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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fluorescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polarization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Polarization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chemical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ophthalmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ophthalmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ophthalmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ophthalmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Other work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unpublished_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpublished_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Unpublished research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpublished_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Contributions to engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_on_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_on_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Work on religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_on_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="جورج جابرييل ستوكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج جابرييل ستوكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="سر جرج قابریل استوکس، بارونت اول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سر جرج قابریل استوکس، بارونت اول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8" title="জর্জ গ্যাব্রিয়েল স্টোকস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ গ্যাব্রিয়েল স্টোকস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Джордж Габрыэль Стокс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Габрыэль Стокс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Джордж Габрыель Стокс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джордж Габрыель Стокс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Джордж Гейбриъл Стокс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Гейбриъл Стокс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="سر جرج گابریل استوکس، بارونت اول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سر جرج گابریل استوکس، بارونت اول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EC%A4%80%EB%82%A8%EC%9E%91_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B2%BD" title="제1대 준남작 조지 스토크스 경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 준남작 조지 스토크스 경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Ջորջ Գաբրիել Ստոքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Գաբրիել Ստոքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stokes" title="George Stokes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Stokes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="ג'ורג' סטוקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' סטוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോർജ് സ്റ്റോക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ് സ്റ്റോക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ გაბრიელ სტოკსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯორჯ გაბრიელ სტოკსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="جورج جابرييل ستوكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج جابرييل ستوكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stokes" title="George Stokes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Stokes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ジョージ・ガブリエル・ストークス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・ガブリエル・ストークス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стокс, Джордж Габриель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стокс, Джордж Габриель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝර්ජ් ගේබ්රියල් ස්ටෝක්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝර්ජ් ගේබ්රියල් ස්ටෝක්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Џорџ Габријел Стокс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ Габријел Стокс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் கேப்ரியல் ஸ்டோக்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் கேப்ரியல் ஸ்டோக்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Джордж Габрієль Стокс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Габрієль Стокс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Gabriel Stokes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·斯托克斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治·斯托克斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155907#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Irish mathematician and physicist (1819–1903)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George Stokes</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">PRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ggstokes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ggstokes.jpg/220px-Ggstokes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Ggstokes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="447" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Stokes in 1860s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">35th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1885–1890</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Gabriel Stokes</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1819-08-13</span>)</span>13 August 1819<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Skreen" title="Skreen">Skreen</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a>, Ireland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 1903<span style="display:none">(1903-02-01)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mill_Road_Cemetery,_Cambridge" title="Mill Road Cemetery, Cambridge">Mill Road Cemetery</a>, Cambridge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Pembroke College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes%27_law" title="Stokes' law">Stokes' law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes%27s_law_of_sound_attenuation" title="Stokes's law of sound attenuation">Stokes's law of sound attenuation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_number" title="Stokes number">Stokes number</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_parameters" title="Stokes parameters">Stokes parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_phenomenon" title="Stokes phenomenon">Stokes phenomenon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_relations" title="Stokes relations">Stokes relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_shift" title="Stokes shift">Stokes shift</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem" title="Stokes' theorem">Stokes' theorem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations" title="Navier–Stokes equations">Navier–Stokes equations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_drag_hypothesis" title="Aether drag hypothesis">Aether drag hypothesis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Susanna Robinson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1857)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Romney_Robinson" title="Thomas Romney Robinson">Thomas Romney Robinson</a> (father-in-law)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Prize" title="Smith's Prize">Smith's Prize</a> (1841)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1851)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> (1852)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite#Civil_class" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></i> (1879)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">International membership of NAS</a> (1883)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Actonian_Prize" title="Actonian Prize">Actonian Prize</a> (1886)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronetcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baronetcy">Baronetcy</a> (1889)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1893)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins">William Hopkins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics" title="Lucasian Professor of Mathematics">Lucasian Professor of Mathematics</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1849–1903</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_King" title="Joshua King">Joshua King</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Stokes_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/George_Stokes_signature.svg/150px-George_Stokes_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/George_Stokes_signature.svg/225px-George_Stokes_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/George_Stokes_signature.svg/300px-George_Stokes_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="113" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 13 August 1819 – 1 February 1903) was an Irish <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. Born in <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a>, Ireland, Stokes spent all of his career at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he was the <a href="/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics" title="Lucasian Professor of Mathematics">Lucasian Professor of Mathematics</a> from 1849 until his death in 1903. As a physicist, Stokes made seminal contributions to <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations" title="Navier–Stokes equations">Navier–Stokes equations</a>; and to <a href="/wiki/Physical_optics" title="Physical optics">physical optics</a>, with notable works on <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>. As a mathematician, he popularised "<a href="/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem" title="Stokes' theorem">Stokes' theorem</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Vector_calculus" title="Vector calculus">vector calculus</a> and contributed to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_expansion" title="Asymptotic expansion">asymptotic expansions</a>. Stokes, along with <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a>, first demonstrated the oxygen transport function of <a href="/wiki/Haemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemoglobin">haemoglobin</a>, and showed colour changes produced by the aeration of haemoglobin solutions. </p><p>Stokes was made a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a> by the British monarch in 1889. In 1893 he received the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>, then the most prestigious scientific prize in the world, "for his researches and discoveries in physical science". He represented <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge University</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">British House of Commons</a> from 1887 to 1892, sitting as a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>. Stokes also served as president of the Royal Society from 1885 to 1890 and was briefly the <a href="/wiki/Master_(college)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master (college)">Master</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Pembroke College, Cambridge</a>. Stokes's extensive correspondence and his work as Secretary of the Royal Society has led him to be referred to as a gatekeeper of Victorian science, with his contributions surpassing his own published papers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Stokes was the youngest son of the Reverend Gabriel Stokes (died 1834), a clergyman in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> who served as <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Skreen" title="Skreen">Skreen</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a>, and his wife Elizabeth Haughton, daughter of the Reverend John Haughton. Stokes's home life was strongly influenced by his father's <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> Protestantism: three of his brothers entered the Church, of whom the most eminent was <a href="/wiki/John_Stokes_(Archdeacon_of_Armagh)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stokes (Archdeacon of Armagh)">John Whitley Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Armagh" title="Archdeacon of Armagh">Archdeacon of Armagh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside a lifelong commitment to his Protestant faith, Stokes's childhood in Skreen had a strong influence on his later decision to pursue fluid dynamics as a research area.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter, Isabella Humphreys, wrote that her father "told me that he was nearly carried away by one of these great waves when bathing as a boy off the coast of Sligo, and this first attracted his attention to waves".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John and George were always close, and George lived with John while attending school in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. Of all his family he was closest to his sister Elizabeth. Their mother was remembered in the family as "beautiful but very stern". After attending schools in Skreen, Dublin and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, in 1837 Stokes matriculated at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Pembroke College, Cambridge</a>. Four years later he graduated as <a href="/wiki/Senior_wrangler" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior wrangler">senior wrangler</a> and first <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith's prize">Smith's prizeman</a>, achievements that earned him election as a fellow of the college.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the college statutes, Stokes had to resign the fellowship when he married in 1857. Twelve years later, under new statutes, he was re-elected to the fellowship and he retained that place until 1902, when on the day before his 83rd birthday, he was elected as the college's Master. Stokes did not hold that position for long, for he died at Cambridge on 1 February the following year,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Mill_Road_Cemetery,_Cambridge" title="Mill Road Cemetery, Cambridge">Mill Road cemetery</a>. There is also a memorial to him in the north aisle at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1849, Stokes was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics" title="Lucasian Professor of Mathematics">Lucasian professorship</a> of mathematics at Cambridge, a position he held until his death in 1903. On 1 June 1899, the jubilee of this appointment was celebrated there in a ceremony attended by numerous delegates from European and American universities. A commemorative gold medal was presented to Stokes by the chancellor of the university and marble busts of Stokes by <a href="/wiki/Hamo_Thornycroft" title="Hamo Thornycroft">Hamo Thornycroft</a> were formally offered to Pembroke College and to the university by <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a>. At 54 years, Stokes's tenure as the Lucasian Professor was the longest in history. </p><p>Stokes, who was made a baronet in 1889, further served his university by representing it in parliament from 1887 to 1892 as one of the two members for the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge University constituency</a>. In 1885–1890 he was also president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, of which he had been one of the secretaries since 1854. As he was also Lucasian Professor at this time, Stokes was the first person to hold all three positions simultaneously; Newton held the same three, although not at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stokes was the oldest of the trio of natural philosophers, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> being the other two, who especially contributed to the fame of the Cambridge school of mathematical physics in the middle of the 19th century. </p><p>Stokes's original work began about 1840, and is distinguished for its quantity and quality. The Royal Society's catalogue of scientific papers gives the titles of over a hundred memoirs by him published down to 1883. Some of these are only brief notes, others are short controversial or corrective statements, but many are long and elaborate treatises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951–952_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951–952-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_science">Contributions to science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contributions to science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V56_D0031_G_G_Stokes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PSM_V56_D0031_G_G_Stokes.png/220px-PSM_V56_D0031_G_G_Stokes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PSM_V56_D0031_G_G_Stokes.png/330px-PSM_V56_D0031_G_G_Stokes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PSM_V56_D0031_G_G_Stokes.png/440px-PSM_V56_D0031_G_G_Stokes.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>Stokes at a later age</figcaption></figure> <p>In scope, Stokes's work covered a wide range of physical inquiry but, as <a href="/wiki/Marie_Alfred_Cornu" title="Marie Alfred Cornu">Marie Alfred Cornu</a> remarked in his <a href="/wiki/Rede_Lecture" title="Rede Lecture">Rede Lecture</a> of 1899,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the greater part of it was concerned with waves and the transformations imposed on them during their passage through various media.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluid_dynamics">Fluid dynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fluid dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stokes's first published papers, which appeared in 1842 and 1843, were on the steady motion of incompressible <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> and some cases of fluid motion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were followed in 1845 by one on the friction of fluids in motion and the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1850 by another on the effects of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the theory of sound he made several contributions, including a discussion of the effect of wind on the intensity of sound<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an explanation of how the intensity is influenced by the nature of the gas in which the sound is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inquiries together put the science of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> on a new footing, and provided a key not only to the explanation of many natural phenomena, such as the suspension of clouds in the air, and the subsidence of ripples and waves in water, but also to the solution of practical problems, such as the flow of water in rivers and channels, and the skin resistance of ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creeping_flow">Creeping flow</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creeping flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stokes%27_law" title="Stokes' law">Stokes' law</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes_sphere.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Stokes_sphere.svg/200px-Stokes_sphere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Stokes_sphere.svg/300px-Stokes_sphere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Stokes_sphere.svg/400px-Stokes_sphere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Creeping flow past a sphere: <a href="/wiki/Streamlines,_streaklines,_and_pathlines" title="Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines">streamlines</a> and forces.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stokes's work on fluid motion and <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> led to his calculating the terminal velocity for a sphere falling in a viscous medium. This became known as <a href="/wiki/Stokes%27_law" title="Stokes' law">Stokes' law</a>. He derived an expression for the frictional force (also called <a href="/wiki/Drag_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag force">drag force</a>) exerted on spherical objects with very small <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_number" title="Reynolds number">Reynolds numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His work is the basis of the falling sphere <a href="/wiki/Viscometer" title="Viscometer">viscometer</a>, in which the fluid is stationary in a vertical glass tube. A sphere of known size and density is allowed to descend through the liquid. If correctly selected, it reaches <a href="/wiki/Terminal_velocity" title="Terminal velocity">terminal velocity</a>, which can be measured by the time it takes to pass two marks on the tube. Electronic sensing can be used for opaque fluids. Knowing the terminal velocity, the size and density of the sphere, and the density of the liquid, Stokes's law can be used to calculate the viscosity of the fluid. A series of steel <a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing" title="Ball bearing">ball bearings</a> of different diameters is normally used in the classic experiment to improve the accuracy of the calculation. The school experiment uses <a href="/wiki/Glycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerine">glycerine</a> as the fluid, and the technique is used industrially to check the viscosity of fluids used in processes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The same theory explains why small water droplets (or ice crystals) can remain suspended in air (as clouds) until they grow to a critical size and start falling as rain (or snow and <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>). Similar use of the equation can be made in the settlement of fine particles in water or other fluids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Stokes_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes (unit)">stokes</a>", the <a href="/wiki/CGS" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS">CGS</a> unit of <a href="/wiki/Kinematic_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinematic viscosity">kinematic viscosity</a>, was named in recognition of his work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light">Light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps his best-known researches are those which deal with the wave theory of light. His <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical</a> work began at an early period in his scientific career. His first papers on the <a href="/wiki/Aberration_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration of light">aberration of light</a> appeared in 1845 and 1846,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were followed in 1848 by one on the theory of certain bands seen in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1849 he published a long paper on the dynamical theory of <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a>, in which he showed that the plane of <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarisation</a> must be perpendicular to the direction of propagation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later he discussed the colours of thick plates.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stokes also investigated <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Airy</a>'s mathematical description of <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airy's findings involved an integral that was awkward to evaluate. Stokes expressed the integral as a <a href="/wiki/Divergent_series" title="Divergent series">divergent series</a>, which were little understood. However, by cleverly truncating the series (i.e., ignoring all except the first few terms of the series), Stokes obtained an accurate approximation to the integral that was far easier to evaluate than the integral itself.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stokes's research on asymptotic series led to fundamental insights about such series.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fluorescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_Mineral_Flourite_93c3962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/USDA_Mineral_Flourite_93c3962.jpg/150px-USDA_Mineral_Flourite_93c3962.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/USDA_Mineral_Flourite_93c3962.jpg/225px-USDA_Mineral_Flourite_93c3962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/USDA_Mineral_Flourite_93c3962.jpg/300px-USDA_Mineral_Flourite_93c3962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Fluorspar</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1852, in his famous paper on the change of <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of light, he described the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>, as exhibited by <a href="/wiki/Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorspar">fluorspar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_glass" title="Uranium glass">uranium glass</a>, materials which he viewed as having the power to convert invisible <a href="/wiki/Ultra-violet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-violet radiation">ultra-violet radiation</a> into radiation of longer wavelengths that are visible.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Stokes_shift" title="Stokes shift">Stokes shift</a>, which describes this conversion, is named in Stokes's honour. A mechanical model, illustrating the dynamical principle of Stokes's explanation was shown. The offshoot of this, <a href="/wiki/Stokes_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes line">Stokes line</a>, is the basis of <a href="/wiki/Raman_scattering" title="Raman scattering">Raman scattering</a>. In 1883, during a lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a>, Lord Kelvin said he had heard an account of it from Stokes many years before, and had repeatedly but vainly begged him to publish it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polarization">Polarization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polarization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calcite.jpg/150px-Calcite.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calcite.jpg/225px-Calcite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calcite.jpg/300px-Calcite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>A calcite crystal laid upon a paper with some letters showing the double refraction</figcaption></figure> <p>In the same year, 1852, there appeared the paper on the composition and resolution of streams of polarised light from different sources,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1853 an investigation of the metallic <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> exhibited by certain non-metallic substances.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research was to highlight the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">light polarisation</a>. About 1860 he was engaged in an inquiry on the intensity of light reflected from, or transmitted through, a pile of plates;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1862 he prepared for the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association</a> a valuable report on <a href="/wiki/Double_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Double refraction">double refraction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a phenomenon where certain crystals show different refractive indices along different axes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the best known crystal is <a href="/wiki/Iceland_spar" title="Iceland spar">Iceland spar</a>, transparent <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> crystals. </p><p>A paper on the long spectrum of the electric light bears the same date,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was followed by an inquiry into the <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption spectrum">absorption spectrum</a> of blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_analysis">Chemical analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chemical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chemical identification of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> bodies by their optical properties was treated in 1864;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later, in conjunction with the Rev. <a href="/wiki/William_Vernon_Harcourt_(scientist)" title="William Vernon Harcourt (scientist)">William Vernon Harcourt</a>, he investigated the relation between the chemical composition and the optical properties of various glasses, with reference to the conditions of <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparency</a> and the improvement of <a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">achromatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A still later paper connected with the construction of optical instruments discussed the theoretical limits to the aperture of microscope objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ophthalmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1849, Stokes invented the <a href="/wiki/Stokes_lens" title="Stokes lens">Stokes lens</a> to detect <a href="/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism">astigmatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ento_Key_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ento_Key-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a lens combination consisted of equal but opposite power <a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_lens" title="Cylindrical lens">cylindrical lenses</a> attached together in such a way so that the lenses can be rotated relative to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Optics_Express_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Optics_Express-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_work">Other work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crookes_radiometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Crookes_radiometer.jpg/150px-Crookes_radiometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Crookes_radiometer.jpg/225px-Crookes_radiometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Crookes_radiometer.jpg/300px-Crookes_radiometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Crookes Radiometer</figcaption></figure> <p>In other areas of physics may be mentioned his paper on the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">conduction of heat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> (1851)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his inquiries in connection with <a href="/wiki/Crookes_radiometer" title="Crookes radiometer">Crookes radiometer</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his explanation of the light border frequently noticed in photographs just outside the outline of a dark body seen against the sky (1882);<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, still later, his theory of the <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-rays</a>, which he suggested might be transverse waves travelling as innumerable solitary waves, not in regular trains.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two long papers published in 1849 – one on attractions and <a href="/wiki/Clairaut%27s_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Clairaut's theorem">Clairaut's theorem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other on the variation of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> at the surface of the Earth (1849) – <a href="/wiki/Stokes%27_formula_(gravity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes' formula (gravity)">Stokes's gravity formula</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—also demand notice, as do his mathematical memoirs on the critical values of sums of periodic series (1847)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the numerical calculation of a class of definite <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">integrals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infinite_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinite series">infinite series</a> (1850)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his discussion of a <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equation</a> relating to the breaking of railway bridges (1849),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> research related to his evidence given to the <i>Royal Commission on the Use of Iron in Railway structures</i> after the <a href="/wiki/Dee_Bridge_disaster" title="Dee Bridge disaster">Dee Bridge disaster</a> of 1847. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unpublished_research">Unpublished research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unpublished research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of Stokes's discoveries were not published, or were only touched upon in the course of his oral lectures. One such example is his work in the theory of <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg/150px-Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg/225px-Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg/300px-Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Lord Kelvin</figcaption></figure><p> In his presidential address to the <a href="/wiki/British_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association">British Association</a> in 1871, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> stated his belief that the application of the prismatic analysis of light to solar and stellar chemistry had never been suggested directly or indirectly by anyone else when Stokes taught it to him at Cambridge University some time prior to the summer of 1852, and he set forth the conclusions, theoretical and practical, which he learnt from Stokes at that time, and which he afterwards gave regularly in his public lectures at <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_R._Kirchhoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gustav_R._Kirchhoff.jpg/150px-Gustav_R._Kirchhoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gustav_R._Kirchhoff.jpg/225px-Gustav_R._Kirchhoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gustav_R._Kirchhoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Kirchhoff</figcaption></figure><p> These statements, containing as they do the physical basis on which spectroscopy rests, and the way in which it is applicable to the identification of substances existing in the sun and stars, make it appear that Stokes anticipated <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> by at least seven or eight years. Stokes, however, in a letter published some years after the delivery of this address, stated that he had failed to take one essential step in the argument—not perceiving that emission of light of definite wavelength not merely permitted, but necessitated, absorption of light of the same wavelength. He modestly disclaimed "any part of Kirchhoff's admirable discovery," adding that he felt some of his friends had been over-zealous in his cause.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It must be said, however, that English men of science have not accepted this disclaimer in all its fullness, and still attribute to Stokes the credit of having first enunciated the fundamental principles of <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another way, too, Stokes did much for the progress of mathematical physics. Soon after he was elected to the Lucasian chair he announced that he regarded it as part of his professional duties to help any member of the university with difficulties he might encounter in his mathematical studies, and the assistance rendered was so real that pupils were glad to consult him, even after they had become colleagues, on mathematical and physical problems in which they found themselves at a loss. Then during the thirty years he acted as secretary of the Royal Society, he exercised an enormous if inconspicuous influence on the advancement of mathematical and physical science, not only directly by his own investigations, but indirectly by suggesting problems for inquiry and inciting men to attack them, and by his readiness to give encouragement and help.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contributions_to_engineering">Contributions to engineering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contributions to engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg/220px-Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg/330px-Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg/440px-Dee_bridge_disaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>The Dee Bridge after its collapse</figcaption></figure> <p>Stokes was involved in several investigations into railway accidents, especially the <a href="/wiki/Dee_Bridge_disaster" title="Dee Bridge disaster">Dee Bridge disaster</a> in May 1847, and he served as a member of the subsequent Royal Commission into the use of cast iron in railway structures. He contributed to the calculation of the forces exerted by moving engines on bridges. The bridge failed because a cast iron beam was used to support the loads of passing trains. <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> is <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bending" title="Bending">bending</a>, and many other similar bridges had to be demolished or reinforced. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tay_bridge_down.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tay_bridge_down.JPG/220px-Tay_bridge_down.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tay_bridge_down.JPG/330px-Tay_bridge_down.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tay_bridge_down.JPG/440px-Tay_bridge_down.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Fallen Tay Bridge from the north</figcaption></figure> <p>He appeared as an expert witness at the <a href="/wiki/Tay_Bridge_disaster" title="Tay Bridge disaster">Tay Bridge disaster</a>, where he gave evidence about the effects of wind loads on the bridge. The centre section of the bridge (known as the High Girders) was completely destroyed during a storm on 28 December 1879, while an express train was in the section, and everyone aboard died (more than 75 victims). The Board of Inquiry listened to many <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witnesses</a>, and concluded that the bridge was "badly designed, badly built and badly maintained".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of his evidence, he was appointed a member of the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> into the effect of wind pressure on structures. The effects of high winds on large structures had been neglected at that time, and the commission conducted a series of measurements across Britain to gain an appreciation of wind speeds during storms, and the pressures they exerted on exposed surfaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Work_on_religion">Work on religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Work on religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skreen_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Skreen_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307483.jpg/220px-Skreen_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307483.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Skreen_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307483.jpg/330px-Skreen_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Skreen_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307483.jpg/440px-Skreen_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skreen" title="Skreen">Skreen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Stokes generally held conservative religious values and beliefs. In 1886, he became president of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Institute" title="Victoria Institute">Victoria Institute</a>, which had been founded to defend evangelical Christian principles against challenges from the new sciences, especially the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwinian</a> theory of biological <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. He gave the 1891 <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford lecture</a> on <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society" title="British and Foreign Bible Society">British and Foreign Bible Society</a> and was actively involved in doctrinal debates concerning missionary work.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although his religious views were mostly orthodox, he was unusual among Victorian evangelicals in rejecting eternal punishment in hell, and instead was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">Christian conditionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As President of the Victoria Institute, Stokes wrote: <i>"We all admit that the book of Nature and the book of Revelation come alike from God, and that consequently there can be no real discrepancy between the two if rightly interpreted. The provisions of Science and Revelation are, for the most part, so distinct that there is little chance of collision. But if an apparent discrepancy should arise, we have no right on principle, to exclude either in favour of the other. For however firmly convinced we may be of the truth of revelation, we must admit our liability to err as to the extent or interpretation of what is revealed; and however strong the scientific evidence in favour of a theory may be, we must remember that we are dealing with evidence which, in its nature, is probable only, and it is conceivable that wider scientific knowledge might lead us to alter our opinion".</i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stokes married Mary Susanna Robinson, the only daughter of Irish astronomer Rev <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Romney_Robinson" title="Thomas Romney Robinson">Thomas Romney Robinson</a>, at <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Armagh_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Church of Ireland)">St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh</a> on 4 July 1857. They had five children: Arthur Romney, who inherited the baronetcy; Susanna Elizabeth, who died in infancy; Isabella Lucy (Mrs Laurence Humphry) who contributed the personal memoir of her father in "Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of the Late George Gabriel Stokes, Bart"; Dr William George Gabriel, physician, a troubled man who committed suicide aged 30 while temporarily insane; and Dora Susanna, who died in infancy. His male line and hence his baronetcy have since become extinct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honours">Legacy and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="List of things named after George Gabriel Stokes">List of things named after George Gabriel Stokes</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes_George_G.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Stokes_George_G.jpg/200px-Stokes_George_G.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Stokes_George_G.jpg/300px-Stokes_George_G.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Stokes_George_G.jpg/400px-Stokes_George_G.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics" title="Lucasian Professor of Mathematics">Lucasian Professor of Mathematics</a> at Cambridge University</li> <li>From the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, of which he became a fellow in 1851, he received the <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> in 1852 in recognition of his inquiries into the wavelength of light, and later, in 1893, the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>.</li> <li>In 1869 he presided over the <a href="/wiki/Exeter,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Exeter, England">Exeter</a> meeting of the British Association.</li> <li>In 1874 he was elected an International Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1883 he was elected an International Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From 1883 to 1885 he was Burnett lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen University">Aberdeen</a>, his lectures on light, which were published in 1884–1887, dealt with its nature, its use as a means of investigation, and its beneficial effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 18 April 1888 he was admitted as a Freeman of the City of London.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 6 July 1889 Queen Victoria made him a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet</a> as Sir George Gabriel Stokes of Lensfield Cottage in the <a href="/wiki/Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Baronetage of the United Kingdom">Baronetage of the United Kingdom</a>; the title became extinct in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1889, he was elected an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1891, as <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford</a> lecturer, he published a volume on Natural Theology.</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Order Pour le Mérite">Order Pour le Mérite</a></li> <li>His academic distinctions included honorary degrees from many universities, including <ul><li><i>Doctor mathematicae (<a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">honoris causa</a>)</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Frederick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Frederick University">Royal Frederick University</a> on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Henrik_Abel" title="Niels Henrik Abel">Niels Henrik Abel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Viscosity#Kinematic_viscosity_.CE.BD" title="Viscosity">stokes</a>, a unit of <a href="/wiki/Kinematic_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinematic viscosity">kinematic viscosity</a>, is named after him.</li> <li>In 1909, the Stokes Society at Pembroke College was founded as an academic hub for undergraduate scientists across the University. It remains active as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In July 2017, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_University" title="Dublin City University">Dublin City University</a> named a building after Stokes in recognition of his contributions to physics and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Stokes's mathematical and physical papers (see external links) were published in a collected form in five volumes; the first three (Cambridge, 1880, 1883, and 1901) under his own editorship, and the two last (Cambridge, 1904 and 1905) under that of Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a>, who also selected and arranged the <i>Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of Stokes</i> published at Cambridge in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911953_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911953-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Volumes I-V of Mathematical and Physical Papers (1880-1905)"><img alt="Volumes I-V of Mathematical and Physical Papers (1880-1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Stokes-1.jpg/116px-Stokes-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Stokes-1.jpg/173px-Stokes-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Stokes-1.jpg/231px-Stokes-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3577" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Volumes I-V of <i>Mathematical and Physical Papers</i> (1880-1905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page to Volume I of Mathematical and Physical Papers (1880)"><img alt="Title page to Volume I of Mathematical and Physical Papers (1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Stokes-2.jpg/74px-Stokes-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Stokes-2.jpg/111px-Stokes-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Stokes-2.jpg/148px-Stokes-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2905" data-file-height="4693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page to Volume I of <i>Mathematical and Physical Papers</i> (1880)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table of contents to Volume I of Mathematical and Physical Papers (1880)"><img alt="Table of contents to Volume I of Mathematical and Physical Papers (1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Stokes-6.jpg/79px-Stokes-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Stokes-6.jpg/118px-Stokes-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Stokes-6.jpg/157px-Stokes-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="4867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table of contents to Volume I of <i>Mathematical and Physical Papers</i> (1880)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First page of Volume I of Mathematical and Physical Papers (1880)"><img alt="First page of Volume I of Mathematical and Physical Papers (1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Stokes-8.jpg/79px-Stokes-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Stokes-8.jpg/118px-Stokes-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Stokes-8.jpg/158px-Stokes-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3151" data-file-height="4795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First page of Volume I of <i>Mathematical and Physical Papers</i> (1880)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_flow" title="Stokes flow">Stokes flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">List of presidents of the Royal Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baldwin, Melinda (2014). "Tyndall and Stokes: Correspondence, Referee Reports, and the Physical Sciences in Victorian Britain". <i>The Age of Scientific Naturalism: John Tyndall and His Contemporaries</i>: 171–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age+of+Scientific+Naturalism%3A+John+Tyndall+and+His+Contemporaries&rft.atitle=Tyndall+and+Stokes%3A+Correspondence%2C+Referee+Reports%2C+and+the+Physical+Sciences+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.pages=171-186&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stokes.html">George Gabriel Stokes Biography</a>, history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Accessed 28 January 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearins2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kearins, Aoife (26 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2019.0516">"Sir George Gabriel Stokes in Skreen: how a childhood by the sea influenced a giant in fluid dynamics"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>378</b> (2174): 20190516. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPTA.37890516K">2020RSPTA.37890516K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0516">10.1098/rsta.2019.0516</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-503X">1364-503X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32507089">32507089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sir+George+Gabriel+Stokes+in+Skreen%3A+how+a+childhood+by+the+sea+influenced+a+giant+in+fluid+dynamics&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=2174&rft.pages=20190516&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0516&rft.issn=1364-503X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32507089&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RSPTA.37890516K&rft.aulast=Kearins&rft.aufirst=Aoife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarmor1907" class="citation book cs1">Larmor, Larmor, J (1907). <i>Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of the late Sir George Gabriel Stokes Volume 1</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+and+Scientific+Correspondence+of+the+late+Sir+George+Gabriel+Stokes+Volume+1&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Larmor&rft.aufirst=Larmor%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADSTKS837GG" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=STKS837GG&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Stokes, George Gabriel (STKS837GG)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stokes%2C+George+Gabriel+%28STKS837GG%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DSTKS837GG%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p. 58: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson (1966).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951–952-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911951–952_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 951–952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornu1899" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cornu, Alfred (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027059701;view=1up;seq=25">"La théorie des ondes lumineuses: son influence sur la physique moderne"</a> [The theory of light waves: its influence on modern physics]. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i> (in French). <b>18</b>: xvii–xxviii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=La+th%C3%A9orie+des+ondes+lumineuses%3A+son+influence+sur+la+physique+moderne&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=xvii-xxviii&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Cornu&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015027059701%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911952_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1842" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027059651;view=1up;seq=407">"On the steady motion of incompressible fluids"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>7</b>: 439–453.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+steady+motion+of+incompressible+fluids&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=439-453&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015027059651%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1843" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G.G. (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d000213721;view=1up;seq=121">"On some cases of fluid motion"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>8</b>: 105–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+some+cases+of+fluid+motion&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=105-137&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d000213721%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1845" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G.G. (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d000213721;view=1up;seq=305">"On the theories of the internal friction of fluids in motion and of the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>8</b>: 287–319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+theories+of+the+internal+friction+of+fluids+in+motion+and+of+the+equilibrium+and+motion+of+elastic+solids&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=287-319&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d000213721%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1851" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stokes, G. G. (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012112531;view=1up;seq=208">"On the effect of internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. 9, part ii: 8–106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1851TCaPS...9....8S">1851TCaPS...9....8S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+effect+of+internal+friction+of+fluids+on+the+motion+of+pendulums&rft.volume=9%2C+part+ii&rft.pages=8-106&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1851TCaPS...9....8S&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015012112531%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1858" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, G.G. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101076796224;view=1up;seq=432">"On the effect of wind on the intensity of sound"</a>. <i>Report of the Twenty-seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Dublin in August and September 1857: Notices and Abstracts of Miscellaneous Communications to the Sections</i>. Report of the ... Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1833). London, England: John Murray. pp. 22–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+effect+of+wind+on+the+intensity+of+sound&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Twenty-seventh+Meeting+of+the+British+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science%3B+held+at+Dublin+in+August+and+September+1857%3A+Notices+and+Abstracts+of+Miscellaneous+Communications+to+the+Sections&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Report+of+the+...+Meeting+of+the+British+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science+%281833%29&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101076796224%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1868" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G.G. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054593152;view=1up;seq=507">"On the communication of vibration from a vibrating body to a surrounding gas"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>158</b>: 447–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1868.0017">10.1098/rstl.1868.0017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+communication+of+vibration+from+a+vibrating+body+to+a+surrounding+gas&rft.volume=158&rft.pages=447-463&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1868.0017&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000054593152%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1851" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stokes, G. G. (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012112531;view=1up;seq=208">"On the effect of internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. 9, part ii: 8–106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1851TCaPS...9....8S">1851TCaPS...9....8S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+effect+of+internal+friction+of+fluids+on+the+motion+of+pendulums&rft.volume=9%2C+part+ii&rft.pages=8-106&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1851TCaPS...9....8S&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015012112531%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012112531;view=1up;seq=252">The formula for terminal velocity (<i>V</i>)</a> appears on p. [52], equation (127).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1845" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510006140796;view=1up;seq=23">"On the aberration of light"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 3rd series. <b>27</b> (177): 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786444508645215">10.1080/14786444508645215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+aberration+of+light&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=177&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786444508645215&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.319510006140796%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1846" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G.G. (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951000614080l;view=1up;seq=96">"On Fresnel's theory of the aberration of light"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 3rd series. <b>28</b> (184): 76–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+Fresnel%27s+theory+of+the+aberration+of+light&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=184&rft.pages=76-81&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951000614080l%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1848" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015034593387;view=1up;seq=291">"On the theory of certain bands seen in the spectrum"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>138</b>: 227–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1848.0016">10.1098/rstl.1848.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110243475">110243475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+theory+of+certain+bands+seen+in+the+spectrum&rft.volume=138&rft.pages=227-242&rft.date=1848&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1848.0016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110243475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015034593387%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1849" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012112531;view=1up;seq=11">"On the dynamical theory of diffraction"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>9</b>: 1–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+dynamical+theory+of+diffraction&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1-62&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015012112531%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1851" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stokes, G.G. (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012112531;view=1up;seq=347">"On the colours of thick plates"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. 9 (part ii): 147–176. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1851TCaPS...9..147S">1851TCaPS...9..147S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+colours+of+thick+plates&rft.volume=9+%28part+ii%29&rft.pages=147-176&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1851TCaPS...9..147S&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015012112531%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>G. B. Airy (1838) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yI8AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA379">"On the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a caustic,"</a> <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i> <b>6</b> (3): 379 – 403.</li> <li>G. B. Airy (1849) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vsIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA595">"Supplement to a paper, "On the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a caustic," "</a> <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i> <b>8</b>: 595–600.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>G. G. Stokes (presented: 1850; published: 1856) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofca09camb#page/n181/mode/1up">"On the numerical calculation of a class of definite integrals and infinite series,"</a> <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>, vol. 9, part I, pages 166–188.</li> <li>G. G. Stokes (presented: 1857; published: 1864) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofca10camb#page/105/mode/1up">"On the discontinuity of arbitrary constants which appear in divergent developments,"</a> <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>, vol. 10, part I, pp. 105–124. After its presentation, an Appendix was added to this paper; see pages 125–128.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Wikipedia's articles "<a href="/wiki/Stokes_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes line">Stokes line</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymptotic expansions">asymptotic expansions</a>" as well as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/obits_alpha/dingle_robert.pdf">obituary of mathematician Robert Balson Dingle</a> (1926–2010), who investigated asymptotic series.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokes, G. G. (1852) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CE9FAAAAcAAJ/page/n502">"On the change of refrangibility of light,"</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>, <b>142</b>: 463–562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1883" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, William (2 February 1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t7kq0h14t;view=1up;seq=205">"The size of atoms"</a>. <i>Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution, with Abstracts of the Discourses</i>. <b>10</b>: 185–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+Proceedings+at+the+Meetings+of+the+Members+of+the+Royal+Institution%2C+with+Abstracts+of+the+Discourses&rft.atitle=The+size+of+atoms&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=185-213&rft.date=1883-02-02&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiuo.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft7kq0h14t%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span> ; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t7kq0h14t;view=1up;seq=229">see pp. 207–208.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1852" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012112531;view=1up;seq=411">"On the composition and resolution of streams of polarized light from different sources"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>9</b>: 399–416. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1851TCaPS...9..399S">1851TCaPS...9..399S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+composition+and+resolution+of+streams+of+polarized+light+from+different+sources&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=399-416&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1851TCaPS...9..399S&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015012112531%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1853" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510006140958;view=1up;seq=419">"On the metallic reflection exhibited by certain nonmetallic substances"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 4th series. <b>6</b>: 393–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786445308647395">10.1080/14786445308647395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+metallic+reflection+exhibited+by+certain+nonmetallic+substances&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=393-403&rft.date=1853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786445308647395&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.319510006140958%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1862" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, George G. (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092762061;view=1up;seq=625">"On the intensity of the light reflected from or transmitted through a pile of plates"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>11</b>: 545–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1860.0119">10.1098/rspl.1860.0119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+intensity+of+the+light+reflected+from+or+transmitted+through+a+pile+of+plates&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=545-556&rft.date=1862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1860.0119&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=George+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044092762061%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1863" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.a0001637438;view=1up;seq=325">"Report on double refraction"</a>. <i>Report of the Thirty-second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Cambridge in October 1862</i>. London, England: John Murray. pp. 253–282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Report+on+double+refraction&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Thirty-second+Meeting+of+the+British+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science%3B+held+at+Cambridge+in+October+1862.&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=253-282&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.a0001637438%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1862" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054593114;view=1up;seq=665">"On the long spectrum of electric light"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>152</b>: 599–619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1862.0030">10.1098/rstl.1862.0030</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+long+spectrum+of+electric+light&rft.volume=152&rft.pages=599-619&rft.date=1862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1862.0030&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000054593114%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1862, the German physiologist <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a> (1825–1895) had examined the absorption spectrum of blood: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppe1862" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoppe, Felix (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3745202;view=1up;seq=466">"Ueber das Verhalten des Blutfarbstoffes im Spectrum des Sonnenlichtes"</a> [On the behavior of the pigment of blood in the spectrum of sunlight]. <i>Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin</i> (in German). <b>23</b> (3–4): 446–449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01939277">10.1007/bf01939277</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39108151">39108151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+pathologische+Anatomie+und+Physiologie+und+f%C3%BCr+klinische+Medicin&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Verhalten+des+Blutfarbstoffes+im+Spectrum+des+Sonnenlichtes&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=446-449&rft.date=1862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01939277&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39108151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b3745202%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> However, Hoppe did not provide an illustration of blood's absorption spectrum, which Stokes did provide: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1864" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002000775;view=1up;seq=403">"On the reduction and oxidation of the colouring matter of the blood"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>13</b> (66): 355–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1863.0080">10.1098/rspl.1863.0080</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+reduction+and+oxidation+of+the+colouring+matter+of+the+blood&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=355-364&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1863.0080&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x002000775%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1864" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077817487;view=1up;seq=322">"On the application of the optical properties of bodies to the detection and discrimination of organic substances"</a>. <i>Journal of the Chemical Society</i>. <b>17</b>: 304–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fjs8641700304">10.1039/js8641700304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+application+of+the+optical+properties+of+bodies+to+the+detection+and+discrimination+of+organic+substances&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=304-318&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fjs8641700304&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015077817487%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1872" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101048077034;view=1up;seq=368">"Notice of the researches of the late Rev. William Vernon Harcourt, on the conditions of transparency in glass, and the connexion between the chemical constitution and optical properties of different glasses"</a>. <i>Report of the Forty-first Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Edinburgh in August 1871: Notices and Abstracts of Miscellaneous Communications to the Sections</i>. Report of the ... Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1833). London, England: John Murray. pp. 38–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notice+of+the+researches+of+the+late+Rev.+William+Vernon+Harcourt%2C+on+the+conditions+of+transparency+in+glass%2C+and+the+connexion+between+the+chemical+constitution+and+optical+properties+of+different+glasses&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Forty-first+Meeting+of+the+British+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science%3B+held+at+Edinburgh+in+August+1871%3A+Notices+and+Abstracts+of+Miscellaneous+Communications+to+the+Sections.&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Report+of+the+...+Meeting+of+the+British+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science+%281833%29&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101048077034%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1878" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (July 1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x030583866;view=1up;seq=171">"On the question of a theoretical limit to the apertures of microscopic objectives"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 139–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2818.1878.tb05472.x">10.1111/j.1365-2818.1878.tb05472.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Microscopical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+question+of+a+theoretical+limit+to+the+apertures+of+microscopic+objectives&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=139-142&rft.date=1878-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2818.1878.tb05472.x&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x030583866%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ento_Key-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ento_Key_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWunsh2016" class="citation web cs1">Wunsh, Stuart E. (10 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entokey.com/the-cross-cylinder/">"The Cross Cylinder"</a>. <i>Ento Key</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ento+Key&rft.atitle=The+Cross+Cylinder&rft.date=2016-07-10&rft.aulast=Wunsh&rft.aufirst=Stuart+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentokey.com%2Fthe-cross-cylinder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Optics_Express-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Optics_Express_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrer-AltabásThibosMicó2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ferrer-Altabás, Sara; Thibos, Larry; Micó, Vicente (14 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-30-6-8974&id=470070">"Astigmatic Stokes lens revisited"</a>. <i>Optics Express</i>. <b>30</b> (6): 8974–8990. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022OExpr..30.8974F">2022OExpr..30.8974F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.450062">10.1364/OE.450062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-4087">1094-4087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35299337">35299337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245785084">245785084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optics+Express&rft.atitle=Astigmatic+Stokes+lens+revisited&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=8974-8990&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245785084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022OExpr..30.8974F&rft.issn=1094-4087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOE.450062&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35299337&rft.aulast=Ferrer-Altab%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Thibos%2C+Larry&rft.au=Mic%C3%B3%2C+Vicente&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopg.optica.org%2Foe%2Ffulltext.cfm%3Furi%3Doe-30-6-8974%26id%3D470070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1851" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069418898;view=1up;seq=227">"On the conduction of heat in crystals"</a>. <i>The Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal</i>. <b>6</b>: 215–238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+and+Dublin+Mathematical+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+conduction+of+heat+in+crystals&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=215-238&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015069418898%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1877" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106280530;view=1up;seq=604">"On certain movements of radiometers"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>26</b> (179–184): 546–555. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1877RSPS...26..546S">1877RSPS...26..546S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1877.0076">10.1098/rspl.1877.0076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+certain+movements+of+radiometers&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=179%E2%80%93184&rft.pages=546-555&rft.date=1877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1877.0076&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1877RSPS...26..546S&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044106280530%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1882" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (25 May 1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106280613;view=1up;seq=81">"On the cause of the light border frequently noticed in photographs just outside the outline of a dark body seen against the sky; with some introductory remarks on phosphorescence"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>34</b> (220–223): 63–68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1882RSPS...34...63S">1882RSPS...34...63S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1882.0012">10.1098/rspl.1882.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140690553">140690553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+cause+of+the+light+border+frequently+noticed+in+photographs+just+outside+the+outline+of+a+dark+body+seen+against+the+sky%3B+with+some+introductory+remarks+on+phosphorescence&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=220%E2%80%93223&rft.pages=63-68&rft.date=1882-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140690553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1882.0012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1882RSPS...34...63S&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044106280613%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1896" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101028455515;view=1up;seq=237">"On the nature of Röntgen rays"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>9</b>: 215–216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+nature+of+R%C3%B6ntgen+rays&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=215-216&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101028455515%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1896" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (3 September 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015038750892;view=1up;seq=471">"On the Röntgen rays"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>54</b> (1401): 427–430. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1896Natur..54R.427.">1896Natur..54R.427.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F054427b0">10.1038/054427b0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=On+the+R%C3%B6ntgen+rays&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1401&rft.pages=427-430&rft.date=1896-09-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F054427b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1896Natur..54R.427.&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015038750892%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span> ; see especially p. 430.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1897" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035427023;view=1up;seq=371">"The Wilde Lecture: On the nature of the Röntgen rays"</a>. <i>Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society</i>. <b>41</b> (15): 1–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+and+Proceedings+of+the+Manchester+Literary+%26+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Wilde+Lecture%3A+On+the+nature+of+the+R%C3%B6ntgen+rays&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015035427023%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span> ; see especially pp. 24–25.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1849" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cambridgeanddub03unkngoog#page/n201/mode/2up">"On attractions, and on Clairaut's theorem"</a>. <i>The Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal</i>. <b>4</b>: 194–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+and+Dublin+Mathematical+Journal&rft.atitle=On+attractions%2C+and+on+Clairaut%27s+theorem&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=194-219&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcambridgeanddub03unkngoog%23page%2Fn201%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1849" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofca08camb#page/672/mode/2up">"On the variation of gravity at the surface of the Earth"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>8</b>: 672–695.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+variation+of+gravity+at+the+surface+of+the+Earth&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=672-695&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftransactionsofca08camb%23page%2F672%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. G. Stokes (presented: 1847; published: 1849) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vsIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA533">"On the critical values of the sums of periodic series,"</a> <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>, <b>8</b> : 533–583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. G. Stokes (presented: 1850; published: 1856) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_NYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA166">"On the numerical calculation of a class of definite integrals and infinite series,"</a> <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>, <b>9</b> (part 1): 166–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1849" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, G. G. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vsIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA533">"Discussion of a differential equation relating to the breaking of railway bridges"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>8</b>: 707–735.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Discussion+of+a+differential+equation+relating+to+the+breaking+of+railway+bridges&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=707-735&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vsIAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1871" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, William (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010796491;view=1up;seq=90">"Address of Sir William Thomson, Knt., LL.D., F.R.S., President"</a>. <i>Report of the Forty-first Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Edinburgh in August 1871</i>. London, England: John Murray. pp. lxxxiv–cv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Address+of+Sir+William+Thomson%2C+Knt.%2C+LL.D.%2C+F.R.S.%2C+President&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Forty-first+Meeting+of+the+British+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science%3B+held+at+Edinburgh+in+August+1871&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=lxxxiv-cv&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015010796491%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010796491;view=1up;seq=101">see pp. xcv–xcvi.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmellStokes1876" class="citation journal cs1">Whitmell, C.T.L.; Stokes, G. G. (6 January 1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d003349840;view=1up;seq=206">"Prof. Stokes on the early history of spectrum analysis"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>13</b> (323): 188–189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1876Natur..13..188W">1876Natur..13..188W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F013188c0">10.1038/013188c0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Prof.+Stokes+on+the+early+history+of+spectrum+analysis&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=323&rft.pages=188-189&rft.date=1876-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F013188c0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1876Natur..13..188W&rft.aulast=Whitmell&rft.aufirst=C.T.L.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d003349840%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothery1880" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cadogan_Rothery" title="Henry Cadogan Rothery">Rothery, Henry</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_TayInquiry1880.pdf#page=45">"Report of the Court of Inquiry and Report of Mr Rothery Upon the Circumstances attending the Fall of a Portion of the Tay Bridge on the 28th December 1879"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Court+of+Inquiry+and+Report+of+Mr+Rothery+Upon+the+Circumstances+attending+the+Fall+of+a+Portion+of+the+Tay+Bridge+on+the+28th+December+1879&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Rothery&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaysarchive.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2FBoT_TayInquiry1880.pdf%23page%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016193150/http://lucasianchair.org/19/stokes.html">"Lucasian Chair.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lucasianchair.org/19/stokes.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucasian+Chair.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lucasianchair.org%2F19%2Fstokes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1891" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Sir G. G. (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturaltheology02stokgoog"><i>Natural Theology</i></a>. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Theology&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black%2C+Edinburgh&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Sir+G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturaltheology02stokgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlossberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Schlossberg, Herbert. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRf3knel_P4C&pg=PA46"><i>Conflict and crisis in the religious life of late victorian England</i></a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1027-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1027-2"><bdi>978-1-4128-1027-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+crisis+in+the+religious+life+of+late+victorian+England&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1027-2&rft.aulast=Schlossberg&rft.aufirst=Herbert.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRf3knel_P4C%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mathieson, Stuart (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0518">"Stokes: Victorian Britain's Most Important Religious Scientist"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</i>. <b>378</b> (2174): 7–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPTA.37890518M">2020RSPTA.37890518M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0518">10.1098/rsta.2019.0518</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32507092">32507092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Stokes%3A+Victorian+Britain%27s+Most+Important+Religious+Scientist&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=2174&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32507092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0518&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RSPTA.37890518M&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsta.2019.0518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Notes by the President on the Origin of the Books of Revelation and of Nature</i>: Journal of Transactions of the Victoria Institute 22 (1888–1889).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/george-gabriel-stokes">"George Gabriel Stokes | American Academy of Arts and Sciences"</a>. <i>www.amacad.org</i>. 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amacad.org&rft.atitle=George+Gabriel+Stokes+%7C+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fgeorge-gabriel-stokes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001220.html">"George G. Stokes"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=George+G.+Stokes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London Metropolitan Archive; Reference Number: COL/CHD/FR/02/2275-2278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hereditarytitles.com">http://www.hereditarytitles.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041213144833/http://hereditarytitles.com/">Archived</a> 13 December 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=George+G.+Stokes&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DGeorge%2BG.%2BStokes%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Foreign degrees for British men of Science". <i>The Times</i>. No. 36867. London. 8 September 1902. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Foreign+degrees+for+British+men+of+Science&rft.issue=36867&rft.pages=p.-4&rft.date=1902-09-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uio.no/om/tall-og-fakta/aresdoktorer/tidligere-aresdoktorer/1902-1910/">"Honorary doctorates from the University of Oslo 1902–1910"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+doctorates+from+the+University+of+Oslo+1902%E2%80%931910&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uio.no%2Fom%2Ftall-og-fakta%2Faresdoktorer%2Ftidligere-aresdoktorer%2F1902-1910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span> <i>(in Norwegian)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stokes.soc.srcf.net">"Stokes Society"</a>. Student Run Computing Facility, Cambridge University. February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stokes+Society&rft.pub=Student+Run+Computing+Facility%2C+Cambridge+University&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstokes.soc.srcf.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2017/0705/888002-dcu-women/">DCU names three buildings after inspiring women scientists</a> <a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Raidió Teilifís Éireann">Raidió Teilifís Éireann</a>, 5 July 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911953-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911953_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 953.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stokes,_Sir_George_Gabriel" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stokes, Sir George Gabriel">Stokes, Sir George Gabriel</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stokes%2C+Sir+George+Gabriel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=951-953&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilson, David B., <i>Kelvin and Stokes A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics</i>, (1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85274-526-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85274-526-5">0-85274-526-5</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche,_John1988" class="citation journal cs1">Roche, John (26 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5CVlXaRItT0C&pg=PA73">"Review of <i>Kelvin and Stokes</i> by David Wilson"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>: 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Review+of+Kelvin+and+Stokes+by+David+Wilson&rft.pages=73&rft.date=1988-05-26&rft.au=Roche%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5CVlXaRItT0C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraik2005" class="citation cs2">Craik, A.D.D. (2005), "George Gabriel Stokes on water wave theory", <i>Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics</i>, <b>37</b> (1): 23–42, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AnRFM..37...23C">2005AnRFM..37...23C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.fluid.37.061903.175836">10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175836</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Fluid+Mechanics&rft.atitle=George+Gabriel+Stokes+on+water+wave+theory&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-42&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.fluid.37.061903.175836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AnRFM..37...23C&rft.aulast=Craik&rft.aufirst=A.D.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peter R Lewis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5esSDQAAQBAJ"><i>Beautiful Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay: Reinvestigating the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879</i></a>, Tempus (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3160-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-3160-9">0-7524-3160-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisGagg2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Peter R.; Gagg, Colin (2004). "Aesthetics versus function: the fall of the Dee bridge, 1847". <i>Interdisciplinary Science Reviews</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 177–191. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ISRv...29..177L">2004ISRv...29..177L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F030801804225012563">10.1179/030801804225012563</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17907426">17907426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Aesthetics+versus+function%3A+the+fall+of+the+Dee+bridge%2C+1847&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-191&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17907426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F030801804225012563&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ISRv...29..177L&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft.au=Gagg%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>PR Lewis, <i>Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847</i>, Tempus Publishing (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4266-2">978-0-7524-4266-2</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/george-gabriel-stokes-9780198822868?cc=gb&lang=en&">George Gabriel Stokes: Life, Science and Faith</a></i> Edited by Mark McCartney, Andrew Whitaker, and Alastair Wood, Oxford University Press, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-882286-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-882286-3">0-19-882286-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Gabriel Stokes">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=102483">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stokes.html">"Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FStokes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208033233/http://www.cmde.dcu.ie/Stokes/GGStokes.html">Biography on Dublin City University Web site</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Gabriel_Stokes1907" class="citation book cs1">George Gabriel Stokes (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_04AAAAMAAJ&q=george+stokes&pg=RA1-PA277"><i>Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of the Late Sir George Gabriel Stokes ...</i></a> University press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+and+Scientific+Correspondence+of+the+Late+Sir+George+Gabriel+Stokes+...&rft.pub=University+press&rft.date=1907&rft.au=George+Gabriel+Stokes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_04AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgeorge%2Bstokes%26pg%3DRA1-PA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASir+George+Stokes%2C+1st+Baronet" class="Z3988"></span> (1907), ed. by J. Larmor</li> <li>Mathematical and physical papers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathphyspapers01stokrich">volume 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathphyspapers02stokrich">volume 2</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Mathematical and physical papers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=umhistmath&idno=AAT0146">volumes 1 to 5</a> from the University of Michigan Digital Collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=160">Life and work of Stokes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417014345/http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPNATT&Cover=TRUE"><i>Natural Theology</i></a> (1891), Adam and Charles Black. (1891–93 <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Stokes%2C%20George%20Gabriel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stokes%2C%20George%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stokes%2C%20G%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20Gabriel%20Stokes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20G%2E%20Stokes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20G%2E%20Stokes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20Gabriel%20Stokes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20G%2E%20Stokes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20G%2E%20Stokes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20Gabriel%20Stokes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stokes%2C%20George%20Gabriel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stokes%2C%20George%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stokes%2C%20G%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stokes%2C%20G%2E%20Gabriel%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20Gabriel%20Stokes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20G%2E%20Stokes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20G%2E%20Stokes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20Gabriel%20Stokes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20G%2E%20Stokes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20G%2E%20Stokes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stokes%2C%20George%20Gabriel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stokes%2C%20George%20G%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221819-1903%22%20AND%20Stokes%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-stokes">contributions in Parliament by Sir George Stokes</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cecil_Raikes" title="Henry Cecil Raikes">Henry Cecil Raikes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beresford_Hope" title="Alexander Beresford Hope">Alexander Beresford Hope</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge University</a> </b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1887_Cambridge_University_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1887 Cambridge University by-election (page does not exist)">1887</a> – <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cecil_Raikes" title="Henry Cecil Raikes">Henry Cecil Raikes</a> to 1891<br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb</a> from 1891 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Eldon_Gorst" title="John Eldon Gorst">Sir John Eldon Gorst</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Stokes_baronets" title="Stokes baronets">Baronet</a><br /></b>(of Lensfield Cottage)<b> </b><br />1889–1903 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Arthur Stokes</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>35th <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> </b><br />1885–1890 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Searle" title="Charles Edward Searle">Charles Edward Searle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Masters_of_Pembroke_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge">Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge</a> </b><br />1902–1903 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_James_Mason" title="Arthur James Mason">Arthur James Mason</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1851–1900)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lucasian_Professors_of_Mathematics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lucasian_Professors_of_Mathematics" title="Template:Lucasian Professors of Mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lucasian_Professors_of_Mathematics" title="Template talk:Lucasian Professors of Mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lucasian_Professors_of_Mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lucasian Professors of Mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lucasian_Professors_of_Mathematics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics" title="Lucasian Professor of Mathematics">Lucasian Professors of Mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> <small>(1664)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> <small>(1669)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> <small>(1702)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Saunderson" title="Nicholas Saunderson">Nicholas Saunderson</a> <small>(1711)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colson" title="John Colson">John Colson</a> <small>(1739)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waring" title="Edward Waring">Edward Waring</a> <small>(1760)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Milner" title="Isaac Milner">Isaac Milner</a> <small>(1798)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodhouse" title="Robert Woodhouse">Robert Woodhouse</a> <small>(1820)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Turton" title="Thomas Turton">Thomas Turton</a> <small>(1822)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> <small>(1826)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> <small>(1828)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_King" title="Joshua King">Joshua King</a> <small>(1839)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Stokes</a> <small>(1849)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> <small>(1903)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> <small>(1932)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> <small>(1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> <small>(1979)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)" title="Michael Green (physicist)">Michael Green</a> <small>(2009)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cates" title="Michael Cates">Michael Cates</a> <small>(2015)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template talk:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Brouncker,_2nd_Viscount_Brouncker" title="William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker">Viscount Brouncker</a> (1662)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Williamson_(English_politician)" title="Joseph Williamson (English politician)">Joseph Williamson</a> (1677)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1680)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hoskyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet">John Hoskyns</a> (1682)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wyche" title="Cyril Wyche">Cyril Wyche</a> (1683)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> (1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan,_3rd_Earl_of_Carbery" title="John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery">Earl of Carbery</a> (1686)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a> (1689)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Southwell_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Southwell (diplomat)">Robert Southwell</a> (1690)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Charles Montagu</a> (1695)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">Lord Somers</a> (1698)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1703)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a> (1727)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a> (1741)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a> (1752)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1764)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_West_(antiquary)" title="James West (antiquary)">James West</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">John Pringle</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> (1778)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a> (1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1830)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Marquess of Northampton</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Earl of Rosse</a> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley,_2nd_Baron_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley">Lord Wrottesley</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1895)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Lord Adrian</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Lord Todd</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Sir Michael Atiyah</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Sir Aaron Klug</a> (1995)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Lord May</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Lord Rees</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Sir Paul Nurse</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientists whose names are used as units</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI base units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI derived units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-SI metric (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a>) units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">debye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eotvos_(unit)" title="Eotvos (unit)">eotvos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">gal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(physicist)" title="William Gilbert (physicist)">William Gilbert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(unit)" title="Gilbert (unit)">gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser" title="Heinrich Kayser">Heinrich Kayser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayser_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayser (unit)">kayser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lambert_(unit)" title="Lambert (unit)">lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langley_(unit)" title="Langley (unit)">langley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)" title="Maxwell (unit)">maxwell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oersted" title="Oersted">oersted</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stokes_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes (unit)">stokes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rayl" title="Rayl">rayl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US<br /> customary</a> units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">foot-lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">degree Rankine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bel_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (unit)">bel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday (unit)">faraday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mache" title="Heinrich Mache">Heinrich Mache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mache_(unit)" title="Mache (unit)">Mache</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">degree Réaumur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">thomson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155907#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155907#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155907#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121394633">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73899541">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1733313/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfWW3VJXbDRvRKvhvxxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118755528">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79086311">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12193151c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12193151c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35774773">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2014828479&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073381438">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=173089">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/325353">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007594744205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=102483">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:stokes.george-gabriel">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/345199">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/298323">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1081457">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.008329.v1">Ireland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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