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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Field of study among musicians and computer scientists</div> <p><b>Pop music automation</b> is a field of study among musicians and computer scientists with a goal of producing successful <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> algorithmically. It is often based on the premise that pop music is especially formulaic, unchanging, and easy to compose. The idea of automating pop <a href="/wiki/Music_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Music composition">music composition</a> is related to many ideas in <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithmic music">algorithmic music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> (AI) and <a href="/wiki/Computational_creativity" title="Computational creativity">computational creativity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_automation_in_music">History of automation in music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pop_music_automation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of automation in music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a> (or, at the very least, formal sets of rules) have been used to compose music for centuries; the procedures used to plot voice-leading in <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>, for example, can often be reduced to algorithmic determinant. Now the term is usually reserved, however, for the use of formal procedures to make music without human intervention. </p><p>Classical music automation software exists that generates music in the style of <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. Most notably, <a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">David Cope</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has written a software system called "Experiments in Musical Intelligence" (or "EMI") that is capable of analyzing and generalizing from existing music by a human composer to generate novel musical compositions in the same style. EMI's output is convincing enough to persuade human listeners that its music is human-generated to a high level of competence. </p><p>Creativity research in jazz has focused on the process of <a href="/wiki/Jazz_improvisation" title="Jazz improvisation">improvisation</a> and the cognitive demands that this places on a musical agent: reasoning about time, remembering and conceptualizing what has already been played, and planning ahead for what might be played next. </p><p>Inevitably associated with Pop music automation is <a href="/wiki/Musical_analysis" title="Musical analysis">Pop music analysis</a>. </p><p>Projects in Pop music automation may include, but are not limited to, ideas in melody creation and song development, vocal generation or improvement, automatic accompaniment and lyric composition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automatic_accompaniment">Automatic accompaniment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pop_music_automation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Automatic accompaniment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some systems exist that automatically choose chords to accompany a vocal melody in real-time. A user with no musical experience can create a song with instrumental accompaniment just by singing into a microphone. An example is a Microsoft Research project called Songsmith,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which trains a <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">Hidden Markov model</a> using a music database and uses that model to select chords for new melodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Melody_generation">Melody generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pop_music_automation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Melody generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Automatic melody generation is often done with a <a href="/wiki/Markov_chain" title="Markov chain">Markov chain</a>, the states of the system become note or pitch values, and a <a href="/wiki/Probability_vector" title="Probability vector">probability vector</a> for each note is constructed, completing a transition probability matrix (see below). An algorithm is constructed to produce an output note values based on the transition matrix weightings, which could be <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> note values, frequency (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>), or any other desirable metric. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: left"> <caption>1st-order matrix </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Note</th> <th>A</th> <th>C#</th> <th>Eb </th></tr> <tr> <th>A </th> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>C# </th> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Eb </th> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float: left"> <caption>2nd-order matrix </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Note</th> <th>A</th> <th>D</th> <th>G </th></tr> <tr> <th>AA </th> <td>0.18</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.22 </td></tr> <tr> <th>AD </th> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>AG </th> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>DD </th> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>DA </th> <td>0.25</td> <td>0</td> <td>0.75 </td></tr> <tr> <th>DG </th> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>GG </th> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>GA </th> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.25 </td></tr> <tr> <th>GD </th> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>A second-order Markov chain can be introduced by considering the current state <i>and</i> also the previous state, as indicated in the second table. Higher, <i>n</i>th-order chains tend to "group" particular notes together, while 'breaking off' into other patterns and sequences occasionally. These higher-order chains tend to generate results with a sense of <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrasal</a> structure, rather than the 'aimless wandering' produced by a first-order system.<sup id="cite_ref-Roads_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roads-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyric_composition">Lyric composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pop_music_automation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lyric composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Automated lyric creating software may take forms such as: </p> <ul><li>Selecting words according to their rhythm</li></ul> <p>The Tra-la-Lyrics system<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produces song lyrics, in Portuguese, for a given melody. This not only involves matching each word syllable with a note in the melody, but also matching the word's stress with the strong beats of the melody. </p> <ul><li>Parsing existing Pop music (for content or word choice, e.g.)</li></ul> <p>This involves <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>. Pablo Gervás<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has developed a noteworthy system called ASPERA that employs a <a href="/wiki/Case-based_reasoning" title="Case-based reasoning">case-based reasoning</a> (CBR) approach to generating poetic formulations of a given input text via a composition of poetic fragments that are retrieved from a case-base of existing poems. Each poem fragment in the ASPERA case-base is annotated with a prose string that expresses the meaning of the fragment, and this prose string is used as the retrieval key for each fragment. <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">Metrical</a> rules are then used to combine these fragments into a well-formed poetic structure. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Creativity#Metaphor_and_simile" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Creativity">Automatic analogy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Creativity#Story_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Creativity">story creation</a></li></ul> <p>Programs like <a href="/w/index.php?title=TALE-SPIN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TALE-SPIN (page does not exist)">TALE-SPIN</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and The MINSTREL<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> system represent a complex elaboration of this basis approach, distinguishing a range of character-level goals in the story from a range of author-level goals for the story. Systems like Bringsjord's BRUTUS<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can create stories with complex interpersonal themes like betrayal. On-line metaphor generation systems like 'Sardonicus' or 'Aristotle'<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can suggest lexical metaphors for a given descriptive goal (e.g., to describe a supermodel as skinny, the source terms “pencil”, “whip”, “whippet”, “rope”, “stick-insect” and “snake” are suggested). </p> <ul><li>Free association of grouped words</li></ul> <p>Using a language database (such as <a href="/wiki/Wordnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordnet">wordnet</a>) one can create musings on a subject that may be weak grammatically but are still sensical. See such projects as the Flowerewolf automatic poetry generator or the Dada engine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pop_music_automation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_or_less_free">More or less free</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pop_music_automation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: More or less free"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kvraudio.com/get/1472.html">BreathCube</a> by xoxos. Simple lyrical vocal content is generated with simple music.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kvraudio.com/get/1456.html">CubeBreath</a> by xoxos. Audio input is vocoded in tune with the music.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mu-tech.co.jp/AcsWebE/setparam.asp">Midi Internet Algorithmic Composition </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://composerprogrammer.com/infno.html">infno</a> - Infinite generator of electronic dance music and synth pop.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://algorithmictrap.com/">Algorithmic Trap</a> - Trap beat generator.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pop_music_automation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commercial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgmusic.com/bandbox.htm">Band in a box</a> generates any element, potentially creates whole new songs from scratch.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palette-mct.com/">Musical Palette - Melody Composing Tool</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/redmond/projects/songsmith/">SongSmith</a>:Automatic Accompaniment for Vocal Melodies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.write-music.com/">Ludwig 3.0</a> automatic accompaniment, writes arrangements for given instruments, plays its own songs for an infinitely long time.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040327091606/http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA014815/music/English/autocomp.html">Automated Composing System</a> creates music in many different styles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pop_music_automation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithmic music">Algorithmic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_creativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial creativity">Artificial creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pop_music_automation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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(1994), <i>The Creative Process: A Computer Model of Storytelling</i>, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creative+Process%3A+A+Computer+Model+of+Storytelling&rft.pub=Hillsdale%2C+NJ%3A+Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APop+music+automation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringsjord,_S.2000" class="citation cs2">Bringsjord, S., Ferrucci, D. A. (2000), <i>Artificial Intelligence and Literary Creativity. Inside the Mind of BRUTUS, a Storytelling Machine.</i>, Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence+and+Literary+Creativity.+Inside+the+Mind+of+BRUTUS%2C+a+Storytelling+Machine.&rft.pub=Hillsdale+NJ%3A+Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bringsjord%2C+S.&rft.aufirst=Ferrucci%2C+D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APop+music+automation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeale,_Tony2007" class="citation cs2">Veale, Tony, Hao, Yanfen (2007), <i>Comprehending and Generating Apt Metaphors: A Web-driven, Case-based Approach to Figurative Language</i>, Proceedings of AAAI 2007, the 22nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 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Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_pop" title="Traditional pop">Traditional pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_pop_music" title="Styles of pop music">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">Adult contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_adult_contemporary" title="Christian adult contemporary">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_adult_contemporary" title="Rhythmic adult contemporary">Rhythmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary" title="Urban adult contemporary">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative pop">Alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Underground" title="Paisley Underground">Paisley Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient pop">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Avant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_music" title="Beach music">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brill_Building_(genre)" title="Brill Building (genre)">Brill Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_music" title="Bubblegum music">Bubblegum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">Bro-country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_pop" title="Cowboy pop">Cowboy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_pop" title="Cringe pop">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall_pop" title="Dancehall pop">Dancehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">Disco polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk-pop" title="Folk-pop">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnagogic_pop" title="Hypnagogic pop">Hypnagogic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">Indie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_sound" title="Dunedin sound">Dunedin sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twee_pop" title="Twee pop">Twee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatic_pop" title="Operatic pop">Operatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_pop" title="Orchestral pop">Orchestral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rap" title="Pop rap">Pop rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_pop" title="Emo pop">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_metal" title="Pop metal">Pop metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_pop" title="Progressive pop">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_pop" title="Psychedelic pop">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlager_music" title="Schlager music">Schlager music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_age_pop" title="Space age pop">Space age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_pop" title="Sunshine pop">Sunshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_pop" title="Swamp pop">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">Electropop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurepop" title="Futurepop">Futurepop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_pop" title="Teen pop">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_pop" title="Traditional pop">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_pop" title="Wonky pop">Wonky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_pop" title="Moroccan pop">Moroccan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_popular_music" title="American popular music">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina#Popular_music" title="Music of Argentina">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira" title="Música popular brasileira">Brazilian (MPB)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brega_pop" title="Brega pop">Brega pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropipop" title="Tropipop">Tropipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_pop_music" title="Mexican pop music">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_ola" title="Nueva ola">Nueva ola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_pop_music" title="Azerbaijani pop music">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-pop" title="C-pop">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_popular_music" title="Hakka popular music">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_pop" title="Hokkien pop">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandopop" title="Mandopop">Mandopop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Mandopop" title="French Mandopop">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyao" title="Xinyao">Xinyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongguo_feng_(music)" title="Zhongguo feng (music)">Zhongguo feng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinoiserie music">Chinoiserie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English_pop" title="Hong Kong English pop">Hong Kong English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_pop" title="Indian pop">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">Filmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_pop" title="Indo pop">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8Dka" title="Ryūkōka">Ryūkōka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya-kei" title="Shibuya-kei">Shibuya-kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-pop" title="Q-pop">Kazakhstani</a></li> <li>Korean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea#Pop_music" title="Music of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_pop" title="Lao pop">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian pop">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani pop music">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_pop" title="Pinoy pop">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_pop_music" title="Thai pop music">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-pop" title="V-pop">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austropop" title="Austropop">Austropop</a></li> <li>Balkan pop-folk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalga" title="Chalga">Chalga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manele" title="Manele">Manele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallava" title="Tallava">Tallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-folk" title="Turbo-folk">Turbo-folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_pop_music" title="British pop music">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederpop" title="Nederpop">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_pop" title="New pop">New pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europop" title="Europop">Europop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_pop_music" title="French pop music">French pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Mandopop" title="French Mandopop">French Mandopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9-y%C3%A9" title="Yé-yé">Yé-yé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_pop" title="Hungarian pop">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_popular_music#Rock_and_pop" title="Italian popular music">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Pop_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Calgija" title="Čalgija">Čalgija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabiz_(music_genre)" title="Rabiz (music genre)">Rabiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_popular%C4%83" title="Muzică populară">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manele" title="Manele">Manele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_pop" title="Russian pop">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlager_music" title="Schlager music">Schlager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_pop" title="Serbian pop">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_popular_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish popular music">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish pop music">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular music in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union#Popular_music" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VIA_music" class="mw-redirect" title="VIA music">VIA music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music_in_Ukraine" title="Pop music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">Celebrity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_soxer_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby soxer (music)">Bobby soxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasaeng_fan" title="Sasaeng fan">Sasaeng fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenybopper" title="Teenybopper">Teenybopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol#Fan_culture" title="Japanese idol"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wota</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Honorific nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pop music automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_pedagogy" title="Popular music pedagogy">Popular music pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent">Talent agent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">Teen idol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_band" title="Boy band">Boy band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_group" title="Girl group">Girl group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse%E2%80%93chorus_form" title="Verse–chorus form">Verse–chorus form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_band" title="Virtual band">Virtual band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbeat" title="Worldbeat">Worldbeat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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