CINXE.COM
History of Virology | ICTV
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-H6Y8DH0WQD"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "G-H6Y8DH0WQD", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location"});</script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0d4bdb} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <link rel="icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicon-ictv.png" type="image/png" /> <title>History of Virology | ICTV</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_3_jvnC465iFqP2Xg8cVL4szKO28izcH4MEMAeXg9ySs.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJxtkd1uwyAMhV8oNNOkPcsuI4c4iVXACJum3dPPTaeUVb3i8Pnn2OA5KV61QuinUjOEkz-IC5TO0s0GYEPhiH2jTxuO96t0chPF2I8g2PkAIrd_OqIILCid54J94hIh0A92ihBzqNIvgUdzE72Z4fLkR-FBlDko5ScI7P8qUVZEbXIpuWzVLsGFFlDi1HRW57kmdRNvDb4Qbk45W0MuZMZYB898JrTDUgiSx_4dHCacoQbtFuYlWESwf0hT36BoS5dzdzd42Mgp8lQDtvPOlEjRiS8cwj58eYYTT-j2AeNdGRcsTqltMRaEyZcax4ZBSpYIFuqkZiwzydofatjfbthWc26KmFW0QPPSngMXN4bapO3f72hyH1_v4OcrFK7Fo7f5c-HXYFZnG9HccLri5FbbCcsvl2MJ3A" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_deDMmxqR1vCRNZxJhVQ-nPhIjAeckmxT3gK6wiOONPQ.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJxtkd1uwyAMhV8oNNOkPcsuI4c4iVXACJum3dPPTaeUVb3i8Pnn2OA5KV61QuinUjOEkz-IC5TO0s0GYEPhiH2jTxuO96t0chPF2I8g2PkAIrd_OqIILCid54J94hIh0A92ihBzqNIvgUdzE72Z4fLkR-FBlDko5ScI7P8qUVZEbXIpuWzVLsGFFlDi1HRW57kmdRNvDb4Qbk45W0MuZMZYB898JrTDUgiSx_4dHCacoQbtFuYlWESwf0hT36BoS5dzdzd42Mgp8lQDtvPOlEjRiS8cwj58eYYTT-j2AeNdGRcsTqltMRaEyZcax4ZBSpYIFuqkZiwzydofatjfbthWc26KmFW0QPPSngMXN4bapO3f72hyH1_v4OcrFK7Fo7f5c-HXYFZnG9HccLri5FbbCcsvl2MJ3A" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/teamplus/css/components/messages.css?sndv3e" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_odtxNQLNmIWmxWl1fP4rsYhuMtRhskSHeZI_i7IRF-0.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJxtkd1uwyAMhV8oNNOkPcsuI4c4iVXACJum3dPPTaeUVb3i8Pnn2OA5KV61QuinUjOEkz-IC5TO0s0GYEPhiH2jTxuO96t0chPF2I8g2PkAIrd_OqIILCid54J94hIh0A92ihBzqNIvgUdzE72Z4fLkR-FBlDko5ScI7P8qUVZEbXIpuWzVLsGFFlDi1HRW57kmdRNvDb4Qbk45W0MuZMZYB898JrTDUgiSx_4dHCacoQbtFuYlWESwf0hT36BoS5dzdzd42Mgp8lQDtvPOlEjRiS8cwj58eYYTT-j2AeNdGRcsTqltMRaEyZcax4ZBSpYIFuqkZiwzydofatjfbthWc26KmFW0QPPSngMXN4bapO3f72hyH1_v4OcrFK7Fo7f5c-HXYFZnG9HccLri5FbbCcsvl2MJ3A" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:400,400italic,700,300,700italic&subset=latin-ext,latin,greek" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:400,700,900,400italic,700italic,900italic&subset=latin,greek" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro&subset=latin,latin-ext" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Serif:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin,latin-ext" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_lzojwdZn2MRjSbGJcD-1nPOV1ge3AvyuRY63NcYcHGc.css?delta=8&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJxtkd1uwyAMhV8oNNOkPcsuI4c4iVXACJum3dPPTaeUVb3i8Pnn2OA5KV61QuinUjOEkz-IC5TO0s0GYEPhiH2jTxuO96t0chPF2I8g2PkAIrd_OqIILCid54J94hIh0A92ihBzqNIvgUdzE72Z4fLkR-FBlDko5ScI7P8qUVZEbXIpuWzVLsGFFlDi1HRW57kmdRNvDb4Qbk45W0MuZMZYB898JrTDUgiSx_4dHCacoQbtFuYlWESwf0hT36BoS5dzdzd42Mgp8lQDtvPOlEjRiS8cwj58eYYTT-j2AeNdGRcsTqltMRaEyZcax4ZBSpYIFuqkZiwzydofatjfbthWc26KmFW0QPPSngMXN4bapO3f72hyH1_v4OcrFK7Fo7f5c-HXYFZnG9HccLri5FbbCcsvl2MJ3A" /> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_NS2RnF5KN09TQ_Lft9vObpWoF2qNV2YKNicsCNtOUh4.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJx9kNFuwzAIRX8onj9njxZ1iINCwDI46_5-Ubu20-TtiatzEEg3qzhevQPHufUK_JafJDDJZlNRLYwJBPjTKVv8DSZH2Ct3i67KTvUFSEKFgkHgoAJOKhP2lFU3wnOcSwSSMY7g43E2_H55pndwbDu0bToIPyyRLCTkmCw3ZY43Gh403OlkvWJbyNb4TAnBSMpQrXpgo7MG8aF37Xk9TyPK0NsOzP_5Xqsa3er4w2OzfrGRfZV7UXXzBj_6XuiKc1gRZmxf0_2-5w"></script> </head> <body class="layout-no-sidebars mt-color-scheme-blue mt-patterns-disabled mt-style-oval mt-style-button-global mt-style-form-global mt-style-image-global mt-style-menu-global mt-style-custom-global mt-link-style-animated-icon-2 wide hff-05 pff-02 sff-05 slff-05 paragraph-responsive-typography-enabled fixed-header-enabled--scroll-up fixed-header-enabled slideout-side-right path-information"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="page-container"> <div class="page-top-container"> <div class="header-container"> <div class="clearfix header-top-highlighted region--dark-colored-background region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings"> <div class="container "> <div class="clearfix header-top-highlighted__container" > <div class="row d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="clearfix header-top-highlighted__section header-top-highlighted-second"> <div class="region region-header-top-highlighted-second"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-teamplus-account-menu-menu" id="block-teamplus-account-menu" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-menu navigation menu--account" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-teamplus-account-menu-menu">User account menu</h2> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=teamplus_account_menu:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|menu:menu=account:langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en" data-contextual-token="_eo-RcchQrgxlwlOGWpOjeVHpKnnKoDPR4-tw2rDwfI" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <ul class="clearfix menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/user/login" data-drupal-link-system-path="user/login">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix header-top region--default-background region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings"> <div class="container-fluid "> <div class="clearfix header-top__container" > <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-1 col-lg-1"> <div class="clearfix header-top__section header-top-first"> <div class="region region-header-top-first"> <div id="block-ictvlogp" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-block-content block-block-content435a092b-f2e0-4b0c-8c6d-6029db462e76" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=ictvlogp:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|block_content:block_content=120:changed=1656692158&ds_bundle=basic&ds_view_mode=default&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="UvKebenHLomyA--FK_on3iyTYFRkbu4zZ6jV85htR6E" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div><a href="https://ictv.global/"><img alt="ICTV" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="3538e5f4-8cf1-41ac-b3f0-5bfdc84da226" display="inline-block" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/ictvLogo-head.png" width="75" height="146" loading="lazy"></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-11 col-lg-11"> <div class="clearfix header-top__section header-top-second"> <div class="region region-header-top-second"> <div id="block-mainnavigation" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-superfish block-superfishmain" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=mainnavigation:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|menu:menu=main:langcode=en" data-contextual-token="Lulo47qsBM3wR348SeIpL3tp1Vl4QV-XQg2eKdPBlro" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <ul id="superfish-main" class="menu sf-menu sf-main sf-horizontal sf-style-white"> <li id="main-menu-link-content4559e473-180c-4e59-9fac-1d5b2cb47dc6" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/" title="">Home</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentb6eac205-7b9d-4cec-8b25-ce15ff81c27d" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">About</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content5070464d-ace4-4917-abeb-59f9f78488cd" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">About the ICTV</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-contentf9bb370e-9742-4a7e-86b7-cc121ba4ad72" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/about/charge" title="">Charge to the ICTV</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente5d8973a-670d-4d84-93d7-7d82c9b9f9e5" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/about/statutes" title="">Statutes</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentda85f847-48a2-419f-9fb7-3468e271d292" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/about/code" title="">Code</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content2b9a1150-5e71-4413-bc27-67941af0d5c1" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/about/organization" title="">Organization</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente2a9e234-f285-4ecd-8de5-af7864be362a" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Membership</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content20f1ebb8-a526-4eaf-995d-d6031e90b070" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members" title="">Membership</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentd23a0b76-33f1-48e3-ba31-b707243901f3" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/ec-members" title="">Executive Committee</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentc0504499-a48d-4bad-8fbd-03414e82634f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/history" title="">Exec Comm History</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content03bb72b5-109c-403f-9a9b-51d0cb77e717" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/life" title="">Life Members</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente38ab8de-0bea-473b-8951-cb52c9e7401f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/national" title="">National Members</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentac3e210e-6dc0-4f06-97c4-123c9b34b193" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/members/support" title="">Support Personnel</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentd8a5591e-7bf7-4e1d-9eb2-2e5a1bcf08f4" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/study-groups" title="">Study Groups</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content337c65df-f7aa-4e6a-bc01-103b01640b38" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/updates" title="">Recent Updates</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content5a13ada2-5e24-45af-8328-f4c4f02a27a4" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Taxonomy</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content072db0b3-ba74-4381-ae47-2983d6f7030f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/about" title="">About Taxonomic Classification</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content0a38201e-7fc8-473b-988d-afc86acf1a81" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy" title="">Taxonomy browser</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content3b2d4b6a-3195-4651-82bb-38c7532d5d33" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/visual-browser" title="">Visual Taxonomy Browser</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentecd4fe85-9460-4d0b-8534-4a38c6630f2f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/history" title="">Release History</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content045e7ccd-6ed5-4ae9-bea4-4ec1c25a1cb0" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/msl" title="">Master Species Lists</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content8a3e3bac-08f9-4107-901f-69aeca5a6618" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/vmr" title="">Virus Metadata Resource</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentad173cea-20e9-4078-b260-5e189df23168" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/etymology" title="">Taxon Name Etymology</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content6d5e997e-e21d-4369-9e0a-654c83b2260a" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Proposals</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content312b6fad-85c4-40a7-b882-cc2550b72e98" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/proposals/approved" title="">Approved Proposals</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content7160214a-ee2a-4077-8b15-6f4ea723b5f1" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/proposals/pending" title="">Pending Proposals</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4c422041-c02f-4cf1-b871-f6ccdae573ed" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/taxonomy/templates" title="">Proposal Template Files</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentdf2ea11b-808b-4248-884f-38571284c93c" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Report</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content6e7986e2-c9d6-4f20-badd-4b1f83833bce" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Current Report Chapters</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content84d6a8db-5fb5-40b5-9a07-fa56d79a94aa" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report" title="">Chapter List: Image</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentde7a89ad-9a8b-4337-9d01-0db1fe7e3c0f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report/genome" title="">Chapter List: Text</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content53b21a50-2faa-42a3-bf24-8e4785d63e68" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report/about" title="">About the ICTV Report</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content60f4e80c-83b0-4157-ac3a-8245c0466f07" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report/chapter/information/information/diagrams" title="">Virion Diagrams</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentb611b5fc-9929-402c-96b3-abdf8ff24ab0" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/virus-properties" title="">Virus Properties</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentbc134979-4986-43f6-93de-5c9b0c47611c" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report/genome/information" title="">Help and Information</a></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-7" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/templates" title="">Report Templates</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content602a14af-fdf5-4d74-b5f5-efd9db151538" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/report_9th" title="">Past (9th) Report Chapters</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentdb77cee3-92aa-484a-8bc2-2e26f26957c1" class="active-trail menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Information</span><ul><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-2" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/info" title="">General Information</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfa02e8ce-3ec1-4d1d-b626-5803505a5294" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Information Reports</span><ul><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-3" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/binomial_nomenclature" title="">Binomial Nomenclature</a></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-4" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/ec_files" title="">EC Meeting Reports</a></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-5" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/plenary_sessions" title="">Plenary Session Reports</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmt-showcases-gridpage-1" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/meetings" title="">Meeting Reports</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content677c21c4-231c-4bff-ad41-a2f9fede10b8" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/news" title="">News</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content46b4bf3b-d0dc-41e0-aa10-eba8203e3f08" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/files/newsletters" title="">Newsletters</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content8be6ceb1-e7aa-44e4-8372-2c5a1d2a65b7" class="menuparent"><a href="/sg_wiki" title="" class="menuparent">Study Group Info</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content8be6ceb1-e7aa-44e4-8372-2c5a1d2a65b7--2" class="sf-clone-parent sf-no-children"><a href="/sg_wiki" title="">Study Group Info</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentf07bb339-7930-4d73-be68-d28b30aa38fd" class="sf-clone-parent sf-no-children"><a href="/sg_wiki/flaviviridae/hepacivirus" title="">Flaviviridae: HCV</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content967b518b-a96c-4e40-a85b-d23906f1280f" class="sf-clone-parent sf-no-children"><a href="/sg_wiki/hepeviridae" title="">Hepeviridae Study Group</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentef4105e6-a7a5-4143-8601-438b31188abc" class="sf-clone-parent sf-no-children"><a href="/sg_wiki/picornaviridae" title="">Picornaviridae Study Group</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contented8687a3-79aa-4223-9d43-01af9af13ea0" class="sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.springer.com/journal/705/updates/18970520" title="" class="sf-external">Virology Division News</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4a701cf5-6adf-47c0-aca4-0decdafa1ddc" class="active-trail sf-no-children"><a href="/information/virology" title="" class="is-active">History of Virology</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4d9f3260-bff5-449b-b037-fe6395d0e939" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Forums</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content16c20cc0-b4d6-46fe-b01e-c2848e8d38fa" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/forum" title="">All Forums</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content92523956-516d-4861-af9c-ab509c185788" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/discussions/general-forum" title="">General Discussions</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content187fbd6e-0436-475f-b8f2-385fc8c4c47c" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/discussions/taxonomy-forum" title="">Taxonomic Discussions</a></li><li id="main-views-viewviewsmsl-downloadpage-8" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/forum/archive" title="">Forum Archive</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4f10c5ff-3faa-48b7-ae0b-d60412052240" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Help</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content818fca4e-4d68-45f2-9525-bf97bebe02f9" class="sf-no-children"><a href="mailto:info@ictv.global" title="" class="sf-external">Email ICTV Help</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content0d2c86c2-2c4e-42f1-8b0d-107e5b14a266" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/faqs" title="">FAQs</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content73146dc8-b331-4d82-a8c1-bb2d9bb34425" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">How-To videos</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content4b8954dc-fa4d-4952-9288-10fde65c903f" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/MSL-Intro" title="">What is the ICTV Master Species List?</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content481af600-5275-441b-b9ad-068daffff607" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/taxonomy_browser" title="">Using the Taxonomy Browser</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentbd264ae5-bedc-4afc-8ea6-0ba5e419dbc9" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/finding_species_names" title="">How to Find a Virus Species Name</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content8f8e69b8-3256-4306-849d-6f29ff30f63b" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/vmr/find_species_name" title="">Finding a species name using the VMR</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content36beb5f1-4c25-43be-8420-77ef8210f935" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/help/ICTV-Report" title="">Using the ICTV Report</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfb817d58-524a-463b-82a2-9c50afd998a4" class="menuparent"><span title="" class="menuparent nolink">Webinar</span><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content65f33c8e-9cb8-4ba1-b61d-ac4aba950805" class="sf-no-children"><a href="/webinar/video" title="">Webinar on Virus Taxonomy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content30994362-927d-45dd-b22c-217d1760916d" class="sf-no-children"><span title="" class="nolink"> </span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="internal-banner-container"> <div id="hero-top" class="clearfix hero-top d-flex align-items-center region--colored-background region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings"> <div class="container"> <div class="clearfix hero-top__container" > <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="hero-top__section"> <div class="region region-hero-top"> <div id="block-breadcrumbs" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=breadcrumbs:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en" data-contextual-token="r_Y5_QCuIp-Pl9M6YGMCZspYKYLYAjTJ7fwSKefCF4Q" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol class="breadcrumb__items"> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <span class="breadcrumb__item-separator fas fa-angle-right"></span> <a href="/"> <span>Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <span class="breadcrumb__item-separator fas fa-angle-right"></span> <span>History of Virology</span> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="block-teamplus-page-title" class="contextual-region clearfix block block-core block-page-title-block mt-view-header-enabled"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=teamplus_page_title:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en" data-contextual-token="EGZbqN49OnqdTCv6ryGIQ0ncfHWO3AIGYwkVMbp46SI" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <h1 class="title page-title">History of Virology</h1> <div class="mt-view-header">Information About Viruses</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="system-messages clearfix"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="region region-system-messages"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-content" class="clearfix main-content region--bright-background region--no-separator"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="clearfix main-content__container"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-12 pe-xl-5 ps-xl-5"> <div class="clearfix main-content__section region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings" > <div class="region region-content"> <div class="views-element-container contextual-region"><div class="contextual-region view view-items-of-interest view-id-items_of_interest view-display-id-page_4 js-view-dom-id-6f9f3d9b81484281579b83972bc347e19b9551992a911eeceb780a9804c7321e"> <div data-contextual-id="entity.view.edit_form:view=items_of_interest:location=page&name=items_of_interest&display_id=page_4&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="YP2W6fbHssn9PKDLALXxC1ZkjVCyY5i0xcBLOGVeruw" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="view-header"> <div class="mt-view-header">Information About Viruses</div> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper class="views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper clearfix"><div> <ul class="row list-unstyled mb-0"> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 views-row"> <article data-history-node-id="321" class="contextual-region node node--type-mt-service node--promoted node--view-mode-mt-teaser-tile mt-mobile-layout-1-col region--default-background mt-style-custom-all"> <div data-contextual-id="node:node=321:changed=1656623004&ds_bundle=mt_service&ds_view_mode=mt_teaser_tile&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="YJ5wCG0gQIJAMlzoDcV1tKOC-_Gpg1g-PN96-kmaLtc" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="teaser-tile-image-container"> <div class="teaser-tile-image"> <div class="field field--name-field-mt-srv-teaser-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="overlay-container"> <span class="overlay overlay--colored"> <a class="overlay-target-link image-popup" href="/information/virology/fov"></a> </span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/services/Foundations%20of%20Virology.2_0.jpg" width="1350" height="732" alt="Foundations of Virology" title="Foundations of Virology" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-4 mt-teaser-tile-card"> <div class="row align-items-center mb-2"> <h4 class="mt-0 mb-0 node__title col"> <a href="/information/virology/fov" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Foundations of Virology and Virus Images</span> </a> </h4> </div> <div class="node__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-mt-srv-subheader-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Read about the history of virology from <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Frederick A. Murphy, UTMB</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> <a class="mt-link-stylable mb-0" href="/information/virology/fov">Read more</a> </div> </article> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footers-container"> <div id="subfooter" class="clearfix subfooter region--shade-background region--no-separator region--no-block-paddings region--no-paddings"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="clearfix subfooter__container"> <div class="row align-items-center"> <div class="col-12 text-center"> <div class="clearfix subfooter__section subfooter-first"> <div class="region region-sub-footer-first"> <div id="block-ictvtitlesmall" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-block-content block-block-contentf0184816-f30a-42b5-8789-e2d8f7c97e1c" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=ictvtitlesmall:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|block_content:block_content=121:changed=1651158082&ds_bundle=basic&ds_view_mode=default&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="JV9VC_WaL2eSafq4ZjPpNM_S2KjhDnytwHmGFt5avWg" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4 class="text-left">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-block-form google-cse contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-search container-inline" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" id="block-searchform" role="search" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=searchform:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en" data-contextual-token="JkIvlyRqm2bilgNPM3sIFaLm7bzQDG55cdqRU9HET1U" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <form action="/search/google" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-type-search js-form-item-keys form-item-keys form-no-label"> <label for="edit-keys" class="visually-hidden">Search</label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." placeholder="Search ICTV web site..." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-search" /> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input class="search-form__submit button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" value="Search" /> </div> </form> </div> <div id="block-licensenihacknowledgement" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-block-content block-block-contentc7d36cc0-e40f-4d74-88cb-bb059f352ace" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=licensenihacknowledgement:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|block_content:block_content=27:changed=1660104327&ds_bundle=basic&ds_view_mode=default&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="0rIVRrRh2pX5QjnhbdFQCWZqjddpeQONP_M12Zvaugg" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-1"> </div> <div class="col-sm"> <p class="h6 text-align-center"><small>Unless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="license noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a></small></p> </div> <div class="col-sm"> <p class="h6 text-align-center"><small>Support is provided by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Award U24AI162625</small></p> </div> <div class="col-sm-1"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-copyright" class="contextual-region settings-tray-editable clearfix block block-block-content block-block-content6badfc64-8e94-40e8-973e-640993454b1a" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div data-contextual-id="block:block=copyright:has_overrides=0&langcode=en|settings_tray::langcode=en|block_content:block_content=132:changed=1704762854&ds_bundle=basic&ds_view_mode=default&langcode=en" data-contextual-token="TsEEoWnNbGGWaVq53OjSzrtIshZEmtV0NkKvB18ikaM" data-drupal-ajax-container=""></div> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p> Copyright © 2024 (ICTV) | <a href="/privacy">Privacy</a> | <a href="/disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> | <a href="mailto:info@ictv.global" style="text-decoration:none;" ><i class="fal fa-envelope"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ICTVtaxonomy" style="text-decoration:none;"><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i></a> </p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"information\/virology","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx1k92OozAMhV-IlNVK-yx7iUwwYNXEKHbKdJ5-TZm2UcVe1fmO65-TEBlU720Pik084gVVYUJtoiTDLyvA7ZDLCnx5k8CUrntKxjZJXoDpGxssXRS5EvrPsjJBitiewW7AEQpbM3pF2FBlwbaKLxv2-1GbSWRi7CAB342itp_gmREVfzSP_oKhD5WvjZYV80g6t6_ojHUISmk6lWa5YSbfPNmprr49a8yI6Vy3u8-3zWR4ru-Rll7_p66iZCTn1U1KnJ_d72q4HLdpCO52UT-lhDlARqigiKllWCvkCUPMZenfLApLDj2Xqt5IXziE2ZMxV3S_rUBD-PX7DP75hKsFdVfHT65ScsQoA65Z3uLE0vur263cr-nFKYXVH2tIcKMJHiZV2kjJTQ_ujjA_EquJWeJPRdQZ0d_aS3p9Am9iIUpJFgbZqhbJ5ww3wi0se-TclwpGXPllImxUGf3IN1m9t2TyLjs4sF68TvF_Pw7dc4Pu2OBICR97_QMKcXzP","theme":"teamplus","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/search\/google":true},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-H6Y8DH0WQD","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-out\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch5\u003EThis web site collects information on user preferences and usage statistics so we can provide you with a more personalized experience.\u003C\/h5\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button\u0022\u003EDon\u0026#039;t collect\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-out\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button\u0022\u003EDon\u0026#039;t collect\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/privacy","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":false,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_out","automatic_cookies_removal":true,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":0,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":true,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"close_banner","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"teamplus":{"purechatInit":{"purechatKey":""},"slideshowCaptionOpacity":0,"slideshowBackgroundOpacity":0.5,"sliderRevolutionFullWidthInit":{"slideshowFullWidthEffectTime":7000,"slideshowFullWidthInitialHeight":500,"slideshowFullWidthAutoHeight":0,"slideshowFullWidthNavigationStyle":"bullets","slideshowFullWidthBulletsPosition":"right","slideshowFullWidthTouchSwipe":"on"},"sliderRevolutionFullScreenInit":{"slideshowFullScreenEffectTime":7000,"slideshowFullScreenNavigationStyle":"bullets","slideshowFullScreenBulletsPosition":"right","slideshowFullScreenTouchSwipe":"on"},"sliderRevolutionBoxedWidthInit":{"slideshowBoxedWidthEffectTime":7000,"slideshowBoxedWidthInitialHeight":500,"slideshowBoxedWidthAutoHeight":0,"slideshowBoxedWidthNavigationStyle":"bullets","slideshowBoxedWidthBulletsPosition":"center","slideshowBoxedWidthTouchSwipe":"on"},"sliderRevolutionInternalBannerInit":{"slideshowInternalBannerEffectTime":10000,"slideshowInternalBannerInitialHeight":450,"slideshowInternalBannerAutoHeight":0,"slideshowInternalBannerNavigationStyle":"bullets","slideshowInternalBannerBulletsPosition":"left","slideshowInternalBannerLayout":"fullscreen","slideshowInternalBannerTouchSwipe":"on"},"sliderRevolutionInternalBannerCarouselInit":{"carouselInternalBannerInitialHeight":540,"carouselInternalBannerBulletsPosition":"center","carouselInternalBannerTouchSwipe":"on"},"owlCarouselProductsInit":{"owlProductsAutoPlay":1,"owlProductsEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselAlbumsInit":{"owlAlbumsAutoPlay":1,"owlAlbumsEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselArticlesInit":{"owlArticlesAutoPlay":1,"owlArticlesEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselTestimonialsInit":{"owlTestimonialsAutoPlay":1,"owlTestimonialsEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselRelatedNodesInit":{"owlRelatedNodesAutoPlay":0,"owlRelatedNodesEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselCollectionsInit":{"owlCollectionsAutoPlay":0,"owlCollectionsEffectTime":5000},"owlCarouselTeamMembersInit":{"owlTeamMembersAutoPlay":1,"owlTeamMembersEffectTime":5000},"flexsliderInPageInit":{"inPageSliderEffect":"fade"},"flexsliderBreakingSliderInit":{"breakingEffect":"fade","breakingEffectTime":5000},"flexsliderMainInit":{"slideshowEffect":"fade","slideshowEffectTime":5000},"inPageNavigation":{"inPageNavigationOffset":69},"transparentHeader":{"transparentHeaderOpacity":0},"isotopeFiltersGridInit":{"isotopeFiltersText":"All","isotopeLayoutMode":"masonry"},"slideoutInit":{"slideoutSide":"right","slideoutTouchSwipe":false}},"googleCSE":{"cx":"010166446159964314333:5h8sdpytswy","language":"en","resultsWidth":0,"domain":"","isDefault":true},"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:6f9f3d9b81484281579b83972bc347e19b9551992a911eeceb780a9804c7321e":{"view_name":"items_of_interest","view_display_id":"page_4","view_args":"","view_path":"\/information\/virology","view_base_path":"information\/virology","view_dom_id":"6f9f3d9b81484281579b83972bc347e19b9551992a911eeceb780a9804c7321e","pager_element":0}}},"superfish":{"superfish-main":{"id":"superfish-main","sf":{"animation":{"opacity":"show","height":["show","easeInSine"]},"speed":"fast","dropShadows":false},"plugins":{"touchscreen":{"behaviour":1,"mode":"useragent_predefined"},"smallscreen":{"mode":"window_width","title":"Menu"},"supposition":true,"supersubs":true}}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"babf0533ec45d275f14337c901022b899c351a8766867aebe446983eb6cc5649"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_DRZovSNQnvidsnD4PrnlMI2V42hXJZtg0coxSrCBNOc.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJx9kNFuwzAIRX8onj9njxZ1iINCwDI46_5-Ubu20-TtiatzEEg3qzhevQPHufUK_JafJDDJZlNRLYwJBPjTKVv8DSZH2Ct3i67KTvUFSEKFgkHgoAJOKhP2lFU3wnOcSwSSMY7g43E2_H55pndwbDu0bToIPyyRLCTkmCw3ZY43Gh403OlkvWJbyNb4TAnBSMpQrXpgo7MG8aF37Xk9TyPK0NsOzP_5Xqsa3er4w2OzfrGRfZV7UXXzBj_6XuiKc1gRZmxf0_2-5w"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.3.10" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_pwtO_uMfUYCj2XWkVYaEzOnV-ZUW-ycxXQ9ALWKWSZE.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=teamplus&include=eJx9kNFuwzAIRX8onj9njxZ1iINCwDI46_5-Ubu20-TtiatzEEg3qzhevQPHufUK_JafJDDJZlNRLYwJBPjTKVv8DSZH2Ct3i67KTvUFSEKFgkHgoAJOKhP2lFU3wnOcSwSSMY7g43E2_H55pndwbDu0bToIPyyRLCTkmCw3ZY43Gh403OlkvWJbyNb4TAnBSMpQrXpgo7MG8aF37Xk9TyPK0NsOzP_5Xqsa3er4w2OzfrGRfZV7UXXzBj_6XuiKc1gRZmxf0_2-5w"></script> </body> </html>