and intercommunal conflicts in the 21st century</a>, the Ethiopian government resorted to authoritarian structure, severing democratic and human rights.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, who has worked on Ethiopia since 2008, indicates that Ethiopia is "Not Free" state due to very poor <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental rights</a> (political and civil liberties) recorded in both <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">EPRDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosperity_Party" title="Prosperity Party">Prosperity Party</a> regimes.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> Under Abiy Ahmed, Ethiopia is experiencing <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_Ethiopia" title="Democratic backsliding in Ethiopia">democratic backsliding</a> since 2019 marked by turbulent period of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">internal conflict</a>, jailing opposition group members and limit media freedom.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Subdivisions of Ethiopia">Subdivisions of Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Regions of Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia" title="List of zones of Ethiopia">List of zones of Ethiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia" title="Districts of Ethiopia">Districts of Ethiopia</a></div> Ethiopia is <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administratively divided</a> into four levels: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">regions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia" title="List of zones of Ethiopia">zones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia" title="Districts of Ethiopia">woredas</a> (districts) and <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Ethiopia" title="Wards of Ethiopia">kebele</a> (wards).<a href="#cite_note-mula-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-mappr-216">[211]</a> The country comprises 12 regions and two city administrations under these regions, plenty of zones, woredas and neighbourhood administration: kebeles. The two federal-level city administrations are Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.<a href="#cite_note-Comparison-217">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/570px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="570" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/855px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/1140px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia" title="List of zones of Ethiopia">zones</a> of Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ethiopia" title="Foreign relations of Ethiopia">Foreign relations of Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Group_photo_of_Leaders_of_G-8,_Outreach_five_countries_and_Africa_Outreach_countries_at_G_8_Summit_in_Heiligendamm,_Germany_on_June_08,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_Group_photo_of_Leaders_of_G-8%2C_Outreach_five_countries_and_Africa_Outreach_countries_at_G_8_Summit_in_Heiligendamm%2C_Germany_on_June_08%2C_2007.jpg/220px-A_Group_photo_of_Leaders_of_G-8%2C_Outreach_five_countries_and_Africa_Outreach_countries_at_G_8_Summit_in_Heiligendamm%2C_Germany_on_June_08%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_Group_photo_of_Leaders_of_G-8%2C_Outreach_five_countries_and_Africa_Outreach_countries_at_G_8_Summit_in_Heiligendamm%2C_Germany_on_June_08%2C_2007.jpg/330px-A_Group_photo_of_Leaders_of_G-8%2C_Outreach_five_countries_and_Africa_Outreach_countries_at_G_8_Summit_in_Heiligendamm%2C_Germany_on_June_08%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_Group_photo_of_Leaders_of_G-8%2C_Outreach_five_countries_and_Africa_Outreach_countries_at_G_8_Summit_in_Heiligendamm%2C_Germany_on_June_08%2C_2007.jpg/440px-A_Group_photo_of_Leaders_of_G-8%2C_Outreach_five_countries_and_Africa_Outreach_countries_at_G_8_Summit_in_Heiligendamm%2C_Germany_on_June_08%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a> (bottom row, fourth from left) in G8 Group meeting in 2007</figcaption></figure> Ethiopia was historically a <a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">trading nation</a> that exported goods such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, exotic animals, and <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> Modern Ethiopian foreign relations began under <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Emperor Tewodros II</a>, who during his reign sought to re-establish a cohesive Ethiopian state, but was thwarted by the <a href="/wiki/1868_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="1868 Expedition to Abyssinia">British expedition of 1868</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> Since then, the country was seen redundant by world powers until the opening of <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> due to an influence of <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Union_Headquarters_Addis_Ababa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/African_Union_Headquarters_Addis_Ababa.jpg/220px-African_Union_Headquarters_Addis_Ababa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/African_Union_Headquarters_Addis_Ababa.jpg/330px-African_Union_Headquarters_Addis_Ababa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/African_Union_Headquarters_Addis_Ababa.jpg/440px-African_Union_Headquarters_Addis_Ababa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">African Union Headquarters</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> since its conception, Ethiopia is a founding member to the AU</figcaption></figure> Today, Ethiopia maintains strong relations with <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="China–Ethiopia relations">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ethiopia–Israel relations">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Ethiopia–Mexico relations">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ethiopia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ethiopia–India relations">India</a> as well as neighboring countries. Ethiopia is a strategic partner of Global <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act" title="African Growth and Opportunity Act">African Growth and Opportunity Act</a> (AGOA).<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> US. Former <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> was the first incumbent U.S. president to visit Ethiopia in July 2015; the speech he gave in <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> during this trip focused on combatting Islamic terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigration from Ethiopia">Emigration from Ethiopia</a> is primarily directed towards Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Italy" title="Ethiopians in Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethiopians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Sweden" title="Ethiopians in Sweden">Sweden</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadians" title="Ethiopian Canadians">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Australians" title="Ethiopian Australians">Australia</a>, while emigration to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> is primarily to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Ethiopia is founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">Group of 24</a> (G-24), the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a>. In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a>, which later renamed itself the African Union, was founded in Addis Ababa, which today hosts the secretariat of the African Union, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">African Union Commission</a>. In addition, Ethiopia is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Africa">United Nations Economic Commission for Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> and many of global <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> focused on Africa. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abiy_Ahmed_with_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Abiy_Ahmed_with_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/220px-Abiy_Ahmed_with_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Abiy_Ahmed_with_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/330px-Abiy_Ahmed_with_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Abiy_Ahmed_with_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/440px-Abiy_Ahmed_with_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a> with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in 2023</figcaption></figure> Ethiopia's foreign relations with both <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Ethiopia–Sudan relations">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="Egypt–Ethiopia relations">Egypt</a> are somewhat fraught owing to the effects the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam" title="Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam">Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam</a> project, which was escalated in 2020, would have on <a href="/wiki/Water_resources_law" title="Water resources law">water rights</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> Despite six upstream countries (Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>) signing the Nile Basin Initiative in 2010, Egypt and Sudan rejected a water sharing treaty, citing the reduction of amount of water to the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Basin" title="Nile Basin">Nile Basin</a> and the challenge it would pose to their historic connection of <a href="/wiki/Water_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Water rights">water rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> In 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed warned that "No force can stop Ethiopia from building a dam. If there is need to go to war, we could get millions readied."<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> Ethiopia is one of the African countries that was a founding member of <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, which served as the predecessor for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, since 1923. UN taskforces in Ethiopia deal primarily with humanitarian issues and development. Some of its agencies[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] maintain regional ties with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Africa">United Nations Economic Commission for Africa</a> and the African Union. The UN prioritizes <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> in Ethiopia, including fighting poverty, sustainable economic growth, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change policy">climate change policy</a>, educational and healthcare provisions, increasing employment, and environmental protection.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian National Defense Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military history of Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_military_serving_under_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_sector_4_based_at_Beletweyne_carried_out_live-fire_drills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ethiopian_military_serving_under_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_sector_4_based_at_Beletweyne_carried_out_live-fire_drills.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_military_serving_under_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_sector_4_based_at_Beletweyne_carried_out_live-fire_drills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ethiopian_military_serving_under_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_sector_4_based_at_Beletweyne_carried_out_live-fire_drills.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_military_serving_under_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_sector_4_based_at_Beletweyne_carried_out_live-fire_drills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ethiopian_military_serving_under_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_sector_4_based_at_Beletweyne_carried_out_live-fire_drills.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_military_serving_under_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_sector_4_based_at_Beletweyne_carried_out_live-fire_drills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) training under <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a>, 2021</figcaption></figure> The Ethiopian army's origins and military traditions date back to the earliest <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">history of Ethiopia</a>. Due to Ethiopia's location between the Middle East and Africa, it has long been in the middle of Eastern and Western politics and has been subject to foreign invasions. In 1579, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s attempt to expand from a coastal base at <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Habesh" title="Ottoman conquest of Habesh">Ottoman conquest of Habesh</a> was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Ethiopian Empire</a> was also able to defeat the Egyptians in 1876 at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gura" title="Battle of Gura">Gura</a>, led by Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> Ethiopia only has 3 branches inside the military, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Ground_Forces" title="Ethiopian Ground Forces">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Airforce</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy" title="Ethiopian Navy">Navy</a> although it is landlocked. With an annual budget of over $1 billion dollars, it is the largest armed force in East Africa, and one of the largest in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> Ethiopia has two main federal law enforcement agencies at the federal level, to which being the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Federal_Police" title="Ethiopian Federal Police">Ethiopian Federal Police</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">National Intelligence Security Service</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">NISS</a> serving both as a spy agency and domestic law enforcement agency has national jurisdiction for counterterrorism, and foreign related counter espionage activities and protecting <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>. It also has authority related to international economic crimes related of which to Ethiopia as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> It alongside the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Federal_Police" title="Ethiopian Federal Police">EFP</a> (Ethiopian Federal Police) who both enforce federal laws domestically and for the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">National Intelligence Security Service</a> cooperate internationally and enforce border regulations and peoples and products coming in and out in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-237">[232]</a> The EFP mostly enforcing non-international, and non-espionage crimes, enforcing <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> related subjects of matter and domestic financial crimes. At the regional level Ethiopia has 12 regionals statewide police departments, and 2 federally chartered police forces, those being the Addis Ababa Police, and Dire Dawa Police forces.<a href="#cite_note-:32-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-239">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ethiopia" title="Economy of Ethiopia">Economy of Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector_in_Ethiopia" title="Industrial sector in Ethiopia">Industrial sector in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of GDP per capita</figcaption></figure> Ethiopia registered the fastest economic growth under <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Meles_Zenawi" title="Premiership of Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi's administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>, Ethiopia was one of the fastest growing economies in the world, registering over 10% economic growth from 2004 through 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook_2012-241">[236]</a> It was the fastest-growing non-oil-dependent African economy in the years 2007 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> In 2015, the World Bank highlighted that Ethiopia had witnessed rapid economic growth with real domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 10.9% between 2004 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> In 2008 and 2011, Ethiopia's growth performance and considerable development gains were challenged by high <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and a difficult <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> situation. Inflation surged to 40% in August 2011 because of loose <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> wage increase in early 2011, and high food prices.<a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia_Overview-244">[239]</a> In spite of fast growth in recent years, GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and the economy faces a number of serious structural problems. However, with a focused investment in public infrastructure and industrial parks, Ethiopia's economy is addressing its structural problems to become a hub for light manufacturing in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> In 2019 a law was passed allowing expatriate Ethiopians to invest in Ethiopia's financial service industry.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_cargo_ship_at_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ethiopian_cargo_ship_at_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_cargo_ship_at_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ethiopian_cargo_ship_at_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_cargo_ship_at_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ethiopian_cargo_ship_at_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_cargo_ship_at_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>An Ethiopian logistics shipping cargo docked at the Red Sea</figcaption></figure> The Ethiopian constitution specifies that rights to own land belong only to "the state and the people", but citizens may lease land for up to 99 years, but are unable to mortgage or sell. Renting out land for a maximum of twenty years is allowed and this is expected to ensure that land goes to the most productive user. Land distribution and administration is considered an area where corruption is institutionalized, and facilitation payments as well as bribes are often demanded when dealing with land-related issues.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> As there is no land ownership, infrastructural projects are most often simply done without asking the land users, which then end up being displaced and without a home or land. A lot of anger and distrust sometimes results in public protests. In addition, agricultural productivity remains low, and frequent droughts still beset the country, also leading to internal displacement.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_hydropower">Energy and hydropower</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Energy in Ethiopia">Energy in Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Ethiopia" title="List of power stations in Ethiopia">List of power stations in Ethiopia</a></div> Ethiopia has 14 major rivers flowing from its highlands, including the Nile. It has the largest water reserves in Africa. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit">[update]</a>, hydroelectric plants represented around 88.2% of the total installed electricity generating capacity. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GERD_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/GERD_3.jpg/240px-GERD_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/GERD_3.jpg/360px-GERD_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/GERD_3.jpg/480px-GERD_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam" title="Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam">Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam</a> currently under construction is set to be the largest dam in Africa</figcaption></figure> The remaining electrical power was generated from fossil fuels (8.3%) and renewable sources (3.6%). The electrification rate for the total population in 2016 was 42%, with 85% coverage in urban areas and 26% coverage in rural areas. As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit">[update]</a>, total electricity production was 11.15 TW⋅h and consumption was 9.062 TW⋅h. There were 0.166 TW⋅h of electricity exported, 0 kW⋅h imported, and 2.784 GW of installed generating capacity.<a href="#cite_note-CIA2-20">[17]</a> Ethiopia delivers roughly 81% of water volume to the Nile through the river basins of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobat_River" title="Sobat River">Sobat River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atbara" title="Atbara">Atbara</a>. In 1959, Egypt and Sudan signed a bilateral treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin" title="Water politics in the Nile Basin">1959 Nile Waters Agreement</a>, which gave both countries exclusive maritime rights over the Nile waters. Ever since, Egypt has discouraged almost all projects in Ethiopia that sought to use the local Nile tributaries. This had the effect of discouraging external financing of hydropower and irrigation projects in western Ethiopia, thereby impeding water resource-based economic development projects. However, Ethiopia is in the process of constructing a large 6,450 MW hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile river. When completed, this <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam" title="Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam">Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam</a> is slated to be the largest hydroelectric power station in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gilgel_Gibe_III_Dam" title="Gilgel Gibe III Dam">Gibe III</a> hydroelectric project is so far the largest in the country with an installed capacity of 1,870 MW. For the year 2017–18 (2010 E.C) this hydroelectric dam generated 4,900 GW⋅h.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia" title="Agriculture in Ethiopia">Agriculture in Ethiopia</a></div>Agriculture constitutes around 85% of the labour force. However, the service sector represents the largest portion of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA2-20">[17]</a> Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly by small-scale farmers and enterprises, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Principal crops include <a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">oilseeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>, potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, and vegetables. Ethiopia is also a <a href="/wiki/Center_of_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of origin">Vavilov</a> centre of diversity for domesticated crops, including <a href="/wiki/Ensete_ventricosum" title="Ensete ventricosum">enset</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">coffee</a> Okra and <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a>. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> exports), and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia is Africa's second biggest <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> producer.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> According to UN estimations, the per capita GDP of Ethiopia has reached $357 as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-253">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exports">Exports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Ethiopia" title="Coffee production in Ethiopia">Coffee production in Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Underground_Rail_Station_at_Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Underground_Rail_Station_at_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia.jpg/210px-Underground_Rail_Station_at_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Underground_Rail_Station_at_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia.jpg/315px-Underground_Rail_Station_at_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Underground_Rail_Station_at_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia.jpg/420px-Underground_Rail_Station_at_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Light rail train in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia which hosts over 50,000 passengers a day.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:ET-ASK_-_Ras_Dashen_-_Ethiopian_Airlines_-_Boeing_777-360ER_-_MSN_44550_-_VGHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ET-ASK_-_Ras_Dashen_-_Ethiopian_Airlines_-_Boeing_777-360ER_-_MSN_44550_-_VGHS.jpg/210px-ET-ASK_-_Ras_Dashen_-_Ethiopian_Airlines_-_Boeing_777-360ER_-_MSN_44550_-_VGHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ET-ASK_-_Ras_Dashen_-_Ethiopian_Airlines_-_Boeing_777-360ER_-_MSN_44550_-_VGHS.jpg/315px-ET-ASK_-_Ras_Dashen_-_Ethiopian_Airlines_-_Boeing_777-360ER_-_MSN_44550_-_VGHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ET-ASK_-_Ras_Dashen_-_Ethiopian_Airlines_-_Boeing_777-360ER_-_MSN_44550_-_VGHS.jpg/420px-ET-ASK_-_Ras_Dashen_-_Ethiopian_Airlines_-_Boeing_777-360ER_-_MSN_44550_-_VGHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4354" data-file-height="2449" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ethiopia's biggest company <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines" title="Ethiopian Airlines">Ethiopian Airlines</a>, which has an annual revenue of 6.1 billion dollars making it the 14th biggest airlines in revenue, contributes to the country's export business.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethio_Telecom_(25070216192).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ethio_Telecom_%2825070216192%29.jpg/210px-Ethio_Telecom_%2825070216192%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ethio_Telecom_%2825070216192%29.jpg/315px-Ethio_Telecom_%2825070216192%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ethio_Telecom_%2825070216192%29.jpg/420px-Ethio_Telecom_%2825070216192%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4495" data-file-height="2757" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ethio_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethio Telecom">Ethio Telecom</a> is one of the country's biggest companies which generates over a billion dollars annually<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Ethiopia is often considered as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> since cultivation began in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-:6-257">[252]</a> Exports from Ethiopia in the 2009–2010 financial year totalled US$1.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> Ethiopia produces more coffee than any other nation on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> "Coffee provides a livelihood for close to 15 million Ethiopians, 16% of the population. Farmers in the eastern part of the country, where a warming climate is already impacting production, have struggled in recent years, and many are currently reporting largely failed harvests as a result of a prolonged drought".<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> Ethiopia also has the fifth largest inventory of <a href="/wiki/Arado_cattle" title="Arado cattle">cattle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> Other main export commodities are <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a>, gold, leather products, and oilseeds. Recent development of the <a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">floriculture</a> sector means Ethiopia is poised to become one of the top flower and plant exporters in the world.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> Cross-border trade by pastoralists is often informal and beyond state control and regulation. In <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, over 95% of cross-border trade is through unofficial channels. The unofficial trade of live cattle, camels, sheep, and goats from Ethiopia sold to <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> generates an estimated total value of US$250–300 million annually (100 times more than the official figure).<a href="#cite_note-ODI-263">[258]</a> This trade helps lower food prices, increase food security, relieve border tensions, and promote regional integration.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-263">[258]</a> However, the unregulated and undocumented nature of this trade runs risks, such as allowing disease to spread more easily across national borders. Furthermore, the government of Ethiopia is purportedly unhappy with lost tax revenue and foreign exchange revenues.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-263">[258]</a> Recent initiatives have sought to document and regulate this trade.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-263">[258]</a> With the private sector growing slowly, designer leather products like bags are becoming a big export business, with Taytu becoming the first luxury designer label in the country.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> Additional small-scale export products include cereals, pulses, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes, and hides. With the construction of various new dams and growing hydroelectric power projects around the country, Ethiopia also plans to export electric power to its neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> Most regard Ethiopia's large water resources and potential as its "white oil" and its coffee resources as "black gold".<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ethiopia" title="Transport in Ethiopia">Transport in Ethiopia</a></div> Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Ethiopia: the <a href="/wiki/Cairo-Cape_Town_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo-Cape Town Highway">Cairo-Cape Town Highway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena-Djibouti_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Djamena-Djibouti Highway">N'Djamena-Djibouti Highway</a>. Ethiopia has 926 km of electrified 1,435 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> railways, 656 km for the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</a> between Addis Ababa and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Djibouti" title="Port of Djibouti">Port of Djibouti</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Awash,_Ethiopia" title="Awash, Ethiopia">Awash</a>)<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> and 270 km for the <a href="/wiki/Awash%E2%80%93Hara_Gebeya_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Awash–Hara Gebeya Railway">Awash–Hara Gebeya Railway</a> between Addis Ababa and the <a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">twin cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dessie" title="Dessie">Dessie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kombolcha" title="Kombolcha">Kombolcha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AKH-270">[265]</a> Ethiopia had 58 airports as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CIA2-20">[17]</a> and 61 as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> Among these, the <a href="/wiki/Bole_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bole International Airport">Bole International Airport</a> in Addis Ababa and the <a href="/wiki/Aba_Tenna_Dejazmach_Yilma_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport">Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport</a> in Dire Dawa accommodate international flights. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ethiopia" title="Science and technology in Ethiopia">Science and technology in Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ethiopian_scientists" title="List of Ethiopian scientists">List of Ethiopian scientists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg/125px-Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg/188px-Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg/250px-Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1276" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pathobiologist <a href="/wiki/Aklilu_Lemma" title="Aklilu Lemma">Aklilu Lemma</a>. In 1964, he discovered an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative</a> treatment for <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomiasis</a>, known as snail fever.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeresenay_Alemseged_(2013-01).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zeresenay_Alemseged_%282013-01%29.JPG/125px-Zeresenay_Alemseged_%282013-01%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zeresenay_Alemseged_%282013-01%29.JPG/188px-Zeresenay_Alemseged_%282013-01%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zeresenay_Alemseged_%282013-01%29.JPG/250px-Zeresenay_Alemseged_%282013-01%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="1449" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Paleoanthropologist <a href="/wiki/Zeresenay_Alemseged" title="Zeresenay Alemseged">Zeresenay Alemseged</a> in 2013. He was best known for discovering fossilized <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominin</a> called <a href="/wiki/Selam_(Australopithecus)" title="Selam (Australopithecus)">Selam</a> or "Lucy's baby" in December 2000.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Science and technology in Ethiopia emerging as progressive due to lack of organized institutions. Manufacturing and service providers often place themselves in <a href="/wiki/Competitive_programming" title="Competitive programming">competitive programming</a> in order to advance innovative and technological solutions through in-house arenas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">Ethiopian Space Science and Technology</a> is responsible for conducting multifaceted tasks regarding space and technology. In addition, Ethiopia also launched 70 kg ET-RSS1 multi-spectral remote sensing satellite in December 2019. The President Sahle-Work Zewde told prior in October 2019 that "the satellite will provide all the necessary data on changes in climate and weather-related phenomena that would be used for the country's key targets in agriculture, forestry as well as natural resources protection initiatives." By January 2020, satellite manufacturing, assembling, integrating and testing began. This would also incremented facility built by French company funded by European Investment Bank (EIB). The main observatory Entoto Observatory and Space Science Research Center (EORC) allocated space programmes. The Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute is a part of Scientific Research & Development Services Industry, responsible for environmental and climate conservation.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> Numerous profound scientists have contributed degree of honours and reputations. Some are <a href="/wiki/Kitaw_Ejigu" title="Kitaw Ejigu">Kitaw Ejigu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulugeta_Bekele" title="Mulugeta Bekele">Mulugeta Bekele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aklilu_Lemma" title="Aklilu Lemma">Aklilu Lemma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gebisa_Ejeta" title="Gebisa Ejeta">Gebisa Ejeta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melaku_Worede" title="Melaku Worede">Melaku Worede</a>. Computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Timnit_Gebru" title="Timnit Gebru">Timnit Gebru</a>, named one of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time's</a> most influential people in 2022, was born in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> Ethiopia is known for use of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> since millennia. The first epidemic occurred in Ethiopia was in 849, causing the Aksumite Emperor Abba Yohannes evicted from place due to "God's punishment for misdeeds". The first traditional medicine was claimed to be derived from this catastrophe, but the exact source is debated. Though differ from ethnic groups, traditional medicine often implements herbs, spiritual healing, bone-setting and minor surgical procedures in treating disease.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> Ethiopia was ranked 130th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Demographics of Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">Ethiopians</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia">List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:280px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Ethiopia">Ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic group</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Population</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:100%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">25.4 (34.4%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:78.37%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">19.9 (27.0%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Ethiopia" title="Somalis in Ethiopia">Somali</a> </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:18.08%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.59 (6.2%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayans</a> </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:17.67%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.49 (6.1%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidama</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:11.63%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.95 (4.0%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">Gurage</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Brown; width:7.32%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.86 (2.5%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Welayta</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:6.60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.68 (2.3%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:5.03%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.28 (1.7%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_people" title="Hadiya people">Hadiya</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Teal; width:5.00%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.27 (1.7%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Gamo_people" title="Gamo people">Gamo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:4.33%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.10 (1.5%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia">Others</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Silver; width:36.67%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.30 (12.6%)</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Population in millions according to 2007 Census<a href="#cite_note-2007Census-8">[6]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-278">[273]</a> Its total population has grown from 38.1 million in 1983 to 109.5 million in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> According to UN estimations in 2013, life expectancy had improved substantially over time, with male life expectancy reported to be 56 years and for women 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-auto-253">[248]</a> Ethiopia's population is highly diverse, containing over 80 different ethnic groups, the four largest of which are the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayans</a>. According to the Ethiopian national census of 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, at 34.4% of the nation's population. The <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> represent 27.0% of the country's inhabitants, while <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayans</a> represent 6.2% and 6.1% of the population respectively.<a href="#cite_note-2007Census-8">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic-speaking</a> communities make up the majority of the population. Among these, Semitic speakers often collectively refer to themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Habesha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesha people">Habesha people</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> form of this term (al-Ḥabasha) is the etymological basis of "Abyssinia", the former name of Ethiopia in English and other European languages.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> In 2009, Ethiopia hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 135,200. The majority of this population came from Somalia (approximately 64,300 persons), Eritrea (41,700) and Sudan (25,900). The Ethiopian government required nearly all refugees to live in refugee camps.<a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2009-281">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Ethiopia" title="List of cities and towns in Ethiopia">List of cities and towns in Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_Ethiopia" title="Urbanization in Ethiopia">Urbanization in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AddisView.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AddisView.jpg/220px-AddisView.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AddisView.jpg/330px-AddisView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AddisView.jpg/440px-AddisView.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheger_Park" title="Sheger Park">Sheger Park</a> is the largest park in the country, hosting hundreds of thousands of visitors a year since its opening</figcaption></figure> Population growth, migration, and urbanization are all straining both governments' and ecosystems' capacity to provide people with basic services.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> Urbanization has steadily been increasing in Ethiopia, with two periods of significantly rapid growth. First, in 1936–1941 during the Italian occupation under Mussolini's fascist government, and then from 1967 to 1975 when the populations of urban areas tripled.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies1991-283">[278]</a> In 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia, building infrastructure to connect major cities, and a dam providing power and water.<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-284">[279]</a> This, along with the influx of Italians and labourers, was the major cause of rapid growth during this period. The second period of growth was from 1967 to 1975, when rural populations migrated to towns seeking work and better living conditions.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies1991-283">[278]</a> This pattern slowed due to the 1975 Land Reform program instituted by the government, which provided incentives for people to stay in rural areas. As people moved from rural areas to the cities, there were fewer people to grow food for the population. The Land Reform Act was meant to increase agriculture since food production was not keeping up with population growth over the period of 1970–1983. This program encouraged the formation of peasant associations, large villages based on agriculture. The legislation did lead to an increase in food production, although there is debate over the cause; it may be related to weather conditions more than the reform.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson,_Frank_1991._Pages_159-175-285">[280]</a> Urban populations have continued to grow with an 8.1% increase from 1975 to 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_5-10-08-286">[281]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_or_towns_of_Ethiopia" title="Template:Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_or_towns_of_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_or_towns_of_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_EthiopiaCSA_(Urban_population_projection_values_of_2016)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Ethiopia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;">CSA (Urban population projection values of 2016)<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ethiopia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ethiopia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Addis_Ababa_(16314616596).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Addis Ababa"><img alt="Addis Ababa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Addis_Ababa_%2816314616596%29.jpg/120px-Addis_Ababa_%2816314616596%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Addis_Ababa_%2816314616596%29.jpg/180px-Addis_Ababa_%2816314616596%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Addis_Ababa_%2816314616596%29.jpg/240px-Addis_Ababa_%2816314616596%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5054" data-file-height="3365" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gonder_from_the_Goha_hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gondar"><img alt="Gondar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gonder_from_the_Goha_hotel.jpg/120px-Gonder_from_the_Goha_hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gonder_from_the_Goha_hotel.jpg/180px-Gonder_from_the_Goha_hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gonder_from_the_Goha_hotel.jpg/240px-Gonder_from_the_Goha_hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,352,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shashamane" title="Shashamane">Shashamane</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">154,587 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque,_Mekele,_Ethiopia_2013_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mek'ele"><img alt="Mek'ele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mosque%2C_Mekele%2C_Ethiopia_2013_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Mosque%2C_Mekele%2C_Ethiopia_2013_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mosque%2C_Mekele%2C_Ethiopia_2013_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Mosque%2C_Mekele%2C_Ethiopia_2013_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mosque%2C_Mekele%2C_Ethiopia_2013_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Mosque%2C_Mekele%2C_Ethiopia_2013_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mek%27ele" class="mw-redirect" title="Mek'ele">Mek'ele</a> <a href="/wiki/File:AdamaHotels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adama"><img alt="Adama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AdamaHotels.jpg/120px-AdamaHotels.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AdamaHotels.jpg/180px-AdamaHotels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AdamaHotels.jpg/240px-AdamaHotels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1872" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adama" title="Adama">Adama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">341,991</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bishoftu" title="Bishoftu">Bishoftu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">153,847 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mek%27ele" class="mw-redirect" title="Mek'ele">Mek'ele</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">340,858</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wolaita_Sodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolaita Sodo">Wolaita Sodo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Ethiopia_Regional_State" title="South Ethiopia Regional State">SERS</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">253,322 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adama" title="Adama">Adama</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">338,940</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arba_Minch" title="Arba Minch">Arba Minch</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Ethiopia_Regional_State" title="South Ethiopia Regional State">SERS</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">151,013 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hawassa" title="Hawassa">Hawassa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sidama_Region" title="Sidama Region">Sidama</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">318,618</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hosaena" title="Hosaena">Hosaena</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Ethiopia_Regional_State" title="Central Ethiopia Regional State">CERS</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">141,352 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bahir_Dar" title="Bahir Dar">Bahir Dar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">297,794</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harari</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">133,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">285,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dila,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dila, Ethiopia">Dila</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Ethiopia_Regional_State" title="South Ethiopia Regional State">SERS</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">119,276 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dessie" title="Dessie">Dessie</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">198,428</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nekemte" title="Nekemte">Nekemte</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">115,741 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jimma" title="Jimma">Jimma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">186,148</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Debre_Birhan" title="Debre Birhan">Debre Birhan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">107,827 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">164,321</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asella" title="Asella">Asella</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">103,522 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>As of at least 2024, Ethiopia is one of the most rapidly urbanizing countries in the world, although its population is still largely rural.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-288">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rural_and_urban_life">Rural and urban life</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rural_flight_in_Ethiopia" title="Rural flight in Ethiopia">Rural flight in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Addis_Ababa_sky_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Addis_Ababa_sky_view.jpg/240px-Addis_Ababa_sky_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Addis_Ababa_sky_view.jpg/360px-Addis_Ababa_sky_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Addis_Ababa_sky_view.jpg/480px-Addis_Ababa_sky_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Addis Ababa seen from the air, 2024</figcaption></figure> Migration to urban areas is usually motivated by the hope of better lives. In peasant associations, daily life is a struggle to survive. About 16% of the population in Ethiopia lives on less than one dollar per day (2008). Only 65% of rural households in Ethiopia consume the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s (WHO's) minimum standard of food per day (2,200 kilocalories), with 42% of children under five years old being underweight.<a href="#cite_note-Crawley-289">[284]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abenezer_shewag_addis_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Abenezer_shewag_addis_001.jpg/240px-Abenezer_shewag_addis_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Abenezer_shewag_addis_001.jpg/360px-Abenezer_shewag_addis_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Abenezer_shewag_addis_001.jpg/480px-Abenezer_shewag_addis_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>Addis Ababa seen at nighttime, the financial epicenter of the country</figcaption></figure> Most poor families (75%) share their sleeping quarters with livestock, and 40% of children sleep on the floor, where nighttime temperatures average 5 degrees Celsius in the cold season.<a href="#cite_note-Crawley-289">[284]</a> The average family size is six or seven, living in a 30 square metre mud and thatch hut, with less than two hectares of land to cultivate.<a href="#cite_note-Crawley-289">[284]</a> The peasant associations face a cycle of poverty. Since the landholdings are so small, farmers cannot allow the land to lie fallow, which reduces soil fertility.<a href="#cite_note-Crawley-289">[284]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a> reduces the production of fodder for livestock, which causes low milk yields.<a href="#cite_note-Crawley-289">[284]</a> Since the community burns livestock manure as fuel, rather than plowing the nutrients back into the land, the crop production is reduced.<a href="#cite_note-Crawley-289">[284]</a> The low productivity of agriculture leads to inadequate incomes for farmers, hunger, malnutrition and disease. These unhealthy farmers have difficulty working the land and the productivity drops further.<a href="#cite_note-Crawley-289">[284]</a> Although conditions are drastically better in cities, all of Ethiopia suffers from poverty and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia">poor sanitation</a>. However, poverty in Ethiopia fell from 44% to 29.6% during 2000–2011, according to the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> In the capital city of Addis Ababa, 55% of the population used to live in slums.<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-284">[279]</a> Now, however, a construction boom in both the private and the public sector has led to a dramatic improvement in living standards in major cities, particularly in Addis Ababa. Notably, government-built condominium housing complexes have sprung up throughout the city, benefiting close to 600,000 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> Sanitation is the most pressing need in the city, with most of the population lacking access to waste treatment facilities. This contributes to the spread of illness through unhealthy water.<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-284">[279]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Addis_Ababa_at_the_night_time.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Addis_Ababa_at_the_night_time.jpg/245px-Addis_Ababa_at_the_night_time.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Addis_Ababa_at_the_night_time.jpg/368px-Addis_Ababa_at_the_night_time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Addis_Ababa_at_the_night_time.jpg/490px-Addis_Ababa_at_the_night_time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Over 5 million residents live in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> the epicenter of the nation's economy </figcaption></figure> Despite the living conditions in the cities, the people of Addis Ababa are much better off than people living in the peasant associations owing to their educational opportunities. Unlike rural children, 69% of urban children are enrolled in primary school, and 35% of those are eligible to attend secondary school.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-284">[279]</a> Addis Ababa has its own <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University" title="Addis Ababa University">university</a> as well as many other secondary schools. The literacy rate is 82%.<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-284">[279]</a> Many NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are working to solve this problem; however, most are far apart, uncoordinated, and working in isolation.<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_5-10-08-286">[281]</a> The Sub-Saharan Africa NGO Consortium is attempting to coordinate efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_5-10-08-286">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages of Ethiopia</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 110.59456154834px; border-left-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 91.568921586116px; border-left-color:Teal"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Teal"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Teal"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 73.618653272908px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 58.2948895253px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 42.529898085737px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 27.019522207315px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1.256703212338px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:93.654988674819px 35.053432019126px 0 0; border-top-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:73.325534622256px 67.995337872242px 0 0; border-top-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 61.713047639714px 100px 0; border-right-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages of Ethiopia</a> as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit">[update]</a> Census<a href="#cite_note-2007Census-8">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> (33.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> (29.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> (6.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> (5.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sidamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidamo language">Sidamo</a> (4.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Wolaytta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolaytta language">Wolaytta</a> (2.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Gurage</a> (2.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a> (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gamo-Gofa-Dawro_language" title="Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language">Gamo</a> (1.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia#Overview" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Other languages</a> (11.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a>, there are 109 languages spoken in Ethiopia, while <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> lists 90 individual languages spoken in the country.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-293">[288]</a> Most people in the country speak <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> branches. The former includes the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo language</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>; the latter includes <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayans</a>. Together, these four groups make up about three-quarters of Ethiopia's population. Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic <a href="/wiki/Sidamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidamo language">Sidamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw languages</a>, as well as the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Gurage languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt'e language">Silt'e</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-2007Census-8">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, which also belongs to the Afroasiatic family, is likewise spoken in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> English is the most widely spoken foreign language, the medium of instruction in secondary schools and all tertiary education; federal laws are also published in British English in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Negarit_Gazeta" title="Federal Negarit Gazeta">Federal Negarit Gazeta</a> including the 1995 constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FDRE-295">[290]</a> Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromo, Somali or Tigrinya.<a href="#cite_note-Llicuv-296">[291]</a> All languages enjoy equal state recognition in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">1995 Constitution of Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution2-146">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Script">Script</h4></div> Ethiopia's principal orthography is the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a>. Employed as an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> for several of the country's languages, it first came into usage in the 6th and 5th centuries BC as an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> to transcribe the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> Ge'ez now serves as the liturgical language of both the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo</a> Churches. During the 1980s, the Ethiopic character set was computerized. It is today part of the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> standard as Ethiopic, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended" title="Ethiopic Extended">Ethiopic Extended</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Supplement" title="Ethiopic Supplement">Ethiopic Supplement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended-A" title="Ethiopic Extended-A">Ethiopic Extended-A</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> have also been used over the years by different Ethiopian communities. The latter include <a href="/wiki/Bakri_Sapalo" title="Bakri Sapalo">Bakri Sapalo</a>'s script for <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HH-551-298">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Religion in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_-_sunset_at_Church_of_Saint_George,_Lalibela_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethiopia_-_sunset_at_Church_of_Saint_George%2C_Lalibela_02.jpg/220px-Ethiopia_-_sunset_at_Church_of_Saint_George%2C_Lalibela_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethiopia_-_sunset_at_Church_of_Saint_George%2C_Lalibela_02.jpg/330px-Ethiopia_-_sunset_at_Church_of_Saint_George%2C_Lalibela_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethiopia_-_sunset_at_Church_of_Saint_George%2C_Lalibela_02.jpg/440px-Ethiopia_-_sunset_at_Church_of_Saint_George%2C_Lalibela_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4478" data-file-height="6718" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George,_Lalibela" title="Church of Saint George, Lalibela">Church of Saint George, Lalibela</a> a pilgrimage site for <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>; the site is part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> "<a href="/wiki/Rock-Hewn_Churches,_Lalibela" title="Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela">Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela</a>".<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-299">[294]</a> </figcaption></figure> According to the 2007 National Census, Christians make up 62.8% of the country's population, Muslims 33.9%, practitioners of traditional faiths 2.6%, and other religions 0.6%.<a href="#cite_note-2007Census-8">[6]</a> The ratio of the Christian to Muslim population has largely remained stable when compared to previous censuses conducted decades ago.<a href="#cite_note-bx-300">[295]</a> Sunnis form the majority of Muslims with <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Muslims</a> being the second largest group of Muslims, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">the Shia</a> are a minority. Sunnis are largely <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'is</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafis</a>; there are also many <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> there.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> Ethiopia has close historical ties with all three of the world's major <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. In the 4th century, the Ethiopian empire was one of the first in the world to officially adopt Christianity as the state religion. As a result of the resolutions of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, in 451 the <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysites</a>, which included the vast majority of Christians in Egypt and Ethiopia, were accused of <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysitism</a> and designated as heretics under the common name of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christianity</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-first_seven-302">[297]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> is part of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>. It is by far the largest Christian denomination, although a number of <a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>) churches have recently gained ground. Since 1930, a relatively small <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian Catholic Church</a> has existed in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with Rome, with adherents making up less than 1% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-bx-300">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Islam in Ethiopia</a> dates back to the founding of the religion in 622 when a group of Muslims were counselled by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> to escape persecution in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. The disciples subsequently <a href="/wiki/Migrated_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrated to Abyssinia">migrated to Abyssinia</a> via modern-day Eritrea, which was at the time ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ashama_ibn-Abjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashama ibn-Abjar">Ashama ibn-Abjar</a>, a pious Christian emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Ofcansky-304">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia" title="Health in Ethiopia">Health in Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ethiopia" title="Healthcare in Ethiopia">Healthcare in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_mortality_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Child_mortality_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Ethiopia.svg/220px-Child_mortality_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Child_mortality_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Ethiopia.svg/330px-Child_mortality_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Child_mortality_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Ethiopia.svg/440px-Child_mortality_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Declining child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia since 1950</figcaption></figure> Only a minority of Ethiopians are born in hospitals, while most are born in rural households. Those who are expected to give birth at home have elderly women serve as midwives who assist with the delivery.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> The "WHO estimates that a majority of maternal fatalities and disabilities could be prevented if deliveries were to take place at well-equipped health centres, with adequately trained staff".<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">Birth rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rates</a> are lower in cities than in rural areas due to better access to education, medicines, and hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-284">[279]</a> Life expectancy is better in cities compared to rural areas, but there have been significant improvements witnessed throughout the country as of 2016, the average Ethiopian living to be 62.2 years old, according to a <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a> report.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> Despite sanitation being a problem, use of improved water sources is also on the rise; 81% in cities compared to 11% in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Accessed_5-10-08-286">[281]</a> Ethiopia's main health problems are said to be communicable (contagious) diseases worsened by poor sanitation and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>. Over 58 million people (nearly half the population) do not have access to clean water as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> These problems are exacerbated by the shortage of trained doctors and nurses and health facilities.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s 2006 World Health Report gives a figure of 1,936 physicians (for 2003), which comes to about 2.6 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> The National Mental Health Strategy, published in 2012, introduced the development of policy designed to improve mental health care in Ethiopia. This strategy mandated that mental health be integrated into the primary health care system.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> However, the success of the National Mental Health Strategy has been limited. For example, the burden of depression is estimated to have increased 34.2% from 2007 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> Furthermore, the prevalence of stigmatizing attitudes, inadequate leadership and co-ordination of efforts, as well as a lack of mental health awareness in the general population, all remain as obstacles to successful mental health care.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Education in Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ethiopia" title="Higher education in Ethiopia">Higher education in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba,_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_09.jpg/220px-Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_09.jpg/330px-Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_09.jpg/440px-Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba%2C_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4520" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University" title="Addis Ababa University">Addis Ababa University</a></figcaption></figure> The current system follows school expansion schemes which are very similar to the system in the rural areas during the 1980s, with an addition of deeper regionalization, providing rural education in students' own languages starting at the elementary level, and with more budgetary financing allocated to the education sector. Public education is free at primary levels and usually offers between age 7 and 12. The sequence of general education in Ethiopia is six years of primary school, then four years of lower secondary school followed by two years of higher secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> The Ethiopian education is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Ethiopia)" title="Ministry of Education (Ethiopia)">Ministry of Education</a> and its cycle consists of a 4+4+2+2 system; elementary education consists of eight years, divided into two cycles of four years, and four years of secondary education, divided into two stages of two years.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> National exams are conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Assessment_and_Examination_Agency" title="National Educational Assessment and Examination Agency">National Education Assessment and Examination Agency</a> (NEAEA). Since 2018, there are two national exams: the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_General_Secondary_Education_Certificate_Examination" title="Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination">Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination</a> (EGSECE), also known as Grade 10 national exam and Grade 12 national exam.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_floor_of_the_first_science_museum_in_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Top_floor_of_the_first_science_museum_in_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-Top_floor_of_the_first_science_museum_in_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Top_floor_of_the_first_science_museum_in_Ethiopia.jpg/330px-Top_floor_of_the_first_science_museum_in_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Top_floor_of_the_first_science_museum_in_Ethiopia.jpg/440px-Top_floor_of_the_first_science_museum_in_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_Museum_of_Art_and_Science" title="Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science">Addis Ababa Science Museum of Art and Science</a> serves as the country's biggest hub which showcases the country's newest innovations</figcaption></figure> As of 2022, there are 83 universities, 42 public universities, and more than 35 higher education institutions. Foreign students constitute 16,305 in higher education level. The overall number of tertiary students in both public and private institutions exploded by more than 2,000 percent, from 34,000 in 1991 to 757,000 in 2014, per UIS data.<a href="#cite_note-stategov-317">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> Access to education in Ethiopia has improved significantly. Approximately three million people were in primary school in 1994–95 but by 2008–09, primary enrolment had risen to 15.5 million – an increase of over 500%.<a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> In 2013–14, Ethiopia had witnessed a significant boost in gross enrolment across all regions.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> The national GER was 104.8% for boys, 97.8% for girls and 101.3% across both sexes.<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> The literacy rate has increased in recent years: according to the 1994 census, the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 23.4%.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-293">[288]</a> In 2007 it was estimated to be 39% (male 49.1% and female 28.9%).<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> A report by <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a> in 2011 showed that the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 46.7%. The same report also indicated that the female literacy rate had increased from 27 to 39 per cent from 2004 to 2011, and the male literacy rate had increased from 49 to 59 per cent over the same period for persons 10 years and older.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> By 2015, the literacy rate had further increased, to 49.1% (57.2% male and 41.1% female).<a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Culture of Ethiopia">Culture of Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_IMG_5782_Addis_Abeba_(25052967317).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ethiopia_IMG_5782_Addis_Abeba_%2825052967317%29.jpg/220px-Ethiopia_IMG_5782_Addis_Abeba_%2825052967317%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ethiopia_IMG_5782_Addis_Abeba_%2825052967317%29.jpg/330px-Ethiopia_IMG_5782_Addis_Abeba_%2825052967317%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ethiopia_IMG_5782_Addis_Abeba_%2825052967317%29.jpg/440px-Ethiopia_IMG_5782_Addis_Abeba_%2825052967317%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>Cultural performance in Addis Ababa</figcaption></figure> Ethiopia's culture heavily influenced by the local population, an interaction of Semitic, Cushitic and less populous Nilo-Saharan speaking people, which evolved from first millennium BC. Semitic Tigrayans and Amharas, who dominated the politics in the past, distinguished from other population by hierarchical structure and agrarian life derived partly from South Arabia as a result of back migration, while the southern Cushitic (Oromo and Somali) are strong adherents to <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and pastoral life. Others including Kaffa, Sidamo, and Afar tradition derived from the latter people.<a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia" title="Public holidays in Ethiopia">Public holidays in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_New_Year_Landscape._Photo_Taken_on_September_11_2010_Ethiopian_Calendar._Ethiopian_indigenous_flower_%22Adey_Abeba%22_Sheeps_seen_grazing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ethiopian_New_Year_Landscape._Photo_Taken_on_September_11_2010_Ethiopian_Calendar._Ethiopian_indigenous_flower_%22Adey_Abeba%22_Sheeps_seen_grazing.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_New_Year_Landscape._Photo_Taken_on_September_11_2010_Ethiopian_Calendar._Ethiopian_indigenous_flower_%22Adey_Abeba%22_Sheeps_seen_grazing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ethiopian_New_Year_Landscape._Photo_Taken_on_September_11_2010_Ethiopian_Calendar._Ethiopian_indigenous_flower_%22Adey_Abeba%22_Sheeps_seen_grazing.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_New_Year_Landscape._Photo_Taken_on_September_11_2010_Ethiopian_Calendar._Ethiopian_indigenous_flower_%22Adey_Abeba%22_Sheeps_seen_grazing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ethiopian_New_Year_Landscape._Photo_Taken_on_September_11_2010_Ethiopian_Calendar._Ethiopian_indigenous_flower_%22Adey_Abeba%22_Sheeps_seen_grazing.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_New_Year_Landscape._Photo_Taken_on_September_11_2010_Ethiopian_Calendar._Ethiopian_indigenous_flower_%22Adey_Abeba%22_Sheeps_seen_grazing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>The Ethiopian New Year or <a href="/wiki/Enkutatash" title="Enkutatash">Enkutatash</a> is celebrated with the <a href="/wiki/Bidens_macroptera" title="Bidens macroptera">adey abeba</a> flower symbolising a new beginning, each year across the country</figcaption></figure> Ethiopia has 6 patriotic and public holidays and 9 major religious holidays given government recognition. The year (Gregorian calendar) starts with <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopian Christmas</a> on January 7, it also has <a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Epiphany</a> or Timkat on January 19 or 20 depending on if the year is a leap, which celebrate the baptism of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. Timkat is recognized by the United Nation's as part of its "<a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>" which are designated for important cultural and religious holidays.<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> Three holidays are movable like <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> of which two are in spring and Ramadan in Islamic celebrations. Other holidays include <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a> which begins on the 12th or 17th on the Islamic calendar depending on which Muslim denomination is the celebrator, nonetheless due to the fact the majority of Ethiopian Muslims are Sunni it is thus celebrated on the 12th day on the third month on the Islamic calendar which is in September. Other include <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> for other Islamic holidays whilst for Christians, the finding of the true cross or otherwise called <a href="/wiki/Meskel" title="Meskel">Meskel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-:05-329">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a> For public holidays the first of which falls on the calendar is <a href="/wiki/Adwa_Victory_Day" title="Adwa Victory Day">Adwa Victory Day</a> on 2 March, commemorating <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Emperor Menelik II</a>'s victory over the attempted but failed colonization efforts of Italy in 1896. Other's following such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> on the 1st of May, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Patriots%27_Victory_Day" title="Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day">Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day</a> for celebrating the return of Emperor Haile Selassie I and thus the liberation of fascist Italian occupation on the 5th of May and the <a href="/wiki/Downfall_of_the_Derg_(holiday)" title="Downfall of the Derg (holiday)">Downfall of the Derg</a> on the 28th of May, a recent holiday promoted to a public status by the ruling government after 1991. And the most prominent of public holidays is <a href="/wiki/Enkutatash" title="Enkutatash">Enkutatash</a> which is the largest, celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Enkutatash" title="Enkutatash">Ethiopian new year</a> on September 11 or 12, which is approximately 7–8 years behind the rest of the world, depending on if the year is a leap, and thus behind ultimately the Georgian calendar by several years. <a href="/wiki/Defense_Day_(Ethiopia)" title="Defense Day (Ethiopia)">Defense Day</a> also exists for celebrating service men on the 26th of October the last holiday in the Gregorian calendar.<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> Nonetheless other festivals and holidays like the honoring of Saint Yohannes and others are celebrated across the country including <a href="/wiki/Irreechaa" title="Irreechaa">Irrecha</a> celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">Architecture of Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Last_Judgement_by_Afewerk_Tekle_at_St._George%27s_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Last_Judgement_by_Afewerk_Tekle_at_St._George%27s_Cathedral.jpg/220px-The_Last_Judgement_by_Afewerk_Tekle_at_St._George%27s_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Last_Judgement_by_Afewerk_Tekle_at_St._George%27s_Cathedral.jpg/330px-The_Last_Judgement_by_Afewerk_Tekle_at_St._George%27s_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Last_Judgement_by_Afewerk_Tekle_at_St._George%27s_Cathedral.jpg/440px-The_Last_Judgement_by_Afewerk_Tekle_at_St._George%27s_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle" title="Afewerk Tekle">Afewerk Tekle's</a> "The Last Judgment" at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Addis_Ababa" title="St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa">St. George's Capel</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Arts of Ethiopia</a> were largely influenced by Christian iconography throughout much of its history. This consisted of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated manuscripts">illuminated manuscripts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cross" title="Ethiopian cross">crosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a> such as crowns. Most historical arts were commissioned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the state religion for a millennium. The earlier Aksumite period arts were stone carvings as evidenced in their stelae, though there is no surviving Christian art from this era. As Christianity was introduced, its iconography was partly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine art</a>. Most remaining arts beyond the early modern period were ruined as a result of invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>, but were revived by Catholic emissaries. The <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western</a> intervention in Ethiopian art began in the 20th century, while also maintaining traditional Ethiopian character. Some notable contemporary Ethiopian artists include <a href="/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle" title="Afewerk Tekle">Afewerk Tekle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemma_Guya" title="Lemma Guya">Lemma Guya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nasib%C3%B9" title="Martha Nasibù">Martha Nasibù</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ale_Felege_Selam" title="Ale Felege Selam">Ale Felege Selam</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stelae,_Aksum,_Ethiopia_(7158408756).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stelae%2C_Aksum%2C_Ethiopia_%287158408756%29.jpg/220px-Stelae%2C_Aksum%2C_Ethiopia_%287158408756%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stelae%2C_Aksum%2C_Ethiopia_%287158408756%29.jpg/330px-Stelae%2C_Aksum%2C_Ethiopia_%287158408756%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stelae%2C_Aksum%2C_Ethiopia_%287158408756%29.jpg/440px-Stelae%2C_Aksum%2C_Ethiopia_%287158408756%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="2648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite Steles</a> served as an official maker for the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperors of Ethiopia</a> during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksumite Empire">Aksumite Empire</a></figcaption></figure> Ethiopian architecture like the "Bete Medhane Alem" or "House of our Saviour" is one of the 12 churches in <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a> built under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Lalibela_(Emperor_of_Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia)">Lalibela I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gebre_Meskel_Lalibela" title="Gebre Meskel Lalibela">Emperor Lalibela I</a> commissioned large portions of the Lalibela church complex promptly named after him. This was largely attested to the inspiration for Ethiopia during the medieval times due to blockage from Jerusalem by Muslim conquests to replicate its own form of a "new Jerusalem" at a national level. Perhaps one of the most notable architectures in antiquity was founded during the Dʿmt period. <a href="/wiki/Ashlar_masonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashlar masonry">Ashlar masonry</a> was an archetype of <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabian</a> architecture with most architectural structure similarity.<a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> The Aksumite continued to flourish its architecture around the 4th century CE. Aksumite stelae commonly used single block and rocks. The Tomb of the False Door built for Aksumite emperors used monolithic style.<a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a> civilization was largely of Aksumite influence, but the layer of stones or wood is quite different for some dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a> In the Gondarine period, the architecture of Ethiopia was influenced by Baroque, Arab, Turkish and Gujarati Indian styles independently taught by Portuguese emissaries in the 16th and 17th centuries. Examples include the imperial fortress <a href="/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi" title="Fasil Ghebbi">Fasil Ghebbi</a>, which is influenced by a mix of these styles. The medieval architecture also affected the later 19th- and 20th-century era.<a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_literature" title="Ethiopian literature">Ethiopian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian philosophy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Baalu_Girma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baalu_Girma.jpg/138px-Baalu_Girma.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baalu_Girma.jpg/207px-Baalu_Girma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baalu_Girma.jpg/276px-Baalu_Girma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Baalu_Girma" title="Baalu Girma">Baalu Girma</a> (1939–1984), is regarded as one of the greatest novelists and critiques in Ethiopia, with one of his six works such as <a href="/wiki/Oromay" title="Oromay">The End</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Haddis_Alemayehu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haddis_Alemayehu.png/146px-Haddis_Alemayehu.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haddis_Alemayehu.png/219px-Haddis_Alemayehu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haddis_Alemayehu.png/292px-Haddis_Alemayehu.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Haddis_Alemayehu" title="Haddis Alemayehu">Haddis Alemayehu</a> (1910–2003), foreign minister and novelist, including author of <a href="/wiki/Love_to_the_Grave" title="Love to the Grave">Love to the Grave</a>, considered the greatest novel in Ethiopian literature.<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_literature" title="Ethiopian literature">Ethiopian literature</a> traces back to the Aksumite period in the 4th century, mostly religious motifs. In royal inscription, it employed both <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ge'ez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> language, but the latter was discontinued in 350. Unlike most Sub-Saharan African countries, Ethiopia has ancient distinct language, the Ge'ez, which dominated political and educational aspects. In spite of the current political instability in the country endangering cultural heritage of these works, preservation has improved in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-:4-343">[338]</a> During and the approximate time of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> composers such as <a href="/wiki/Abba_Gorgoryos" title="Abba Gorgoryos">Abba Gorgoryos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giyorgis_of_Segla" title="Giyorgis of Segla">Giyorgis of Segla</a> have influenced Ethiopian languages such as writing one of the earliest instances of <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> and dictionaries of Ge'ez and such. Also encompassing religious hymns and doctrine justifications regarding issues in the Ethiopian Orthodox church and practices.<a href="#cite_note-HeldmanSeyon-344">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-345">[340]</a> The Ethiopian literary works mostly consisted of handwritten <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> (branna, or ብራና in Amharic). It is prepared by gathering parchment leaves and sewing to stick together. The codex size varies considerably depending on volumes and preparation. For example, pocket size codex lengthens 45 cm, which is heavier in weight. Historians speculated that archaic codex existed in Ethiopia. Today manuscripts resembling primitive codex are still evident for existence where parchment leaves are convenient for writing.<a href="#cite_note-:4-343">[338]</a> Another notable writing book is protective (or magic) <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a>, serving as written amulet. Some of these were intended for magical purpose, for example ketab is used for magical defence. Scrolls were typically produced by <a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">debtera</a>, non-ordained clergy expertise on <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> and healings. About 30 cm scroll is portable whereas 2 cm is often unrolled and hanged to the walls of houses. Scrolls emulating original medium of Ethiopia literature is highly disputed, where there is overwhelming evidence that Ge'ez language books were written in codex. In lesser, Ethiopia used accordion books (called sensul) which were dated to late 15th or 16th century, made up of folded parchment paper, with or without cover. Those books usually contain pictorial representation of life and death of religious figures, or significant texts have also juxtaposed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-343">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baalu_Girma" title="Baalu Girma">Baalu Girma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haddis_Alemayehu" title="Haddis Alemayehu">Haddis Alemayehu</a> have been noted as the most influential novelist in Ethiopian history. Girma giving a critique of the communist government in the 80s in Ethiopia in his works. Haddis Alemayehu giving rise to one of the first examinations of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a> tragedy in his works of novel and having influenced the sphere of Ethiopian intellectual community.<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> Ethiopia is highly popularized in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. Most poets recount past events, social unrests, poverty and famine. <a href="/wiki/Qene" title="Qene">Qene</a> is the most used element of Ethiopian poetry – regarded as a form of Amharic poetry, though the term generally refers to any poems. True qene requires advanced ingenious mindset. By providing two metaphorical words, i.e. one with obvious clues and the other is too convoluted conundrum, one must answer parallel meanings. Thus, this is called sem ena work (gold and wax).<a href="#cite_note-:9-348">[343]</a> The most notable poets are <a href="/wiki/Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin" title="Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin">Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebede_Michael" title="Kebede Michael">Kebede Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Lemma" title="Mengistu Lemma">Mengistu Lemma</a>. Ethiopian philosophy has been superlatively prolific since ancient times in Africa, though offset of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">Patristic</a> philosophy. The best known philosophical revival was in the early modern period figures such as <a href="/wiki/Zera_Yacob_(philosopher)" title="Zera Yacob (philosopher)">Zera Yacob</a> (1599–1692) and his student <a href="/wiki/Walda_Heywat" title="Walda Heywat">Walda Heywat</a>, who wrote <a href="/wiki/Hatata" title="Hatata">Hatata</a> (Inquiry) in 1667 as an argument for the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Music of Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Golden_Age_of_music" title="Ethiopian Golden Age of music">Ethiopian Golden Age of music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yared.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yared.jpg/220px-Yared.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yared.jpg/330px-Yared.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Yared.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yared" title="Yared">Yared</a> in a piece of 15th century Ethiopian sacred art holding a mequamia (prayer stick)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">music of Ethiopia</a> is extremely diverse, with each of the country's 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a distinct <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">modal system</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic</a>, with characteristically long intervals between some notes. As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition, tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighbouring Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, and Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-349">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tekle-350">[345]</a> Traditional singing in Ethiopia presents diverse styles of <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heterophony" title="Heterophony">heterophony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drone</a>, imitation, and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>). Traditionally, lyricism in Ethiopian song writing is strongly associated with views of patriotism or national pride, romance, friendship, and a unique type of memoire known as <a href="/wiki/Tizita" title="Tizita">tizita</a>. Saint <a href="/wiki/Yared" title="Yared">Yared</a>, a 6th-century Aksumite composer, is widely regarded as the forerunner of traditional music of Eritrea and Ethiopia, creating liturgical music of the Ethiopian and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> Modern music is traced back to the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, where 40 Armenian orphans called <a href="/wiki/Arba_Lijoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba Lijoch">Arba Lijoch</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to Addis Ababa. By 1924, the band was almost established as orchestral; but after World War II, several similar bands emerged such as Imperial Bodyguard Band, Army Band, and Police Band.<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s, traditional infused modern Ethiopian music was revived in what is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Golden_Age_of_music" title="Ethiopian Golden Age of music">Golden Age</a>". Several notable musical artists emerged thereafter, for example, <a href="/wiki/Tilahun_Gessesse" title="Tilahun Gessesse">Tilahun Gessesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemayehu_Eshete" title="Alemayehu Eshete">Alemayehu Eshete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bizunesh_Bekele" title="Bizunesh Bekele">Bizunesh Bekele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muluken_Melesse" title="Muluken Melesse">Muluken Melesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmed" title="Mahmoud Ahmed">Mahmoud Ahmed</a>. It also employed tradition style called tizita. During the Derg regime, these artists were prohibited to perform in the country and often forced into exile in North America and Europe, mixing with jazz and funk influences. For example, Roha Band, <a href="/wiki/Walias_Band" title="Walias Band">Walias Band</a>, and Ethio Stars. By this time, <a href="/wiki/Neway_Debebe" title="Neway Debebe">Neway Debebe</a> was critical of the Derg government.<a href="#cite_note-:9-348">[343]</a> Modern music became developed shortly in the 1990s and 2000s. In this period, the most popular artists were <a href="/wiki/Aster_Aweke" title="Aster Aweke">Aster Aweke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gigi_(singer)" title="Gigi (singer)">Gigi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Afro" title="Teddy Afro">Teddy Afro</a>. Ethiopian music further modernized in the next decade, employing electronic type and more popular. DJ <a href="/wiki/Rophnan" title="Rophnan">Rophnan</a> was renowned for pioneering EDM after releasing his debut album Reflection in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:9-348">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar">Calendar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo calendar">Oromo calendar</a></div> Ethiopia has several local calendars. The most widely known is the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a>, also known as the Ge'ez calendar, and written with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a>, one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Wilfpag-353">[348]</a> It is based on the older Alexandrian or <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a>, which in turn derives from the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian calendar</a>. Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopian calendar has twelve months of exactly 30 days each plus five or six <a href="/wiki/Epagomenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Epagomenal">epagomenal</a> days, which form a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Ge'ez.<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a> Like the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the sixth epagomenal day—which in essence is a <a href="/wiki/Leap_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap day">leap day</a>—is added every four years without exception on 29 August of the Julian calendar, six months before the Julian leap day. Thus, the first day of the Ethiopian year, 1 Mäskäräm, for years between 1901 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually 11 September (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a>), but falls on 12 September in years before the Gregorian leap year. It is approximately seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar because of an alternate calculation in determining the date of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-355">[350]</a> Another calendrical system was developed around 300 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo people</a>. A lunar-stellar calendar, this <a href="/wiki/Oromo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo calendar">Oromo calendar</a> relies on astronomical observations of the moon in conjunction with seven particular stars or constellations. Oromo months (stars/lunar phases) are Bittottessa (Iangulum), Camsa (Pleiades), Bufa (Aldebarran), Waxabajjii (Belletrix), Obora Gudda (Central Orion-Saiph), Obora Dikka (Sirius), Birra (full moon), Cikawa (gibbous moon), Sadasaa (quarter moon), Abrasa (large crescent), Ammaji (medium crescent), and Gurrandala (small crescent).<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Ethiopia">Communications in Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Ethiopia">Media in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Television.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ethiopian_Television.JPG/220px-Ethiopian_Television.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ethiopian_Television.JPG/330px-Ethiopian_Television.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ethiopian_Television.JPG/440px-Ethiopian_Television.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="2767" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/ETV_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="ETV (Ethiopia)">Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation</a> former headquarters in Addis Ababa</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation">Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (EBC), formerly known as ETV, is the <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a>. Radio broadcasting was commenced earlier in 1935 before the television service began in 1962 with assistance of British firm Thomson and Emperor Haile Selassie.<a href="#cite_note-africanews.com-5">[3]</a> Since 2015, EBC has upgraded its studios with modernized transmission. <a href="/wiki/Kana_TV" title="Kana TV">Kana TV</a> is the most popular TV channel in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a> It is mainly known for <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a> foreign content into <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>. Over several decades, the state television has served as the major mass media until in the late 2000s, when <a href="/wiki/EBS_TV_(Ethiopia)" title="EBS TV (Ethiopia)">EBS TV</a> launched as the first private television channel. Moreover, numerous private channels were commenced in 2016, culminating in the growth of privately owned media companies in the country. As an example, <a href="/wiki/Fana_TV" title="Fana TV">Fana TV</a> has been the largest TV network since its launch in 2017. The most widely circulated newspapers in Ethiopia are <a href="/wiki/Addis_Fortune" title="Addis Fortune">Addis Fortune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Ethiopia">Capital Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Reporter">Ethiopian Reporter</a>, Addis Zemen (Amharic) and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Herald">Ethiopian Herald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> The sole internet service provider is the national telecommunications firm <a href="/wiki/Ethio_telecom" title="Ethio telecom">Ethio telecom</a>. A large portion of users in the country access the internet through mobile devices.<a href="#cite_note-:3-359">[354]</a> As of July 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are around 4.29 million people who have internet access at their home as compared to a quarter of a million users a decade before that.<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a> The Ethiopian government has at times intentionally shut down internet service in the country or restricted access to certain social media sites during periods of political unrest. In August 2016, following protest and demonstration in the Oromia Region, all access to the internet was shut down for a period of two days.<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> In June 2017, the government shut down access to the internet for mobile users during a period that coincided with the administration of university entrance examination. Although the reason for the restriction was not confirmed by the government,<a href="#cite_note-:3-359">[354]</a> the move was similar to a measure taken during the same period in 2016, after a leak of test questions.<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Cinema of Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/138px-Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/207px-Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/276px-Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Negga" title="Ruth Negga">Ruth Negga</a> is an Ethiopian-born actress</div></div></div></div></div> The first cinema was introduced in 1898, three years after the first world film was projected. Cinematic artifacts ascribed by Italian minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Ciccodicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico Ciccodicola (page does not exist)">Federico Ciccodicola</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Ciccodicola" class="extiw" title="it:Federico Ciccodicola">it</a>] which then offered to Emperor Menelik II. The early 20th century appearance with spectacle was around 1909 and embraced by documentary or biographical films. Au de Menilek was the first film directed by Charles Martel. The first 16mm black-and-white film dedicated to coronation of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zewditu" title="Zewditu">Zewditu</a>, then coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie was filmed. The 1990s saw international booming of Ethiopian films. The most influential people in this era were <a href="/wiki/Haile_Gerima" title="Haile Gerima">Haile Gerima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem_Mekuria" title="Salem Mekuria">Salem Mekuria</a>, Yemane Demissie, and <a href="/wiki/Teshome_Gabriel" title="Teshome Gabriel">Teshome Gabriel</a>. Films began modernized in the 2000s and implemented <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> language. The most internationally grossed films are <a href="/wiki/Selanchi" title="Selanchi">Selanchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Difret" title="Difret">Difret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_(2015_Ethiopian_film)" title="Lamb (2015 Ethiopian film)">Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Love">Prince of Love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lambadina" title="Lambadina">Lambadina</a>. The modern era saw several reoccurring actors including <a href="/wiki/Selam_Tesfaye" title="Selam Tesfaye">Selam Tesfaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fryat_Yemane" title="Fryat Yemane">Fryat Yemane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanan_Tarik" title="Hanan Tarik">Hanan Tarik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahder_Assefa" title="Mahder Assefa">Mahder Assefa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amleset_Muchie" title="Amleset Muchie">Amleset Muchie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Negga" title="Ruth Negga">Ruth Negga</a>. One of the most prestigious film award is <a href="/wiki/Gumma_Film_Awards" title="Gumma Film Awards">Gumma Film Awards</a> held in Addis Ababa. The award, which was started in 2014, broadcast on live television in some stations.<a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a> Festivals including <a href="/wiki/Addis_International_Film_Festival" title="Addis International Film Festival">Addis International Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_International_Film_Festival" title="Ethiopian International Film Festival">Ethiopian International Film Festival</a> showcase amateur and professional filmmakers works; the latter being voted by judges. They were established in 2007<a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a> and 2005 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ethiopian_dishes_and_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ethiopian dishes and foods">List of Ethiopian dishes and foods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg/220px-Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg/330px-Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg/440px-Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2969" data-file-height="2909" /></a><figcaption>This meal consisting of <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a> and several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Wat_(food)" title="Wat (food)">wat</a> (stew) is typical of Ethiopian cuisine.</figcaption></figure> The best-known <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian cuisine</a> consists of various types of thick meat <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Wat_(food)" title="Wat (food)">wat</a> in Ethiopian culture, and vegetable side dishes served on top of <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Sourdough" title="Sourdough">sourdough</a> <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a> flour. This is not eaten with utensils, but instead the injera is used to scoop up the entrées and side dishes. Almost universally in Ethiopia, it is common to eat from the same dish in the middle of the table with a group of people. It is also a common custom to feed others within a group or own hands—a tradition referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine#Gursha" title="Ethiopian cuisine">gursha</a>".<a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a> Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, as it is forbidden in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> Christian and Islamic faiths; Ethiopian Orthodox Christians also fast from meat on Wednesdays, Fridays, and leading up to Easter and Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fit-fit#Kitcha_fit-fit" title="Fit-fit">Chechebsa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marqa (page does not exist)">Marqa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chukko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chukko (page does not exist)">Chukko</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michirra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michirra (page does not exist)">Michirra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhanga" title="Dhanga">Dhanga</a> are the most popular dishes from the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kitfo" title="Kitfo">Kitfo</a>, which originated among the <a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">Gurage</a>, is one of the country's most popular delicacies. In addition, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doro_Wot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doro Wot (page does not exist)">Doro Wot</a> (ዶሮ ወጥ in <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsebehi_Derho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsebehi Derho (page does not exist)">Tsebehi Derho</a> (ጽብሒ ድርሆ in <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>), are other popular dishes, originating from northwestern Ethiopia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Tihlo" title="Tihlo">Tihlo</a> (ጥሕሎ)—which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumpling</a>—is prepared from roasted barley flour and originated in the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a>. Tihlo is now very popular in <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a> and spreading further south.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia" title="Sport in Ethiopia">Sport in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abebe_Bikila_1968c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Abebe_Bikila_1968c.jpg/200px-Abebe_Bikila_1968c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Abebe_Bikila_1968c.jpg/299px-Abebe_Bikila_1968c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Abebe_Bikila_1968c.jpg/399px-Abebe_Bikila_1968c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abebe_Bikila" title="Abebe Bikila">Abebe Bikila</a>, Ethiopia's first <a href="/wiki/Olympic_gold_medalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic gold medalist">Olympic gold medalist</a></figcaption></figure> The main sports in Ethiopia are <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Long_distance_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Long distance running">long distance running</a>) and football. Ethiopian athletes have won many <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> gold medals in track and field, most of them in long distance running.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abebe_Bikila" title="Abebe Bikila">Abebe Bikila</a> became the first athlete from a <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> country to win an Olympic gold medal when he won the <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a> at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games in a world record time of 2:15:16.<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team" title="Ethiopia national football team">Ethiopia national football team</a> was one of four founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a> and won the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/1962_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1962 African Cup of Nations">1962</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> Ethiopia has Sub-Saharan Africa's longest basketball tradition as it established a <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopia national basketball team">national basketball team</a> in 1949. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia" title="Portal:Ethiopia">Ethiopia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">Index of Ethiopia-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ethiopia" title="Outline of Ethiopia">Outline of Ethiopia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Romanized: Ye'ītiyop'iya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīki </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Romanized: Nayəʾitəyop̣əya Federalawi Demokərasiyawi Ripsäbəlikə </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: ኢትዮጵያ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Amharic">romanized</a>: Ītyōṗṗyā <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">[i.tjo.p'ja]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>: Itiyoophiyaa</li><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: Itoobiya</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>: ኢትዮጵያ, romanized: Ítiyop'iya</li><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: Itiyoppiya</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> The inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> read "ΑΧΩΜΙΤΩ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ" ("King of Axum") and "ΕΝΔΥΒΙΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ" ("King Endubis"); Greek was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> by that time, so its use in coins simplified foreign trade. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <ul><li>Pro-federal government troops <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Ethiopian federal government</a> and regional allies</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Eritrean Defence Forces</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Ethiopian federal government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Eritrean Defence Forces</a></div></li></ul></li> <li>Anti-federal government rebels <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Army" title="Oromo Liberation Army">Oromo Liberation Army</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Fano_(militia)" title="Fano (militia)">Fano</a> (Amhara militia)</div></li></ul></li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ventures-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Ventures_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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Church History. 5 (3): 271–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3160789">10.2307/3160789</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3160789">3160789</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162029676">162029676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-284&rft.date=1936&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162029676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3160789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3160789&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Dale+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbink1998" class="citation journal cs1">Abbink J (1998). "An Historical-Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia: Issues of Identity and Politics". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 11 (2): 109–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13696819808717830">10.1080/13696819808717830</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F9486">1887/9486</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-6815">1369-6815</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771876">1771876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Historical-Anthropological+Approach+to+Islam+in+Ethiopia%3A+Issues+of+Identity+and+Politics&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-124&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F9486&rft.issn=1369-6815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1771876%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13696819808717830&rft.aulast=Abbink&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/Vaughanphd.pdf">"Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia"</a> (PDF). 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Power+in+Ethiopia&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fera.ed.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fid%2F1299%2FVaughanphd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1120-30"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC1120_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Staff2020" class="citation news cs1">BBC Staff (3 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54787034">"Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+attack%3A+Dozens+%27rounded+up+and+killed%27+in+Oromia+state&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft.au=BBC+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-54787034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/01/01/egypt-iran-saudi-arabia-uae-ethiopia-formally-join-brics/">"Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Ethiopia formally join BRICS"</a>. Daily News Egypt. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Egypt%2C+Iran%2C+Saudi+Arabia%2C+UAE%2C+Ethiopia+formally+join+BRICS&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2024%2F01%2F01%2Fegypt-iran-saudi-arabia-uae-ethiopia-formally-join-brics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/5-reasons-why-ethiopia-could-be-the-next-global-economy-to-watch/">"5 reasons why Ethiopia could be the next global economy to watch"</a>. World Economic Forum. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=5+reasons+why+Ethiopia+could+be+the+next+global+economy+to+watch&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2019%2F09%2F5-reasons-why-ethiopia-could-be-the-next-global-economy-to-watch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrica2020" class="citation web cs1">Africa S (29 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.somtribune.com/2020/08/29/ethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower/">"Ethiopia Can Be Africa's Next Superpower"</a>. SomTribune. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SomTribune&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Can+Be+Africa%27s+Next+Superpower&rft.date=2020-08-29&rft.aulast=Africa&rft.aufirst=Somtribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.somtribune.com%2F2020%2F08%2F29%2Fethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview">"Overview"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fethiopia%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2024" class="citation web cs1">O'Neill A (4 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/455149/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-ethiopia/#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20the%20share%20of,sector%20contributed%20about%2036.56%20percent.">"Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2012 to 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Share+of+economic+sectors+in+the+gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+from+2012+to+2022&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F455149%2Fshare-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-ethiopia%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25202022%252C%2520the%2520share%2520of%2Csector%2520contributed%2520about%252036.56%2520percent.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview">"Overview"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fethiopia%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/ethiopia-poverty-assessment">"Ethiopia Poverty Assessment"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 17 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Poverty+Assessment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Ftopic%2Fpoverty%2Fpublication%2Fethiopia-poverty-assessment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africaw.com/major-problems-facing-ethiopia-today">"Major problems facing Ethiopia today"</a>. Africaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africaw&rft.atitle=Major+problems+facing+Ethiopia+today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africaw.com%2Fmajor-problems-facing-ethiopia-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekerie2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bekerie A (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828841">"Ethiopica: Some Historical Reflections on the Origin of the Word Ethiopia"</a>. International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 1 (2): 110–121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-4133">1543-4133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828841">27828841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethiopica%3A+Some+Historical+Reflections+on+the+Origin+of+the+Word+Ethiopia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-121&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27828841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1543-4133&rft.aulast=Bekerie&rft.aufirst=Ayele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27828841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agrvt-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agrvt_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrvt_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAIAAJ">Africa Geoscience Review, Volume 10</a>. Rock View International. 2003. p. 366. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+Geoscience+Review%2C+Volume+10&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Rock+View+International&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQWBPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Liddell HG, Scott R. "Aithiops". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232329&redirect=true">A Greek-English Lexicon</a>. Perseus. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aithiops&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.pub=Perseus&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%25232329%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herodotus1-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus1_42-0">^</a> For all references to Ethiopia in Herodotus, see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/nebrowser?query=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&id=tgn%2C7000489">this list</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Homer, Odyssey 1.22–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatke-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatke_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatke_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatke2013" class="citation book cs1">Hatke G (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PA4UCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa</a>. NYU Press. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6066-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6066-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-6066-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum+and+Nubia%3A+Warfare%2C+Commerce%2C+and+Political+Fictions+in+Ancient+Northeast+Africa&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6066-6&rft.aulast=Hatke&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPA4UCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Etymologicum_Genuinum" title="Etymologicum Genuinum">Etymologicum Genuinum</a> s.v. Αἰθιοπία; see also <a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Cp. 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Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Abyssinia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FKingdom_of_Abyssinia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-history-changes-balance-power-between-ethiopia-and-medieval-europe-180978084/">"A New History Changes the Balance of Power Between Ethiopia and Medieval Europe"</a>. 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+History+Changes+the+Balance+of+Power+Between+Ethiopia+and+Medieval+Europe&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fnew-history-changes-balance-power-between-ethiopia-and-medieval-europe-180978084%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photius.com/countries/ethiopia/society/ethiopia_society_the_zagwe_dynasty.html">"Ethiopia The Zagwe Dynasty – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"</a>. photius.com. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=photius.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+The+Zagwe+Dynasty+%E2%80%93+Flags%2C+Maps%2C+Economy%2C+History%2C+Climate%2C+Natural+Resources%2C+Current+Issues%2C+International+Agreements%2C+Population%2C+Social+Statistics%2C+Political+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotius.com%2Fcountries%2Fethiopia%2Fsociety%2Fethiopia_society_the_zagwe_dynasty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1982" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst R (1982). History of Ethiopian Towns. Steiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-03204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-03204-9"><bdi>978-3-515-03204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ethiopian+Towns&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-515-03204-9&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YeKwW3vzQMUC&q=amda+seyon+victory+ifat&pg=PA283">UNESCO General History of Africa</a>. University of California Press. 3 November 1992. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06698-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06698-4"><bdi>978-0-520-06698-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+General+History+of+Africa&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06698-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYeKwW3vzQMUC%26q%3Damda%2Bseyon%2Bvictory%2Bifat%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3b-86"><a href="#cite_ref-:3b_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir2013" class="citation book cs1">Abir M (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region</a>. Routledge. pp. 22–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0"><bdi>978-1-136-28090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+and+the+Red+Sea%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Solomonic+Dynasty+and+Muslim+European+Rivalry+in+the+Region&rft.pages=22-70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-28090-0&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fArBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelKillion2011160-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnelKillion2011160_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnelKillion2011">Connel & Killion 2011</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed2013" class="citation book cs1">Mohammed AK (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwjX_yVT7AoC&q=adal+sultanate&pg=PA170">The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90332-7"><bdi>978-3-643-90332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saho+of+Eritrea%3A+Ethnic+Identity+and+National+Consciousness&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90332-7&rft.aulast=Mohammed&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Kader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwjX_yVT7AoC%26q%3Dadal%2Bsultanate%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour By Martin Meredith, In the Land of Prestor John, chapter 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassen2017" class="citation book cs1">Hassen M (2017). The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300–1700. James Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-161-9"><bdi>978-1-84701-161-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/962017017">962017017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oromo+and+the+Christian+Kingdom+of+Ethiopia%2C+1300%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F962017017&rft.isbn=978-1-84701-161-9&rft.aulast=Hassen&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1997301-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1997301_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPankhurst1997">Pankhurst 1997</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-92"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_02.html">"Ethiopia: The Trials of the Christian Kingdom and the Decline of Imperial Power ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_01_02""</a>. memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memory.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+The+Trials+of+the+Christian+Kingdom+and+the+Decline+of+Imperial+Power+~a+HREF%3D%22%2Fet_00_00.html%23et_01_02%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fetsave%2Fet_01_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reference-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Reference_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/32403-oromo-migration-and-expansion-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries.html">"Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oromo%3A+Migration+and+Expansion%3A+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.biz%2Fsundries%2F32403-oromo-migration-and-expansion-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2009" class="citation book cs1">Cohen L (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zs3CcC2eLoC&q=the+jesuit+in+ethiopia+1555">The Missionary Strategies of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (1555–1632)</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05892-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05892-6"><bdi>978-3-447-05892-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Strategies+of+the+Jesuits+in+Ethiopia+%281555%E2%80%931632%29&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05892-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Zs3CcC2eLoC%26q%3Dthe%2Bjesuit%2Bin%2Bethiopia%2B1555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wendybelcher.com/african-literature/latin-letters-of-jesuits/">"Latin Letters of Jesuits -Wendy Laura Belcher"</a>. wendybelcher.com. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wendybelcher.com&rft.atitle=Latin+Letters+of+Jesuits+-Wendy+Laura+Belcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwendybelcher.com%2Fafrican-literature%2Flatin-letters-of-jesuits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parfitt2019-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parfitt2019_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parfitt2019_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfitt2019" class="citation book cs1">Parfitt R (17 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOeADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">The Process of International Legal Reproduction: Inequality, Historiography, Resistance</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51519-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51519-8"><bdi>978-1-316-51519-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Process+of+International+Legal+Reproduction%3A+Inequality%2C+Historiography%2C+Resistance&rft.pages=225-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft.isbn=978-1-316-51519-8&rft.aulast=Parfitt&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOeADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berndl2005-97"><a href="#cite_ref-berndl2005_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerndl2005" class="citation book cs1">Berndl K (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_m8x7/page/333/mode/2up">National Geographic Visual History of the World</a>. National Geographic Society. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-3695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-3695-5"><bdi>978-0-7922-3695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Visual+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5&rft.aulast=Berndl&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalgeograph0000unse_m8x7%2Fpage%2F333%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> See Solomon Getamun, History of the City of Gondar (Africa World Press, 2005), pp.1–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Getamun, City of Gondar, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Pankhurst, Economic History of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University Press, 1968), pp. 297f </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethiopianhistory.com/Gondar_Period/">"Gondar Period"</a>. ethiopianhistory.com. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethiopianhistory.com&rft.atitle=Gondar+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethiopianhistory.com%2FGondar_Period%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst,_Richard1967" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1967). The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 139–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Royal+Chronicles&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139-143&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307213227/http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx">"Political Program of the Oromo People's Congress (OPC)"</a>. Gargaaraoromopc.org. 23 April 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx">the original</a> on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Program+of+the+Oromo+People%27s+Congress+%28OPC%29&rft.pub=Gargaaraoromopc.org&rft.date=1996-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgargaaraoromopc.org%2FOPC_Program.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middleton2015-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Middleton2015_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2015" class="citation book cs1">Middleton J (1 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">World Monarchies and Dynasties</a>. 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International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 11: 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13033-017-0144-4">10.1186/s13033-017-0144-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5465569">5465569</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28603550">28603550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Mental+Health+Systems&rft.atitle=Health+system+governance+to+support+scale+up+of+mental+health+care+in+Ethiopia%3A+a+qualitative+study&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5465569%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28603550&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13033-017-0144-4&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Eshetu%2C+Tigist&rft.au=Alemayehu%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Fekadu%2C+Abebaw&rft.au=Semrau%2C+Maya&rft.au=Thornicroft%2C+Graham&rft.au=Kigozi%2C+Fred&rft.au=Marais%2C+Debra+Leigh&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Inge&rft.au=Alem%2C+Atalay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5465569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeferraAltbach2003" class="citation book cs1">Teferra D, Altbach PG (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RROdAAAAMAAJ">African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook</a>. 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Planipolis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planipolis&rft.atitle=Search+Result%3A+Ethiopia%27s+plans+and+policies&rft.date=2017&rft.au=IIEP-UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanipolis.iiep.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fsearch%2Fsite%3Ff%5B0%5D%3Dim_field_countries%253A1076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO2015" class="citation book cs1">UNESCO (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002317/231724e.pdf">National EFA review, 2015</a> (PDF). 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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences. 194 (1114): 7–16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976RSPSB.194....7L">1976RSPSB.194....7L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1976.0061">10.1098/rspb.1976.0061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4649">0080-4649</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11482">11482</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46723065">46723065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+peoples+and+cultures+of+Ethiopia&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=1114&rft.pages=7-16&rft.date=1976-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46723065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976RSPSB.194....7L&rft.issn=0080-4649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1976.0061&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11482&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1976.0061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101405/http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm">"Festivals & Holidays"</a>. www.ethioembassy.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ethioembassy.org.uk&rft.atitle=Festivals+%26+Holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethioembassy.org.uk%2Ffact%2520file%2Fa-z%2Ffestivals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ethiopian-epiphany-01491">"UNESCO - Ethiopian epiphany"</a>. ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+-+Ethiopian+epiphany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fethiopian-epiphany-01491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> are traditional trans-national holidays celebrated across the Islam world. Meskel being celebrated in other places but Ethiopia primary giving a huge emphasis on such. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-3521">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-329"><a href="#cite_ref-:05_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdo" class="citation web cs1">Abdo M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3160168/file/5874552.pdf">"Legal Pluralism Vs. Human Rights Issues: Sharia Courts and Human Rights Concerns in the Light of the Federal /constitution of Ethiopia"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Pluralism+Vs.+Human+Rights+Issues%3A+Sharia+Courts+and+Human+Rights+Concerns+in+the+Light+of+the+Federal+%2Fconstitution+of+Ethiopia&rft.aulast=Abdo&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F3160168%2Ffile%2F5874552.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> is a moveable holiday <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ramadana-moveable-fast-66315554/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/spiritual-life/resources/guide-to-observances/ramadan.html#:~:text=Since%20there%20are%2012%20lunar,11%20days%20per%20solar%20year.">[2]</a> Good Friday and Easter are included <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishonlinearchives.com/posts/category/notable-days/751/good-friday-2024#:~:text=Due%20to%20it%20always%20preceding,calendar%20for%20Eastern%20Orthodox%20Christians.">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35880795">[4]</a> of which all of whom are celebrated across the Ethiopian Christian and Muslim communities </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://et.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/">"Holiday Calendar"</a>. U.S Embassy in Ethiopia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S+Embassy+in+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=Holiday+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fet.usembassy.gov%2Fholiday-calendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evisa.gov.et/ethiopianfestival">"Ethiopian Festival"</a>. eVISA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eVISA&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evisa.gov.et%2Fethiopianfestival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Irreechaa" title="Irreechaa">Irrecha</a> celebrated by the Oromo ethnic group is a huge holiday attracting large portions of the population and is given government de-facto recognition as a holiday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addisstandard.com/irreecha-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt/#:~:text=Irrecha%20and%20its%20rituals%20are%20performed%20based%20on%20natural%20cycle">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/en_38770">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> The 20th century has resulted in Ethiopia connecting towards the world with students of art learning the styles of western art, most notably <a href="/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle" title="Afewerk Tekle">Afewerk Tekle</a> a laureate and others during the end of Menelik's reign and other monarchs right after </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> Ethiopia has produced many reputable contemporary painters and muralists, most notable among whom is Laureate <a href="/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle" title="Afewerk Tekle">Afewerk Tekle</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realitysandwich.com/the-use-of-dmt-in-early-masonic-ritual/">"The Use of DMT in Early Masonic Ritual"</a>. Reality Sandwich. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reality+Sandwich&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+DMT+in+Early+Masonic+Ritual&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealitysandwich.com%2Fthe-use-of-dmt-in-early-masonic-ritual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a> was mainly built as a 'new Jerusalem' for Ethiopian pilgrims set to go to Jerusalem nonetheless barred from by Muslim conquests <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-rock-churches-of-lalibela/articleshow/34769471.cms">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170817-ethiopias-miraculous-underground-churches">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lalibela-11-churches-each-sculpted-out-of-a-single-block-of-stone-800-years-ago-60-minutes-2019-12-01/">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-styles/a3377-aksumite-architecture-architecture-of-ethiopia/">"Aksumite architecture: Architecture of Ethiopia"</a>. RTF | Rethinking The Future. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTF+%7C+Rethinking+The+Future&rft.atitle=Aksumite+architecture%3A+Architecture+of+Ethiopia&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.re-thinkingthefuture.com%2Farchitectural-styles%2Fa3377-aksumite-architecture-architecture-of-ethiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102060408/http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/architecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-116/architecture-of-aksun-and-lalibela-506-6634/index.html">"Architecture of Aksun and Lalibela"</a>. kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/architecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-116/architecture-of-aksun-and-lalibela-506-6634/index.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2022. 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Ezega. 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A brief Overview and Evaluation"</a>. Gazette du livre médiéval. 58 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fgalim.2012.1993">10.3406/galim.2012.1993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+du+livre+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Manuscripts+and+Ethiopian+Manuscript+Studies.+A+brief+Overview+and+Evaluation&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fgalim.2012.1993&rft.aulast=Nosnitsin&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fgalim_0753-5015_2012_num_58_1_1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeldmanSeyon-344"><a href="#cite_ref-HeldmanSeyon_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarilyn_Eiseman_HeldmanFrē_Ṣeyon1994" class="citation book cs1">Marilyn Eiseman Heldman, Frē Ṣeyon (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmTQt--tqjMC&pg=PA75">The Marian Icons of the Painter Frē Ṣeyon: A Study of Fifteenth-century Ethiopian Art, Patronage, and Spirituality</a>. 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Tadias Magazine. 1 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tadias+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Simpsons+Episode+Well-Received+by+Ethiopians+On+Social+Media&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tadias.com%2F12%2F01%2F2011%2Fthe-simpsons-episode-well-received-by-ethiopians-on-social-media-elsewhere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelesheJoLee2014" class="citation journal cs1">Seleshe S, Jo C, Lee M (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597829">"Meat Consumption Culture in Ethiopia"</a>. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources. 34 (1): 7–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5851%2Fkosfa.2014.34.1.7">10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.1.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2234-246X">2234-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597829">4597829</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26760739">26760739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Journal+for+Food+Science+of+Animal+Resources&rft.atitle=Meat+Consumption+Culture+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-13&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4597829%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2234-246X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26760739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5851%2Fkosfa.2014.34.1.7&rft.aulast=Seleshe&rft.aufirst=Semeneh&rft.au=Jo%2C+Cheorun&rft.au=Lee%2C+Mooha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4597829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tigraionline.com/bahlina.html">"Culture of the people of Tigrai"</a>. Tigrai Online. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+of+the+people+of+Tigrai&rft.pub=Tigrai+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tigraionline.com%2Fbahlina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/ethiopia">"Ethiopian Olympic Committee"</a>. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Olympic+Committee&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloor2012" class="citation news cs1">Bloor S (25 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2012/apr/25/athletics-olympics-2012">"50 stunning Olympic moments: Abebe Bikila's 1960 marathon victory – in pictures"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=50+stunning+Olympic+moments%3A+Abebe+Bikila%27s+1960+marathon+victory+%E2%80%93+in+pictures&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bloor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2Fgallery%2F2012%2Fapr%2F25%2Fathletics-olympics-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympic.org/news/barefooted-bikila-steps-in-for-heroic-marathon-triumph">"Athletics – Abebe Bikila (ETH)"</a>. International Olympic Committee. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Olympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Athletics+%E2%80%93+Abebe+Bikila+%28ETH%29&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fnews%2Fbarefooted-bikila-steps-in-for-heroic-marathon-triumph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehrish2022" class="citation news cs1">Mehrish A (31 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/history-makers-ethiopias-role-in-the-creation-of-caf-afcon">"History makers: Ethiopia's role in the creation of CAF, AFCON"</a>. FIFA. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+makers%3A+Ethiopia%27s+role+in+the+creation+of+CAF%2C+AFCON&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft.aulast=Mehrish&rft.aufirst=Akshat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Ffifaplus%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fhistory-makers-ethiopias-role-in-the-creation-of-caf-afcon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Abir" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1968). Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769–1855). London, England: Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+The+Era+of+the+Princes%3B+The+Challenge+of+Islam+and+the+Re-unification+of+the+Christian+Empire+%281769%E2%80%931855%29&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Abir%2C+Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Beshah" class="citation book cs1">Beshah, Girma, Aregay, Merid Wolde (1964). The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632). Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+the+Union+of+the+Churches+in+Luso-Ethiopian+Relations+%281500%E2%80%931632%29&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Junta+de+Investiga%C3%A7%C3%B5es+do+Ultramar+and+Centro+de+Estudos+Hist%C3%B3ricos+Ultramarinos&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Beshah%2C+Girma&rft.au=Aregay%2C+Merid+Wolde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelKillion2011" class="citation book cs1">Connel D, Killion T (2011). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. The Scarecrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5952-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-5952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Eritrea&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5952-4&rft.aulast=Connel&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Killion%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lyons T (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9622394">"Closing the Transition: the May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia"</a>. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 121–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00055233">10.1017/S0022278X00055233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155079488">155079488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Closing+the+Transition%3A+the+May+1995+Elections+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-42&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00055233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155079488%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9622394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Munro-Hay" class="citation book cs1">Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf">Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity</a> (PDF). Edinburgh: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0106-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum%3A+An+African+Civilization+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6&rft.au=Munro-Hay%2C+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dskmariam.org%2Fartsandlitreature%2Flitreature%2Fpdf%2Faksum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1997" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst R (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC">The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century</a>. The Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6"><bdi>978-0-932415-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands%3A+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-19-6&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpYBD3bzW1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Valdes_Vivo" class="citation book cs1">Valdes Vivo, Raul (1977). Ethiopia's Revolution. New York, NY: International Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0556-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0556-3"><bdi>978-0-7178-0556-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%27s+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7178-0556-3&rft.au=Valdes+Vivo%2C+Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellMiersMiller2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell G, Miers S, Miller J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgm69dJt4DcC&pg=PA219">Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic</a>. Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1723-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1723-2"><bdi>978-0-8214-1723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Slavery%3A+Africa%2C+the+Indian+Ocean+world%2C+and+the+medieval+north+Atlantic&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1723-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft.au=Miers%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Miller%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgm69dJt4DcC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanaGleichen1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana FR, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward_Gleichen" title="Lord Edward Gleichen">Gleichen AE</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abyssinia">"Abyssinia" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 82–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=82-95&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rft.au=Gleichen%2C+Albert+Edward+Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Deguefé, Taffara (2006). Minutes of an Ethiopian Century, Shama Books, Addis Ababa, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99944-0-003-7" title="Special:BookSources/99944-0-003-7">99944-0-003-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenze2004" class="citation book cs1">Henze PB (2004). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. Shama Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931253-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931253-28-4"><bdi>978-1-931253-28-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Time%3A+A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Shama+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-931253-28-4&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hoskins, G. A. (1835), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74151">Travels in Ethiopia</a>, above the second cataract of the Nile: exhibiting the state of that country, and its various inhabitants, under the dominion of Mohammed Ali.</li> <li>Hugues Fontaine, Un Train en Afrique. African Train, Centre Français des Études Éthiopiennes / Shama Books. Édition bilingue français / anglais. Traduction : Yves-Marie Stranger. Postface : Jean-Christophe Belliard. Avec des photographies de Matthieu Germain Lambert et Pierre Javelot. Addis Abeba, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99944-867-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-99944-867-1-7">978-99944-867-1-7</a>. English and French. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africantrain.org/">UN TRAIN EN AFRIQUE</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller1991" class="citation book cs1">Keller E (1991). Revolutionary Ethiopia From Empire to People's Republic. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20646-6"><bdi>978-0-253-20646-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Ethiopia+From+Empire+to+People%27s+Republic&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20646-6&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1975" class="citation book cs1">Marcus HG (1975). The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844–1913. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Menelik+II%3A+Ethiopia%2C+1844%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> Reprint, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-009-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-009-4">1-56902-009-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2002" class="citation book cs1">Marcus HG (2002). A History of Ethiopia (updated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22479-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.edition=updated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22479-7&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mauri, Arnaldo (2010). Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia, Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, VI, n. 1/2010, pp. 5–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/oeconomica/article/view/337-319">Monetary Developments and Decolonization in Ethiopia</a> and WP <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org./p/mil/wpdepa/2010-15.html">Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMockler1984" class="citation book cs1">Mockler A (1984). Haile Selassie's War. New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie%27s+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Mockler&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"> Reprint, New York: Olive Branch, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902669-53-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-902669-53-2">0-902669-53-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervla_Murphy" title="Dervla Murphy">Murphy, Dervla</a> (1968). <a href="/wiki/In_Ethiopia_with_a_Mule" title="In Ethiopia with a Mule">In Ethiopia with a Mule</a>. London: Century, 1984, cop. 1968. N.B.: An account of the author's travels in Ethiopia. 280 p., ill. with a b&w map. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-3044-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-3044-9">0-7126-3044-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenson2003" class="citation book cs1">Rubenson S (2003). The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (4th ed.). Hollywood, CA: Tsehai. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9723172-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9723172-7-6"><bdi>978-0-9723172-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survival+of+Ethiopian+Independence&rft.place=Hollywood%2C+CA&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Tsehai&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9723172-7-6&rft.aulast=Rubenson&rft.aufirst=Sven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelassie_I.1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia">Selassie I H</a> (1999). My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I. Translated by Edward Ullendorff. Chicago: Frontline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1"><bdi>978-0-948390-40-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+and+Ethiopia%27s+Progress%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Emperor+Haile+Selassie+I&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Frontline&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-948390-40-1&rft.aulast=Selassie+I.&rft.aufirst=Haile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2003). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica" title="Encyclopaedia Aethiopica">Encyclopaedia Aethiopica</a>, Vol. 1: A–C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.</li> <li>Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2005). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 2: D–Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.</li> <li>Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2007). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 3: He–N. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.</li> <li>Siegbert Uhlig & Alessandro Bausi, et al. (eds.) (2010). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica" title="Encyclopaedia Aethiopica">Encyclopaedia Aethiopica</a>, Vol. 4: O–X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.</li> <li>Alessandro Bausi & S. Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2014). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica" title="Encyclopaedia Aethiopica">Encyclopaedia Aethiopica</a>, Vol. 5: Y–Z and addenda, corrigenda, overview tables, maps and general index. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZewde2001" class="citation book cs1">Zewde B (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne00bahr">A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991</a> (2nd ed.). Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1440-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1440-8"><bdi>978-0-8214-1440-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Ethiopia%2C+1855%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Athens%2C+OH&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1440-8&rft.aulast=Zewde&rft.aufirst=Bahru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderne00bahr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/">Country Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Ethiopia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div 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data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q115" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q115">Ethiopia</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/">Ethiopia</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349398">BBC Ethiopia Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ETH/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Ethiopia Summary Trade Statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ET">Key Development Forecasts for Ethiopia</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/ethiopia">Ethiopia pages – U.S. Dept. of State</a> (which includes current State Dept. press releases and reports on Ethiopia)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethiopia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethiopia_topics" title="Template:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethiopia_topics" title="Template talk:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethiopia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita" title="Kingdom of Wolaita">Kingdom of Wolaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia" title="List of emperors of Ethiopia">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_lists_of_Ethiopia" title="Regnal lists of Ethiopia">regnal lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kingdom of Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Expansions">Menelik's Expansions</a></li> <li>Italo-Ethiopian wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">1887–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">2018 peace summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ethiopia" title="Geology of Ethiopia">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ethiopia" title="List of mountains in Ethiopia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia" title="List of rivers of Ethiopia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Ethiopia" title="List of lakes of Ethiopia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of volcanoes in Ethiopia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of earthquakes in Ethiopia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Flora of Ethiopia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ethiopia" title="Wildlife of Ethiopia">Fauna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Subdivisions of Ethiopia">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Regions_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of the Regions of Ethiopia">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia" title="List of zones of Ethiopia">Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia" title="Districts of Ethiopia">Woredas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ethiopia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Ethiopia" title="Wards of Ethiopia">Kebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Ethiopia" title="Constitutions of Ethiopia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia" title="President of Ethiopia">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Ethiopia" title="List of presidents of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Ethiopia" title="List of heads of government of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Ethiopia)" title="Council of Ministers (Ethiopia)">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ethiopia" title="List of political parties in Ethiopia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ethiopia" title="Elections in Ethiopia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ethiopia" title="Foreign relations of Ethiopia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Ethiopia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">National Defense Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Ground_Forces" title="Ethiopian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy" title="Ethiopian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ethiopia" title="Economy of Ethiopia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia" title="Agriculture in Ethiopia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Ethiopia" title="List of banks in Ethiopia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Birr (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Ethiopia" title="List of companies of Ethiopia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Energy in Ethiopia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_development_policy_of_Ethiopia" title="Industrial development policy of Ethiopia">Industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Ethiopia" title="Land reform in Ethiopia">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ethiopia" title="Manufacturing in Ethiopia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Ethiopia" title="Taxation in Ethiopia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ethiopia" title="Tourism in Ethiopia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopia" title="Trade unions in Ethiopia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ethiopia" title="Transport in Ethiopia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Society of Ethiopia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Ethiopia" title="Child marriage in Ethiopia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Ethiopia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia" title="Health in Ethiopia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ethiopia" title="Healthcare in Ethiopia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Maternal health in Ethiopia">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia" title="Human rights in Ethiopia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ethiopia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ethiopia" title="Human trafficking in Ethiopia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia" title="Law enforcement in Ethiopia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ethiopia" title="Polygamy in Ethiopia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia" title="Public holidays in Ethiopia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Culture of Ethiopia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_literature" title="Ethiopian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Ethiopia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia" title="Sport in Ethiopia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ethiopia" title="Outline of Ethiopia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethiopia" title="Category:Ethiopia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia">List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bale_Mountains_National_Park" title="Bale Mountains National Park">Bale Mountains National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo_Zone" title="Gedeo Zone">Gedeo Cultural Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi" title="Fasil Ghebbi">Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konso" title="Konso">Konso Cultural Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Lower Valley of the Awash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omo_River" title="Omo River">Lower Valley of the Omo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melka_Kunture" title="Melka Kunture">Melka Kunture and Balchit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-Hewn_Churches,_Lalibela" title="Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela">Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simien_Mountains_National_Park" title="Simien Mountains National Park">Simien National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiya_(archaeological_site)" title="Tiya (archaeological site)">Tiya</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Ethiopia">Ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbore_people" title="Arbore people">Arbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awi_people" title="Awi people">Awi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danta_people" title="Danta people">Danta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo_people" title="Gedeo people">Gedeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_people" title="Hadiya people">Hadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irob_people" title="Irob people">Irob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaata_people" title="Kambaata people">Kambaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konso_people" title="Konso people">Konso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qemant_people" title="Qemant people">Qemant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsamai_people" title="Tsamai people">Tsamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyto_(African_caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyto (African caste)">Weyto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argobba_people" title="Argobba people">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">Gurage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_Gurage_people" title="Soddo Gurage people">Soddo Gurage people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebo_people" title="Chebo people">Chebo people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt%27e_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt'e people">Silt'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolane_people" title="Wolane people">Wolane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werji_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Werji people">Werji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_people" title="Zay people">Zay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aari_people" title="Aari people">Aari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_people" title="Banna people">Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketo_people" title="Basketo people">Basketo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_people" title="Bench people">Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chara_people" title="Chara people">Chara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawro_people" title="Dawro people">Dawro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizi_people" title="Dizi people">Dizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorze_people" title="Dorze people">Dorze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamo_people" title="Gamo people">Gamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofa_people" title="Gofa people">Gofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamar_people" title="Hamar people">Hamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konta_people" title="Konta people">Konta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koore_people" title="Koore people">Koore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maale_people" title="Maale people">Maale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinasha_people" title="Shinasha people">Shinasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Wolaitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yem_people" title="Yem people">Yemsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zayse_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zayse people (page does not exist)">Zayse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumuz_people" title="Gumuz people">Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichepo_people" title="Kichepo people">Kichepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwama_people" title="Kwama people">Kwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwegu_people" title="Kwegu people">Kwegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majang_people" title="Majang people">Majang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekan_people" title="Mekan people">Mekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murle_people" title="Murle people">Murle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursi_people" title="Mursi people">Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_people" title="Nyangatom people">Nyangatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_people" title="Shabo people">Shabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanqella" title="Shanqella">Shanqella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shita_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shita people">Shita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surma_people" title="Surma people">Surma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirma_people" title="Tirma people">Tirma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Ethiopia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Template:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Ethiopia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Immigration to Ethiopia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_settlement_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American settlement in Africa">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ethiopia" title="Armenians in Ethiopia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ethiopia">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_in_Ethiopia" title="Jamaicans in Ethiopia">Jamaicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethiopian_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethiopian_community" title="Template:Ethiopian community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethiopian_community" title="Template talk:Ethiopian community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopian_community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopian community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethiopian_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ethiopian diaspora</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Australian">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Canadian">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Denmark" title="Ethiopians in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Italy" title="Ethiopians in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Norway" title="Ethiopians in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Sweden" title="Ethiopians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethiopians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian American">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopian_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of Ethiopian Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Ethiopians in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ethiopia,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles">Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdoms_and_dynasties_of_the_medieval_Horn_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template:Medieval Horn of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Medieval Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Horn_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdoms_and_dynasties_of_the_medieval_Horn_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Islamic sultanates & Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajuran Empire">Ajuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Aussa" title="Imamate of Aussa">Aussa Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Harar">Sultanate of Harar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Ifat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunni_Sultanate" title="Tunni Sultanate">Tunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Arababni" title="Sultanate of Arababni">Arababni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argobba_Sultanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argobba Sultanate (page does not exist)">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymallal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aymallal">Aymallal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bale" title="Sultanate of Bale">Bale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Baqulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Baqulin">Baqulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dahlak" title="Sultanate of Dahlak">Dahlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobe%27a" title="Dobe'a">Dobe'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dankali_Sultanate" title="Dankali Sultanate">Dankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bazin" title="Kingdom of Bazin">Bazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgin" title="Kingdom of Belgin">Belgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Dara">Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dawaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Dawaro">Dawaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabaal_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabaal people (page does not exist)">Gabaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganz_province" title="Ganz province">Ganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidaya" title="Gidaya">Gidaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage">Gurage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiya Sultanate">Hadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Harar">Harar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jarin" title="Kingdom of Jarin">Jarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (Ethiopia)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Mora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Mora (page does not exist)">Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nagash" title="Kingdom of Nagash">Nagash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qita%27a" title="Kingdom of Qita'a">Qita'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharkha" title="Sharkha">Sharkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Showa">Sultanate of Showa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tankish" title="Kingdom of Tankish">Tankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werji_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Werji people">Werjih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Christian kingdoms and Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassel" title="Ambassel">Ambassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agame" title="Agame">Agame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkele_Guzay" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkele Guzay">Akkele Guzay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara province">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angot" title="Angot">Angot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medri_Bahri" title="Medri Bahri">Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begemder" title="Begemder">Begemder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugna" title="Bugna">Bugna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanta" title="Delanta">Delanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dembela" title="Dembela">Dembela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enderta_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Enderta province">Enderta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entitcho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entitcho (page does not exist)">Entitcho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheralta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheralta (page does not exist)">Gheralta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamasien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamasien">Hamasien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haramat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haramat (page does not exist)">Haramat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasta" title="Lasta">Lasta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mai-Tsade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mai-Tsade (page does not exist)">Mai-Tsade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembien_province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembien province (page does not exist)">Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray province">Tigray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tselemt" title="Tselemt">Tselemt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salowa (page does not exist)">Salowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semada (page does not exist)">Semada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serae" class="mw-redirect" title="Serae">Serae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Efrata_province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efrata province (page does not exist)">Efrata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geshe_province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geshe province (page does not exist)">Geshe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shire_province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shire province (page does not exist)">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wag_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wag (district)">Wag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dembiya" title="Dembiya">Dembiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gafat">Gafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldebba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldebba (page does not exist)">Waldebba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Semien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Semien">Semien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegera" class="mw-redirect" title="Wegera">Wegera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_Province" title="Qwara Province">Qwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsegede" title="Tsegede">Tsegede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolqayt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolqayt">Wolqayt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Damot" title="Kingdom of Damot">Damot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawro_people" title="Dawro people">Dawro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Enarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Enarya (page does not exist)">Enarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Janjero" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Janjero">Janjero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheka_(kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheka (kingdom) (page does not exist)">Sheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolayta_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolayta people">Wolayta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sidama kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahargamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahargamo (page does not exist)">Bahargamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzamo (page does not exist)">Buzamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Garo" title="Kingdom of Garo">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaata_people" title="Kambaata people">Kambaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Damot" title="Kingdom of Damot">Kingdom of Damot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigamo (page does not exist)">Sigamo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Wolaita kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita" title="Kingdom of Wolaita">Kingdom of Wolaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Damot" title="Kingdom of Damot">Kingdom of Damot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Welayta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Adal war">Ethiopian–Adal war</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adal_conquest_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adal conquest of Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Adal conquest of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">Oromo migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%9357)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–57)">First Ajuran-Portuguese war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1580%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1580–89)">Second Ajuran-Portuguese war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareen_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gareen dynasty">Gareen dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goobroon_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goobroon dynasty (page does not exist)">Goobroon dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Showa">Makhzumi dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BRICS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BRICS" title="Template:BRICS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS" title="Template talk:BRICS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BRICS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_BRICS" title="Member states of BRICS">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit" title="1st BRIC summit">Yekaterinburg 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit" title="2nd BRIC summit">Brasília 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit" title="3rd BRICS summit">Sanya 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit" title="5th BRICS summit">Durban 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit" title="6th BRICS summit">Fortaleza 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit" title="7th BRICS summit">Ufa 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">Goa 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">Xiamen 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit" title="10th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit" title="11th BRICS summit">Brasília 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit" title="12th BRICS summit">Saint Petersburg 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit" title="14th BRICS summit">Beijing 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">Kazan 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="17th BRICS summit">TBD 2025</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil–China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">China–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">Russia–South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BRICS leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Pezeshkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="BRICS U-17 Football Cup">BRICS U-17 Football Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2016 Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2018 Johannesburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Games" title="BRICS Games">BRICS Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games" title="2024 BRICS Games">2024 Kazan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Gymnastics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement" title="BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement">BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League" title="BRICS Universities League">BRICS Universities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405575014">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132211363">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205830/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrm4PwJjwQwWdt7T4CJDq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4000639-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081279">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12123982d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12123982d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562056">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35068913">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129135&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451088">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/125095">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90759603">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554828905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/96699ab4-4bbf-332e-b037-b0119821f792">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/1f60198a-56ef-45c9-a703-8aa9cacbd0aa">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/XoQAbhff">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/067107273">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003433">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044422">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18085">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/etiyopya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ethiopia&params=9_N_38.7_E_">9°00′N 38°42′E / 9°N 38.7°E / 9; 38.7</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&oldid=1259533420">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&oldid=1259533420</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethiopia" title="Category:Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa" title="Category:Countries in 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