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匈人 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-起源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关起源子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-與匈奴人以及其他族名中同樣帶有匈字的民族的關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與匈奴人以及其他族名中同樣帶有匈字的民族的關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>與匈奴人以及其他族名中同樣帶有匈字的民族的關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-與匈奴人以及其他族名中同樣帶有匈字的民族的關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-族名及詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#族名及詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>族名及詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-族名及詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外觀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外觀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>外觀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外觀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>基因</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-前阿提拉時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#前阿提拉時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>前阿提拉時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-前阿提拉時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-阿提拉時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阿提拉時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>阿提拉時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阿提拉時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-後阿提拉時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#後阿提拉時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>後阿提拉時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-後阿提拉時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生活方式與經濟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生活方式與經濟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>生活方式與經濟</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生活方式與經濟-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生活方式與經濟子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生活方式與經濟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-半游牧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#半游牧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>半游牧</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-半游牧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-馬匹與運輸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#馬匹與運輸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>馬匹與運輸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-馬匹與運輸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-與羅馬人的經濟關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與羅馬人的經濟關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>與羅馬人的經濟關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-與羅馬人的經濟關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-與絲綢之路的聯繫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與絲綢之路的聯繫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>與絲綢之路的聯繫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-與絲綢之路的聯繫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政府" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政府"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>政府</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政府-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社會及文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會及文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>社會及文化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-社會及文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关社會及文化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-社會及文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-藝術與物質文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藝術與物質文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>藝術與物質文化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-藝術與物質文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人工顱骨變形" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人工顱骨變形"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>人工顱骨變形</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人工顱骨變形-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-婚姻與女性的角色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#婚姻與女性的角色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>婚姻與女性的角色</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-婚姻與女性的角色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>宗教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-匈人君主" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#匈人君主"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>匈人君主</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-匈人君主-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">匈人</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。92种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunne" title="Hunne – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hunne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnen" title="Hunnen – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hunnen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnos" title="Hunnos – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hunnos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ABnas" title="Hūnas – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hūnas" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="الهون – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunos" title="Hunos – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hunos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunlar" title="Hunlar – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hunlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="هونلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هونلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Һундар – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һундар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnen" title="Hunnen – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hunnen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гуны – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гуны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хуни – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хуни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huned" title="Huned – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Huned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns" title="Huns – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Huns" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunov%C3%A9" title="Hunové – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hunové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хунсем – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хунсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyniaid" title="Hyniaid – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hyniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnere" title="Hunnere – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hunnere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnen" title="Hunnen – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hunnen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ούννοι – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ούννοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns" title="Huns – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Huns" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunoj" title="Hunoj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hunoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunos" title="Hunos – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hunos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnid" title="Hunnid – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hunnid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huno" title="Huno – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Huno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="هون – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnit" title="Hunnit – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hunnit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns" title="Huns – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huns" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnen" title="Hunnen – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hunnen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunaigh" title="Hunaigh – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hunaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunos" title="Hunos – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hunos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הונים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हूण लोग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हूण लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huni" title="Huni – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Huni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunok" title="Hunok – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hunok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հոներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Hun" title="Orang Hun – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Hun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huni" title="Huni – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Huni" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAnar" title="Húnar – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Húnar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unni" title="Unni – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%B3%E6%97%8F" title="フン族 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フン族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჰუნები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰუნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ғұндар – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғұндар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%88%EC%A1%B1" title="훈족 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="훈족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хундар – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хундар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunni" title="Hunni – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hunni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnen" title="Hunnen – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hunnen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunes" title="Hunes – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hunes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunne" title="Hunne – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hunne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni" title="Uni – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Uni" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunai" title="Hunai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hunai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C5%86%C5%86i" title="Huņņi – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Huņņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hona_(vahoaka)" title="Hona (vahoaka) – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hona (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хуни – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хуни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="ഹൂണന്മാർ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൂണന്മാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хүнни – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүнни" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun" title="Hun – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunos" title="Hunos – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Hunos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnen" title="Hunnen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hunnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunere" title="Hunere – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hunere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A3" title="ਹੂਣ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੂਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunowie" title="Hunowie – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hunowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ہن لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہن لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B2)" title="هانيان (هنز) – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هانيان (هنز)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunos" title="Hunos – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hunos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huni" title="Huni – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Huni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гунны – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гунны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86" title="ھن – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huni" title="Huni – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Huni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns" title="Huns – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Huns" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huni" title="Huni – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Huni" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huni" title="Huni – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Huni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun%C3%ABt" title="Hunët – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hunët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хуни – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хуни" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunner" title="Hunner – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hunner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahunni" title="Wahunni – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wahunni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Ҳунн – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳунн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวฮัน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวฮัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunlar" title="Hunlar – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hunlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Huno" title="Mga Huno – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Huno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunlar" title="Hunlar – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hunlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Һуннар – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һуннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хуннулар – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хуннулар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гуни – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86" title="ہن – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunlar" title="Hunlar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hunlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Hung" title="Người Hung – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Hung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun" title="Hun – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hun" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="匈人 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="匈人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_l%C3%A2ng" title="Hun lâng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="匈人 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="匈人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45813#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="浏览条目正文[c]" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;oldid=81560488" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&amp;page=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;id=81560488&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-6b34bbba" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:哥德;zh-hans:哥特;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">&#160;&#160;</span><span class="mobile"></span></span><b>提示</b>:此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a></b>或<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="匈牙利人">匈牙利人</a></b>。</div> <p><b>匈人</b>(英語:<span lang="en">Huns</span>)是一支約在西元4世紀到6世紀在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中亞">中亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索">高加索</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="東歐">東歐</a>等地區活動的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="遊牧民族">遊牧民族</a>或部落聯盟。有可能是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語系">突厥語系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="匈奴人">匈奴人</a>征服了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗語支">伊朗語系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="塞迦人">塞迦人</a>(或稱<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="斯基泰人">斯基泰人</a>)之後與其混合的族群。 </p><p>歐洲傳統上認為他們最早在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%88%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="伏爾加河">伏爾加河</a>東岸一帶活動,該地區在當時是斯基泰人的勢力範圍。匈人最早與伊朗語族的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿蘭人">阿蘭人</a>一同西遷<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。西元370年,他們到達伏爾加河。430年,他們就已經在歐洲建立了一個廣大卻短暫的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="匈人帝國">帝國</a>,征服了<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="哥特人">哥特人</a>和其他生活在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>邊陲的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a>部落,並造成大量不同的蠻族逃入羅馬帝國境內。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E6%8B%89" title="阿提拉">阿提拉</a>的帶領下,匈人密集地洗劫<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">東羅馬帝國</a>。451年,匈人入侵了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="高盧">高盧</a>行省,並與西羅馬及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="西哥特">西哥特</a>的聯軍交戰,史稱<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%9A%86%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="沙隆戰役">沙隆戰役</a>。452年,匈人入侵<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>。453年,在阿提拉暴斃後,匈人不再是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>的主要威脅,其帝國在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E9%81%94%E6%AD%90%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尼達歐之戰(页面不存在)">尼達歐之戰</a>後瓦解。匈人的後人或其繼承者後來盤據在東歐與中亞一帶,直到8世紀早期仍有在高加索一帶活動的紀錄。 </p><p>18世紀法國<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="東方學">東方學</a>學者<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91" title="德金">德金</a>(Joseph de Guignes)首次將匈人和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="匈奴人">匈奴人</a>串連在一起,自此學術界便積極尋找這兩個民族之間的關聯,但到現在仍未有確實的答案。而他們與其他民族口中所講的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗匈人(页面不存在)">伊朗匈人</a>(即<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="匈尼特人">匈尼特人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%88%E5%99%A0%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="嚈噠人">嚈噠人</a>)是否屬同一個集團目前亦在爭議中<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1902年英國考古學者<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9B%A0" title="马尔克·奥莱尔·斯坦因">马尔克·奥莱尔·斯坦因</a>在中國敦煌西部的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E9%97%A8%E5%85%B3" title="玉门关">玉門關</a>遺蹟挖掘到出4世紀初來自中亞的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>商人的書簡,稱為《粟特文古信札》(Sogdian Ancient Letters)。書簡裡面描述4世紀中國西晉<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%98%89%E4%B9%8B%E7%A6%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="永嘉之禍">永嘉之禍</a>的戰亂情況時是以匈人稱呼匈奴人,證實匈人在中亞是匈奴人的別稱。 </p><p>7世紀初拜占庭史家西摩卡塔(Theophylacus Simocatta)認為,歐洲中世紀史上的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="阿瓦爾">阿瓦爾</a>人,由兩個聯合起來的部落,即瓦爾部(uar或var,阿瓦爾由此得名)和匈人部(Kunni或Huni,該名暗示其匈人起源)和<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%85%E8%88%AC" title="悅般">悅般</a>殘部組成組成。而瓦爾部和匈人部又屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵勒">鐵勒</a>(丁零、敕勒 、高車)多民族聯盟,有此推測歐洲匈人跟歐洲阿瓦爾人可能跟鐵勒聯盟有關聯。再加上史書《隋書·鐵勒傳》:“鐵勒之先,匈奴之苗裔也。”《新唐書·回鶻傳上》亦作“回紇,其先匈奴也,俗多乘高輪車,元魏時亦號高車部,或曰敕勒,訛為鐵勒。”《北史·高車傳》:“高車,盡古赤狄之餘種也。 初號為狄歷,北方以為高車丁零。其語略與匈奴同,而時有小異,或云其先句,奴甥也。”。《周書·突厥傳》:“突厥者,蓋匈奴之別種。”匈奴和匈人應為<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語族">突厥語族</a>。 </p><p>匈人的西遷刺激了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大遷徙</a>,並促使了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a>的瓦解<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。對匈人的恐懼深深烙印在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="基督徒">基督徒</a>的腦海裡,他們亦成為日耳曼英雄傳說中常出現的反派或盟友。在中世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="编年史">編年史</a>中,匈人被描繪為匈牙利民族<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="马扎尔人">馬扎爾人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%87%AF%E4%BC%8A%E4%BA%BA" title="塞凯伊人">塞凱伊人</a>的祖先之一,然而到目前為止,主流學術界仍因為證據不足而排除他們與匈人之間有著緊密關聯這個可能性<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>匈人的語系為通常被認為是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="乌古尔语支">突厥-烏古爾語系</a>,烏古爾突厥人(oghur turkic peoples)通常被認為是更西邊的高車(丁零、敕勒 、鐵勒、回紇、回鶻)族系的分支,也就是說匈人、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿瓦爾人">阿瓦爾人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="保加尔人">保加爾人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%90%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="可萨人">可薩人</a>都有一定的關聯。甚至<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="烏拉語系">烏拉語系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%89%8E%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="馬扎爾人">馬扎爾人</a>的王族跟匈人有關聯。馬扎爾人的王室,即<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾帕德大公">阿爾帕德大公</a>被認為是可薩人所派出。有一位可薩可汗以馬扎爾人宗主身份任命名為阿爾帕德的可薩年青貴族作為馬扎爾人的大公。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg/220px-Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg/330px-Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg/440px-Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; height:1em; width:1em; border:1px solid black; background:#AAEEFF;" title="#AAEEFF"></span>為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="欧亚大草原">歐亞大草原</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>匈人與其他草原民族的關連目前仍然不確定,學術界普遍認同他們源自中亞,但對哪個位置才是他們的真正起源地卻沒有共識。匈人在西元370年左右突然出現在歐洲<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2015177_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2015177-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,羅馬的記錄者們試圖闡明匈人為何方神聖時總是將他們與其他曾經出現在歐洲的草原民族劃上等號<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19737_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19737-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。羅馬的記錄者們還重複提及一些軼事,要麼是匈人為了追逐野鹿而跑進哥特人的領土,要麼就是他們的牛逃走了,由<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BB%E8%B5%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="刻赤海峽">刻赤海峽</a>追到去<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="克里米亞半島">克里米亞半島</a>,當發現該地資源充沛後就決定襲擊哥特人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199620_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199620-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="约达尼斯">約達尼斯</a>(Jordanes)在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%B2" title="哥特史">哥特史</a>中還敘述了哥特人認為匈人是「不潔之靈」或哥特女巫的後代這個想法<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19735Heather2010209_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19735Heather2010209-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="與匈奴人以及其他族名中同樣帶有匈字的民族的關係"><span id=".E8.88.87.E5.8C.88.E5.A5.B4.E4.BA.BA.E4.BB.A5.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E6.97.8F.E5.90.8D.E4.B8.AD.E5.90.8C.E6.A8.A3.E5.B8.B6.E6.9C.89.E5.8C.88.E5.AD.97.E7.9A.84.E6.B0.91.E6.97.8F.E7.9A.84.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>與匈奴人以及其他族名中同樣帶有匈字的民族的關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:與匈奴人以及其他族名中同樣帶有匈字的民族的關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hsiung-nu-Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hsiung-nu-Empire.png/220px-Hsiung-nu-Empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hsiung-nu-Empire.png/330px-Hsiung-nu-Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hsiung-nu-Empire.png/440px-Hsiung-nu-Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>西元前205匈奴人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%92%E9%A0%93%E5%96%AE%E4%BA%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="冒頓單于">冒頓單于</a>的帶領下的勢力及影響範圍。</figcaption></figure> <p>自<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91" title="德金">德金</a>起在18世紀首次提出匈人和匈奴人為同一支民族後,現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史學家">歷史學家</a>就開始尋找在西元4世紀出現在歐洲邊陲的匈人和在西元前3世紀到西元2世紀之間多次入侵<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F" title="中原">中原</a>的匈奴人之間有何關聯。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%8C%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="漢匈戰爭">漢匈戰爭</a>中被<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="漢帝國">漢帝國</a>徹底擊敗後,北匈奴開始往西北逃跑,他們的後代也許遷移到歐亞大陸各處,匈人也許某程度上繼承了他們文化和基因<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201160_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201160-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。學者們同樣也商議了匈奴人、匈人以及其他族名中同樣帶有匈字的民族之間的關係,特別是與被稱為「伊朗匈人」的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="匈尼特人">匈尼特人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%88%E5%99%A0%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="嚈噠人">嚈噠人</a>之間的關係<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1999501_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1999501-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利">奧地利</a>學者曼秦-海爾芬(Maenchen-Helfen)是首個挑戰傳統上依賴文字記錄的研究方法並強調考古學重要性的學者<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2015175_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2015175-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,自此,將匈奴人定為匈人的祖先這個觀點便備受爭議<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201160Thompson19961Schottky2004Sinor1990178Heather2005148-149_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201160Thompson19961Schottky2004Sinor1990178Heather2005148-149-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 。除此之外,有些學者也開始質疑「伊朗匈人」與「歐洲匈人」的真正身份<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchottky2004Sinor1990200_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchottky2004Sinor1990200-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 。沃爾特·波爾指出沒有一個草原上的部落聯盟是單一民族的,他們的名稱之所以都冠上「匈」字很可能是為了聲望和威嚇,或者是其他民族基於他們的地理位置和生活方式而假定了他們是同一個民族而已<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1999501–502_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1999501–502-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="族名及詞源"><span id=".E6.97.8F.E5.90.8D.E5.8F.8A.E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>族名及詞源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:族名及詞源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「匈」這個名稱最早源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>Οὖννοι和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>Hunni或Chuni<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerfer19738_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerfer19738-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner1967528_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1967528-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而在希臘編年史作家約翰·馬拉拉斯(John Malalas)的紀錄中他們稱為Οὖννα<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201231_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201231-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。古典資料也經常把他們稱為其他完全不相關的古老草原民族如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%96%A9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="馬薩革泰人">馬薩革泰人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="斯基泰人">斯基泰人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="辛梅里安人">辛梅里安人</a>而非匈人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19734–9_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19734–9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外觀"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E8.A7.80"></span>外觀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:外觀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在羅馬人眼中,匈人的外觀是奇怪的,他們甚至稱匈人為怪物<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199656-57Sinor1990202Maenchen-Helfen1973363_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199656-57Sinor1990202Maenchen-Helfen1973363-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="约达尼斯">約達尼斯</a>(Jordanes)就強調過匈人又矮又黑<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973362_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973362-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。很多人都提到匈人是小眼睛、扁鼻子的<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973363_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973363-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。如親眼見過阿提拉的羅馬作家<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF" title="普利斯庫斯">普利斯庫斯</a>(Priscus)也形容阿提拉「身材矮小、胸寬、頭大、眼細、鬍子稀疏還夾雜灰毛、扁鼻、膚黑」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1997336_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1997336-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>很多學者都認為這些描述反映了匈人帶有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%AE" title="東亞人種">東亞人種</a>的種族特徵<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990202Maenchen-Helfen1973363_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990202Maenchen-Helfen1973363-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。邁恩-海爾芬(Maenchen-Helfen )對此作出反駁,認為就算匈人帶有東亞人特徵,也不代表他們看起來都像<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%BA%AB%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="雅庫特人">雅庫特人</a>、通古斯人那麼東亞<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973364_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973364-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,他在考古證據中發現匈人是一個多種族混合體,只有少部份是帶有東亞人特徵<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973364–367_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973364–367-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。某些考古證據中甚至無法證實匈人的確有東亞人特徵<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrubézy1990195–196_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrubézy1990195–196-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而金賢俊甚至認為匈人中根本大多數都是西歐亞人種<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013187_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013187-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,這個觀點主要來自有關<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%9A%86%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="沙隆戰役">沙隆戰役</a>的戰爭紀錄中提到阿提拉的隨行人員和士兵中絕大多數一眼就看得出是來自歐洲,唯獨阿提拉是帶有東亞人特徵<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201599_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201599-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。也有其他考古學家說,帶有東亞人特徵的匈人古屍都是在貴族墓穴中找到的<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry20147_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry20147-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,這些在貴族墓穴找到的古屍當中還包括一些融入在匈奴政治體系中的日耳曼人領袖<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry20146_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry20146-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。分析游牧民族的族系,應要選擇位階較高的個體。 </p><p>而根據近年出土的匈人遺骸裡跟<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿瓦爾人">阿瓦爾人</a>一樣擁有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="古西伯利亞語言">西伯利亞人</a>基因這一點,我們可以得知早在突厥大遷徙前中亞就有西伯利亞人定居<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基因"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E5.9B.A0"></span>基因</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:基因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一份2018年5月刊登在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="自然 (期刊)">自然</a>》科學期刊的研究報告指出,他們抽取了23具埋葬年份約西元1世紀到5世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="天山">天山匈人</a>古屍,發現有6個樣本中有4個的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BBY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93DNA%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群">Y-DNA</a>屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E7%BE%A4" title="单倍群">單倍群</a>R(包括一個R1b),以及一個L。有20個樣本的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94DNA%E5%96%AE%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94%E7%BE%A4" title="人類線粒體DNA單倍體群">mtDNA</a>分別屬於單倍群G2a1d2、C4、N9a9、H6b2、M11a、U5b2a1a2、C4a1a、A16(兩個樣本)、M10a、G2a1、H7b、A1a、K2a5、D4j5、J1d6、C41b、F1b1(兩個樣本)和D4b1a2a1。這項發現顯示出天山匈人的歐洲人祖先比匈奴人還要多。研究團隊估計,匈人很可能是匈奴人征服了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="塞迦人">塞迦人</a>後與之的混合體<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另一份在2019年11月刊登在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A" title="科學報告">科學報告</a>科學期刊的研究報告指出,他們抽取了3具分別在西元5世紀埋葬在潘諾尼亞平原匈人墓穴的男性古屍的Y-DNA樣本,發現他們分別屬於單倍群Q1a2、R1b1a1b1a1a1、R1a1a1b2a2。在現代歐洲,Q1a2相當稀有,但高頻率出現在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%87%B1%E4%BC%8A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="塞凱伊人">塞凱伊人</a>身上,這個單倍群早前也在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%BA%AB%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="奧庫涅夫文化">奧庫涅夫文化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%98%87%E5%85%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="卡拉蘇克文化">卡拉蘇克文化</a>、天山匈人和薩爾馬提亞人中找到,這也暗示了歐洲匈人血緣上的起源。R1a1a1b2a2目前普遍存在於<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="吉爾吉斯">吉爾吉斯</a>的男性人口中,而這個單倍群在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="青銅時代">青銅時代</a>在整個中亞地區非常普遍,這在匈奴人身上也找得到。R1b1a1b1a1a1與日耳曼人關係密切,且在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7" title="西北欧">西北歐</a>的帶有率最高。這個單倍群被認為最早出現在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="東歐大草原">東歐大草原</a>上,並在青銅時代進入歐洲內部。這個在匈人墓穴中找到的R1b1a1b1a1a1樣本很可能來自哥特人、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%9A%AE%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="格皮德人">格皮德人</a>或匈人其他日耳曼人盟友。這項研究斷定這批匈人男性古屍都是棕色眼睛、棕色或黑色頭髮,且同時帶有歐洲和東亞血統<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="前阿提拉時期"><span id=".E5.89.8D.E9.98.BF.E6.8F.90.E6.8B.89.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>前阿提拉時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:前阿提拉時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunnenwanderung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hunnenwanderung.png/220px-Hunnenwanderung.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hunnenwanderung.png/330px-Hunnenwanderung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hunnenwanderung.png/440px-Hunnenwanderung.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>此為一條推算出來的匈人西移路線。</figcaption></figure> <p>羅馬人早在西元376年匈人入侵<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="東歐大草原">東歐大草原</a>、驅使<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="哥特人">哥特人</a>時跑到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3" title="多瑙河">多瑙河</a>下游尋求<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>庇護時就意識到他們的存在。匈人首先征服了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿蘭人">阿蘭人</a>,再來是大部份<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="格鲁森尼人">格魯森尼人</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="东哥特人">東哥特人</a>和大部份<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E5%90%89%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="特爾文吉人(页面不存在)">特爾文吉人</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="西哥特人">西哥特人</a>,有很多難民因此而逃到羅馬帝國<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005151–152_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005151–152-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。西元395年,匈人開始對<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">東羅馬帝國</a>大規模進攻<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199630–31_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199630–31-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,先後襲擊了<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="色雷斯">色雷斯</a>、橫掃了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞">亞美尼亞</a>,以及洗劫了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E5%A5%87%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="卡帕多奇亞">卡帕多奇亞</a>。他們推入了<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞">敘利亞</a>、威脅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A2%9D%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="安條克">安條克</a>,並穿過<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" title="幼发拉底行省">幼發拉底行省</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990184_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990184-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。與此同時,匈人亦入侵了<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="萨珊帝国">薩珊帝國</a>,這次入侵起初很成功,在快接近帝國首都<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%81" title="泰西封">泰西封</a>時卻受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人">波斯人</a>的絕地大反擊而慘敗<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990184_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990184-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在匈人短暫撤離東羅馬帝國期間,他們開始威脅周圍的外族西移<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199632–33_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199632–33-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ,<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%81" title="烏爾丁">烏爾丁</a>是當時第一個被紀錄下名字的匈人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199633_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199633-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,在防守意大利的作戰中他帶領著匈人和亞蘭人對抗哥特王<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E5%90%89%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉達吉索斯(页面不存在)">拉達吉索斯</a>。在西元400年到401年,烏爾丁壓制了在多瑙河一帶的哥特人的叛變,並砍下其領袖蓋納斯的頭顱。東羅馬帝國在西元408年再次感受到來自烏爾丁的壓力,烏爾丁橫渡了多瑙河、洗劫了<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="色雷斯">色雷斯</a>。東羅馬帝國試圖收買烏爾丁,但他提出的金額過高,所以他們改為收買烏爾丁的下屬,這導致烏爾丁的軍隊中出現大量逃兵,烏爾丁橫渡多瑙河逃走,自此這個名字就沒再被提及<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990185_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990185-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>西元4世紀至5世紀期間,匈人的傭兵與哥特人一樣都有被提及到會同時在東西羅馬帝國中服役。西元433年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a>統帥<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="埃提烏斯">埃提烏斯</a>割讓了一部份的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="潘诺尼亚">潘諾尼亞</a>給他們<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990178_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990178-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="阿提拉時期"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E6.8F.90.E6.8B.89.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>阿提拉時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:阿提拉時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="匈人帝國">匈人帝國</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brogi,_Carlo_(1850-1925)_-_n._8227_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8227_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg/220px-Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8227_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8227_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg/330px-Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8227_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8227_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg/440px-Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8227_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>西元19世紀的阿提拉像。銘文在拉丁文的意思為「這是阿提拉,上帝降下的災害」。</figcaption></figure> <p>自西元434年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E6%8B%89" title="阿提拉">阿提拉</a>與其兄弟<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E9%81%94" title="布列達">布列達</a>共同統治著匈人。阿提拉和布列達與他們的叔叔<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E9%98%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="卢阿">盧阿</a>一樣野心勃勃。西元435年,他們逼使東羅馬帝國簽署<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪格斯條約(页面不存在)">瑪格斯條約</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996136_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996136-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,給予匈人在東羅馬帝國境內進行貿易的權利,並要求東羅馬年年進貢。西元440年,東羅馬帝國毀約,阿提拉布列達兄弟聯手襲擊東羅馬帝國在多瑙河兩岸的城市<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199687–89_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199687–89-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。匈人與羅馬人爆發全面戰爭,匈人打敗了一支弱小的羅馬軍隊,並夷平了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪格斯(页面不存在)">瑪格斯</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E5%8D%B3%E6%9D%9C%E6%9E%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="星即杜林(页面不存在)">星即杜林</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E5%AD%94" class="mw-redirect" title="费米拉孔">費米拉孔</a>。雖然雙方在西元441休戰,但兩年後卻因為東羅馬<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>再次無法提供貢品而再次開戰。在之後的戰事中,匈人軍隊洗劫了多座城市並逼近君士坦丁堡。東羅馬皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="狄奧多西二世">狄奧多西二世</a>,答應了匈人的要求,並在秋天簽下和約。西元445年,布列達身亡,阿提拉成為匈人唯一的統治者。 </p><p>在西元447年,阿提拉入侵<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="巴尔干">巴爾幹</a>和色雷斯,戰爭於西元449年因羅馬人答應年年進貢2100磅黃金而完結。在進犯東羅馬帝國期間,阿提拉與西羅馬帝國保持良好關係,然而,西羅馬帝國皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="瓦伦丁尼安三世">瓦倫丁尼安三世</a>的姐姐<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%AB%BE%E8%8E%89%E4%BA%9E" title="奧諾莉亞">奧諾莉亞</a>卻送了阿提拉一隻戒子並要求阿提拉協助她逃婚。阿提拉要求奧諾莉亞成為自己的新娘,並以西羅馬帝國半邊江山作為她的嫁妝<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007251–252_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007251–252-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。與此同時,<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="撒利法兰克人">撒利法蘭克人</a>因為王位的繼承權問題而起了爭議。西元451年,阿提拉帶領匈人強行進入<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="高盧">高盧</a>,他們首先襲擊了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF" title="梅斯">梅斯</a>,他的軍隊繼續西進,經過<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E8%8F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="特魯華">特魯華</a>以圍攻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%89%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="奧爾良">奧爾良</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="埃提烏斯">埃提烏斯</a>受到瓦倫丁尼安三世的命令去支援<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%89%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="奧爾良">奧爾良</a>。這支結合了羅馬人和西哥特人的軍隊後來在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%9A%86%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="沙隆戰役">沙隆戰役</a>擊敗了匈人。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%9A%86%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="沙隆戰役">沙隆戰役</a>後那一年,阿提拉重新提及和奧諾莉亞的婚約以及西羅馬帝國領土的事宜,並帶領著軍隊跨越<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾卑斯山">阿爾卑斯山</a>進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>北部,先後洗劫並夷平了多座城市。為了避免<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>被洗劫,瓦倫丁尼安三世派了3個使者,包括高級民政長官根納迪烏斯·阿維努斯和特里吉蒂烏斯,以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%89%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="聖良一世">聖良一世</a>與阿提拉在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="明喬河">明喬河</a>畔的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="曼图亚">曼圖亞</a>會面,以獲取他承諾撤出意大利以及與皇帝進行和談。新東羅馬皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" title="马尔西安">馬爾西安</a>之後停止了進貢,於是阿提拉計畫進攻君士坦丁堡。然而西元453年他卻在和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼</a>少女的新婚夜中因為鼻腔失血逆流而暴斃。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leoattila-Raphael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Leoattila-Raphael.jpg/220px-Leoattila-Raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Leoattila-Raphael.jpg/330px-Leoattila-Raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Leoattila-Raphael.jpg/440px-Leoattila-Raphael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="拉斐爾">拉斐爾</a>的《偉大的良一世與阿提拉的會晤》</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="後阿提拉時期"><span id=".E5.BE.8C.E9.98.BF.E6.8F.90.E6.8B.89.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>後阿提拉時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:後阿提拉時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>西元453年,在阿提拉死後,匈帝國內部出現日耳曼附庸與執政者之間的權力爭鬥,格皮德之王阿德域試圖推翻匈帝國,並與阿提拉最愛的長子、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E9%BD%90%E5%B0%94" title="阿卡齐尔">阿卡齊爾</a>部的統治者<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="艾拉克">艾拉克</a>在尼達歐會戰。同年,哥特人在瓦拉米的帶領下也作出叛變,並在幾次會戰中擊敗了匈人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1996124_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996124-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。這導致匈人在喀爾巴阡地區的勢力覆滅,繼而失去了很多日耳曼附庸。與此同時,匈人在東方亦同時應付幾支<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="乌古尔语支">烏古爾</a>民族,包括烏古爾人、薩拉古爾人、安納古人以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA" title="沙比爾人">沙比爾人</a>的威脅。西元463年,薩拉古斯人擊敗了阿卡齊爾部或阿卡齊爾匈人,並宣稱統治<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD" title="本都">本都</a>地區<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013123_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013123-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>西元461年,阿提拉次子<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%90%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B" title="邓吉西克">鄧吉西克</a>因在帶領的西部匈人在抵抗盟友薩達吉人的背叛時被瓦拉米帶領下的哥特人擊敗而挫了銳氣<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1996125_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996125-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。他的戰事也引起其弟、正專注於抵抗烏古爾民族的阿卡齊爾匈人統治者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%85%8B" title="厄爾納克">厄爾納克</a>的不滿<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013123_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013123-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。鄧吉西克在沒有厄爾納克的協助下於西元467年襲擊了羅馬人。他被羅馬人重重包圍,他答應羅馬人如果對方願意給予他們一些土地,以及為他饑餓的士兵們提供一些糧食就會投降。在談判期間,一個在羅馬軍中服役、名為切爾切爾的匈人士兵說服了哥特人襲擊他們的匈人霸主。最終,羅馬人在阿斯帕將軍和他的精梲部隊的協助下偷襲了正在爭吵的哥特人和匈人,並成功擊敗他們<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973165–168_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973165–168-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。西元469年,鄧吉西克在色雷斯被殺<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973168_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973168-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>鄧吉西克死後,匈人開始被其他民族吸收,如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="保加尔人">保加爾人</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973168_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973168-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但有學者反駁說匈人在厄爾納克的領導下繼續存在,並成為了庫特里古爾人、烏蒂古爾人和匈保加爾人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013123_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013123-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但結論目前還在爭議中。也有學者反駁說有另一個在古代記錄中被視作匈人的民族,即所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="北高加索匈人">北高加索匈人</a>才是真真正正的匈人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015136Sinor20054228_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015136Sinor20054228-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在後匈人時代,很多草原上的民族都自稱為阿提拉的後人來合法化他們的權力,甚至在四個世紀後仍有幾個在自己的族名中加了個匈字的民族被東羅馬帝國記錄下來<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999309_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999309-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生活方式與經濟"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F.E8.88.87.E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F"></span>生活方式與經濟</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:生活方式與經濟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="半游牧"><span id=".E5.8D.8A.E6.B8.B8.E7.89.A7"></span>半游牧</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:半游牧"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>匈人在傳統上被定義為逐水草而居的游牧民族<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973169-179Thompson199646-47Kim20152_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973169-179Thompson199646-47Kim20152-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但金賢俊認為「游牧」一詞帶有誤導成份<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20154_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20154-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>曼秦-海爾芬留意到半游牧民族在一般在夏天放牧,冬天會在一個地方駐紮,他們的牧場也許很廣,但駐紮地往往都是同一個地點<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973170–171_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973170–171-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。事實上,約達尼斯也有寫到夏天時阿卡齊爾匈人會在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="克里米亞">克里米亞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E7%B4%A2" title="克森尼索">克森尼索</a>一帶放牧,但到冬天時他們會往北。曼秦-海爾芬認為<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="錫瓦什湖">錫瓦什湖</a>是最有可能的地點<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973171_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973171-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。古代記錄有提及匈人的牲畜種類包括牛、馬、山羊和綿羊,而且數目很龐大<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199647_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199647-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。曼秦-海爾認為匈人還會跟薩爾馬提亞人一樣在他們東南歐、黑海北岸一帶的地盤中畜養少量雙峰駱駝<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973172–174_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973172–174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>阿米阿努斯說過,大部份的匈人都是只吃他們所養的牲畜的肉,但曼秦-海爾芬認為根據其他游牧民的飲食,他們很可能也是吃羊肉、牛羊乳酪和喝牛羊奶為主<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973171_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973171-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,也會吃馬肉、馬奶乳酪、喝馬奶和馬奶酒<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973220_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973220-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。當饑荒時,他們還會煮馬血當食物<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973220–221_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973220–221-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>古代記錄一致否定匈人有從事耕作<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973174_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973174-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但E.A湯普森認為,如果沒有人在草原的邊陲耕作,他們根本不可能生存<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199648_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199648-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。他又指,匈人也會打獵和采集。曼秦-海爾芬從考古發現中注意到,各個游牧民族都會有部份人口從事耕作。他還特別指出,在花剌子模、鄂畢河有發現到一些會進行顱骨拉長的人從事耕作的證據,他認為這是匈人會從事耕作的佐證<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973174–178_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973174–178-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。金賢俊也持類似的觀點,認為所有的草原帝國都會同時有放放和農耕人口,並把匈人歸類為農牧民族<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20154_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20154-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="馬匹與運輸"><span id=".E9.A6.AC.E5.8C.B9.E8.88.87.E9.81.8B.E8.BC.B8"></span>馬匹與運輸</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:馬匹與運輸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>作為游牧民族,匈人很多時間都會在馬背上。阿米阿努斯聲稱匈人「差不多是粘在馬背上」<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973203_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973203-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="佐西姆斯">佐西姆斯</a>也聲稱匈人「吃喝拉撒睡都在馬背上」,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B8%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="圣希多尼乌斯·阿波利纳里斯">聖希多尼烏斯·阿波利納里斯</a>甚至還聲稱「有些嬰兒只要馬匹把他提到自己的背上,他不用母親的輔助就能學會站立」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973206_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973206-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。也有記錄指匈人似乎因為花太多時間在騎馬所以走路時會顯得有點笨拙<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973207_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973207-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>從羅馬的資料顯示,匈人的馬似乎長得很醜<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973203_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973203-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但我們無法由此判斷出匈人的馬到底是什麼品種<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973205–206_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973205–206-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。丹尼斯·塞諾認為牠們似乎是某種蒙古小馬,但是在目前已知的匈人墓中都找不到馬匹,所以根本無法證實,這一點也顯示匈人似乎不會讓馬匹陪葬,這有別於其他游牧民族<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990203_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990203-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。另外,根據人類學家對其他游牧民族的研究以及考古發現,曼秦-海爾芬認為匈人很可能也是騎閹割了的公馬<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973213–214_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973213–214-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>除了馬匹,在古代記載中也提及過匈人會用木頭車作為運輸工具,曼秦-海爾芬認為這些木頭車大多是用來運載帳篷、戰利品、老人、婦女和小孩<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973214–220_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973214–220-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="與羅馬人的經濟關係"><span id=".E8.88.87.E7.BE.85.E9.A6.AC.E4.BA.BA.E7.9A.84.E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>與羅馬人的經濟關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:與羅馬人的經濟關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huns_by_Rochegrosse_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Huns_by_Rochegrosse_2.jpg/300px-Huns_by_Rochegrosse_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Huns_by_Rochegrosse_2.jpg/450px-Huns_by_Rochegrosse_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Huns_by_Rochegrosse_2.jpg/600px-Huns_by_Rochegrosse_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2127" /></a><figcaption>羅什格羅斯1910的作品《匈人》中所描繪的阿提拉帶領其士兵洗劫高盧的情景</figcaption></figure> <p>匈人在羅馬人手上拿到大量的黃金,主要是來自當傭兵為羅馬作戰所得的酬金和貢品<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973182–183_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973182–183-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。搶掠也為匈人提供了黃金或其他有價值的東西<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973184–185_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973184–185-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。丹尼斯·塞諾認為在阿提拉時代,匈人的經濟來源幾乎全都是在羅馬的行省中搶掠和勒索貢品所得<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990205_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990205-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>匈人也很常俘虜平民和士兵以勒索贖金,又或者把他們賣給羅馬的奴隸販子<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973184,_199_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973184,_199-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。曼秦-海爾芬認為奴隸對匈人生活模式沒太大作用<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973199–200_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973199–200-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但當前在學術界已證實奴隸在游牧社會中重要比定居社會還要高,因為他們需要人幫助他們看管牲口<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2015239_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2015239-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。普利斯庫斯表明那些奴隸主要是用來當家僕,受過教育的奴隸還會被指派當行政人員甚至建築師,某些奴隸則會成為戰士<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2015239–240_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2015239–240-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>匈人也會與羅馬人進行貿易。E.A湯普森認為他們之間的貿易往來非常大規模,匈人會以馬匹、皮毛、肉和奴隸向羅馬人換取武器、亞麻、穀物和各種奢侈品<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996189–194_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996189–194-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。曼秦-海爾芬認同販賣馬匹是非常可觀的黃金來源,但他對E.A湯普森的論據始終保持懷疑態度<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973185_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973185-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,因為他留意到羅馬人對與野蠻人之間的貿易監管得很嚴格,再者,根據普利斯庫斯的記載,他們之間的貿易一年只會進行一次<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973187_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973187-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。走私的確會發生,但曼秦-海爾芬認為無論合法還是非法的貿易數量都不大<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973187_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973187-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但他有注意到紅酒和絲綢在匈人社會的需求量似乎很大,而且羅馬金幣似乎一直在整個匈帝國中作為貨幣般流通<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973185–186_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973185–186-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="與絲綢之路的聯繫"><span id=".E8.88.87.E7.B5.B2.E7.B6.A2.E4.B9.8B.E8.B7.AF.E7.9A.84.E8.81.AF.E7.B9.AB"></span>與絲綢之路的聯繫</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:與絲綢之路的聯繫"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>克里斯多福·阿特伍德推斷,最早的匈人之所以入侵歐洲是為了在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海">黑海</a>為他們所統治下、在絲綢之路上與中國有商業來往的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>商旅建立一個出口<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201248_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201248-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,因為他注意到約達尼斯有描述過所有商人都會把從亞洲來的貨品帶到克里米亞城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E7%B4%A2" title="克森尼索">克森尼索</a>,而那座城市在6世紀為阿卡齊爾匈人所控制<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201248_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201248-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政府"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C"></span>政府</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:政府"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>匈人的政府架構一直都是學術界的熱門辯論題材。英國歷史學家彼得·希瑟認為匈人最初只是個混亂的聯盟,各部落的酋長都是各自行動,但最終還是建立了一套類似日耳曼社會的階段體系<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather199511_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather199511-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005325_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005325-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。著名的中亞研究權威丹尼斯·塞諾持類似觀點,認為除了在歷史上還不確定是否真實存在過的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%98%AD%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE" title="巴蘭比爾">巴蘭比爾</a>外,在烏爾丁之前沒一位匈人王有被提及過,這表明他們根本不重要<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990181_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990181-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。E.A湯普森提出,匈人的世襲王權是基於入侵歐洲後持續不斷的戰爭才發展出來<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199667–68_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199667–68-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。關於在阿提拉統治下的匈人組織,彼得·高登則認為:「這很難稱之為一個國家,遑論帝國。」他隨後更稱他們為「匈人邦聯」。 </p><p>阿米阿努斯講過他那個時代的匈人沒有君主,而是每個部落都會在戰爭時推舉一位領袖出來<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。E.A湯普森推斷每位領袖的實際權力其實都很少<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199650_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199650-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。他之後進一步辯稱,他們似乎無法單純靠與上一任領袖的血緣關係來繼承職位<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199651_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199651-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。然而彼得·希瑟卻反駁指阿米阿努斯只是指匈人並非只有一位統治者;因為他留意到奧林匹奧多羅斯有提過匈人有幾個君主,與一位首要君主<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather199511_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather199511-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。阿米阿努斯也提到匈人會在馬背上進行會議、商議決策<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden199288_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199288-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但阿米阿努斯沒提到匈人的部落組織,反而普利斯庫斯和其他作者有提過幾個<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199648_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199648-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>烏爾丁是已知的第一位匈人統治者。E.A湯普森從烏爾丁在戰敗後就沒再被提及是當時的匈人王權很「民主」的跡象<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199664_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199664-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。普利斯庫斯稱阿提拉「國王」或「皇帝」,但他所翻譯的稱號的原意卻是一個謎<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973190_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973190-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。除了阿提拉這位最高統治者,他的兒子艾拉克也是君主之一<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201586–87_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201586–87-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997143_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997143-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而各匈人部落又由各自的王帶領著<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1999502_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1999502-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社會及文化"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E5.8F.8A.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>社會及文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:社會及文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="藝術與物質文化"><span id=".E8.97.9D.E8.A1.93.E8.88.87.E7.89.A9.E8.B3.AA.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>藝術與物質文化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:藝術與物質文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klosz_Gyorgy_hun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Klosz_Gyorgy_hun.jpg/150px-Klosz_Gyorgy_hun.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Klosz_Gyorgy_hun.jpg/225px-Klosz_Gyorgy_hun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Klosz_Gyorgy_hun.jpg/300px-Klosz_Gyorgy_hun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>匈釜。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunnish_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_571082_-_Detail_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hunnish_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_571082_-_Detail_Front.jpg/220px-Hunnish_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_571082_-_Detail_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hunnish_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_571082_-_Detail_Front.jpg/330px-Hunnish_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_571082_-_Detail_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hunnish_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_571082_-_Detail_Front.jpg/440px-Hunnish_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_571082_-_Detail_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>鑲有石榴石的精緻黃金手環。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunnish_-_Fibula_-_Walters_57558.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hunnish_-_Fibula_-_Walters_57558.jpg/220px-Hunnish_-_Fibula_-_Walters_57558.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hunnish_-_Fibula_-_Walters_57558.jpg/330px-Hunnish_-_Fibula_-_Walters_57558.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hunnish_-_Fibula_-_Walters_57558.jpg/440px-Hunnish_-_Fibula_-_Walters_57558.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>精緻的匈人飾品。</figcaption></figure> <p>關於匈人的物質文化和藝術只能透過古代描述和考古學發現來得知,但不幸的是,匈人社會的游牧天性令到他們留下文物甚少<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson19966–7_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson19966–7-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。儘管自1945年以來出土了大量考古文物,但截至2005年為止,只有200個經鑑定後確應為匈人的陪葬品<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005330–331_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005330–331-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在考古上要區分匈人文化和薩爾馬提亞人文化相當困難,因為這兩個民族的活動範圍非常接近,在物質文化上也非常相似<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015166-167_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015166-167-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而在歐洲的匈人也有可能採納了日耳曼人的物質文化<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005332_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005332-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 。而羅馬人對匈人的描述往往都帶有強烈的歧視意味,總是誇大他們的野蠻性<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan200579_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan200579-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19739–17_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19739–17-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>考古學家自19世紀起就開始發掘到大量的匈釜<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973306_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973306-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。儘管一般都被描述為「青銅釜」,但其實很多都是銅製,而且品質一般都很差,差到甚至被懷疑是因為製作失敗而被原地丟棄<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973321–322_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973321–322-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。曼秦-海爾芬列出這種風格的釜在中歐、東歐和西伯利亞西部一共找到19件<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973307-318_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973307-318-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。它們有幾種形狀,且很多時與其他容器一同被發現<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973323_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973323-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。曼秦-海爾芬懷疑這些釜是用來煮肉用的<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973326_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973326-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但事實上這些釜都是在水邊被發現的,而非與屍體一同埋在土裡,所以很難判斷它們是否有被使用過<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973327–330_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973327–330-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。這些釜也有可能是被匈奴人使用過<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20156_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20156-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973337_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973337-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿米阿努斯">阿米阿努斯</a>有提到匈人有鐵劍,但E.A湯普森懷疑根本不是匈人製作的<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199659_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199659-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,曼秦-海爾芬則駁斥指匈人騎兵用換來或搶來的鐵劍打到君士坦丁堡城牆和馬恩河這個想法根本荒謬<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen197312_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen197312-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>古代的文字記錄和在匈人的墓地中發現都表明匈人喜歡配戴精緻的黃金飾品或黃金冠。曼秦-海爾芬列出了6頂匈人黃金冠<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973299–306_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973299–306-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。匈人婦女似乎還會配戴由幾種物質製成的珠子項鍊和手環<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973357_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973357-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。後來在中世紀早期很普遍的珠寶和鑲有寶石的武器似乎都是源自匈人風格<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015170_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015170-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。匈人還會製作一些中國風的小鏡子,在當作陪葬品時似乎會被故意破壞<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973352–354_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973352–354-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>考古學家還發現匈人的衣服上有黃金飾物以及一些玻璃珠子。阿米阿努斯提到,匈人會穿著亞麻制的衣服或土撥鼠皮毛以及山羊皮綁腿<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199647_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199647-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>阿米阿努斯報告中提到匈人沒有房子<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973178_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973178-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,相傳他們很著迷於帳篷和木頭車<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen197312_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen197312-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。曼秦-海爾芬相信匈人似乎住在毛氈和羊皮造的帳篷中,因為普利斯庫斯提及過阿提拉的帳篷,約達尼斯也彙報過阿提拉躺在絲製的帳篷中<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973179_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973179-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。然而,在5世紀中期的記錄,匈人也會常駐在木屋中,曼秦-海爾芬相信這些木屋其實是哥特人建的<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973179–180_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973179–180-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人工顱骨變形"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.B7.A5.E9.A1.B1.E9.AA.A8.E8.AE.8A.E5.BD.A2"></span>人工顱骨變形</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:人工顱骨變形"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0511_Turmsch%C3%A4del_W%C3%BCrttembergisches_Landesmuseum_Stuttgart_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/0511_Turmsch%C3%A4del_W%C3%BCrttembergisches_Landesmuseum_Stuttgart_anagoria.JPG/220px-0511_Turmsch%C3%A4del_W%C3%BCrttembergisches_Landesmuseum_Stuttgart_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/0511_Turmsch%C3%A4del_W%C3%BCrttembergisches_Landesmuseum_Stuttgart_anagoria.JPG/330px-0511_Turmsch%C3%A4del_W%C3%BCrttembergisches_Landesmuseum_Stuttgart_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/0511_Turmsch%C3%A4del_W%C3%BCrttembergisches_Landesmuseum_Stuttgart_anagoria.JPG/440px-0511_Turmsch%C3%A4del_W%C3%BCrttembergisches_Landesmuseum_Stuttgart_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3789" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="斯圖加特">斯圖加特</a>出土的變形顱骨,年份約西元6世紀,屬<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allemanni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Allemanni(页面不存在)">阿勒曼尼</a>文化。</figcaption></figure> <p>很多考古學家認為匈人(或單純他們的貴族),以及受他們影響的日耳曼部落都有把嬰兒的顱骨拉長的習俗<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrubézy1990195_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrubézy1990195-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,目的是制造身體上的明顯差異來提升自身的高貴,從而區分貴族和平民<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015164_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015164-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但也有學者認為這個習俗不是匈人引入的,而是跟他們有緊密關係的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿蘭人">阿蘭人</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="薩爾馬提亞人">薩爾馬提亞人</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015165Sinor1990202-203_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015165Sinor1990202-203-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語言"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>語言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>匈人帝國內部的語言很多樣,<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF" title="普利斯庫斯">普利斯庫斯</a>注意到他們平民的語言與阿提拉王廷大相逕庭,阿提拉的弄臣還會講一些混雜了匈語、拉丁語、哥特語的字句來引阿提拉的賓客笑<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973377_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973377-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>關於匈語本身只有幾個單詞被記錄下來,但經過考證後發現很可能都是源自某種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="印欧语">印歐語</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973423-426Pohl1999501-502_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973423-426Pohl1999501-502-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,剩餘的線索只有匈人的姓名與各個部落名<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973376_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973376-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。根據匈人的姓名,有學者推測他們的語言有可能屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語系">突厥語系</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973Kim201330_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973Kim201330-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,或介乎<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="蒙古语系">蒙古語系</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語系">突厥語系</a>之間的語言,甚至有可能屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="葉尼塞語系">葉尼塞語系</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVajda20134,_14,_48,_103–6,_108–9,_130–1,_135–6,_182,_204,_263,_286,_310_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajda20134,_14,_48,_103–6,_108–9,_130–1,_135–6,_182,_204,_263,_286,_310-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。然而,基於語料太少的關係,大多數學者還是保持匈語為無法分類語言的立場<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerfer197350Golden199288-89Sinor1997336Róna-Tas1999208_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerfer197350Golden199288-89Sinor1997336Róna-Tas1999208-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="婚姻與女性的角色"><span id=".E5.A9.9A.E5.A7.BB.E8.88.87.E5.A5.B3.E6.80.A7.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2"></span>婚姻與女性的角色</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:婚姻與女性的角色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>匈人精英實行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6" title="一夫多妻制">一夫多妻制</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996187_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996187-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而平民卻是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一夫一妻制">一夫一妻制</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1959233–234_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1959233–234-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。阿米阿努斯聲稱匈人女性在社會中被隔離,但普利斯庫斯的第一手資料卻指出他們的女性可以自由活動並且與男性混雜在一起<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996185_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996185-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 。普利斯庫斯描述,當阿提拉進入一個村莊時,村內的婦女都會蜂擁而至,連阿提拉的大臣<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奧尼修斯(页面不存在)">奧尼修斯</a>的妻子亦會與婢女一同為阿提拉奉上食物和飲品<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996186–187_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996186–187-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而普利斯庫斯本人甚至可以自由進出阿提拉元配的帳篷<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996186_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996186-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span>宗教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:宗教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>關於匈人的信仰我們幾乎一無所知<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan200561_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan200561-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson194673_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson194673-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。生活在西元4世紀的阿米阿努斯聲稱匈人根本沒宗教<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973259_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973259-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而西元5世紀的基督教作家薩爾維亞努斯卻稱匈人為異教徒<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973262_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973262-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。約達尼斯在《哥特史》中記載到匈人會崇拜「火星之劍」,一把象徵著阿提拉權力來源的古劍<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973278-279_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973278-279-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。曼秦-海爾芬提到,對象徵著戰神的劍的崇拜似乎所有草原民族中廣泛存在,包括匈奴人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973279-280_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973279-280-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。然而,丹尼斯·塞諾卻認為匈人會崇拜劍只是虛構故事<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor20054229_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor20054229-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="匈人君主"><span id=".E5.8C.88.E4.BA.BA.E5.90.9B.E4.B8.BB"></span>匈人君主</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:匈人君主"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="align: left; margin: 0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>君主名</td> <td>拉丁文</td> <td>上任時間</td> <td>退位時間</td> <td>其他 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%98%AD%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE" title="巴蘭比爾">巴蘭比爾</a></td> <td>Balamir</td> <td>約350年</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%81" title="烏爾丁">烏爾丁</a></td> <td>Uldin</td> <td></td> <td>約至412年</td> <td>鲁吉拉之父,阿提拉祖父 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E6%8B%89%E9%80%9A" title="查拉通">查拉通</a></td> <td>Charaton</td> <td>約412年</td> <td>419年</td> <td>匈人第一位國王 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="俄塔">俄塔</a></td> <td>Oktar</td> <td>約419年</td> <td>約至420年</td> <td>鲁吉拉之兄,在位期間與其兄弟鲁吉拉、蒙杜克共同執政 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E9%98%BF_(%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB)" title="卢阿 (匈人君主)">鲁吉拉</a><br />又作盧支拉斯</td> <td>Rua, Rugu<br />Rugilas</td> <td>約419年</td> <td>434年</td> <td>在位期間統一匈人各部落 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙杜克">蒙杜克</a></td> <td>Mundzuk</td> <td>約419年</td> <td>約至434年 </td> <td>鲁吉拉之弟,阿提拉之父 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="貝里達">布雷達</a></td> <td>Bleda</td> <td>約434年</td> <td>445年</td> <td>蒙杜克之子,阿提拉之兄 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E6%8B%89" title="阿提拉">阿提拉</a></td> <td>Attila</td> <td>約434年</td> <td>453年</td> <td>在位期間與其兄布雷達共同執政 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="愛拉克">愛拉克</a></td> <td>Illak</td> <td>453年</td> <td>454年</td> <td>阿提拉之子,鄧吉西克之兄 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%90%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B" title="邓吉西克">鄧吉西克</a></td> <td>Dengesik</td> <td>約453年</td> <td>469年</td> <td>阿提拉之子,愛拉克逝世後接任匈人君主 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_400ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_400ad.jpg/1000px-Asia_400ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="609" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_400ad.jpg/1500px-Asia_400ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Asia_400ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption><b>匈人</b>(Huns)出现在公元 400 年<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="東歐">東歐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%88%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="伏爾加河">伏爾加河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E8%81%B6%E4%BC%AF%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="第聶伯河">第聶伯河</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Denis Sinor. Denis Sinor , 编. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia Vol 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990: 177-203. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521243049" title="Special:网络书源/9780521243049"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780521243049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.au=Denis+Sinor&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.edition=Vol+1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521243049&amp;rft.pages=177-203&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Étienne de la Vaissière. Michael R. Maas , 编. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila Vol 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2015: 175-192. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781107633889" title="Special:网络书源/9781107633889"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781107633889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.au=%C3%89tienne+de+la+Vaissi%C3%A8re&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Attila&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.edition=Vol+1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781107633889&amp;rft.pages=175-192&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Denis Sinor. Denis Sinor , 编. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia Vol 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990: 177. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521243049" title="Special:网络书源/9780521243049"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780521243049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.au=Denis+Sinor&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.edition=Vol+1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521243049&amp;rft.pages=177&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jenő Szűcs. László Veszprémy, Frank Schaer , 编. Theoretical Elements in Master Simon of Kéza's Gesta Hungarorum (1282-1285 A. D.) Vol 1. Budapest: Central European University Press. 1999: 29-102. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789630508094" title="Special:网络书源/9789630508094"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9789630508094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.au=Jen%C5%91+Sz%C5%B1cs&amp;rft.btitle=Theoretical+Elements+in+Master+Simon+of+K%C3%A9za%27s+Gesta+Hungarorum+%281282-1285+A.+D.%29&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.edition=Vol+1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9789630508094&amp;rft.pages=29-102&amp;rft.place=Budapest&amp;rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paul Lendvai. Ann Major , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hungarians00paul">The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat</a> Vol 1. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2003: whole book. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781400851522" title="Special:网络书源/9781400851522"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781400851522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.au=Paul+Lendvai&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hungarians%3A+A+Thousand+Years+of+Victory+in+Defeat&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.edition=Vol+1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781400851522&amp;rft.pages=whole+book&amp;rft.place=Princeton&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhungarians00paul&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pál Engel. Andrew Ayton , 编. The realm of St. Stephen&#160;: a history of medieval Hungary Vol 1. New York: I.B. Tauris. 2001: 895-1526. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781860640612" title="Special:网络书源/9781860640612"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781860640612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.au=P%C3%A1l+Engel&amp;rft.btitle=The+realm+of+St.+Stephen+%3A+a+history+of+medieval+Hungary&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.edition=Vol+1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781860640612&amp;rft.pages=895-1526&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen. Max Knight , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC_2">The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture</a> Vol 1. California: University of California Press. 1973. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780520015968" title="Special:网络书源/9780520015968"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780520015968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.au=Otto+J.+Maenchen-Helfen&amp;rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Huns%3A+Studies+in+Their+History+and+Culture&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.edition=Vol+1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780520015968&amp;rft.place=California&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC_2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2015177-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2015177_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2015">de la Vaissière 2015</a>,第177頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19737-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19737_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第7頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199620-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199620_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第20頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19735Heather2010209-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19735Heather2010209_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第5頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFHeather2010">Heather 2010</a>,第209頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201160-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201160_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2011">Wright 2011</a>,第60頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWright2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1999501-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1999501_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl1999">Pohl 1999</a>,第501頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPohl1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2015175-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2015175_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2015">de la Vaissière 2015</a>,第175頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201160Thompson19961Schottky2004Sinor1990178Heather2005148-149-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201160Thompson19961Schottky2004Sinor1990178Heather2005148-149_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2011">Wright 2011</a>,第60頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWright2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第1頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFSchottky2004">Schottky 2004</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSchottky2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第178頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>,第148-149頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchottky2004Sinor1990200-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchottky2004Sinor1990200_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchottky2004">Schottky 2004</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSchottky2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第200頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1999501–502-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1999501–502_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl1999">Pohl 1999</a>,第501–502頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPohl1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerfer19738-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerfer19738_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoerfer1973">Doerfer 1973</a>,第8頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDoerfer1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1967528-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner1967528_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWerner1967">Werner 1967</a>,第528頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWerner1967 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201231-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201231_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2012">Atwood 2012</a>,第31頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAtwood2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19734–9-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19734–9_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第4–9頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199656-57Sinor1990202Maenchen-Helfen1973363-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199656-57Sinor1990202Maenchen-Helfen1973363_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第56-57頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第202頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第363頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973362-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973362_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第362頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973363-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973363_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第363頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1997336-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1997336_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1997">Sinor 1997</a>,第336頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990202Maenchen-Helfen1973363-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990202Maenchen-Helfen1973363_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第202頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第363頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973364-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973364_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第364頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973364–367-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973364–367_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第364–367頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrubézy1990195–196-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrubézy1990195–196_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrubézy1990">Crubézy 1990</a>,第195–196頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFCrubézy1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013187-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013187_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>,第187頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201599-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201599_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第99頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry20147-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry20147_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry2014">Molnár et al. 2014</a>,第7頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry20146-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry20146_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry2014">Molnár et al. 2014</a>,第6頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMolnárJánosSzűcsSzathmáry2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Maár, Kitti; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-53105-5">Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin</a>. Scientific Reports. 2019-11-12, <b>9</b> (1): 1–12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-04-19</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;2045-2322</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808071059/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-53105-5">存档</a>于2020-08-08) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+haplogroups+from+Hun%2C+Avar+and+conquering+Hungarian+period+nomadic+people+of+the+Carpathian+Basin&amp;rft.au=Kalm%C3%A1r%2C+Tibor&amp;rft.au=Kust%C3%A1r%2C+%C3%81gnes&amp;rft.au=Latinovics%2C+D%C3%B3ra&amp;rft.au=Ma%C3%A1r%2C+Kitti&amp;rft.au=Mar%C3%B3ti%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&amp;rft.au=Moln%C3%A1r%2C+Erika&amp;rft.au=Nagy%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&amp;rft.au=P%C3%A1lfi%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&amp;rft.aufirst=Endre&amp;rft.aulast=Nepar%C3%A1czki&amp;rft.date=2019-11-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=2045-2322&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.pages=1-12&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-019-53105-5&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Damgaard, P. B.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes</a>. Nature. 09-05-2018: 369-373 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-06-15</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221160318/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">存档</a>于2020-02-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&amp;rft.au=Damgaard%2C+P.+B.&amp;rft.chron=09-05-2018&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=369-373&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AD%89%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Category:引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Neparáczki, Endre; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-53105-5">Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin</a>. Scientific Report. 12-11-2019 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-06-15</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808071059/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-53105-5">存档</a>于2020-08-08).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+haplogroups+from+Hun%2C+Avar+and+conquering+Hungarian+period+nomadic+people+of+the+Carpathian+Basin&amp;rft.au=Nepar%C3%A1czki%2C+Endre&amp;rft.chron=12-11-2019&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Report&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-019-53105-5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AD%89%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Category:引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005151–152-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005151–152_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>,第151–152頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199630–31-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199630–31_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第30–31頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990184-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990184_39-0"><sup><b>39.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990184_39-1"><sup><b>39.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第184頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199632–33-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199632–33_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第32–33頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199633-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199633_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第33頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990185-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990185_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第185頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990178-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990178_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第178頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996136-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996136_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第136頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199687–89-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199687–89_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第87–89頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007251–252-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007251–252_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>,第251–252頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHalsall2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996124-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1996124_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1996">Heather 1996</a>,第124頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013123-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013123_48-0"><sup><b>48.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013123_48-1"><sup><b>48.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013123_48-2"><sup><b>48.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>,第123頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996125-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1996125_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1996">Heather 1996</a>,第125頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973165–168-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973165–168_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第165–168頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973168-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973168_51-0"><sup><b>51.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973168_51-1"><sup><b>51.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第168頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015136Sinor20054228-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015136Sinor20054228_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第136頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFSinor2005">Sinor 2005</a>,第4228頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999309-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999309_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRóna-Tas1999">Róna-Tas 1999</a>,第309頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRóna-Tas1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973169-179Thompson199646-47Kim20152-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973169-179Thompson199646-47Kim20152_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第169-179頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第46-47頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第2頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20154-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20154_55-0"><sup><b>55.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20154_55-1"><sup><b>55.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第4頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973170–171-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973170–171_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第170–171頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973171-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973171_57-0"><sup><b>57.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973171_57-1"><sup><b>57.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第171頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199647-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199647_58-0"><sup><b>58.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199647_58-1"><sup><b>58.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第47頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973172–174-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973172–174_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第172–174頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973220-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973220_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第220頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973220–221-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973220–221_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第220–221頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973174-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973174_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第174頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199648-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199648_63-0"><sup><b>63.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199648_63-1"><sup><b>63.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第48頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973174–178-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973174–178_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第174–178頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus 31.2.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973203-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973203_66-0"><sup><b>66.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973203_66-1"><sup><b>66.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第203頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973206-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973206_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第206頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973207-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973207_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第207頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973205–206-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973205–206_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第205–206頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990203-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990203_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第203頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973213–214-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973213–214_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第213–214頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973214–220-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973214–220_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第214–220頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973182–183-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973182–183_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第182–183頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973184–185-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973184–185_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第184–185頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990205-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990205_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第205頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973184,_199-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973184,_199_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第184, 199頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973199–200-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973199–200_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第199–200頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2015239-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2015239_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2015">Lenski 2015</a>,第239頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLenski2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2015239–240-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2015239–240_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2015">Lenski 2015</a>,第239–240頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLenski2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996189–194-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996189–194_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第189–194頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973185-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973185_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第185頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973187-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973187_82-0"><sup><b>82.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973187_82-1"><sup><b>82.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第187頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973185–186-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973185–186_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第185–186頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood201248-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201248_84-0"><sup><b>84.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood201248_84-1"><sup><b>84.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2012">Atwood 2012</a>,第48頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAtwood2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather199511-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather199511_85-0"><sup><b>85.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather199511_85-1"><sup><b>85.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1995">Heather 1995</a>,第11頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather1995 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005325-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005325_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>,第325頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990181-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990181_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第181頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199667–68-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199667–68_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第67–68頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus 31.2.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199650-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199650_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第50頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199651-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199651_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第51頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199288-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden199288_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>,第88頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGolden1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199664-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199664_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第64頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973190-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973190_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第190頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201586–87-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201586–87_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第86–87頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997143-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997143_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1997">Wolfram 1997</a>,第143頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWolfram1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1999502-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1999502_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl1999">Pohl 1999</a>,第502頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPohl1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson19966–7-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson19966–7_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第6–7頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005330–331-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005330–331_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>,第330–331頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015166-167-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015166-167_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第166-167頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005332-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005332_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>,第332頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan200579-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan200579_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMan2005">Man 2005</a>,第79頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMan2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19739–17-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen19739–17_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第9–17頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973306-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973306_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第306頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973321–322-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973321–322_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第321–322頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973307-318-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973307-318_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第307-318頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973323-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973323_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第323頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973326-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973326_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第326頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973327–330-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973327–330_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第327–330頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20156-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20156_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第6頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973337-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973337_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第337頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson199659-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson199659_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第59頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen197312-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen197312_113-0"><sup><b>113.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen197312_113-1"><sup><b>113.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第12頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973299–306-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973299–306_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第299–306頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973357-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973357_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第357頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015170-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015170_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第170頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973352–354-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973352–354_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第352–354頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973178-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973178_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第178頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973179-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973179_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第179頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973179–180-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973179–180_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第179–180頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrubézy1990195-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrubézy1990195_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrubézy1990">Crubézy 1990</a>,第195頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFCrubézy1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015164-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015164_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第164頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015165Sinor1990202-203-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015165Sinor1990202-203_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>,第165頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>,第202-203頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973377-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973377_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第377頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973423-426Pohl1999501-502-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973423-426Pohl1999501-502_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第423-426頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFPohl1999">Pohl 1999</a>,第501-502頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPohl1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973376-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973376_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第376頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973Kim201330-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973Kim201330_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>,第30頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKim2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajda20134,_14,_48,_103–6,_108–9,_130–1,_135–6,_182,_204,_263,_286,_310-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVajda20134,_14,_48,_103–6,_108–9,_130–1,_135–6,_182,_204,_263,_286,_310_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVajda2013">Vajda 2013</a>,第4, 14, 48, 103–6, 108–9, 130–1, 135–6, 182, 204, 263, 286, 310頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFVajda2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerfer197350Golden199288-89Sinor1997336Róna-Tas1999208-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerfer197350Golden199288-89Sinor1997336Róna-Tas1999208_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoerfer1973">Doerfer 1973</a>,第50頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDoerfer1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>,第88-89頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGolden1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFSinor1997">Sinor 1997</a>,第336頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFRóna-Tas1999">Róna-Tas 1999</a>,第208頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRóna-Tas1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996187-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996187_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第187頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1959233–234-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1959233–234_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1959">Maenchen-Helfen 1959</a>,第233–234頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1959 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996185-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996185_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第185頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996186–187-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996186–187_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第186–187頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1996186-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1996186_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1996">Thompson 1996</a>,第186頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan200561-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan200561_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMan2005">Man 2005</a>,第61頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMan2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson194673-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson194673_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1946">Thompson 1946</a>,第73頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFThompson1946 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973259-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973259_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第259頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973262-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973262_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第262頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973278-279-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973278-279_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第278-279頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973279-280-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973279-280_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>,第279-280頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor20054229-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor20054229_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor2005">Sinor 2005</a>,第4229頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSinor2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">匈人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="斯基泰人">斯基泰人</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA" title="吐火罗人">吐火罗人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="薩馬提亞人">萨尔马提亚人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%AD%AB" title="烏孫">烏孫</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85" title="康居">康居</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD)" title="大夏 (中亚古国)">大夏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="希腊-巴克特里亚王国">希腊-巴克特里亚王国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9B" title="大宛">大宛</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="大月氏">大月氏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="貴霜帝國">貴霜帝國</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%8F%AD" title="呼揭">呼揭</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%AF" title="羯">羯</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡">奄蔡</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="阿蘭王國">阿蘭王國</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%9E%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="叶尼塞吉尔吉斯人">堅昆</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%9B%B6" title="丁零">丁零</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="奚">奚</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%95%E5%8B%92" title="敕勒">敕勒</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%8B%92" title="铁勒">铁勒</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%B8%88" title="车师">车师</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91" title="鲜卑">鲜卑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E7%84%B6" title="柔然">柔然</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%85%E8%88%AC" title="悅般">悅般</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%99%80%E9%83%A8" title="沙陀部">沙陀</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E9%A0%85" title="党項">党項</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏">西夏</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="阿瓦尔人">阿瓦尔人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F" title="欽察">欽察</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="库曼人">庫曼</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E9%87%8C" title="康里">康里</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98" title="回鹘">回鹘</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語民族">突厥</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="古突厥">古突厥</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="突厥汗国">突厥汗国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="東突厥">東突厥汗國</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="西突厥">西突厥汗國</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="后突厥汗国">后突厥汗国</a>)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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