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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Jewish–Roman_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Jewish–Roman_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First Jewish–Roman War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Jewish–Roman_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Diaspora Revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bar_Kokhba_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bar_Kokhba_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bar Kokhba revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bar_Kokhba_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish–Roman wars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحروب اليهودية الرومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحروب اليهودية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="یهودی-روم ساواشلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یهودی-روم ساواشلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Юдейско-римски войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юдейско-римски войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_judeo-romanes" title="Guerres judeo-romanes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerres judeo-romanes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfeloedd_yr_Iddewon_a_Rhufain" title="Rhyfeloedd yr Iddewon a Rhufain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfeloedd yr Iddewon a Rhufain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ιουδαιορωμαϊκοί Πόλεμοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιουδαιορωμαϊκοί Πόλεμοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_judeo-romanas" title="Guerras judeo-romanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras judeo-romanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنگ‌های یهود و روم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌های یهود و روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_jud%C3%A9o-romaines" title="Guerres judéo-romaines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres judéo-romaines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperangan_Romawi%E2%80%93Yahudi" title="Peperangan Romawi–Yahudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peperangan Romawi–Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_giudaiche" title="Guerre giudaiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre giudaiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90" title="מרידות יהודה ברומא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרידות יהודה ברומא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Yahudi-Rom" title="Perang Yahudi-Rom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Yahudi-Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joods-Romeinse_oorlogen" title="Joods-Romeinse oorlogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joods-Romeinse oorlogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ユダヤ・ローマ戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ・ローマ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8deoppr%C3%B8rene" title="Jødeopprørene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jødeopprørene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojny_%C5%BCydowskie" title="Wojny żydowskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojny żydowskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_romano-judaicas" title="Guerras romano-judaicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerras romano-judaicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboaiele_Iudaico-Romane" title="Războaiele Iudaico-Romane – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războaiele Iudaico-Romane" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Иудейские войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иудейские войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft%C3%ABrat_hebreo-romake" title="Luftërat hebreo-romake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luftërat hebreo-romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jewish–Roman wars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovsko-r%C3%ADmske_vojny" title="Židovsko-rímske vojny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Židovsko-rímske vojny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judovsko-rimske_vojne" title="Judovsko-rimske vojne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Judovsko-rimske vojne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Јеврејско-римски ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јеврејско-римски ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevrejsko-rimski_ratovi" title="Jevrejsko-rimski ratovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jevrejsko-rimski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalaissota" title="Juutalaissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalaissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_digmaang_Hudyo-Romano" title="Mga digmaang Hudyo-Romano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga digmaang Hudyo-Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="யூத-உரோமைப் போர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூத-உரோமைப் போர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi-Roma_sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Yahudi-Roma savaşları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudi-Roma savaşları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Юдейські війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юдейські війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA-%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="猶太-羅馬戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猶太-羅馬戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4205368#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of revolts by the Jews against the Roman Empire between 66 and 135 CE</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Jewish–Roman wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/280px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/420px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/560px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>66–135 CE (70 years)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Mesopotamia</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Roman victory: </p> <ul><li>Destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple</li> <li>Widespread destruction in Judea and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora of many survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christianity and Judaism">Separation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Christianity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li>Consolidation of non-messianic Jewish sects into <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li>Consolidation of Jewish center in Galilee</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Roman Judea (Iudaea) remained under Roman control, renamed and merged into the province of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/16px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/24px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/32px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora_Titus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Menora_Titus.jpg/15px-Menora_Titus.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Menora_Titus.jpg/23px-Menora_Titus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Menora_Titus.jpg/30px-Menora_Titus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="888" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government_(66-68)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean provisional government (66-68)">Judean provisional government</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zealotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealotry">Jewish Zealots</a> <hr /> Jewish rebels <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_kokhba_temple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bar_kokhba_temple.png/16px-Bar_kokhba_temple.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bar_kokhba_temple.png/24px-Bar_kokhba_temple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bar_kokhba_temple.png/32px-Bar_kokhba_temple.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> Judea under <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/16px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/24px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/32px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/16px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/24px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/32px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/16px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/24px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/32px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Rutilius_Lupus" title="Marcus Rutilius Lupus">Marcus Lupus</a> <hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/16px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/24px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/32px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marcius_Turbo" title="Marcius Turbo">Marcius Turbo</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/16px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/24px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/32px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lusius_Quietus" title="Lusius Quietus">Lusius Quietus</a> <hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/16px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/24px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/32px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/16px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/24px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/32px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Hannan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Hanania" title="Eleazar ben Hanania">Eleazar ben Hanania</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Bar Giora</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_of_Giscala" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Giscala">John</a><br /><hr /> Artemion<br /><a href="/wiki/Lukuas" title="Lukuas">Lukuas</a><br />Julian and Pappus <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Eleazar of Modi'im</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Great revolt: 30,000 (Beth Horon) – 60,000 (siege of Jerusalem)<hr /> Kitos War: forces of the eastern legions <hr /> Bar Kokhba revolt: 6–7 full legions with cohorts and auxiliaries of 5–6 additional legions – about 120,000 total.</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Great revolt: 25,000+ Jewish militias<br />20,000 <a href="/wiki/Idumeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumeans">Idumeans</a><hr />Kitos War: loosely organized tens of thousands<hr />Bar Kokhba revolt: 200,000–400,000<sup>b</sup> militiamen</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Great revolt: <a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legio XII Fulminata</a> lost its <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">aquila</a> and Syrian contingent destroyed – about 20,000 casualties; thousands of Roman civilians slain<hr />Kitos War: 240,000 killed in Cyprus<sup>a</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 200,000 killed in <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrenaica</a><sup>a</sup><hr />Bar Kokhba revolt: <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a> destroyed,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a> possibly disbanded,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a> – sustained heavy casualties</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Great revolt: 1,356,460 civilians and militia killed<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – perhaps hundreds of thousands of non-Jewish civilians (mostly trapped visitors) killed; enslavement of 97,000–99,000<sup>c</sup><hr />Kitos War: 200,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Annihilation of Jewish communities in Cyprus, Cyrenaica and Alexandria<hr />Bar Kokhba revolt: 580,000<sup>a</sup> killed,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 985 Jewish strongholds and villages destroyed<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 350,000<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1,400,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fatalities</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> [a] per Cassius Dio<sup id="cite_ref-Dio_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dio-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />[b] according to Rabbinic sources<br />[c] per Josephus<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Jewish–Roman wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Jewish–Roman wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Jewish–Roman wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish–Roman_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Jewish–Roman wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Prelude</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)">Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas uprising (6 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandria (38 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Simon_uprising" title="Jacob and Simon uprising">Jacob and Simon uprising (46 CE)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Major conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Revolt (66–74 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Jewish–Roman wars</b> were a series of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">revolts</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> subjects against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> between 66 and 135 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term primarily applies to the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66–73) and the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136)—nationalist rebellions striving to restore an independent Jewish state. Some sources also include the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt</a> (115–117), an ethno-religious conflict fought across the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> and including the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>. </p><p>The Jewish–Roman wars had a devastating impact on the Jewish people, transforming them from a major population in the Eastern Mediterranean into a dispersed and persecuted minority.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitti,_P._K_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitti,_P._K-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Jewish-Roman War culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> and other towns and villages in Judaea, resulting in significant loss of life and a considerable segment of the population being uprooted or displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-:83_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:83-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who remained were stripped of any form of political autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-AHJ-GM3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHJ-GM3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the brutal suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in even more severe consequences. <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> witnessed a significant depopulation, as many Jews were killed, expelled, or sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were banned from residing in the vicinity of Jerusalem, which the Romans rebuilt into the pagan colony of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, and the province of Judaea was renamed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>. Collectively, these events enhanced the role of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>, relocating the Jewish demographic and cultural center to <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and eventually to <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Babylonia</a>, with smaller communities across the Mediterranean, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and beyond. </p><p>The wars also had a major impact on <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, after the central worship site of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in Jerusalem, was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>'s troops in 70.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of the Temple led to a transformation in Jewish religious practices, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>, and communal gatherings in <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>. This pivotal shift laid the foundation for the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, which has been the dominant form of Judaism since <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, after the codification of the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequence">Sequence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish–Roman wars include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66–73)—also called the First Jewish Revolt or the Great Jewish Revolt, spanning from the 66 insurrection, through the 67 fall of the Galilee, the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple and institution of the <i><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></i> in 70, and finally the fall of <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> in 73.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> (115–117)—known as the "Rebellion of the Exile" and sometimes called the Second Jewish–Roman War; includes the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a> in Judaea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136)—also called the Second Jewish–Roman War (when Kitos War is not counted), or the Third (when the Kitos War is counted).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude">Prelude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Simon_uprising" title="Jacob and Simon uprising">Jacob and Simon uprising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandrian riots (38 CE)</a></div> <p>Following increasing Roman domination of the Eastern Mediterranean, the <a href="/wiki/Client_kingdoms_in_ancient_Rome" title="Client kingdoms in ancient Rome">client kingdom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> had been officially merged into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 6 CE with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman province of Judaea</a>. The transition of the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Tetrarchy of Judaea</a> into a Roman province immediately brought a great deal of tensions and a Jewish uprising by <a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a> erupted right away as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a>. </p><p>Although initially pacified (the years between 7 and 26 being relatively quiet), the province continued to be a source of trouble under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> (after 37). The cause of tensions in the east of the empire was complicated, involving the <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">spread of Greek culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">rights of Jews in the empire</a>. Caligula did not trust the prefect of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Avilius_Flaccus" title="Aulus Avilius Flaccus">Aulus Avilius Flaccus</a>. Flaccus had been loyal to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, had conspired against Caligula's mother, and had connections with Egyptian separatists.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2013)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 38 Caligula sent <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> unannounced to check on Flaccus.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2013)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population, who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unger2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unger2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flaccus tried to placate both the Greek population and Caligula by having statues of the emperor placed in Jewish synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Modrzejewski1997_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modrzejewski1997-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, extensive religious <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">riots broke out</a> in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caligula responded by removing Flaccus from his position and executing him.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 39 Agrippa accused <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>, the tetrarch of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Peraea</a>, of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>. Antipas confessed, and Caligula exiled him. Agrippa was rewarded with his territories.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus-antiquities-18-7-2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-antiquities-18-7-2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riots again erupted in Alexandria in 40 between Jews and Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-zepjql_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zepjql-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were accused of not honoring the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-zepjql_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zepjql-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disputes occurred also in <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Jamnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-philo-gaius-30_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-gaius-30-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were angered by the erection of a clay altar and destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-philo-gaius-30_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-gaius-30-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-philo-gaius-statue_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-gaius-statue-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a demand in conflict with Jewish monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-philo-caligula-16_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-caligula-16-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> writes that Caligula "regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his".<sup id="cite_ref-philo-caligula-16_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-caligula-16-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing civil war if the order were carried out, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Petronius" title="Publius Petronius">Publius Petronius</a>—governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a>—delayed implementing it for nearly a year.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agrippa finally convinced Caligula to reverse the order.<sup id="cite_ref-zepjql_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zepjql-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only Caligula's death at the hands of Roman conspirators in 41 prevented a full-scale war in Judaea, that might well have spread to the entire empire.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caligula's death did not stop the tensions completely, and in 46 an insurrection led by two brothers, the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Simon_uprising" title="Jacob and Simon uprising">Jacob and Simon uprising</a>, broke out in the Judea province. The revolt, mainly in the Galilee, began as sporadic insurgency; when it climaxed in 48 it was quickly put down by Roman authorities. Both Simon and Jacob were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Firestone2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firestone2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Jewish–Roman_War"><span id="First_Jewish.E2.80.93Roman_War"></span>First Jewish–Roman War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Jewish–Roman War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The First Jewish–Roman War began in 66, originating in the Greek and Jewish religious tensions, and later escalated with <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">anti-taxation protests</a> and attacks upon Roman citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the Roman plunder of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Jewish Temple</a> and the execution of up to 6,000 Jews in Jerusalem, a full-scale rebellion erupted. The Roman military garrison of Judaea was quickly overrun by rebels, while the pro-Roman king <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a> and Roman officials fled Jerusalem. As it became clear the rebellion was getting out of control, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cestius_Gallus_(governor_of_Syria)" title="Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)">Cestius Gallus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">legate</a> of Syria, brought the Syrian army, based on <a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legio XII <i>Fulminata</i></a> and reinforced by auxiliary troops, to restore order and quell the revolt. Despite initial advances, the Syrian Legion was ambushed and defeated by Jewish rebels at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a> with 6,000 Romans massacred and the <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">legionary eagle</a> lost—a result that shocked the Roman leadership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The experienced and unassuming general <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> was then tasked with crushing the rebellion in Judaea province. His son <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> was appointed second-in-command. Vespasian was given four legions and assisted by forces of King Agrippa II. In 67 he invaded Galilee. While avoiding a direct attack on the reinforced city of Jerusalem which was packed with the main rebel force, Titus's forces launched a persistent campaign to eradicate rebel strongholds and punish the population. Within several months Vespasian and Titus took over the major Jewish strongholds of Galilee and finally <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">overran Jotapata</a> under command of <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Yosef ben Matitiyahu</a> (Josephus) following a 47-day siege. Meantime in Jerusalem, an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Judah" title="Menahem ben Judah">Menahem</a> to take control of the city failed, resulting in his execution. A peasant leader <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a> was ousted from the city by the new moderate Judaean government, and <a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a> began reinforcing the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Driven from Galilee, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealot</a> rebels and thousands of refugees arrived in Judaea, creating political turmoil in Jerusalem. Zealots were at first sealed in the Temple compound. However, <a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_siege" title="Zealot Temple siege">confrontation</a> between the mainly <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducee</a> Jerusalemites and the mainly Zealot factions of the Northern Revolt under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gischala" title="John of Gischala">John of Gischala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a> became evident. With <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a> entering the city and fighting on the side of the Zealots, Ananus ben Ananus was killed and his forces suffered severe casualties. Simon bar Giora, commanding 15,000 troops, was then invited into Jerusalem by the Sadducee leaders to stand against the Zealots and quickly took control over much of the city. </p><p>After a lull in the military operations, owing to <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">civil war and political turmoil in Rome</a>, Vespasian returned to Rome and was accepted as emperor in 69. After Vespasian's departure, Titus besieged the center of rebel resistance in Jerusalem in early 70. While the first two walls of Jerusalem were breached within three weeks, a stubborn stand prevented the Roman Army from breaking the third and thickest wall. Following a brutal <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">seven-month siege</a>, in which Zealot infighting resulted in the burning of the entire food supply of the city to enhance "fighting to the end", the Romans finally succeeded in breaching the weakened Jewish forces in the summer of 70. Following the fall of Jerusalem, Titus left for Rome, while <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legion X <i>Fretensis</i></a> defeated the remaining Jewish strongholds later on, finalizing the Roman campaign in Masada in 73/74.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_Revolt">Diaspora Revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diaspora Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Diaspora Revolt</a> (115–117), also known as <i>mered ha'galuyot</i> or <i>mered ha'tfutzot</i> (Rebellion of the exile), is the name given to the second of the Jewish–Roman wars. The <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a> consisted of major revolts by <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diasporic Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrenaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>, which spiraled out of control, resulting in a widespread slaughter of Roman citizens and others (200,000 in Cyrene, 240,000 in Cyprus according to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>) by the Jewish rebels. The rebellions were finally crushed by Roman legionary forces, chiefly by Roman generals <a href="/wiki/Marcius_Turbo" title="Marcius Turbo">Marcius Turbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusius_Quietus" title="Lusius Quietus">Lusius Quietus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a> was a contemporaneous episode of unrest and revolt in Judaea. The Diaspora revolt led to the disappearance of the influential Jewish community in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and Egypt and in the expulsion of Jews from Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-AHJ-GM_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHJ-GM-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bar_Kokhba_revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bar Kokhba revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>———The <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מרד בר כוכבא</span>) was the third major rebellion the last of the Jewish–Roman wars. The establishment of the pagan city of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> in Jerusalem by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> is most likely what sparked the uprising. The Jews of Judaea spent a long time preparing for this rebellion in secrecy, carving out hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes" title="Bar Kokhba hiding complexes">underground hideout systems</a> beneath their settlements. <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a> was acclaimed as a <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messiah</a>, a heroic figure who could restore Israel. The revolt established an independent state of Israel over parts of Judaea for more than two years, but a Roman army made up of six full <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> with <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxilia</a> and elements from up to six additional legions finally crushed it.<sup id="cite_ref-Israel-Tour-Day_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel-Tour-Day-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rebels' eventual failure was a catastrophe. The brutal suppression of the revolt resulted in a huge number of people being killed or captured, and Judaea's rural countryside was devastated and depopulated.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaea was no longer the focus of Jewish life, and the province's name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ariel_Lewin_p._33_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans barred Jews from Jerusalem, except to attend <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christians</a> hailed <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were barred from Jerusalem along with the rest of the Jews.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The war and its aftermath helped <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian#Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">differentiate Christianity as a religion distinct from Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The destruction of the Second Temple ushered in a major time of dramatic reformation in religious leadership, causing the face of Judaism to change. The Second Temple served as the centralized location from which the ruling groups <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> maintained Judaism, with rivaling <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a> being largely in opposition. With the destruction of the temple, the major ruling group lost their power—the Sadducees, who were the priests, directly lost their localized power source and were rendered obsolete. Thus only one group was left with all the power: the Pharisees, who were the rabbinic group. Rabbinic power did not derive from the temple or from military prowess but spread to different communities through the synagogues. This changed the way Judaism was practiced on a daily basis, which included changing from sacrificing animals to praying in order to worship God.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> became a religion centered around synagogues, and the Jews <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">dispersed throughout the Roman world and beyond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the destruction of Jerusalem, important centers of Jewish culture developed in the area of Galilee and in Babylonia and work on the Talmud continued in these locations. Before Vespasian's departure, the Pharisaic sage and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a> obtained his permission to establish a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Judaic school at Yavne</a>. Zakkai was smuggled away from Jerusalem in a coffin by his students. This school later became a major center of Talmudic study.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Emperor Hadrian undertook punitive actions towards the Jewish community, including barring them from entering Jerusalem, except on the fast day of Tisha B'Av. Jerusalem was re-founded as the Roman <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, and the Province of Judaea was renamed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>. At the former Jewish sanctuary on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> he installed two statues, one of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> and another of himself.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish–Roman wars had a dramatic impact on the Jews, turning them from a major population in the Eastern Mediterranean into a scattered and persecuted minority. The Jewish–Roman wars are often cited as a disaster to Jewish society.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitti,_P._K_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitti,_P._K-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat of the Jewish revolts altered the Jewish population and enhanced the importance of Jewish diaspora, essentially moving the demographic center of Jews from Judea to Galilee and Babylon, with minor communities across the Mediterranean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus</a>, 352 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_revolts" title="Samaritan revolts">Samaritan revolts</a>, 484–572 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a>, 614-617/625</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=948&letter=C&search=cyprus">"Cyprus"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyprus&rft.pub=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D948%26letter%3DC%26search%3Dcyprus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222041753/http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/ix_hispana.html">"Legio VIIII Hispana"</a>. Livius. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/ix_hispana.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legio+VIIII+Hispana&rft.pub=Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fle-lh%2Flegio%2Fix_hispana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2011" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe (2011). <i>From Habiru to Hebrews and Other Essays</i>. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Habiru+to+Hebrews+and+Other+Essays&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Wolfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2012" class="citation book cs1">Beck (2012). <i>True Jew: Challenging the Stereotype</i>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+Jew%3A+Challenging+the+Stereotype&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2011" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong (2011). <i>Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths</i>. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+One+City%2C+Three+Faiths&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Armstrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew White 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Big_Book_of_Horrible_Things" title="The Great Big Book of Horrible Things">The Great Big Book of Horrible Things</a></i> Norton, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm">52</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCOHEN,_SHAYE_J._D.1982" class="citation journal cs1">COHEN, SHAYE J. D. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20689020">"The Destruction: From Scripture to Midrash"</a>. <i>Prooftexts</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 18–39. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20689020">20689020</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prooftexts&rft.atitle=The+Destruction%3A+From+Scripture+to+Midrash&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-39&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20689020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=COHEN%2C+SHAYE+J.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20689020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dio-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dio_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, translation by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earnest_Cary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earnest Cary (page does not exist)">Earnest Cary</a>. <i>Roman History</i>, book 69, 12.1–14.3. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, 9 vols, Greek texts and facing English translation: Harvard University Press, 1914 thru 1927. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/69*.html#12">Online</a> in <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/bk05.html">Livius.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813220152/http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/bk05.html">Archived</a> 13 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/446/mode/2up">Book scan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calmet et al. <i>Calmet's Great Dictionary of the Holy Bible</i>. p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloom, J.J. 2010 <i>The Jewish Revolts Against Rome, A.D. 66–135: A Military Analysis</i>. McFarland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitti,_P._K-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti,_P._K_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti,_P._K_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti2002" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203325/https://books.google.com/books?id=hDQqzz-tLgUC&lr=&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=history+of+syria&ots=ZZhrXOtKxl&sig=db_jqtYJyNwYJJ4SKem8G0NzOv0&redir_esc=y"><i>Hitti, P. K.</i></a> Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931956604" title="Special:BookSources/9781931956604"><bdi>9781931956604</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDQqzz-tLgUC&q=rebellion&pg=PR3">the original</a> on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitti%2C+P.+K.&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781931956604&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhDQqzz-tLgUC%26q%3Drebellion%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:83-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:83_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2014" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Seth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259"><i>The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad</i></a>. Cambridge. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1"><bdi>978-1-107-04127-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259">863044259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Jews+from+Alexander+to+Muhammad&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=85-86&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863044259&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04127-1&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F863044259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHJ-GM3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHJ-GM3_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2018" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Martin (2018). <i>A History of Judaism</i>. Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 21, 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18127-1"><bdi>978-0-691-18127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Judaism&rft.place=Princeton+Oxford&rft.pages=21%2C+232&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18127-1&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, J. E. (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243"><i>The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199554485" title="Special:BookSources/9780199554485"><bdi>9780199554485</bdi></a>. <q>These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essenes%2C+the+Scrolls%2C+and+the+Dead+Sea&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.isbn=9780199554485&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWIMFY4VnI4C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. 483–484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaresh2006" class="citation book cs1">Karesh, Sara E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378"><i>Encyclopedia of Judaism</i></a>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-78785-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-78785-171-0"><bdi>1-78785-171-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378">1162305378</a>. <q>Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162305378&rft.isbn=1-78785-171-0&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1162305378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaresh2006" class="citation book cs1">Karesh, Sara E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378"><i>Encyclopedia of Judaism</i></a>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78785-171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78785-171-9"><bdi>978-1-78785-171-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378">1162305378</a>. <q>Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162305378&rft.isbn=978-1-78785-171-9&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1162305378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2017" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Jay (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1085774991"><i>In The Days of These Kings: The Book of Daniel in Preterist Perspective</i></a>. Clermont, Florida: Media House International. p. 646. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-387-40415-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-387-40415-5"><bdi>978-1-387-40415-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1085774991">1085774991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+The+Days+of+These+Kings%3A+The+Book+of+Daniel+in+Preterist+Perspective&rft.place=Clermont%2C+Florida&rft.pages=646&rft.pub=Media+House+International&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1085774991&rft.isbn=978-1-387-40415-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1085774991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> III.8, IV.21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> V.26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> V.29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unger2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unger2009_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill_F._Unger2009" class="citation book cs1">Merrill F. Unger (1 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnjYp_qJNjEC&pg=PT1710"><i>The New Unger's Bible Dictionary</i></a>. Moody Publishers. pp. 1710–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57567-500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57567-500-8"><bdi>978-1-57567-500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Unger%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=1710-&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57567-500-8&rft.au=Merrill+F.+Unger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnjYp_qJNjEC%26pg%3DPT1710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Flaccus_VI" class="extiw" title="s:Flaccus VI">VI.43</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modrzejewski1997-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modrzejewski1997_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Modrzejewski1997" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Modrzejewski (16 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nqoUg9UvOkgC&pg=PA169"><i>The Jews of Egypt: From Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 169–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01575-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01575-9"><bdi>0-691-01575-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Egypt%3A+From+Rameses+II+to+Emperor+Hadrian&rft.pages=169-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997-11-16&rft.isbn=0-691-01575-9&rft.au=Joseph+Modrzejewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnqoUg9UvOkgC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Flaccus#VII" class="extiw" title="s:Flaccus">VII.45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Flaccus#XXI" class="extiw" title="s:Flaccus">XXI.185</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephus-antiquities-18-7-2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-josephus-antiquities-18-7-2_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_7" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">XVIII.7.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zepjql-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zepjql_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zepjql_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zepjql_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_8" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">XVIII.8.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philo-gaius-30-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philo-gaius-30_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philo-gaius-30_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XXX" class="extiw" title="s:On the Embassy to Gaius">XXX.201</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philo-gaius-statue-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philo-gaius-statue_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XXX" class="extiw" title="s:On the Embassy to Gaius">XXX.203</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philo-caligula-16-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philo-caligula-16_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philo-caligula-16_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XVI" class="extiw" title="s:On the Embassy to Gaius">XVI.115</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XXXI" class="extiw" title="s:On the Embassy to Gaius">XXXI.213</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.H. Ben-Sasson, <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674397312" title="Special:BookSources/0674397312">0674397312</a>, <i>The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula</i>, pages 254–256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio-Claudian">Julio-Claudian</a> empire. Until then – if one accepts <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>'s heyday and the trouble caused by the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">census after Archelaus's banishment</a> – there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire eastern provinces of the Roman Empire."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firestone2012-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Firestone2012_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuven_Firestone2012" class="citation book cs1">Reuven Firestone (2 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5WE-Ue8z70C&pg=PT58"><i>Holy War in Judaism: The Fall and Rise of a Controversial Idea</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997715-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997715-4"><bdi>978-0-19-997715-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War+in+Judaism%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+a+Controversial+Idea&rft.pages=58-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997715-4&rft.au=Reuven+Firestone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5WE-Ue8z70C%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>War of the Jews</i> II.8.11, II.13.7, II.14.4, II.14.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHJ-GM-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHJ-GM_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(historian)" title="Martin Goodman (historian)">Goodman, Martin</a> (2018). <i>A History of Judaism</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 21, 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18127-1"><bdi>978-0-691-18127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Judaism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=21%2C+232&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18127-1&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for the year 136, see: W. Eck, <i>The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View</i>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel-Tour-Day-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Israel-Tour-Day_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616233531/http://www.rsy-netzer.org.uk/newsletters/mailing-view/65.html">"Israel Tour Daily Newsletter"</a>. 27 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsy-netzer.org.uk/newsletters/mailing-view/65.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Tour+Daily+Newsletter&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsy-netzer.org.uk%2Fnewsletters%2Fmailing-view%2F65.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2014" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Seth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259"><i>The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad</i></a>. Cambridge. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1"><bdi>978-1-107-04127-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259">863044259</a>. <q>The year 70 ce marked transformations in demography, politics, Jewish civic status, Palestinian and more general Jewish economic and social structures, Jewish religious life beyond the sacrificial cult, and even Roman politics and the topography of the city of Rome itself. [...] The Revolt's failure had, to begin with, a demographic impact on the Jews of Palestine; many died in battle and as a result of siege conditions, not only in Jerusalem. [...] As indicated above, the figures for captives are conceivably more reliable. If 97,000 is roughly correct as a total for the war, it would mean that a huge percentage of the population was removed from the country, or at the very least displaced from their homes. Nevertheless, only sixty years later, there was a large enough population in the Judaean countryside to stage a massively disruptive second rebellion; this one appears to have ended, in 135, with devastation and depopulation of the district.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Jews+from+Alexander+to+Muhammad&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=85-86&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863044259&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04127-1&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F863044259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, J. E. (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243"><i>The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955448-5"><bdi>978-0-19-955448-5</bdi></a>. <q>These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essenes%2C+the+Scrolls%2C+and+the+Dead+Sea&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955448-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWIMFY4VnI4C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Eck, "Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen," Novum Testamentum 55 (2013): 1–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavivBen_David2021" class="citation journal cs1">Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759421000271">"Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?"</a>. <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 585–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759421000271">10.1017/S1047759421000271</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7594">1047-7594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245512193">245512193</a>. <q>Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136CE). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Cassius+Dio%27s+figures+for+the+demographic+consequences+of+the+Bar+Kokhba+War%3A+Exaggeration+or+reliable+account%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=585-607&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245512193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1047-7594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759421000271&rft.aulast=Raviv&rft.aufirst=Dvir&rft.au=Ben+David%2C+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1047759421000271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMor2016" class="citation book cs1">Mor, Menahem (18 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004314634"><i>The Second Jewish Revolt</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 483–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004314634">10.1163/9789004314634</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4"><bdi>978-90-04-31463-4</bdi></a>. <q>Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the <a href="/wiki/Sicaricon" title="Sicaricon">sikarikon laws</a> were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Jewish+Revolt&rft.pages=483-484&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004314634&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31463-4&rft.aulast=Mor&rft.aufirst=Menahem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004314634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.H. Ben-Sasson, <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2">0-674-39731-2</a>, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ariel_Lewin_p._33_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ariel Lewin. <i>The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine</i>. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-800-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-800-4">0-89236-800-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin, "Apologia", ii.71, compare "Dial." cx; Eusebius "Hist. Eccl." iv.6,§2; Orosius "Hist." vii.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Avi-Yonah, <i>The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule</i>, Jerusalem 1984 p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1991" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Lawrence (1991). <i>From Text To Tradition</i>. KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881253723" title="Special:BookSources/0881253723"><bdi>0881253723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Text+To+Tradition&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0881253723&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Nosson Dovid Rabinowich (ed.), <i>The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon</i>, Jerusalem 1988, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.H. Ben-Sasson, <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, page 334: "Jews were forbidden to live in the city and were allowed to visit it only once a year, on the Ninth of Ab, to mourn on the ruins of their holy Temple."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Jewish-Roman wars</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+wars&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Chancey, Mark A., and Adam Porter. 2001. "The Archaeology of Roman Palestine". <i>Near Eastern Archaeology</i> 64: 164–203.</li> <li>Goodman, Martin. 1989. "Nerva, the Fiscus Judaicus and Jewish identity." <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 79: 26–39.</li> <li>Katz, Steven T., ed. 2006. <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Magness, Jodi. 2012. <i>The Archaeology of the Holy Land: From the Destruction of Solomon's Temple to the Muslim Conquest.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Pucci Ben Zeev, Miriam. 2005. <i>Diaspora Judaism in turmoil, 116/117 CE: Ancient sources and modern insights.</i> Dudley, MA: Peeters.</li> <li>Schäfer, P., ed. 2003. <i>The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered: New perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome.</i> Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck.</li> <li>Tsafrir, Yoram. 1988. <i>Eretz Israel from the Destruction of the Second Temple until the Muslim Conquest. Vol. 2, Archaeology and Art.</i> Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this 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<li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template talk:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">Ancient Roman wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Roman–Etruscan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Aequian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Aequian wars">Roman-Aequian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars" title="Roman–Latin wars">Roman–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici" title="Roman conquest of the Hernici">Roman–Hernician wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars" title="Roman–Volscian wars">Roman–Volscian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars" title="Roman–Sabine wars">Roman–Sabine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_war" title="Roman–Seleucid war">Roman–Seleucid war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servile_Wars" title="Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Germanic wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Civil war of 69</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish–Roman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian's Dacian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Civil wars of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">Military history of ancient Rome</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish–Roman_wars&oldid=1258957189">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish–Roman_wars&oldid=1258957189</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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