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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolphin_kick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolphin_kick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dolphin kick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolphin_kick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_pools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_pools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Competition pools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_pools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Seasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swimwear_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swimwear_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Swimwear and equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Swimwear_and_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Swimwear and equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Swimwear_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_swimwear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_swimwear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Common swimwear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_swimwear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_drag_wear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_drag_wear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Use of drag wear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_drag_wear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elite_and_international_swimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elite_and_international_swimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Elite and international swimming</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elite_and_international_swimming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elite and international swimming subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elite_and_international_swimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Professionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-water_swimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-water_swimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Open-water swimming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-water_swimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_to_the_sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_to_the_sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Changes to the sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_to_the_sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_breakthroughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_breakthroughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Historical breakthroughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_breakthroughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Health benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Common injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimming (sport)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_(%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9)" title="سباحة (رياضة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سباحة (رياضة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Czg%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Üzgüçülük – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üzgüçülük" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE)" title="সাঁতার (ক্রীড়া) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাঁতার (ক্রীড়া)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A9%D2%99%D3%A9%D2%AF" title="Йөҙөү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йөҙөү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Спортно плуване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спортно плуване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataci%C3%B3_(esport)" title="Natació (esport) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Natació (esport)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plav%C3%A1n%C3%AD_(sport)" title="Plavání (sport) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plavání (sport)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="عومان (سپور) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عومان (سپور)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwimmsport" title="Schwimmsport – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwimmsport" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujumine_(spordiala)" title="Ujumine (spordiala) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ujumine (spordiala)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataci%C3%B3n_(deporte)" title="Natación (deporte) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Natación (deporte)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporta_na%C4%9Dado" title="Sporta naĝado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sporta naĝado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igeriketa_(kirola)" title="Igeriketa (kirola) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Igeriketa (kirola)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ورزش شنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورزش شنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natation_sportive" title="Natation sportive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Natation sportive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%98%81_(%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%B8%A0)" title="수영 (스포츠) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수영 (스포츠)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B2_(%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D6%87)" title="Լող (մարզաձև) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լող (մարզաձև)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plivanje_(sport)" title="Plivanje (sport) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plivanje (sport)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renang_(olahraga)" title="Renang (olahraga) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Renang (olahraga)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natation" title="Natation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Natation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שחייה תחרותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחייה תחרותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81" title="ಈಜು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಈಜು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ცურვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცურვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peld%C4%93%C5%A1ana_(sports)" title="Peldēšana (sports) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Peldēšana (sports)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwammsport" title="Schwammsport – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwammsport" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82)" title="Пливање (спорт) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пливање (спорт)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നീന്തൽ മത്സരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നീന്തൽ മത്സരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ნჩურუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნჩურუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranang_(ulahrago)" title="Ranang (ulahrago) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ranang (ulahrago)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwemsport" title="Zwemsport – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwemsport" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2)" title="पौडी (खेल) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पौडी (खेल)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%B6%E6%B3%B3" title="競泳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="競泳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzish_(sport)" title="Suzish (sport) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suzish (sport)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_(%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84)" title="تیراکی (کھیل) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیراکی (کھیل)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88_(%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DA%9A%D8%AA)" title="لامبو (ورزښت) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لامبو (ورزښت)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swemmsport" title="Swemmsport – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swemmsport" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ywanie_(sport)" title="Pływanie (sport) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pływanie (sport)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata%C3%A7%C3%A3o_pura" title="Natação pura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Natação pura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAziw" title="Júziw – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Júziw" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enot_sportiv" title="Înot sportiv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Înot sportiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Плавание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плавание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27A%27au" title="'A'au – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="'A'au" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="सन्तरणक्रीडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सन्तरणक्रीडा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noti_(sport)" title="Noti (sport) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Noti (sport)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8_(%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="පිහිනීම (ක්‍රීඩාව) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිහිනීම (ක්‍රීඩාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مەلەوانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەلەوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82)" title="Пливање (спорт) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пливање (спорт)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uintiurheilu" title="Uintiurheilu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uintiurheilu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4vlingssimning" title="Tävlingssimning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tävlingssimning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="நீச்சற் போட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீச்சற் போட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A9%D0%B7%D2%AF" title="Йөзү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йөзү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%A4_(%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1)" title="ఈత (క్రీడ) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈత (క్రీడ)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="กีฬาว่ายน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กีฬาว่ายน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCzme_(spor)" title="Yüzme (spor) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüzme (spor)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwda_%C3%BD%C3%BCzmek" title="Suwda ýüzmek – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Suwda ýüzmek" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83)" title="Плавання (вид спорту) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плавання (вид спорту)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_(%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84)" title="تیراکی (کھیل) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیراکی (کھیل)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C6%A1i_(th%E1%BB%83_thao)" title="Bơi (thể thao) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bơi (thể thao)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%B6%E6%B3%B3" title="競泳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="競泳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="游水運動 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="游水運動" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asnawkerd%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Asnawkerdış – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asnawkerdış" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%B6%E6%8A%80%E6%B8%B8%E6%B3%B3" title="競技游泳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="競技游泳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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is about competitive swimming. For the general article on human movement in the water, see <a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">Swimming</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Swimmer" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Swimmer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Swimmer (disambiguation)">Swimmer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Swimming</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Depart4x100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Depart4x100.jpg/250px-Depart4x100.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Depart4x100.jpg/375px-Depart4x100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Depart4x100.jpg/500px-Depart4x100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Start of the 4 × 100 meters men's relay during the <a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Aquatics" title="World Aquatics">World Aquatics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First competitions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1930s</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Team or individuals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natatorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Natatorium">Natatorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">open-water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Swimming at the 1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/World_championship" title="World championship">World Championships</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Aquatics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA World Aquatics Championships">1973</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="Swimming at the 1960 Summer Paralympics">1960</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Swimming</b> is an individual or team <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">racing sport</a> that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The sport takes place in <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">pools</a> or open water (e.g., in a sea or lake). Competitive swimming is one of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sports</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with varied distance events in <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_stroke" title="Butterfly stroke">butterfly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backstroke" title="Backstroke">backstroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breaststroke" title="Breaststroke">breaststroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_swimming" title="Freestyle swimming">freestyle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Individual_medley" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual medley">individual medley</a>. In addition to these individual events, four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley <a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">relay</a>. A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke, ordered as backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques; in competition, there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also regulations on what types of <a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">swimsuits</a>, caps, jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many health benefits to swimming, but it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur injuries such as <a href="/wiki/Tendinitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendinitis">tendinitis</a> in the shoulders or knees. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_swimming" title="History of swimming">History of swimming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeanderPicart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/LeanderPicart.jpg/220px-LeanderPicart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/LeanderPicart.jpg/330px-LeanderPicart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/LeanderPicart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hero_and_Leander" title="Hero and Leander">Leander</a> swimming across the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>. Detail from a painting by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Picart" title="Bernard Picart">Bernard Picart</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence of recreational swimming in prehistoric times has been found, with the earliest evidence dating to <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> paintings from around 10,000 years ago. Written references date from 2000 BC, with some of the earliest references to swimming including the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and others. In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, a Swiss–German professor of languages, wrote the earliest known complete book about swimming, <i>Colymbetes, sive de arte natandi dialogus et festivus et iucundus lectu</i> (<i>The Swimmer, or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming and Joyful and Pleasant to Read</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swimming emerged as a competitive recreational activity in the 1830s in England. In 1828, the first indoor swimming pool, St George's Baths was opened to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-halton_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1837, the <a href="/wiki/British_Swimming_(organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Swimming (organisation)">National Swimming Society</a> was holding regular swimming competitions in six artificial <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">swimming pools</a>, built around <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The recreational activity grew in popularity and by 1880, when the first national governing body, the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Swimming_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Swimming Association">Amateur Swimming Association</a> was formed, there were already over 300 regional clubs in operation across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgess_and_Webb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Burgess_and_Webb.jpg/220px-Burgess_and_Webb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Burgess_and_Webb.jpg/330px-Burgess_and_Webb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Burgess_and_Webb.jpg/440px-Burgess_and_Webb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>The routes taken by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Webb" title="Matthew Webb">Webb</a> and T.W. Burgess across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, in 1875 and 1911, respectively.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1844 two <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> participants at a swimming competition in London introduced the front crawl to a European audience. Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Arthur_Trudgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Arthur Trudgen (page does not exist)">John Arthur Trudgen</a> picked up the hand-over stroke from some South American natives and successfully debuted the <a href="/wiki/Trudgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trudgeon">new stroke</a> in 1873, winning a local competition in England. His stroke is still regarded as the most powerful to use today.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Webb" title="Matthew Webb">Matthew Webb</a> was the first man to swim the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> (between England and France), in 1875. Using the breaststroke technique, he swam the channel 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours and 45 minutes. His feat was not replicated or surpassed for the next 36 years, until T.W. Burgess made the crossing in 1911. </p><p>Other European countries also established swimming federations; <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1882, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1890 and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> in 1896. The first European amateur swimming competitions were in 1889 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. The world's first women's swimming championship was held in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_freestyle_swimming_technique_as_part_of_the_individual_medley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Women%27s_freestyle_swimming_technique_as_part_of_the_individual_medley.jpg/220px-Women%27s_freestyle_swimming_technique_as_part_of_the_individual_medley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Women%27s_freestyle_swimming_technique_as_part_of_the_individual_medley.jpg/330px-Women%27s_freestyle_swimming_technique_as_part_of_the_individual_medley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Women%27s_freestyle_swimming_technique_as_part_of_the_individual_medley.jpg/440px-Women%27s_freestyle_swimming_technique_as_part_of_the_individual_medley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Female swimmer completing a freestyle leg of the <a href="/wiki/Medley_swimming" title="Medley swimming">individual medley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Men's swimming became part of the first modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 in Athens</a>. In 1902, the Australian <a href="/wiki/Cavill_family_(swimming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavill family (swimming)">Richmond Cavill</a> introduced freestyle to the Western world. In 1908, the world swimming association, Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA, now World Aquatics), was formed. Women's swimming was introduced into the Olympics in 1912; the first international swim meet for women outside the Olympics was the <a href="/wiki/1922_Women%27s_Olympiad" title="1922 Women's Olympiad">1922 Women's Olympiad</a>. Butterfly was developed in the 1930s and was at first a variant of breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in 1952. FINA renamed itself World Aquatics in December 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitive_swimming">Competitive swimming</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_swimming_competitions" title="List of swimming competitions">List of swimming competitions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_2015_-_Katie_Ledecky_wins_400m_freestyle_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kazan_2015_-_Katie_Ledecky_wins_400m_freestyle_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Kazan_2015_-_Katie_Ledecky_wins_400m_freestyle_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kazan_2015_-_Katie_Ledecky_wins_400m_freestyle_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Kazan_2015_-_Katie_Ledecky_wins_400m_freestyle_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kazan_2015_-_Katie_Ledecky_wins_400m_freestyle_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Kazan_2015_-_Katie_Ledecky_wins_400m_freestyle_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katie_Ledecky" title="Katie Ledecky">Katie Ledecky</a> set the Olympic records in 2016 for the 400m and 800m freestyle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Competitive swimming became popular in the 19th century. The goal of high level competitive swimming is to break personal or world records while beating competitors in any given event. Swimming in competition should create the least resistance in order to obtain maximum speed. However, some professional swimmers who do not hold a national or world ranking are considered the best in regard to their technical skills. Typically, an athlete goes through a cycle of training in which the body is overloaded with work in the beginning and middle segments of the cycle, and then the workload is decreased in the final stage as the swimmer approaches competition. </p><p>The practice of reducing exercise in the days just before an important competition is called <a href="/wiki/Tapering_(sports)" title="Tapering (sports)">tapering</a>. Tapering is used to give the swimmer's body some rest without stopping exercise completely. A final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper": the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair for the sake of reducing drag and having a sleeker and more hydrodynamic feel in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the "shave and taper" method refers to the removal of the top layer of "dead skin", which exposes the newer and richer skin underneath. This also helps to "shave" off mere milliseconds on your time.<sup id="cite_ref-adventure_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adventure-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phelps_400m_IM-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Phelps_400m_IM-crop.jpg/220px-Phelps_400m_IM-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Phelps_400m_IM-crop.jpg/330px-Phelps_400m_IM-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Phelps_400m_IM-crop.jpg/440px-Phelps_400m_IM-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption>Olympic gold medalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a> in the 400 IM.</figcaption></figure> <p>Swimming is an event at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>, where male and female athletes compete in 16 of the recognized <a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Swimming at the Summer Olympics">events</a> each. Olympic events are held in a 50-meter pool, called a long course pool. </p><p>There are forty officially recognized individual swimming events in the pool; however the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> only recognizes 32 of them. The international governing body for competitive swimming is <a href="/wiki/World_Aquatics" title="World Aquatics">World Aquatics</a>, which was known until 2023 as the Fédération Internationale de Natation ("International Swimming Federation"), or FINA.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_water">Open water</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">open water swimming</a>, where the events are swum in a body of open water (lake or sea), there are also 5 km, 10 km and 25 km events for men and women. However, only the 10 km event is included in the Olympic schedule, again for both men and women. Pool and open-water competitions are typically separate events, except at the World Championships and the Olympics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swim_styles">Swim styles</h3></div> <p>In competitive swimming, four major styles have been established. These have been relatively stable over the last 30 to 40 years with minor improvements. They are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_stroke" title="Butterfly stroke">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstroke" title="Backstroke">Backstroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaststroke" title="Breaststroke">Breaststroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_swimming" title="Freestyle swimming">Freestyle</a></li></ul> <p>In competition, only one of these styles may be used except in the case of the individual medley, or IM, which consists of all four. In this latter event, swimmers swim equal distances of butterfly, then backstroke, breaststroke, and finally, freestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FIFA_Swimming_Rules_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIFA_Swimming_Rules-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Olympic competition, this event is swum in two distances: 200 and 400 meters. Some <a href="/wiki/Short_course_(swimming)" title="Short course (swimming)">short course</a> competitions also include the 100-yard or 100-meter IM – particularly, for younger or newer swimmers (typically under 14 years) involved in club swimming, or masters swimming (over 18). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dolphin_kick">Dolphin kick</h3></div> <p>Since the 1990s, the most drastic change in swimming has been the addition of the underwater dolphin kick. This is used to maximize the speed at the start and after the turns in all styles. <a href="/wiki/David_Berkoff" title="David Berkoff">David Berkoff</a> became the first to use it successfully; at the 1988 Olympics, he swam most of the 100 m backstroke race underwater and broke the world record in the distance during the preliminaries. Another swimmer to use the technique was <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pankratov" title="Denis Pankratov">Denis Pankratov</a> at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where he completed almost half of the 100 m butterfly underwater to win the gold medal. </p><p>The dolphin kick was rarely used in freestyle sprint races until 2008, when "technical" swimsuits were introduced to the sport at the <a href="/wiki/2008_European_Short_Course_Swimming_Championships" title="2008 European Short Course Swimming Championships">European Short Course Championships</a> in Rijeka, Croatia. Technical-suited <a href="/wiki/Amaury_Leveaux" title="Amaury Leveaux">Amaury Leveaux</a> set world records of 44.94 seconds in the <a href="/wiki/100_m_freestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="100 m freestyle">100 m freestyle</a>, 20.48 seconds in the 50 m freestyle and 22.18 in the 50 m butterfly, spending more than half of each race submerged, more than any of his competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, FINA made a rule that swimmers may not go farther than 15 metres underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, FINA rules that a single dolphin kick may be added to the breaststroke pullout before the first breaststroke kick.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the past decade, American competitive swimmers have made the most use of the underwater dolphin kick, notably Olympic and World medal winners <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Lochte" title="Ryan Lochte">Ryan Lochte</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_pools">Competition pools</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Olympic-size_swimming_pool" title="Olympic-size swimming pool">Olympic-size swimming pool</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swimming_pool_50m_2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Swimming_pool_50m_2008.svg/220px-Swimming_pool_50m_2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Swimming_pool_50m_2008.svg/330px-Swimming_pool_50m_2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Swimming_pool_50m_2008.svg/440px-Swimming_pool_50m_2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>A simplified diagram of the <a href="/wiki/World_Aquatics" title="World Aquatics">World Aquatics</a> long course swimming pool standard, used at the <a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Aquatics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA World Aquatics Championships">World Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pool_Lengths.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pool_Lengths.svg/220px-Pool_Lengths.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="475" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pool_Lengths.svg/330px-Pool_Lengths.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pool_Lengths.svg/440px-Pool_Lengths.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>Short and long course pools both in international and US dimensions</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA World Championships">World Championship</a> pools must be 50 metres (160 ft) (<a href="/wiki/Long_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Long course">long course</a>) long and 25 metres (82 ft) wide, with ten lanes labelled zero to nine (or one to ten in some pools; zero and nine (or one and ten) are usually left empty in semi-finals and finals); the lanes must be at least 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) wide. They will be equipped with starting blocks at both ends of the pool and most will have Automatic Officiating Equipment, including touch pads to record times and sensors to ensure the legality of <a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">relay</a> takeovers. The pool must have a minimum depth of two metres.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other pools which host events under <a href="/wiki/World_Aquatics" title="World Aquatics">World Aquatics</a> regulations are required to meet some but not all of these requirements. Many of these pools have eight, or even six, instead of ten lanes and some will be 25 metres (82 ft) long, making them <a href="/wiki/Short_course_(swimming)" title="Short course (swimming)">Short course</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_records" class="mw-redirect" title="World records">World records</a> that are set in short course pools are kept separate from those set in long course pools because it may be an advantage or disadvantage to swimmers to have more or less turns in a race. </p><p>Due to waves created by the swimmers, it can be an advantage to swim closer to the center of the pool during a race. Due to this, World Aquatics regulations specify which lane each swimmer competes in based on previous times.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a ten lane pool this is as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Lane Seeding </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Lane</th> <th>Time </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>8 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seasons">Seasons</h2></div> <p>Competitive swimming, from the club through to international level, tends to have an autumn and winter season competing in short course (25 metres or yards) pools and a spring and summer season competing in long course (50-metre) pools and in open water. </p><p>In international competition and in club swimming in Europe, the short course (25m) season lasts from September to December, and the long course (50m) season from January to August with open water in the summer months. These regulations are slowly being brought to competition in North America. </p><p>As of right now, in club, school, and college swimming in the United States and Canada, the short course (25 yards) season is much longer, from September to March. The long-course season takes place in 50-meter pools and lasts from April to the end of August with open water in the summer months. </p><p>In club swimming in <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, the short course (25m) season lasts from April to September, and the long course (50m) season from October to March with open water in the summer months. </p><p>Outside the United States, meters is the standard in both short and long course swimming, with the same distances swum in all events. In the American short course season, the 500-yard, 1000 yard, and 1650-yard freestyle events are swum as a yard is much shorter than a meter (100 yards equals 91.44 meters), while during the American long course season the 400 meter, 800 meter, and 1500-meter freestyle events are swum instead. </p><p>Beginning each swimming season racing in short course allows for shorter distance races for novice swimmers. For example, in the short course season if a swimmer wanted to compete in a stroke they had just learned, a 25-yard/meter race is available to them, opposed to the long course season when they would need to be able to swim at least 50 meters of that new stroke in order to compete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officials">Officials</h2></div> <p>There are several types of officials,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are needed to manage the competition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Referee</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Referee" title="Referee">referee</a> has full control and authority over all officials. The referee will enforce all rules and decisions of World Aquatics and shall have the final answer to all questions relating to the actual conduct of anything regarding the meet, as well as the final settlement of which is not otherwise covered by the rules. The referee takes overall responsibility for running the meet and makes the final decisions as to who wins each race. Referees call swimmers to the blocks with short blasts of their whistles. This is the signal for the swimmers to stand next to their blocks. Then the referee will blow a long whistle that will tell the swimmers to step on the block. For backstroke events, the long whistle is the signal for the swimmers to jump into the water. The referee will then blow another long whistle, signalling the swimmers to grab the gutter or the provided block handle. Finally the referee will hand over the rest to the starter by directing their hand to the starter. </p><p><b>Starter</b>: The starter has full control of the swimmers from the time the referee turns the swimmers over to them until the race commences. A starter begins the race by saying, "Take your mark." At this point, the swimmers will get into stationary positions, sometimes known as "point zero", in which they would like to start their race. After all swimmers have assumed their stationary position, the starter will push a button on the starting system, signaling the start of a race with a loud noise (usually a beep or a horn) and flash from a strobe light. A starter sends the swimmers off the blocks and may call a false start if a swimmer leaves the block before the starter sends them. A starter may also choose to recall the race after the start for any reason or request the swimmers to "stand", "relax" or "step down" if they believe that (a) particular swimmer(s) has obtained an unfair advantage at the start. </p><p><b>Clerk of course</b>: The clerk of course (also called the "bullpen") assembles swimmers before each event, and organizes ("seeds") swimmers into heats based on their times. Heats are generally seeded from slowest to fastest, where swimmers with no previous time for an event are assumed to be the slowest. The clerk of the course is also responsible for recording and reporting swimmers who have chosen to "scratch" (not swim) their events after they have signed up or qualified to a semifinal or final. The clerk is also responsible for enforcing rules of the swim meet if a swimmer chooses to not show up ("No show" - NS, or "Did Not Swim" - DNS) to their events. </p><p><b>Timekeepers</b>: Each timekeeper takes the time of the swimmers in the lane assigned to them. Unless a video backup system is used, it may be necessary to use the full complement of timekeepers even when automatic officiating equipment is used. A chief timekeeper assigns the seating positions for all timekeepers and the lanes for which they are responsible. In most competitions there will be one or more timekeepers per lane. In international competitions where full automatic timing and video placing equipment is in use timekeepers may not be required. </p><p><b>Inspectors of turns</b>: One inspector of turns is assigned to one or more lanes at each end of the pool. Each inspector of turns ensures that swimmers comply with the relevant rules for turning, as well as the relevant rules for start and finish of the race. Inspectors of turns shall report any violation on disqualification reports detailing the event, lane number, and the infringement delivered to the chief inspector of turns who will immediately convey the report to the referee. </p><p><b>Judges of Stroke</b>: Judges of stroke are located on each side of the pool. They follow the swimmers during their swim back and forth across the pool. They ensure that the rules related to the style of swimming designated for the event are being observed, and observe the turns and the finishes to assist the inspectors of turns. </p><p><b>Finish judges</b>: Finish judges determine the order of finish and make sure the swimmers finish in accordance with the rules (two hands simultaneously for breaststroke and butterfly, on the back for backstroke, etc.) </p><p>If an <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">official</a> observes a swimmer breaking a rule concerning the stroke they are swimming, the official will report what they have seen to the referee. The referee can disqualify (or DQ) any swimmer for any violation of the rules that they personally observe or for any violation reported to them by other authorized officials. All disqualifications are subject to the decision and discretion of the referee. </p><p>Those who are disqualified may choose to contest their disqualification. In age-group level swimming, however, this is rare. Appeals are reviewed by a panel of officials instead of the deck referee or stroke judges who may have made the initial disqualification decision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swimwear_and_equipment">Swimwear and equipment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Competitive_swimwear" title="Competitive swimwear">Competitive swimwear</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_ACPS_Atlanta_1996_Australian_Swim_Team_Training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16_ACPS_Atlanta_1996_Australian_Swim_Team_Training.jpg/280px-16_ACPS_Atlanta_1996_Australian_Swim_Team_Training.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16_ACPS_Atlanta_1996_Australian_Swim_Team_Training.jpg/420px-16_ACPS_Atlanta_1996_Australian_Swim_Team_Training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16_ACPS_Atlanta_1996_Australian_Swim_Team_Training.jpg/560px-16_ACPS_Atlanta_1996_Australian_Swim_Team_Training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Australian_Swim_Team" title="Australian Swim Team">Australian Swim Team</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Swimsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimsuits">swimsuits</a>, 1996</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">Swimsuit</a></dt> <dd>Competitive swimwear seeks to improve upon bare skin for a speed advantage and coverage. In 2009, FINA rules and regulations were altered and suits made with polyurethane were banned because they made athletes more buoyant. These rules also banned suits which go above the <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a> or below the knee for men and suits which extend past the shoulders or cover the neck for women.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Swim_cap" title="Swim cap">Swim cap</a></dt> <dd>A swim cap (a.k.a. cap) keeps the swimmer's hair out of the way to reduce drag. Caps may be made of latex, silicone, spandex or lycra.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">Goggles</a></dt> <dd>Goggles keep water and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> out of swimmers' eyes. Goggles may be tinted to counteract glare at outdoor pools. Prescription goggles may be used by swimmers who wear corrective lenses.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Swim_Fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Swim Fins">Swim Fins</a></dt> <dd>Rubber fins are used to help kick faster and build strength and technique, but are illegal in a race. They also improve technique by keeping the feet in the proper position while kicking.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Drag_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag suit">Drag suit</a></dt> <dd>Swimmers use drag suits in training to increase resistance. This allows a swimmer to be challenged even more when practicing and let the swimmer feel less resistance when racing. Drag suits are not used in competitive races.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hand_paddle" title="Hand paddle">Hand paddles</a></dt> <dd>Swimmers use these plastic devices to build arm and shoulder strength while refining hand-pulling technique. <a href="/wiki/Hand_paddle" title="Hand paddle">Hand paddles</a> attach to the hand with rubber tubing or elastic material. They come in many different shapes and sizes, depending on swimmer preference and hand size.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Kickboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickboard">Kickboard</a></dt> <dd>A kickboard is a foam board that swimmers use to support the weight of the upper body while they focus on kicking. Kicking is the movement of the legs only which helps to increase leg muscle for future strength.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Pull_buoy" title="Pull buoy">Pull buoy</a></dt> <dd>Often used at the same time as hand paddles, pull buoys support swimmers' legs (and prevent them from kicking) while they focus on pulling. Pull buoys are made of foam so they float in the water. Swimmers hold them in between the thighs. They can also be used as a kickboard to make kicking a little harder.</dd> <dt>Ankle bands</dt> <dd>Improving balance will minimize the need for this kick to provide an upward, instead of a forward vector, and in some cases completely corrects the kick. Using an ankle band will have the immediate effect of turning off your kick, which then forces you to make efforts to correct your balance. If you are successful in discovering these, then the ankle band has done part of its job.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></dt> <dd>A snorkel is a plastic device that helps swimmers breathe while swimming. This piece of equipment helps the swimmer practice keeping their head in one position, along with training them for the proper breathing technique of breathing in through the mouth and out the nose. This technique is the opposite of a common runner's breathing pattern, which is in the nose and out the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_swimwear">Common swimwear</h3></div> <p>Brands such as <a href="/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)" title="Arena (swimwear)">Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speedo" title="Speedo">Speedo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TYR_Sport,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="TYR Sport, Inc.">TYR</a>, are popular regular swimwear brands. The most durable material for regular swimming is Polyester. The main difference between competition and regular swimwear is that competition swimwear is tighter and compresses the muscles of the swimmers. Regular swimwear is easier to put on and more comfortable for leisure activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Men">Men</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyler_Clary_(7707350946)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tyler_Clary_%287707350946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tyler_Clary_%287707350946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tyler_Clary_%287707350946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tyler_Clary_%287707350946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tyler_Clary_%287707350946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Tyler_Clary_%287707350946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3679" /></a><figcaption>Olympic gold medalist <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Clary" title="Tyler Clary">Tyler Clary</a> of U.S. walks wearing men's <a href="/wiki/Swim_briefs" title="Swim briefs">swim briefs</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Hayley_Palmer" title="Hayley Palmer">Hayley Palmer</a> sports a <a href="/wiki/Competitive_swimwear#Racerback" title="Competitive swimwear">racerback</a> <a href="/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit" title="One-piece swimsuit">one-piece swimsuit</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The most used practice swimwear for men includes <a href="/wiki/Briefs" title="Briefs">briefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Competitive_swimwear#Jammer" title="Competitive swimwear">jammers</a>. Males generally swim <a href="/wiki/Barechested" class="mw-redirect" title="Barechested">barechested</a>. </p><p>There was controversy after the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">Beijing Olympic Games</a> in 2008 when many Olympic swimmers broke records an unprecedented number of times using revolutionary swimsuits that covered their entire legs. To highlight the issue, in 2008, 70 world records were broken in one year, and 66 Olympic records were broken in one Olympic Games (there were races in Beijing where the first five finishers were swimming faster than the old world record). </p><p>As of 1 January 2010, men are only allowed to wear suits from the waist to the knees.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also only permitted to wear one piece of swimwear; they cannot wear briefs underneath jammers. This rule was enacted after the controversy in the Beijing Olympics and Rome World Championships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women">Women</h4></div> <p>Women wear one-piece suits with thicker and higher backs for competition, though two-piece suits can also be worn during practice. Backs vary mainly in strap thickness and geometric design. Most common styles include: racerback, axel back, corset, diamondback, and butterfly-back/Fly-Back. There are also different style lengths: three-quarter length (reaches the knees), regular length (shoulders to hips), and <a href="/wiki/Bikini" title="Bikini">bikini</a> style (two-piece). As of 1 January 2010, in competition, women must wear suits that do not go past the shoulders or knees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_of_drag_wear">Use of drag wear</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Competitive_swimwear#Drag_suit" title="Competitive swimwear">Drag suits</a> are used to increase water resistance against the swimmer to help them train for competitions. Other forms of drag wear include nylons, old suits, and T-shirts: articles that increase friction in the water to build strength during training, and thus increase speed once drag items are removed for competition. Some swimmers practice in basketball shorts over their bathing suit, wearing two bathing suits, or wearing an extra bathing suit with holes cut in the material. </p><p>Many swimmers also shave areas of exposed skin before end-of-season competitions to reduce friction in the water. The practice gained popularity after the 1956 Olympics, when Murray Rose and Jon Henricks came shaved and won gold medals for Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-adventure_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adventure-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freshly shaven skin is less resistant when in the water. In addition, a 1989 study demonstrated that shaving improves a swimmer's overall performance by reducing drag.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disadvantages of using a drag suit include the depletion of proper stroke. This is caused by the swimmer's own fatigue. When the swimmer becomes more fatigued, different muscle groups become more tired. Consequently, the swimmer will try to engage another group of muscle to do the same thing, which can cause the stroke efficiency to drop.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elite_and_international_swimming">Elite and international swimming</h2></div> <p>Elite and international swimming comprises the highest level of competition available to swimmers, including competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Aquatics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA World Aquatics Championships">World Aquatics Championships</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professionalism">Professionalism</h3></div> <p>Swimming creates a mix of levels, including: fully professional, semi-professional, and amateur. Fully professional swimmers will typically get a salary both from their national governing body and from outside sponsors, semi-professionals a small stipend from their national governing body, and amateurs receive no funding. Outside of these major championships prize money is low – the 2015 FINA World Cup series has a total prize fund of $3,000 per race shared between the top three<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2014–15 USA Grand Prix Series $1,800<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to the 2015 World Aquatics Championships fund of $60,000 per race shared between the top eight.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open-water_swimming">Open-water swimming</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_water_swimming_(18).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Open_water_swimming_%2818%29.jpg/220px-Open_water_swimming_%2818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Open_water_swimming_%2818%29.jpg/330px-Open_water_swimming_%2818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Open_water_swimming_%2818%29.jpg/440px-Open_water_swimming_%2818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Swimmers must go around the yellow marked to count as a "lap"</figcaption></figure> <p>Open water swimming is swimming outside a regular pool, usually in a lake, or sometimes ocean. Popularity of the sport has grown in recent years, particularly since the 10 km open water event was added as an Olympic event in 2005, contested for the first time in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New recent technology has developed much faster swimsuits. Full body suits have been banned, but swimmers at the very top levels still wear suits that have been lasered together because stitching creates drag. The disadvantage of these suits is that they are often uncomfortable and tight, and can tear easily if not handled carefully. </p><p>The largest Ocean Swim's in terms of numbers of participants are in Australia, with the <a href="/wiki/Pier_to_Pub" title="Pier to Pub">Pier to Pub</a>, Cole Classic and Melbourne Swim Classic all with roughly 5000 swimming participants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_to_the_sport">Changes to the sport</h2></div> <p>Swimming times have dropped over the years due to superior training techniques and new technical developments. </p><p>The first four Olympics were not held in pools, but in open water (1896 – the Mediterranean, 1900 – the Seine river, 1904 – an artificial lake, 1906 – the Mediterranean). The <a href="/wiki/1904_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 Olympics">1904 Olympics</a>' freestyle race was the only one ever measured at 100 yards, instead of the usual 100 meters. A 100-meter pool was built for the <a href="/wiki/1908_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1908 Olympics">1908 Olympics</a> and sat in the center of the main stadium's track and field oval. The <a href="/wiki/1912_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 Olympics">1912 Olympics</a>, held in the Stockholm harbor, marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_timing_system" title="Aquatic timing system">electronic timing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryan_Lochte_(4800088801).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ryan_Lochte_%284800088801%29.jpg/220px-Ryan_Lochte_%284800088801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ryan_Lochte_%284800088801%29.jpg/330px-Ryan_Lochte_%284800088801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ryan_Lochte_%284800088801%29.jpg/440px-Ryan_Lochte_%284800088801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Olympian Ryan Lochte (near) standing on top of the wedged starting blocks. Each swimmer performs a preparatory <a href="/wiki/Isometric_exercise#Isometric_presses_as_preparation_for_explosive_power_movements" title="Isometric exercise">isometric press</a> by applying downward pressure onto their bent legs. This serves to preload the muscles and helps to make the subsequent dive more powerful.</figcaption></figure> <p>Male swimmers wore full-body suits until the 1940s, which caused more drag in the water than their modern swimwear counterparts experience. Competition suits now include engineered fabric and designs to reduce swimmers' drag in the water and prevent athlete fatigue. In addition, over the years, pool designs have lessened the drag. Some design considerations allow for the reduction of swimming <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">resistance</a>, making the pool faster. These include proper pool depth, elimination of currents, increased lane width, energy absorbing racing lane lines and gutters, and the use of other innovative hydraulic, acoustic, and illumination designs. There have been major changes in starting blocks over the past years. Starting blocks used to be small, narrow and straight<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but through time they have become bigger and wider and nowadays the surface of the block is angled towards the swimming pool.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, starting blocks now have a "wedge" which is a raised, slanting platform situated at the rear of the main block. This enables the swimmer to adopt a crouched position at a 90 degrees angle and push off quicker with the rear leg to increase their launch power.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a> were the first to use the standard 50-meter pool with marked lanes. In the freestyle, swimmers originally dove from the pool walls, but diving blocks were incorporated at the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tumble_turn" title="Tumble turn">tumble turn</a> was developed by the 1950s and <a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">goggles</a> were first used in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Olympics</a>. </p><p>There were also changes in the late 20th century in terms of technique. Breaststrokers are now allowed to dip their heads completely under water to glide, which allows for a longer stroke and faster time. However, the breaststrokers <b>must</b> bring their heads up at the completion of each cycle. In addition, a key hole pull in the breaststroke start and turns has been added to help speed up the stroke. Now off the start and turns, breaststrokers are allowed one butterfly kick to help increase their speed. This change was made official in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backstrokers are now allowed to turn on their stomachs before the wall in order to perform a "flip-turn". Previously, they had to reach and flip backwards and a variation of it, known as a "bucket turn" or a "suicide turn", is sometimes used in individual medley events to transition from backstroke to breaststroke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2></div> <p>The foundation of <a href="/wiki/FINA" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA">FINA</a> in 1908 signaled the commencement of recording the first official <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_swimming" title="List of world records in swimming">world records in swimming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time records could be established in any swimming pool of length not less than 25 yards, and records were also accepted for intermediate distance split times from long-distance events. Today World Records will only be accepted when times are reported by Automatic Officiating Equipment, or Semi-Automatic Officiating Equipment in the case of Automatic Officiating Equipment system malfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Records in events such as 300 yd, 300 m, 1000 yd, and 1000 m freestyle, 400 m backstroke, and 400 m and 500 m breaststroke were no longer ratified from 1948. A further removal of the 500 yd and 500 m freestyle, 150 m backstroke, and 3×100 m medley relay from the record listings occurred in 1952. </p><p>In 1952, the national federations of the United States and Japan proposed at the FINA Congress the separation of records achieved in long-course and short-course pools; however, it was four more years before action came into effect with the Congress deciding to retain only records held in 50 m pools as the official world record listings. </p><p>By 1969 there were thirty-one events in which FINA recognised official world records – 16 for men, 15 for women – closely resembling the event schedule that was in use at the <a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Swimming at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a>. </p><p>The increase in accuracy and reliability of electronic timing equipment led to the introduction of hundredths of a second to the time records from 21 August 1972. </p><p>Until 3 March 1991, world records in short course (25 m) pools were noted as "world best times" (WBTs) but not as "short course world records". On 31 October 1994, times in 50 m backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly were added to the official record listings. </p><p>FINA currently recognises world records in these events for both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Freestyle: <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_50_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 50 metres freestyle">50 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 100 metres freestyle">100 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 200 metres freestyle">200 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_400_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 400 metres freestyle">400 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_800_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 800 metres freestyle">800 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_1500_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 1500 metres freestyle">1500 m</a></li> <li>Backstroke: <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_50_metres_backstroke" title="World record progression 50 metres backstroke">50 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_backstroke" title="World record progression 100 metres backstroke">100 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_backstroke" title="World record progression 200 metres backstroke">200 m</a></li> <li>Breaststroke: <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_50_metres_breaststroke" title="World record progression 50 metres breaststroke">50 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_breaststroke" title="World record progression 100 metres breaststroke">100 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_breaststroke" title="World record progression 200 metres breaststroke">200 m</a></li> <li>Butterfly: <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_50_metres_butterfly" title="World record progression 50 metres butterfly">50 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_butterfly" title="World record progression 100 metres butterfly">100 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_butterfly" title="World record progression 200 metres butterfly">200 m</a></li> <li>Individual medley: <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_medley" class="mw-redirect" title="World record progression 100 metres medley">100 m</a> (short course only), <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_medley" class="mw-redirect" title="World record progression 200 metres medley">200 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_400_metres_medley" class="mw-redirect" title="World record progression 400 metres medley">400 m</a></li> <li>Relays: <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_50_metres_freestyle_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 50 metres freestyle relay">4×50 m freestyle relay</a> (short course only), <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_100_metres_freestyle_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay">4×100 m freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_200_metres_freestyle_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay">4×200 m freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_50_metres_medley_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 50 metres medley relay">4×50 m medley relay</a> (short course only), <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_100_metres_medley_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay">4×100 m medley</a></li> <li>Mixed relays (teams of two men and two women): <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_50_metres_freestyle_relay#Mixed" title="World record progression 4 × 50 metres freestyle relay">4×50 m mixed freestyle</a> (short course only), <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_100_metres_freestyle_relay#Mixed" title="World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay">4×100 m mixed freestyle</a> (long course only), <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_50_metres_medley_relay#Mixed" title="World record progression 4 × 50 metres medley relay">4×50 m mixed medley</a> (short course only), <a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_100_metres_medley_relay#Mixed" title="World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay">4×100 m mixed medley</a> (long course only)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_breakthroughs">Historical breakthroughs</h3></div> <p>— denotes instances that cannot be determined </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3" colspan="2">Distance</th> <th colspan="10">Styles </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Freestyle</th> <th colspan="2">Backstroke</th> <th colspan="2">Breaststroke</th> <th colspan="2">Butterfly</th> <th colspan="2">Medley </th></tr> <tr> <td>M</td> <td>W</td> <td>M</td> <td>W</td> <td>M</td> <td>W</td> <td>M</td> <td>W</td> <td>M</td> <td>W </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">50m<br />under 30 sec </th> <td><span class="nowrap">50m pool</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>—</td> <td>2009.<br />Jessica Hardy </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25m pool </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>—</td> <td>2002.<br /><span class="nowrap">Emma Igelström</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">100m<br />under 1 min </th> <td>50m pool </td> <td>1922.<br /><span class="nowrap">Johnny Weissmuller</span></td> <td>1962.<br />Dawn Fraser </td> <td>1964.<br /><span class="nowrap">Thompson Mann</span></td> <td>2002.<br /><span class="nowrap">Natalie Coughlin</span> </td> <td>2001.<br /><span class="nowrap">Roman Sludnov</span></td> <td>+4sec </td> <td>1960.<br /><span class="nowrap">Lance Larson</span></td> <td>1977.<br /><span class="nowrap">Christiane Knacke</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25m pool </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>—</td> <td>+2.5sec </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>—</td> <td>1999.<br /><span class="nowrap">Jenny Thompson</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">200m<br />under 2 min </th> <td>50m pool </td> <td>1963.<br />Don Schollander</td> <td>1976.<br />Kornelia Ender </td> <td>1976.<br />John Naber</td> <td>+4sec </td> <td>+7sec</td> <td>+19sec </td> <td>1976.<br />Roger Pyttel</td> <td>+2sec </td> <td>1991.<br /><span class="nowrap">Tamás Darnyi</span></td> <td>+6sec </td></tr> <tr> <td>25m pool </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>—</td> <td>2014.<br />Katinka Hosszú </td> <td>+0.5sec</td> <td>+14.5sec </td> <td>—</td> <td>2014.<br />Mireia Belmonte </td> <td>—</td> <td>+2sec </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">400m<br />under 4 min </th> <td>50m pool </td> <td>1973.<br />Rick DeMont</td> <td>2009.<br /><span class="nowrap">Federica Pellegrini</span> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td>+4sec</td> <td>+26sec </td></tr> <tr> <td>25m pool </td> <td>—</td> <td>2003.<br />Lindsay Benko </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td>2007.<br />László Cseh</td> <td>+19sec </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">800m<br />under 8 min </th> <td>50m pool </td> <td>1979.<br />Vladimir Salnikov</td> <td>+5sec </td> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25m pool </td> <td>—</td> <td>2013.<br />Mireia Belmonte </td> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1500m<br /><span class="nowrap">under 15 min</span> </th> <td>50m pool </td> <td>1980.<br />Vladimir Salnikov</td> <td>+26sec </td> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25m pool </td> <td>—</td> <td>+20sec </td> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">4 × 100 m<br /><span class="nowrap">under 4 min</span> </th> <td>50m pool </td> <td>1938.<br />United States</td> <td>1972.<br />United States </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td>1964.<br />United States</td> <td>2000.<br />United States </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">4 × 200 m<br /><span class="nowrap">under 8 min</span> </th> <td>50m pool </td> <td>1964.<br />United States</td> <td>1986.<br />East Germany </td> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</h2></div> <p>Swimming is a healthy activity that can be done by most people throughout their life.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a low-impact workout that has several mental and bodily health benefits all while being a good recreational activity. Swimming builds endurance, muscle strength, and cardiovascular fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correspondingly, it also improves weight loss while being a safer alternative of working out for someone who is injured or for women who are pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swimming generally requires less effort than many other sports while still providing similar physical benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Census Bureau reports that two and a half hours per week of aerobic physical activity such as swimming can decrease the risk of chronic illnesses, and help regenerate healthy cells.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, swimming is linked to better cognitive function; also lowering the risk of Type II diabetes, high blood pressure, and a stroke. It can improve lung and heart strength while it tones muscles in a full body workout.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People can typically exercise longer in water than on land without increased effort and minimal joint or muscle pain. When in the water the body undergoes less physical stress thus releasing pressure from the joints.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the physical benefits of swimming, lower stress levels and occurrences of depression and anxiety are known to decrease while swimming. Swimming is a meditation sport meaning there is an increase of blood flow to the brain which allows an individual to evaluate stressors more calmly.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those with dementia swimming has a number of positive benefits such as reducing anxiety and agitation, provides opportunities to socialize and contributes to a positive sense of self-worth.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_injuries">Common injuries</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swimming_injuries" title="Swimming injuries">Swimming injuries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotator_cuff_tear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Rotator_cuff_tear.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Here is where the rotator cuff is located, and what a tear would look like in the shoulder</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most common injury to swimmers is repeated trauma and overuse of the rotator cuff in the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joints are more prone to injury when the arm is repetitively used in a position above the horizontal line of the body. This position occurs in each of the four swimming strokes in every cycle of the arms. Out of the four tendons in the rotator cuff, the supraspinatus is most prone to tearing. Rotator cuff impingement is due to pressure on the rotator cuff from part of the scapula as the arm is raised. </p><p>The best way to prevent injury is catching the issue early. Typically, poor technique and over excessive use of the muscle group can be the primary causes of injury. Through communication between swimmers, coaches, parents, and medical professionals, problems can be diagnosed before a serious injury. Additionally, proper warm-up, stretches, and strength training exercises should be completed before any rigorous movements. </p><p>In treating a rotator cuff injury, the most important factor is time. Due to the nature of the joint being primarily stabilized by muscle and tendon, the injury must be fully healed to prevent recurrence. Returning to swimming or other demanding exercises too soon can result in degeneration of a tendon which might result in a rupture. During the rehabilitation period, focus should be placed on rotator cuff and scapular strengthening.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another common injury is breaststroke knee, also known as swimmer's knee. This injury is caused by the kicking movement used while swimming breaststroke. The kicking movement will cause wear and tear on the knee and it will eventually lead to constant pain. In recent studies it has been found that initially, the pain is only experienced when the kick was executed, but eventually the pain spread to other regular day-to-day activities, athletic and non-athletic.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Aquatics_Championships" title="World Aquatics Championships">World Aquatics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Colchian" title="Free Colchian">Free Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_swimming" title="Georgian swimming">Georgian swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeguard" title="Lifeguard">Lifeguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swimming_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of swimming styles">List of swimming styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">List of water sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_swimming" title="List of world records in swimming">List of world records in swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Sports nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Synchronized swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Swimming at the Summer Olympics">Swimming at the Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimsuit#Swimwear_and_hygiene" title="Swimsuit">Swimwear and hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Masters_Swimming" title="U.S. Masters Swimming">U.S. Masters Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_aerobics" title="Water aerobics">Water aerobics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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href="/wiki/Template:Racing" title="Template:Racing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racing" title="Template talk:Racing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racing255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">Racing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relay race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">Hurdling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">Steeplechase</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/80px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/120px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/160px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1107" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">Road running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">Half marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiden" title="Ekiden">Ekiden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Off-road running</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_running" title="Mountain running">Mountain running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">Trail running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tower_running" title="Tower running">Tower running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racewalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Racewalking">Racewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backward_running" title="Backward running">Backward running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_running" title="Snowshoe running">Snowshoe running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_orienteering" title="Foot orienteering">Foot orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_orienteering" title="Mountain bike orienteering">Mountain bike orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_orienteering" title="Trail orienteering">Trail orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_direction_finding" title="Amateur radio direction finding">Radio orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_orienteering" title="Canoe orienteering">Canoe orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogaining" title="Rogaining">Rogaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_marathon" title="Mountain marathon">Mountain marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_orienteering" title="Car orienteering">Car orienteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Bicycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road bicycle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross" title="Cyclo-cross">Cyclo-cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravel racing">Gravel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain bike racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keirin" title="Keirin">Keirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_speedway" title="Cycle speedway">Cycle speedway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animal racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">Camel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">Greyhound racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog_racing" title="Sled dog racing">Sled dog racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swimming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Open water swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_swimming" title="Marathon swimming">Marathon swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic swimming">Paralympic swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed climbing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motor racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">Drag racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_racing" title="Formula racing">Formula racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_racing" title="Off-road racing">Off-road racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck_racing" title="Pickup truck racing">Pickup truck racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">Sports car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">Stock car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Touring car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_racing" title="Truck racing">Truck racing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/80px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/120px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/160px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racing" title="Motorcycle racing">Motorcycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_racing" title="Beach racing">Beach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_chariot_racing" title="Motorcycle chariot racing">Motorcycle chariot racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_racing" title="Track racing">Track racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boat_racing#Motorboat_racing" title="Boat racing">Motorboat racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_boat_racing" title="Drag boat racing">Drag boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroplane_racing" title="Hydroplane racing">Hydroplane racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetsprint" title="Jetsprint">Jet sprint boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_powerboat_racing" title="Inshore powerboat racing">Inshore powerboat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing" title="Offshore powerboat racing">Offshore powerboat racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_car" title="Radio-controlled car">Radio-controlled car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_car_racing" title="Slot car racing">Slot car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_racing" title="Street racing">Street racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slalom_skateboarding" title="Slalom skateboarding">Slalom skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winter racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">Alpine skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Cross-country skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard_cross" title="Snowboard cross">Snowboard cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duathlon" title="Duathlon">Duathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon" title="Aquathlon">Aquathlon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_racing" title="List of forms of racing">List of forms of racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_swimming862" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_swimming" title="Template:International swimming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_swimming" title="Template talk:International swimming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_swimming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International swimming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_swimming862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a class="mw-selflink selflink">swimming</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Swimming at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimming at the Youth Olympic Games">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_World_Aquatics_Championships" title="Swimming at the World Aquatics Championships">World Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Open_Water_Swimming_Championships" title="FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships">Open Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_(25_m)" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)">Short Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Junior_Swimming_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA World Junior Swimming Championships">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Masters_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA World Masters Championships">Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Para_Swimming_Championships" title="World Para Swimming Championships">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_World_Swimming_Championships" title="INAS World Swimming Championships">INAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Aquatics_Swimming_World_Cup" title="World Aquatics Swimming World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FINA_Marathon_Swim_World_Series" title="FINA Marathon Swim World Series">World Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Swimming at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of swimming">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_achievements_in_swimming_by_nation" title="Major achievements in swimming by nation">Achievements by nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 orange;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Swimming_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="African Swimming Confederation">CANA</a> – <a href="/wiki/African_Swimming_Championships" title="African Swimming Championships">African Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_African_Games" title="Swimming at the African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Junior_Swimming_Championships" title="African Junior Swimming Championships">African Junior Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Map_FINA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_Map_FINA.svg/250px-World_Map_FINA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_Map_FINA.svg/375px-World_Map_FINA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_Map_FINA.svg/500px-World_Map_FINA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF6666;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_Union_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimming Union of the Americas">UANA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aquatic_Federation_of_Canada" title="Aquatic Federation of Canada">AFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Swimming_Federation" title="Central American and Caribbean Swimming Federation">CCCAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Sudamericana_de_Nataci%C3%B3n" title="Confederación Sudamericana de Natación">CONSANAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Aquatic_Sports" title="United States Aquatic Sports">USAS</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Islands_Swimming_Championships" title="Caribbean Islands Swimming Championships">Caribbean Islands Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Swimming_Championships" title="Central American and Caribbean Swimming Championships">Central American & Caribbean Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Swimming_Championships" title="South American Swimming Championships">South American Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Swimming at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF66FF;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Swimming_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Swimming Federation">AASF</a> – <a href="/wiki/Asian_Swimming_Championships" title="Asian Swimming Championships">Asian Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Swimming at the Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6666FF;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LEN" class="mw-redirect" title="LEN">LEN</a> – <a href="/wiki/LEN_European_Aquatics_Championships" title="LEN European Aquatics Championships">European Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Short_Course_Swimming_Championships" title="European Short Course Swimming Championships">European Short Course Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Junior_Swimming_Championships" title="European Junior Swimming Championships">European Junior Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_U-23_Swimming_Championships" title="European U-23 Swimming Championships">European U-23 Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2015_European_Games" title="Swimming at the 2015 European Games">European Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Para_Swimming_European_Championships" title="World Para Swimming European Championships">European Para Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 yellow;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Swimming_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceania Swimming Association">OSA</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oceania_Swimming_Championships" title="Oceania Swimming Championships">Oceania Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Pacific_Games" title="Swimming at the Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 black;">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Swimming_Championships" title="Arab Swimming Championships">Arab Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swimming_at_the_Arab_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swimming at the Arab Games (page does not exist)">Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Swimming at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Swimming_League" title="International Swimming League">International Swimming League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Swimming at the Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pacific_Swimming_Championships" title="Pan Pacific Swimming Championships">Pan Pacific Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Summer_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimming at the Summer Universiade">Universiade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/World_Aquatics" title="World Aquatics">World Aquatics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_records_in_swimming213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_records_in_swimming" title="Template:World records in swimming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_records_in_swimming" title="Template talk:World records in swimming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_records_in_swimming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World records in swimming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_records_in_swimming213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_swimming" title="List of world records in swimming">World records in swimming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_swimming" title="Freestyle swimming">Freestyle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_50_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 50 metres freestyle">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 100 metres freestyle">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 200 metres freestyle">200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_400_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 400 metres freestyle">400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_800_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 800 metres freestyle">800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_1500_metres_freestyle" title="World record progression 1500 metres freestyle">1500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Backstroke" title="Backstroke">Backstroke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_50_metres_backstroke" title="World record progression 50 metres backstroke">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_backstroke" title="World record progression 100 metres backstroke">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_backstroke" title="World record progression 200 metres backstroke">200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breaststroke" title="Breaststroke">Breaststroke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_50_metres_breaststroke" title="World record progression 50 metres breaststroke">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_breaststroke" title="World record progression 100 metres breaststroke">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_breaststroke" title="World record progression 200 metres breaststroke">200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_stroke" title="Butterfly stroke">Butterfly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_50_metres_butterfly" title="World record progression 50 metres butterfly">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_butterfly" title="World record progression 100 metres butterfly">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_butterfly" title="World record progression 200 metres butterfly">200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medley_swimming" title="Medley swimming">Individual medley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_individual_medley" title="World record progression 100 metres individual medley">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_individual_medley" title="World record progression 200 metres individual medley">200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_400_metres_individual_medley" title="World record progression 400 metres individual medley">400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_50_metres_freestyle_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 50 metres freestyle relay">4 × 50 freestyle relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_100_metres_freestyle_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay">4 × 100 freestyle relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_200_metres_freestyle_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay">4 × 200 freestyle relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_50_metres_medley_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 50 metres medley relay">4 × 50 medley relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_4_%C3%97_100_metres_medley_relay" title="World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay">4 × 100 medley relay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandatory sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic sports">Aquatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Sport climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discretionary sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_sixes" title="Lacrosse sixes">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water_sports_and_activities429" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water_sports" title="Template:Water sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water_sports" title="Template talk:Water 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href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swimming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">synchronized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_aerobics" title="Water aerobics">Water aerobics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_water_sports" title="List of surface water sports">Activities on water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">Boating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">Bodyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodysurfing" title="Bodysurfing">Bodysurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_skiing" title="Cable skiing">Cable skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">Kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboating" title="Kiteboating">Kiteboating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneeboarding_(towsport)" title="Kneeboarding (towsport)">Kneeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddleboarding" title="Paddleboarding">Paddleboarding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standup_paddleboarding" title="Standup paddleboarding">standup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimboarding" title="Skimboarding">Skimboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skurfing_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skurfing (sport)">Skurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_skipping" title="Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubing_(recreation)" title="Tubing (recreation)">Tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeskating" title="Wakeskating">Wakeskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakesurfing" title="Wakesurfing">Wakesurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_skiing" title="Barefoot skiing">barefoot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">Yachting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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