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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_laboratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_laboratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In the laboratory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_laboratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_alum_schists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_alum_schists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>From alum schists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_alum_schists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_clays_or_bauxite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_clays_or_bauxite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>From clays or bauxite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_clays_or_bauxite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Notations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aluminium sulfate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كبريتات الألومنيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كبريتات الألومنيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_sulfat" title="Aluminium sulfat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aluminium sulfat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آلومینیوم سولفات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلومینیوم سولفات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="অ্যালুমিনিয়াম সালফেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালুমিনিয়াম সালফেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfat_d%27alumini" title="Sulfat d'alumini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sulfat d'alumini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADran_hlinit%C3%BD" title="Síran hlinitý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Síran hlinitý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumsulfat" title="Aluminiumsulfat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aluminiumsulfat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumsulfat" title="Aluminiumsulfat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aluminiumsulfat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfato_de_aluminio" title="Sulfato de aluminio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sulfato de aluminio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آلومینیم سولفات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلومینیم سولفات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_d%27aluminium" title="Sulfate d'aluminium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sulfate d'aluminium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulf%C3%A1it_al%C3%BAmanaim" title="Sulfáit alúmanaim – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sulfáit alúmanaim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfaid_ollymin" title="Sulfaid ollymin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sulfaid ollymin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%82%B0_%EC%95%8C%EB%A3%A8%EB%AF%B8%EB%8A%84" title="황산 알루미늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황산 알루미늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Ալյումինի սուլֆատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալյումինի սուլֆատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="अल्युमिनियम सल्फेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्युमिनियम सल्फेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminijev_sulfat" title="Aluminijev sulfat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aluminijev sulfat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_sulfat" title="Aluminium sulfat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aluminium sulfat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfato_di_alluminio" title="Solfato di alluminio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solfato di alluminio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baf%C3%BBnsulfat" title="Bafûnsulfat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bafûnsulfat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Алюминий сульфаты – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алюминий сульфаты" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADnium-szulf%C3%A1t" title="Alumínium-szulfát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alumínium-szulfát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="അലുമിനിയം സൾഫേറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലുമിനിയം സൾഫേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumsulfaat" title="Aluminiumsulfaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aluminiumsulfaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="硫酸アルミニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="硫酸アルミニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumsulfat" title="Aluminiumsulfat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aluminiumsulfat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyuminiy_sulfat" title="Alyuminiy sulfat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alyuminiy sulfat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarczan_glinu" title="Siarczan glinu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siarczan glinu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfato_de_alum%C3%ADnio" title="Sulfato de alumínio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sulfato de alumínio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfat_de_aluminiu" title="Sulfat de aluminiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sulfat de aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millu" title="Millu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Millu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сульфат алюминия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сульфат алюминия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aluminium sulfate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminijev_sulfat" title="Aluminijev sulfat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aluminijev sulfat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Алуминијум сулфат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алуминијум сулфат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminijum_sulfat" title="Aluminijum sulfat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aluminijum sulfat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiinisulfaatti" title="Alumiinisulfaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alumiinisulfaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumsulfat" title="Aluminiumsulfat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aluminiumsulfat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="అల్యూమినియం సల్ఫేట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అల్యూమినియం సల్ఫేట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCminyum_s%C3%BClfat" title="Alüminyum sülfat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alüminyum sülfat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Сульфат алюмінію – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Aluminium sulfate </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_sulfate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aluminium sulphate hexadecahydrate"><img alt="Aluminium sulphate hexadecahydrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aluminium_sulfate.jpg/220px-Aluminium_sulfate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aluminium_sulfate.jpg/330px-Aluminium_sulfate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Aluminium_sulfate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="348" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Aluminium sulfate</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Aluminum sulfate</li><li>Aluminium sulphate</li><li>Cake alum</li><li>Filter alum</li><li>Papermaker's alum</li><li>Alunogenite</li><li>aluminium salt (3:2)</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=10043-01-3">10043-01-3</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7784-31-8">7784-31-8</a></span> (octadecahydrate)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BAl%2B3%5D.%5BAl%2B3%5D.%5BO-%5DS%28%3DO%29%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D.%5BO-%5DS%28%5BO-%5D%29%28%3DO%29%3DO.%5BO-%5DS%28%5BO-%5D%29%28%3DO%29%3DO">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.23233.html">23233</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.030.110">100.030.110</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421857#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>233-135-0</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number"><span title="E number (food additive code)">E number</span></a> </td> <td>E520 <a href="/wiki/E_number#E500–E599" title="E number">(acidity regulators, ...)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24850">24850</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>BD1700000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/I7T908772F">I7T908772F</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/TCS9L00G8F">TCS9L00G8F</a></span> (octadecahydrate)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040317">DTXSID2040317</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421857#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/2Al.3H2O4S/c;;3*1-5(2,3)4/h;;3*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+3;;;/p-6<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/2Al.3H2O4S/c;;3*1-5(2,3)4/h;;3*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+3;;;/p-6</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: DIZPMCHEQGEION-CYFPFDDLAS</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>342.15 g/mol (anhydrous) <br /> 666.44 g/mol (octadecahydrate)    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>white crystalline solid <br /> hygroscopic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>2.672 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (anhydrous) <br /> 1.62 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (octadecahydrate) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>770 °C (1,420 °F; 1,040 K) (decomposes, anhydrous) <br /> 86.5 °C (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Octadecahydrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octadecahydrate (page does not exist)">octadecahydrate</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>31.2 g/100 mL (0 °C) <br /> 36.4 g/100 mL (20 °C) <br /> 89.0 g/100 mL (100 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </td> <td>slightly soluble in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, dilute mineral <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) </td> <td>3.3–3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="3004070000000000000♠"></span>−93.0<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div> </td> <td>1.47<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a> (hydrate) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>-3440 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c" /></span><map name="ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>none<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>2 mg/m<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>N.D.<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">cations</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium sulfate">Gallium sulfate</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">Alum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Supplementary data page </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate_(data_page)" title="Aluminium sulfate (data page)">Aluminium sulfate (data page)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=476992891&page2=Aluminium+sulfate">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Aluminium sulfate</b> is a salt with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">formula</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a><sub>2</sub><a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">(SO<sub>4</sub>)</a><sub>3</sub>. It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_(water_treatment)" title="Coagulation (water treatment)">coagulating agent</a> (promoting particle collision by neutralizing charge) in the purification of drinking water<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">wastewater treatment plants</a>, and also in paper manufacturing. </p><p>The anhydrous form occurs naturally as a rare <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Millosevichite" title="Millosevichite">millosevichite</a>, found for example in volcanic environments and on burning coal-mining waste dumps. Aluminium sulfate is rarely, if ever, encountered as the anhydrous salt. It forms a number of different <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrates</a>, of which the hexadecahydrate Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>·16H<sub>2</sub>O and octadecahydrate Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>·18H<sub>2</sub>O are the most common. The heptadecahydrate, whose formula can be written as [Al(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O, occurs naturally as the mineral <a href="/wiki/Alunogen" title="Alunogen">alunogen</a>. </p><p>Aluminium sulfate is sometimes called <b>alum</b> or <b>papermaker's alum</b> in certain industries. However, the name "<a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>" is more commonly and properly used for any double sulfate salt with the generic formula <span class="chemf nowrap"><i>X</i>Al(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·12H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, where <i>X</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">monovalent</a> <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shreve84_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shreve84-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_laboratory">In the laboratory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the laboratory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aluminium sulfate may be made by adding <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">aluminium hydroxide</a>, Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>, to <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>: </p> <dl><dd>2 Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>or by heating aluminium in a sulfuric acid solution: </p> <dl><dd>2 Al + 3 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>↑</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_alum_schists">From alum schists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From alum schists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The alum <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a> employed in the manufacture of aluminium sulfate are mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Iron_pyrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron pyrite">iron pyrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_silicate" title="Aluminium silicate">aluminium silicate</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bituminous</a> substances, and are found in upper <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. These are either roasted or exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> action of the air. In the roasting process, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> is formed and acts on the clay to form aluminium sulfate, a similar condition of affairs being produced during weathering. The mass is now systematically extracted with water, and a solution of aluminium sulfate of <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> 1.16 is prepared. This solution is allowed to stand for some time (in order that any <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> and basic <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_sulfate" title="Iron(III) sulfate">iron(III) sulfate</a> may separate), and is then evaporated until <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron(II) sulfate</a> crystallizes on cooling; it is then drawn off and evaporated until it attains a specific gravity of 1.40. It is now allowed to stand for some time, and decanted from any sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911767_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911767-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_clays_or_bauxite">From clays or bauxite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From clays or bauxite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the preparation of aluminium sulfate from <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a> or from <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, the material is gently <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcined</a>, then mixed with sulfuric acid and water and heated gradually to boiling; if concentrated acid is used no external heat is generally required as the formation of aluminium sulfate is <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a>. It is allowed to stand for some time, and the clear solution is drawn off. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_cryolite">From cryolite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From cryolite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">cryolite</a> is used as the ore, it is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> and heated. By this means, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminate" title="Sodium aluminate">sodium aluminate</a> is formed; it is then extracted with water and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitated</a> either by <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> or by passing a current of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> through the solution. The precipitate is then dissolved in sulfuric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911767_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911767-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminum_Sulfate_Floc_in_Lake_Sediment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Aluminum_Sulfate_Floc_in_Lake_Sediment.png/248px-Aluminum_Sulfate_Floc_in_Lake_Sediment.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Aluminum_Sulfate_Floc_in_Lake_Sediment.png/372px-Aluminum_Sulfate_Floc_in_Lake_Sediment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Aluminum_Sulfate_Floc_in_Lake_Sediment.png/496px-Aluminum_Sulfate_Floc_in_Lake_Sediment.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>Sediment core sampled from a Minnesota lake. Aluminium sulfate flocs are depicted as white clumps near the sediment surface.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aluminium sulfate is sometimes used in the human food industry as a firming agent, where it takes on <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> <b>E520</b>, and in animal feed as a <a href="/wiki/Bactericide" title="Bactericide">bactericide</a>. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> lists it as "<a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a>" with no limit on concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aluminium sulfate may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a>, or as a <a href="/wiki/Styptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Styptic">styptic</a> for superficial shaving wounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The previous source cited here was a dead link (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Aluminium sulfate is used as a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing textiles</a>. </p><p>It is a common <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant" title="Adjuvant">adjuvant</a> and works "by facilitating the slow release of <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> from the vaccine depot formed at the site of <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a>."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The previous source cited here was a dead link (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aluminium sulfate is used in <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Chemical_phosphorus_removal" title="Chemical phosphorus removal">chemical phosphorus removal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>. It causes suspended impurities to coagulate into larger particles and then settle to the bottom of the container (or be filtered out) more easily. This process is called <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_(water_treatment)" title="Coagulation (water treatment)">coagulation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a>. Research suggests that in Australia, aluminium sulfate used in this way in drinking water treatment is the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> gas in <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An improper and excess application incident in 1988 <a href="/wiki/Camelford_water_pollution_incident" title="Camelford water pollution incident">polluted the water supply</a> of <a href="/wiki/Camelford" title="Camelford">Camelford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. </p><p>Aluminium sulfate has been used as a method of <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> remediation for shallow lakes. It works by reducing the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> load in the lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:110_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When dissolved in a large amount of neutral or slightly alkaline water, aluminium sulfate produces a gelatinous precipitate of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">aluminium hydroxide</a>, Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>. In dyeing and printing cloth, the gelatinous precipitate helps the dye adhere to the clothing fibers by rendering the pigment insoluble. </p><p>Aluminium sulfate is sometimes used to reduce the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of garden soil, as it <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyzes</a> to form the aluminium hydroxide precipitate and a dilute <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> solution. An example of what changing the pH level of soil can do to plants is visible when looking at <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrangea_macrophylla" title="Hydrangea macrophylla">Hydrangea macrophylla</a></i>. The gardener can add aluminium sulfate to the soil to reduce the pH which in turn will result in the flowers of the <i>Hydrangea</i> turning a different color (blue). The aluminium is what makes the flowers blue; at a higher pH, the aluminium is not available to the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the construction industry, it is used as waterproofing agent and accelerator in <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>. Another use is a foaming agent in <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting_foam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting foam">fire fighting foam</a>. </p><p>It can also be very effective as a <a href="/wiki/Molluscicide" title="Molluscicide">molluscicide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing <a href="/wiki/Spanish_slug" title="Spanish slug">spanish slugs</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">Mordants</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_triacetate" title="Aluminium triacetate">aluminium triacetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfacetate" title="Aluminium sulfacetate">aluminium sulfacetate</a> can be prepared from aluminium sulfate, the product formed being determined by the amount of <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_acetate" title="Lead(II) acetate">lead(II) acetate</a> used:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + 3 <span class="chemf nowrap">Pb(CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> → 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">Al(CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + 3 <span class="chemf nowrap">PbSO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">Pb(CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">Al<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>(CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">PbSO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_reactions">Chemical reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The compound decomposes to <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">γ-alumina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">sulfur trioxide</a> when heated between 580 and 900 °C. It combines with water forming hydrated salts of various compositions. </p><p>Aluminium sulfate reacts with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> to which foam stabilizer has been added, producing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting_foam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting foam">fire-extinguishing foams</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 6 NaHCO<sub>3</sub> → 3 Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + 2 Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 6 CO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> is trapped by the foam stabilizer and creates a thick foam which will float on top of hydrocarbon fuels and seal off access to atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, smothering the <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>. Chemical foam was unsuitable for use on <a href="/wiki/Polar_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar solvent">polar solvents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>, as the fuel would mix with and break down the foam blanket. The carbon dioxide generated also served to propel the foam out of the container, be it a portable <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguisher</a> or fixed installation using hoselines. Chemical foam is considered obsolete in the United States and has been replaced by synthetic mechanical foams, such as <a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">AFFF</a> which have a longer shelf life, are more effective, and more versatile, although some countries such as Japan and India continue to use it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pradyot Patnaik. <i>Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals</i>. McGraw-Hill, 2002, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-049439-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-049439-8">0-07-049439-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PGCH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0024.html">"#0024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230024&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0024.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+sulfate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlobal_Health_and_Education_Foundation2007" class="citation web cs1">Global Health and Education Foundation (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drinking-water.org/html/en/Treatment/Coagulation-Flocculation-technologies.html">"Conventional Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation"</a>. <i>Safe Drinking Water is Essential</i>. 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Dennis (June 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1982.tb00005.x">"Control of Lake Phosphorus with Aluminum Sulfate: Dose Determination and Application Techniques"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Water Resources Association</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 389–395. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JAWRA..18..389K">1982JAWRA..18..389K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1752-1688.1982.tb00005.x">10.1111/j.1752-1688.1982.tb00005.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1093-474X">1093-474X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Water+Resources+Association&rft.atitle=Control+of+Lake+Phosphorus+with+Aluminum+Sulfate%3A+Dose+Determination+and+Application+Techniques&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=389-395&rft.date=1982-06&rft.issn=1093-474X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1752-1688.1982.tb00005.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982JAWRA..18..389K&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Cook%2C+G.+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1752-1688.1982.tb00005.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+sulfate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartyn2016" class="citation book cs1">Martyn, Huser, Brian J. Egemose, Sara Harper, Harvey Hupfer, Michael Jensen, Henning Pilgrim, Keith M. Reitzel, Kasper Rydin, Emil Futter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1233676585"><i>Longevity and effectiveness of aluminum addition to reduce sediment phosphorus release and restore lake water quality</i></a>. Uppsala universitet, Limnologi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233676585">1233676585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longevity+and+effectiveness+of+aluminum+addition+to+reduce+sediment+phosphorus+release+and+restore+lake+water+quality&rft.pub=Uppsala+universitet%2C+Limnologi&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1233676585&rft.aulast=Martyn&rft.aufirst=Huser%2C+Brian+J.+Egemose%2C+Sara+Harper%2C+Harvey+Hupfer%2C+Michael+Jensen%2C+Henning+Pilgrim%2C+Keith+M.+Reitzel%2C+Kasper+Rydin%2C+Emil+Futter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1233676585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+sulfate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKari_Houle2013" class="citation web cs1">Kari Houle (2013-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.extension.illinois.edu/state/newsdetail.cfm?NewsID=29303">"Blue or Pink - Which Color is Your Hydrangea"</a>. University of Illinois Extension<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+or+Pink+-+Which+Color+is+Your+Hydrangea&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Extension&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.au=Kari+Houle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.extension.illinois.edu%2Fstate%2Fnewsdetail.cfm%3FNewsID%3D29303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+sulfate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncilSocietyBiologists1994" class="citation book cs1">Council, British Crop Protection; Society, British Ecological; Biologists, Association of Applied (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INcnAQAAMAAJ&q=Aluminum+sulfate+can+also+be+very+effective+as+a+molluscicide"><i>Field margins: integrating agriculture and conservation : proceedings of a symposium organised by the British Crop Protection Council in association with the British Ecological Society and the Association of Applied Biologists and held at the University of Warwick, Coventry on 18–20 April 1994</i></a>. British Crop Protection Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780948404757" title="Special:BookSources/9780948404757"><bdi>9780948404757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+margins%3A+integrating+agriculture+and+conservation+%3A+proceedings+of+a+symposium+organised+by+the+British+Crop+Protection+Council+in+association+with+the+British+Ecological+Society+and+the+Association+of+Applied+Biologists+and+held+at+the+University+of+Warwick%2C+Coventry+on+18%E2%80%9320+April+1994&rft.pub=British+Crop+Protection+Council&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780948404757&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=British+Crop+Protection&rft.au=Society%2C+British+Ecological&rft.au=Biologists%2C+Association+of+Applied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINcnAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DAluminum%2Bsulfate%2Bcan%2Balso%2Bbe%2Bvery%2Beffective%2Bas%2Ba%2Bmolluscicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+sulfate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgievics2013" class="citation book cs1">Georgievics, Von (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GL98CgAAQBAJ&q=aluminium+acetate+mordant&pg=PT118"><i>The Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres – Their Origin, Structure, Preparation, Washing, Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing and Dressing</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Read_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Read Books (page does not exist)">Read Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447486121" title="Special:BookSources/9781447486121"><bdi>9781447486121</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205203041/https://books.google.com/books?id=GL98CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT118&dq=aluminium+acetate+mordant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv3IbHzb3QAhVFNY8KHYOKAu0Q6AEIJTAA">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Technology+of+Textile+Fibres+%E2%80%93+Their+Origin%2C+Structure%2C+Preparation%2C+Washing%2C+Bleaching%2C+Dyeing%2C+Printing+and+Dressing&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781447486121&rft.aulast=Georgievics&rft.aufirst=Von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGL98CgAAQBAJ%26q%3Daluminium%2Bacetate%2Bmordant%26pg%3DPT118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+sulfate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notations">Notations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aluminium"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aluminium">"Aluminium" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 767.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aluminium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=767&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+sulfate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauling,_Linus1970" class="citation book cs1">Pauling, Linus (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0"><i>General Chemistry</i></a></span>. W.H. Freeman: San Francisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-65622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-65622-9"><bdi>978-0-486-65622-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.place=W.H.+Freeman&rft.pub=San+Francisco&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-486-65622-9&rft.au=Pauling%2C+Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00paul_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+sulfate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_sulfate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1191.htm">International Chemical Safety Card 1191</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0024.html">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v12je19.htm">WHO Food Additive Series No. 12</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/aluminum/index-eng.php">Aluminum and health</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicalsubstanceschimiques.gc.ca/fact-fait/alum-salts-sels-eng.php">Government of Canada Fact Sheets and Frequently Asked Questions: Aluminum Salts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Aluminium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_compounds" title="Aluminium compounds">Aluminium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Al(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monobromide" title="Aluminium monobromide">AlBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">AlCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">AlF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monoiodide" title="Aluminium monoiodide">AlI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_oxide" title="Aluminium(I) oxide">Al<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monohydroxide" title="Aluminium monohydroxide">AlOH</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoaluminium(I)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organoaluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoaluminium">Organoaluminium</a>(I) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I)" title="(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I)">Al(C<sub>5</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Al(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_diboride" title="Aluminium diboride">AlB<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_dodecaboride" title="Aluminium dodecaboride">AlB<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">AlO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Al(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">AlAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_borohydride" title="Aluminium borohydride">Al(BH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bromide" title="Aluminium bromide">AlBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_cyanide" title="Aluminium cyanide">Al(CN)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">AlCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloroaluminate" title="Sodium tetrachloroaluminate">NaAlCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_fluoride" title="Aluminium fluoride">AlF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydride" title="Aluminium hydride">AlH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_iodide" title="Aluminium iodide">AlI<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_nitride" title="Aluminium nitride">AlN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_nitrate" title="Aluminium nitrate">Al(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_carbonate" title="Aluminium carbonate">Al<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Al(OH)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monoacetate" title="Aluminium monoacetate">Al(OH)<sub>2</sub>OAc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_diacetate" title="Aluminium diacetate">Al(OH)(OAc)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_triacetate" title="Aluminium triacetate">Al(OAc)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfacetate" title="Aluminium sulfacetate">Al<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">AlP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphate" title="Aluminium phosphate">AlPO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_antimonide" title="Aluminium antimonide">AlSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_acetylacetonate" title="Aluminium acetylacetonate"> Al(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_permanganate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium permanganate (page does not exist)">Al(MnO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_molybdate" title="Aluminium molybdate">Al<sub>2</sub>(MoO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfide" title="Aluminium sulfide">Al<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_selenide" title="Aluminium selenide">Al<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_telluride" title="Aluminium telluride">Al<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_silicate" title="Aluminium silicate">Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_arsenate" title="Aluminium arsenate">AlAsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_carbide" title="Aluminium carbide">Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide_oxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide oxide">AlOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monostearate" title="Aluminium monostearate">Al(OH)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride">NaAlH<sub>2</sub>(OC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride (page does not exist)">LiAlH<sub>2</sub>(OC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_aluminium_borate" title="Potassium aluminium borate">K<sub>2</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluoroaluminate" title="Potassium hexafluoroaluminate"><span class="chemf nowrap">K<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>AlF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">Alums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_aluminium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium aluminium sulfate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)Al(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_alum" title="Potassium alum">KAl(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium aluminium sulfate">NaAl(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organoaluminium(III) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_lactate" title="Aluminium lactate">Al(C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_laurate" title="Aluminium laurate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">36</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">69</sub></span></span>AlO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylaluminium" title="Trimethylaluminium">(Al(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylaluminium" title="Triethylaluminium">(Al(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triisobutylaluminium" title="Triisobutylaluminium">Al(CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylaluminium_chloride" title="Diethylaluminium chloride">Al(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylaluminium_cyanide" title="Diethylaluminium cyanide">Al(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutylaluminium_hydride" title="Diisobutylaluminium hydride">Al(CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylaluminium_sesquichloride" title="Ethylaluminium sesquichloride">Al(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebbe%27s_reagent" title="Tebbe's reagent">Ti(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>ClAl(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Compounds_containing_the_sulfate_group_(SO2−4)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sulfates" title="Template:Sulfates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sulfates" title="Template talk:Sulfates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sulfates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sulfates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Compounds_containing_the_sulfate_group_(SO2−4)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Compounds containing the <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> group (<span class="nobold"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span></span>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfate" title="Lithium sulfate">Li<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_sulfate" title="Beryllium sulfate">BeSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boron_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron sulfate">B<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Borosulfate" title="Borosulfate">-BO<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Borate_sulfate" title="Borate sulfate">+BO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>esters<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Organosulfate" title="Organosulfate">ROSO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(RO)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_carbonate" title="Sulfate carbonate">+CO<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oxalate_sulfate" title="Oxalate sulfate">+C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate" title="Ammonium sulfate">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine_sulfate" title="Hydrazine sulfate">[N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>]HSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylammonium_sulfate" title="Hydroxylammonium sulfate">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrosylsulfuric_acid" title="Nitrosylsulfuric acid">NOHSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_nitrates" title="Sulfate nitrates">+NO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peroxymonosulfuric_acid" title="Peroxymonosulfuric acid">H<sub>2</sub>OSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_fluoride" title="Sulfate fluoride">+F</a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfate" title="Sodium bisulfate">NaHSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">MgSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfacetate" title="Aluminium sulfacetate">Al<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Si </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_sulfate" title="Phosphate sulfate">+PO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Disulfuric_acid" title="Disulfuric acid">HSO<sub>3</sub>HSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peroxydisulfuric_acid" title="Peroxydisulfuric acid">(HSO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_sulfate" title="Sulfite sulfate">+SO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_chloride" title="Sulfate chloride">+Cl</a> </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfate" title="Potassium sulfate">K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bisulfate" title="Potassium bisulfate">KHSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">CaSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium_sulfate" title="Scandium sulfate">Sc<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanyl_sulfate" title="Titanyl sulfate">TiOSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_sulfate" title="Vanadium(II) sulfate">VSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_sulfate" title="Vanadium(III) sulfate">V<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_sulfate" title="Vanadyl sulfate">VOSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_sulfate" title="Chromium(II) sulfate">CrSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_sulfate" title="Chromium(III) sulfate">Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_sulfate" title="Manganese(II) sulfate">MnSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">FeSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_sulfate" title="Iron(III) sulfate">Fe<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_sulfate" title="Cobalt(II) sulfate">CoSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobalt(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Co<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_sulfate" title="Nickel(II) sulfate">NiSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nickel(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Ni<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">CuSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_sulfate" title="Copper(I) sulfate">Cu<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tetraamminecopper(II)_sulfate" title="Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate">[Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)]SO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfate" title="Zinc sulfate">ZnSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium sulfate">Ga<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanium sulfate (page does not exist)">Ge(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>As </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenite_sulfate" title="Selenite sulfate">+SeO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfate_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfate bromide (page does not exist)">+Br</a> </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_hydrogen_sulfate" title="Rubidium hydrogen sulfate">RbHSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_sulfate" title="Rubidium sulfate">Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_sulfate" title="Strontium sulfate">SrSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium sulfate">Y<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_sulfate" title="Zirconium(IV) sulfate">Zr(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_dioxide_trisulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium dioxide trisulfate (page does not exist)">Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(VI)_oxysulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(VI) oxysulfate (page does not exist)">MoO(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(VI)_dioxysulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(VI) dioxysulfate (page does not exist)">MoO<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)</a> </td> <td>Tc </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium(IV)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruthenium(IV) sulfate (page does not exist)">Ru(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_sulfate" title="Rhodium(III) sulfate">Rh<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_sulfate" title="Palladium(II) sulfate">PdSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfate" title="Silver sulfate">Ag<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silver(II)_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver(II) sulfate">AgSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfate" title="Cadmium sulfate">CdSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_sulfate" title="Indium(III) sulfate">In<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_sulfate" title="Tin(II) sulfate">SnSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin(IV)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin(IV) sulfate (page does not exist)">Sn(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony sulfate">Sb<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tellurium_oxysulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tellurium oxysulfate (page does not exist)">TeOSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine_sulfate" title="Iodine sulfate">I<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diiodosyl_sulfate" title="Diiodosyl sulfate">(IO)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iodate_sulfate" title="Iodate sulfate">+IO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sulfate" title="Caesium sulfate">Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydrogen_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium hydrogen sulfate">CsHSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">BaSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Lu<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium(IV)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium(IV) sulfate (page does not exist)">Hf(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Ta </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(VI)_oxysulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(VI) oxysulfate (page does not exist)">WO(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenium(VII)_oxysulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhenium(VII) oxysulfate (page does not exist)">Re<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium(II)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmium(II) sulfate (page does not exist)">OsSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Os<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium(IV)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmium(IV) sulfate (page does not exist)">Os(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium(II)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium(II) sulfate (page does not exist)">IrSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Ir<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentasulfatodiplatinate(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentasulfatodiplatinate(III) (page does not exist)">Pt<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>5</sub><sup>4–</sup></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold(II)_sulfate" title="Gold(II) sulfate">AuSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Au<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_sulfate" title="Mercury(I) sulfate">Hg<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_sulfate" title="Mercury(II) sulfate">HgSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_sulfate" title="Thallium(I) sulfate">Tl<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thallium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thallium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Tl<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfate" title="Lead(II) sulfate">PbSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead(IV)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lead(IV) sulfate (page does not exist)">Pb(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_sulfate" title="Bismuth(III) sulfate">Bi<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium(II)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium(II) sulfate (page does not exist)">PoSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polonium(IV)_sulfate" title="Polonium(IV) sulfate">Po(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium_sulfate" title="Radium sulfate">RaSO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">La<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_sulfate" title="Cerium(III) sulfate">Ce<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_sulfate" title="Cerium(IV) sulfate">Ce(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_sulfate" title="Praseodymium(III) sulfate">Pr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_sulfate" title="Neodymium(III) sulfate">Nd<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promethium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Pm<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Sm<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_sulfate" title="Europium(II) sulfate">EuSO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Eu<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Gd<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Tb<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Dy<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Ho<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Er<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Tm<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_sulfate" title="Ytterbium(III) sulfate">Yb<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Ac<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) sulfate (page does not exist)">Th(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">U<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_sulfate" title="Uranium(IV) sulfate">U(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_sulfate" title="Uranyl sulfate">UO<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium(IV)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium(IV) sulfate (page does not exist)">Np(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutonium(IV)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plutonium(IV) sulfate (page does not exist)">Pu(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Americium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Am<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Cm<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Bk </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Cf<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> 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