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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Burundi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Kingdom of Burundi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Burundi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_by_Germany_and_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_by_Germany_and_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rule by Germany and Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_by_Germany_and_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war_and_genocides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war_and_genocides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Civil war and genocides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war_and_genocides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_attempt_at_democracy_and_war_between_Tutsi_National_Army_and_Hutu_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_attempt_at_democracy_and_war_between_Tutsi_National_Army_and_Hutu_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 First attempt at democracy and war between Tutsi National Army and Hutu population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_attempt_at_democracy_and_war_between_Tutsi_National_Army_and_Hutu_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Peace agreements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 UN involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_to_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_to_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 2006 to 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_to_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2015_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 2015 unrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 2018 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Burundi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 245 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-245" aria-hidden="true" > 245 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%88%A9%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2" title="ቡሩንዲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቡሩንዲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="بوروندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوروندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurundi" title="Vurundi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vurundi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بوروندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوروندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="বুরুন্ডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুরুন্ডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Бурундзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бурундзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Бурундзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бурундзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुंडी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बुरुंडी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="བུ་རུན་ཌི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བུ་རུན་ཌི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurundi" title="Vurundi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vurundi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwrwndi" title="Bwrwndi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bwrwndi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="بوروندي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بوروندي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A9" title="ބުރުންޑީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބުރުންޑީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुन्डी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बुरुन्डी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Μπουρούντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπουρούντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundo" title="Burundo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Burundo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بوروندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوروندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer%C3%BBndy" title="Boerûndy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boerûndy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burunndi" title="Burunndi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Burunndi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhur%C3%BAin" title="An Bhurúin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhurúin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundee" title="Burundee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Burundee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundaidh" title="Burundaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Burundaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80" title="બુરુન્ડી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બુરુન્ડી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुंडी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बुरुंडी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%A3%AC%EB%94%94" title="부룬디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부룬디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Բուրունդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուրունդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुण्डी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुरुण्डी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="বুরুন্ডি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বুরুন্ডি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purunni" title="Purunni – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Purunni" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhurundi" title="IBhurundi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBhurundi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAr%C3%BAnd%C3%AD" title="Búrúndí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búrúndí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="בורונדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בורונדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purundi" title="Purundi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Purundi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬುರುಂಡಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬುರುಂಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბურუნდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბურუნდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburundi" title="Uburundi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uburundi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburundi" title="Uburundi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Uburundi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundia" title="Burundia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Burundia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouwoundi" title="Bouwoundi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bouwoundi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burund%C3%AE" title="Burundî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Burundî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດບູຣູນດີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບູຣູນດີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundia" title="Burundia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Burundia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundija" title="Burundija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Burundija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundis" title="Burundis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Burundis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borondy" title="Borondy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Borondy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="ബറുണ്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബറുണ്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruniti" title="Puruniti – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Puruniti" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुंडी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुरुंडी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბურუნდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბურუნდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="بوروندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوروندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بوروندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوروندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯕꯨꯔꯨꯟꯗꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯨꯔꯨꯟꯗꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘူရွန်ဒီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘူရွန်ဒီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुन्डी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुरुन्डी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुन्डी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुरुन्डी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8" title="ブルンジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルンジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruundii" title="Buruundii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Buruundii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਬੁਰੂੰਡੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਰੂੰਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुंडी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुरुंडी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="برونڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برونڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="بوروندي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوروندي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purunthi" title="Purunthi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purunthi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Бурунді – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бурунді" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="बुरुंडी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बुरुंडी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burund%C3%AFi" title="Burundïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Burundïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱱᱰᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱱᱰᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92" title="බුරුන්ඩි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බුරුන්ඩි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A" title="برونڊي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برونڊي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBurundi" title="IBurundi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBurundi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C5%AFndi" title="Burůndi – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Burůndi" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بوروندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بوروندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="புருண்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புருண்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပူႇရုၼ်းတီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူႇရုၼ်းတီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="బురుండి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బురుండి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศบุรุนดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบุรุนดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundi" title="Brundi – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Brundi" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Бурундӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бурундӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8B%E1%8E%B7%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97" title="ᏋᎷᏂᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏋᎷᏂᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бурунди – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бурунди" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Бурунді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бурунді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="برونڈی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برونڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="بۇرۇندى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇرۇندى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundiy%C3%A4n" title="Rundiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rundiyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouroundi" title="Bouroundi – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bouroundi" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E9%9A%86%E5%9C%B0" title="蒲隆地 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蒲隆地" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruundi" title="Buruundi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Buruundi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E9%9A%86%E5%9C%B0" title="蒲隆地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蒲隆地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="בורונדי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בורונדי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9r%C3%BAnd%C3%AC" title="Bùrúndì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bùrúndì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86%E8%BF%AA" title="布隆迪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布隆迪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundis" title="Burundis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Burundis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E9%9A%86%E5%9C%B0" title="蒲隆地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒲隆地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Burundi" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89" title="ⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏⴷⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burundi&params=3_30_S_30_00_E_type:country_region:BI">3°30′S 30°00′E / 3.500°S 30.000°E / -3.500; 30.000</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in East Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Burundi</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:88%;">Repuburika y’Uburundi (<a href="/wiki/Kirundi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirundi language">Kirundi</a>)</li><li style="font-size:88%;">République du Burundi (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li><li style="font-size:88%;">Jamhuri ya Burundi (<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Burundi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Burundi"><img alt="Flag of Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/125px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/188px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/250px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Burundi" title="Flag of Burundi">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Burundi"><img alt="Coat of arms of Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="280" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi" title="Coat of arms of Burundi"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"Ubumwe, Ibikorwa, Amajambere" (Kirundi)</li><li>"Muungano, Kazi, Maendeleo" (Swahili)</li><li>"Unité, Travail, Progrès" (French)</li><li>"Union, Work, Progress" (English)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Burundi_Bwacu" title="Burundi Bwacu">Burundi Bwacu</a>" (Kirundi) "Our Burundi" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="129" data-mwtitle="Burundi_Bwacu.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Burundi_Bwacu.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Burundi_Bwacu.ogg/Burundi_Bwacu.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Burundi_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Burundi_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Burundi_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Burundi_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Burundi_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Burundi_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Burundi_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Burundi_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_Burundi_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Burundi_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_Burundi_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Burundi_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_Burundi_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Burundi_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a>Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burundi&params=3_30_S_30_00_E_type:city">3°30′S 30°00′E / 3.500°S 30.000°E / -3.500; 30.000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>99% <a href="/wiki/Barundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barundi">Barundi</a> <ul><li>85% <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a></li> <li>14% <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a></li> <li>1% <a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>~3,000 Europeans</li><li>~2,000 South Asians</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>93.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a> <ul><li>63.7% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Burundi" title="Catholic Church in Burundi">Catholicism</a></li> <li>25.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>4.5% other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>4.3% <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">traditional faiths</a></li><li>2.1% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Islam</a></li><li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">others</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Africa" title="Irreligion in Africa">none</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Burundi" title="Demographics of Burundi">Burundian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burundi" title="Politics of Burundi">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary dominant-party <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> dictatorship<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Burundi">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Ndayishimiye" title="Évariste Ndayishimiye">Évariste Ndayishimiye</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Burundi">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Bazombanza" title="Prosper Bazombanza">Prosper Bazombanza</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burundi" title="Prime Minister of Burundi">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gervais_Ndirakobuca" title="Gervais Ndirakobuca">Gervais Ndirakobuca</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundi" title="Parliament of Burundi">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burundi" title="History of Burundi">Establishment history</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Kingdom of Urundi</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1680–1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Part of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1890–1916</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Part of <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1916–1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from Belgium </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burundi" title="Constitution of Burundi">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 May 2018</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">27,834 km2 (10,747 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ISTEEBU-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">142nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Burundi" title="Demographics of Burundi">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14,151,540 <a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">78th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">473/km2 (1,225.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $12.594 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BI-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">164th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $890<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BI-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">193rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3.184 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BI-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">173rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $225<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BI-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">192nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 37.5<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.420<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">187th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</a> (FBu) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BIF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">CAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BI" title="ISO 3166-2:BI">BI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bi" title=".bi">.bi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mae.gov.bi">mae.gov.bi</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Burundi,<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Burundi,<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a> at the junction between the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region and Southeast Africa, with population of over 14 million people.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> to the east and southeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> to the west; <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> lies along its southwestern border. The capital city is <a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> and the largest city is <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-capital-change-17">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Twa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years. For more than 200 of those years, Burundi was an independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">kingdom</a>. In 1885, it became part of the German colony of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">Germany's defeat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> mandated the territories of Burundi and neighboring Rwanda to Belgium in a combined territory called <a href="/wiki/Rwanda-Urundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda-Urundi">Rwanda-Urundi</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, this transformed into a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory">Trust Territory</a>. Burundi gained independence in 1962 and initially retained the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">monarchy</a>; a <a href="/wiki/July_1966_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="July 1966 Burundian coup d'état">1966 coup</a> replaced the monarchy with a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> republic. Over the next 27 years, Burundi was ruled by a series of Tutsi dictators and notably experienced a <a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">genocide of Hutus in 1972</a>. In July 1993, <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Ndadaye" title="Melchior Ndadaye">Melchior Ndadaye</a> became Burundi's first Hutu president following the country's <a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_presidential_election" title="1993 Burundian presidential election">first multi-party presidential election</a>. His assassination three months later during a <a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">coup attempt</a> provoked the 12-year <a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a>. In 2000, the Arusha Agreement was adopted, which was largely integrated in a new constitution in 2005. Since the 2005 post-war elections, the country's dominant party has been the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy_%E2%80%93_Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy" title="National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy">National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy</a> (CNDD–FDD), widely accused of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> governance and perpetuating the country's <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Burundi" title="Human rights in Burundi">poor human rights record</a>. Burundi remains primarily a rural society, with just 13.4% of the population living in urban areas in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-cia-19">[17]</a> Burundi is densely populated, and many young people emigrate in search of opportunities elsewhere. Roughly 85% of the population are of <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> ethnic origin, 15% are <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>, and fewer than 1% are <a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-20">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> of Burundi are <a href="/wiki/Kirundi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirundi language">Kirundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and English—Kirundi being officially recognised as the sole <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-official-21">[19]</a> English was made an official language in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-rfi.fr-22">[20]</a> One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi's land is used mostly for <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> and grazing. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> are major ecological concerns.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-23">[21]</a> As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country was almost completely deforested. Less than 6% of its land was covered by trees, and over half of that being for commercial plantations.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Burundi is the poorest country in the world by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">nominal GDP per capita</a>, and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>. It faces widespread <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Fragile_States_Index" title="List of countries by Fragile States Index">instability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">authoritarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">illiteracy</a>. The 2018 <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> ranked the country as the world's least happy with a rank of 156.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[23]</a> Burundi is a member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC), <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">OIF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Modern Burundi is named after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">King of Urundi</a>, who ruled the region starting in the 16th century. It derives its name from a word "Urundi" in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda-Rundi" title="Rwanda-Rundi">Kirundi</a> the local language, which means "Another one".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later the Belgian mandate to <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> region came to rename it and their former capital <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">"Usumbura"</a> of both kingdoms by adding the letter "B" in front of it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Burundi" title="History of Burundi">History of Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a></div> Burundi is one of the few countries in Africa, along with its neighbour Rwanda among others (such as <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>), to be a direct territorial continuation of a pre-colonial era African state. The early history of Burundi, and especially the role and nature of the country's three dominant ethnic groups, the Twa, Hutu and Tutsi, is highly debated amongst academics.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Burundi">Kingdom of Burundi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Burundi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Kingdom of Burundi</a></div> The first evidence of the Burundian state dates back to the late 16th century where it emerged on the eastern foothills. Over the following centuries it expanded, annexing smaller neighbours. The Kingdom of Burundi, or Urundi, in the Great Lakes region was a polity ruled by a traditional monarch with several princes beneath him; succession struggles were common.<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a> The king, known as the mwami (translated as ruler) headed a princely aristocracy (ganwa) which owned most of the land and required a tribute, or tax, from local farmers (mainly Hutu) and herders (mainly Tutsi). The Kingdom of Burundi was characterised by a hierarchical political authority and tributary economic exchange.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> In the mid-18th century, the Tutsi royalty consolidated authority over land, production, and distribution with the development of the ubugabire—a patron-client relationship in which the populace received royal protection in exchange for tribute and land tenure. By this time, the royal court was made up of the Tutsi-Banyaruguru. They had higher social status than other pastoralists such as the Tutsi-Hima. In the lower levels of this society were generally Hutu people, and at the very bottom of the pyramid were the Twa. The system had some fluidity, however. Some Hutu people belonged to the nobility and in this way also had a say in the functioning of the state.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The classification of Hutu or Tutsi was not merely based on ethnic criteria alone. Hutu farmers that managed to acquire wealth and livestock were regularly granted the higher social status of Tutsi, some even made it to become close advisors of the Ganwa. On the other hand, there are also reports of Tutsi that lost all their cattle and subsequently lost their higher status and were called Hutu. Thus, the distinction between Hutu and Tutsi was also a socio-cultural concept, instead of a purely ethnic one.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-weissman-30">[28]</a> There were also many reports of marriages between Hutu and Tutsi people.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> In general, regional ties and power struggles played a far more determining role in Burundi's politics than ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-weissman-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_by_Germany_and_Belgium">Rule by Germany and Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rule by Germany and Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a></div> From 1884, the <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa_Company" title="German East Africa Company">German East Africa Company</a> was active in the African Great Lakes region. As a result of heightened tensions and border disputes between the German East Africa Company, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> was called upon to put down the <a href="/wiki/Abushiri_revolt" title="Abushiri revolt">Abushiri revolts</a> and protect the empire's interests in the region. The German East Africa Company transferred its rights to the German Empire in 1891, in this way establishing the German colony of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, which included Burundi (Urundi), Rwanda (Ruanda), and the mainland part of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EBArchived-32">[30]</a> The German Empire stationed armed forces in Rwanda and Burundi during the late 1880s. The location of the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> served as an administrative centre for the Ruanda-Urundi region.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War I)">East African Campaign</a> greatly affected the African Great Lakes region. The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> colonial forces of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">allied powers</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Tabora_offensive" title="Tabora offensive">coordinated attack</a> on the German colony. The German army stationed in Burundi was forced to retreat by the numerical superiority of the Belgian army and by 17 June 1916, Burundi and Rwanda were occupied. The <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Lake_Force" title="Lake Force">Lake Force</a> then started a thrust to capture <a href="/wiki/Tabora" title="Tabora">Tabora</a>, an administrative centre of central German East Africa. After the war, as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, Germany was forced to cede "control" of the Western section of the former German East Africa to Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> On 20 October 1924, <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a>, which consisted of modern-day Rwanda and Burundi, became a Belgian <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate territory</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Usumbura</a> as its capital. In practical terms it was considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial empire</a>. Burundi, as part of Ruanda-Urundi, continued its kingship <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> despite the presence of European authorities.<a href="#cite_note-cia-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-wein5-36">[34]</a> The Belgians, however, preserved many of the kingdom's institutions; the Burundian monarchy succeeded in surviving into the post-colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Ruanda-Urundi was classified as a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territory">United Nations Trust Territory</a> under Belgian administrative authority.<a href="#cite_note-cia-19">[17]</a> During the 1940s, a series of policies caused divisions throughout the country. On 4 October 1943, powers were split in the legislative division of Burundi's government between chiefdoms and lower chiefdoms. Chiefdoms were in charge of land, and lower sub-chiefdoms were established. Native authorities also had powers.<a href="#cite_note-wein5-36">[34]</a> In 1948, Belgium allowed the region to form <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a> These factions contributed to Burundi gaining its independence from Belgium, on 1 July 1962. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Burundi_(1962%E2%80%931966).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="flag white saltire cross on green and red background with plant in centre white rondel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Burundi_%281962%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Kingdom of Burundi</a> (1962–1966).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_de_la_Independencia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="flag sign at flagpole and raised plaza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plaza_de_la_Independencia.JPG/220px-Plaza_de_la_Independencia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plaza_de_la_Independencia.JPG/330px-Plaza_de_la_Independencia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plaza_de_la_Independencia.JPG/440px-Plaza_de_la_Independencia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Independence Square and monument in Bujumbura.</figcaption></figure> On 20 January 1959, <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burundi" title="List of kings of Burundi">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Mwambutsa_IV_Bangiriceng_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi">Mwami Mwambutsa IV</a> requested Burundi's independence from Belgium and dissolution of the Ruanda-Urundi union.<a href="#cite_note-wein7-37">[35]</a> In the following months, Burundian political parties began to advocate for the end of Belgian colonial rule and the separation of Rwanda and Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-wein7-37">[35]</a> The first and largest of these political parties was the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_National_Progress" title="Union for National Progress">Union for National Progress</a> (UPRONA). Burundi's push for independence was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a> and the accompanying instability and ethnic conflict that occurred there. As a result of the Rwandan Revolution, many Rwandan Tutsi refugees arrived in Burundi from 1959 to 1961.<a href="#cite_note-people60-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Burundi's first <a href="/wiki/Burundian_legislative_election,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundian legislative election, 1961">elections</a> took place on 8 September 1961 and UPRONA, a multi-ethnic unity party led by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_Rwagasore" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Louis Rwagasore">Prince Louis Rwagasore</a> won just over 80% of the electorate's votes. In the wake of the elections, on 13 October, the 29-year-old <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_Rwagasore#Assassination_in_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Louis Rwagasore">Prince Rwagasore was assassinated</a>, robbing Burundi of its most popular and well-known nationalist.<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The country claimed independence on 1 July 1962,<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a> and legally changed its name from Ruanda-Urundi to Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Burundi became a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with Mwami Mwambutsa IV, Prince Rwagasore's father, serving as the country's king.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-39">[37]</a> On 18 September 1962 Burundi joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> In 1963, King Mwambutsa appointed a Hutu prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ngendandumwe" title="Pierre Ngendandumwe">Pierre Ngendandumwe</a>, but he was assassinated on 15 January 1965 by a Rwandan Tutsi employed by the US Embassy. The assassination occurred in the broader context of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> during which <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> anti-communist countries were confronting the communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> as it attempted to make Burundi a logistics base for communist insurgents battling in Congo.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burundian_legislative_election,_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundian legislative election, 1965">Parliamentary elections in May 1965</a> brought a majority of Hutu into the parliament, but when King Mwambutsa appointed a Tutsi prime minister, some Hutu felt this was unjust and ethnic tensions were further increased. In October 1965, an attempted <a href="/wiki/1965_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Burundian coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by the Hutu-dominated police was carried out but failed. The Tutsi dominated army, then led by Tutsi officer Captain <a href="/wiki/Michel_Micombero" title="Michel Micombero">Michel Micombero</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-39">[37]</a> purged Hutu from their ranks and carried out reprisal attacks which ultimately claimed the lives of up to 5,000 people in a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972 Burundian Genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> King Mwambutsa, who had fled the country during the October coup of 1965, was deposed by a <a href="/wiki/July_1966_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="July 1966 Burundian coup d'état">coup in July 1966</a> and his teenage son, <a href="/wiki/Ntare_V_of_Burundi" title="Ntare V of Burundi">Prince Ntare V</a>, claimed the throne. In November that same year, the Tutsi Prime Minister, then-Captain Michel Micombero, carried out another <a href="/wiki/November_1966_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1966 Burundian coup d'état">coup</a>, this time deposing Ntare, abolishing the monarchy and declaring the nation a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, though his one-party government was effectively a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a> As president, Micombero became an advocate of <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a> and received support from the People's Republic of China. He imposed a staunch regime of law and order and sharply repressed Hutu militarism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war_and_genocides">Civil war and genocides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil war and genocides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Burundian_genocide_(1972)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundian genocide (1972)">Burundian genocide (1972)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundian_genocide_(1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundian genocide (1993)">Burundian genocide (1993)</a></div> In late April 1972, two events led to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Burundian_genocide_(1972)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundian genocide (1972)">First Burundian Genocide</a>. On 27 April 1972, a rebellion led by <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> broke out in the lakeside towns of <a href="/wiki/Rumonge" title="Rumonge">Rumonge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyanza-Lac" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanza-Lac">Nyanza-Lac</a> and the rebels declared the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Martyazo_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyazo Republic">Martyazo Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The rebels attacked both Tutsi and any Hutu who refused to join their rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-totten1-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> During this initial Hutu outbreak, anywhere from 800 to 1200 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> At the same time, King <a href="/wiki/Ntare_V_of_Burundi" title="Ntare V of Burundi">Ntare V of Burundi</a> returned from exile, heightening political tension in the country. On 29 April 1972, the 24-year-old Ntare V was murdered. In subsequent months, the Tutsi-dominated government of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Micombero" title="Michel Micombero">Michel Micombero</a> used the army to combat Hutu rebels and commit genocide, murdering targeted members of the Hutu majority. The total number of casualties was never established, but contemporary estimates put the number of people killed between 80,000 and 210,000.<a href="#cite_note-white-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICIBFR-85-52">[50]</a> In addition, several hundred thousand Hutu were estimated to have fled the killings into <a href="/wiki/Za%C3%AFre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaïre">Zaïre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICIBFR-85-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Following the civil war and genocide, Micombero became mentally distraught and withdrawn. In 1976, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bagaza" title="Jean-Baptiste Bagaza">Jean-Baptiste Bagaza</a>, a Tutsi, led a <a href="/wiki/1976_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Burundian coup d'état">bloodless coup</a> to topple Micombero and set about promoting reform. His administration drafted a new constitution in 1981, which maintained Burundi's status as a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-39">[37]</a> In August 1984, Bagaza was elected head of state. During his tenure, Bagaza suppressed political opponents and religious freedoms. Major <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Buyoya" title="Pierre Buyoya">Pierre Buyoya</a>, a Tutsi, <a href="/wiki/1987_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Burundian coup d'état">overthrew Bagaza in 1987</a>, suspended the constitution and dissolved political parties. He reinstated military rule by a Military Committee for National Salvation (CSMN).<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-39">[37]</a> Anti-Tutsi ethnic propaganda disseminated by the remnants of the 1972 UBU, which had re-organized as PALIPEHUTU in 1981, led to killings of Tutsi peasants in the northern communes of <a href="/wiki/Ntega" title="Ntega">Ntega</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marangara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marangara (page does not exist)">Marangara</a> in August 1988. The government put the death toll at 5,000,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] some international NGOs[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] believed this understated the deaths. The new regime did not unleash the harsh reprisals of 1972. Its effort to gain public trust was eroded when it decreed an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> for those who had called for, carried out, and taken credit for the killings. Analysts have called this period the beginning of the "culture of impunity." Other analysts put the origins of the "culture of impunity" earlier, in 1965 and 1972, when a small number of identifiable Hutus unleashed massive killings of Tutsis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the aftermath of the killings, a group of Hutu intellectuals wrote an open letter to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Buyoya" title="Pierre Buyoya">Pierre Buyoya</a>, asking for more representation of the Hutu in the administration. They were arrested and jailed. A few weeks later, Buyoya appointed a new government, with an equal number of Hutu and Tutsi ministers. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Sibomana" title="Adrien Sibomana">Adrien Sibomana</a> (Hutu) as Prime Minister. Buyoya also created a commission to address issues of national unity.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-39">[37]</a> In 1992, the government created a new constitution that provided for a multi-party system,<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-39">[37]</a> but a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> broke out. An estimated total of 250,000 people died in Burundi from the various conflicts between 1962 and 1993.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Since Burundi's independence in 1962, two <a href="/wiki/Burundi_genocide_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burundi genocide (disambiguation)">genocides</a> have taken place in the country: the 1972 mass killings of Hutus by the Tutsi-dominated army,<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> and the mass killings of Tutsis in 1993 by the Hutu majority. Both were described as genocides in the final report of the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented in 2002 to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICIBFR-85-496-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_attempt_at_democracy_and_war_between_Tutsi_National_Army_and_Hutu_population">First attempt at democracy and war between Tutsi National Army and Hutu population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First attempt at democracy and war between Tutsi National Army and Hutu population">edit</a>]</div> In June 1993, <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Ndadaye" title="Melchior Ndadaye">Melchior Ndadaye</a>, leader of the Hutu-dominated <a href="/wiki/Front_for_Democracy_in_Burundi" title="Front for Democracy in Burundi">Front for Democracy in Burundi</a> (FRODEBU), won the first democratic election. He became the first Hutu head of state, leading a pro-Hutu government. Though he attempted to smooth the country's bitter ethnic divide, his reforms antagonised soldiers in the Tutsi-dominated army, and he was assassinated amidst a failed military coup in October 1993, after only three months in office. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a> (1993–2005) saw persistent violence between Hutu rebels and the Tutsi majority army. It is estimated that some 300,000 people, mostly civilians, were killed in the years following the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In early 1994, the parliament elected <a href="/wiki/Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Cyprien Ntaryamira">Cyprien Ntaryamira</a> (Hutu) to the office of president. He and <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a>, the president of Rwanda, both Hutus, died together <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Habyarimana_and_Ntaryamira" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Habyarimana and Ntaryamira">when their airplane was shot down</a> in April 1994. More refugees started fleeing to Rwanda. Speaker of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Ntibantunganya" title="Sylvestre Ntibantunganya">Sylvestre Ntibantunganya</a> (Hutu), was appointed as president in October 1994. A coalition government involving 12 of the 13 parties was formed. A feared general massacre was averted, but violence broke out. A number of Hutu refugees in Bujumbura,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the then-capital, were killed. The mainly Tutsi Union for National Progress withdrew from the government and parliament. In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Buyoya" title="Pierre Buyoya">Pierre Buyoya</a> (Tutsi) again took power through a <a href="/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Burundian coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. He suspended the constitution and was sworn in as president in 1998. This was the start of his second term as president, after his first term from 1987 to 1993. In response to rebel attacks, the government forced much of the population to move to <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camps</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Under Buyoya's rule, long peace talks started, mediated by <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Both parties signed agreements in <a href="/wiki/Arusha" title="Arusha">Arusha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, South Africa, to share power in Burundi. The agreements took four years to plan. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="color map of African countries showing Uganda Rwanda and Burundi backing rebels against Kabila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.svg/220px-Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.svg/330px-Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.svg/440px-Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Belligerents of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a>. Burundi backed the rebels.</figcaption></figure> On 28 August 2000, a transitional government for Burundi was planned as a part of the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement. The transitional government was placed on a trial basis for five years. After several aborted cease-fires, a 2001 peace plan and power-sharing agreement has been relatively successful. A cease-fire was signed in 2003 between the Tutsi-controlled Burundian government and the largest Hutu rebel group, CNDD-FDD (National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy).<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> In 2003, FRODEBU leader <a href="/wiki/Domitien_Ndayizeye" title="Domitien Ndayizeye">Domitien Ndayizeye</a> (Hutu) was elected president.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In early 2005, ethnic quotas were formed for determining positions in Burundi's government. Throughout the year, elections for parliament and president occurred.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunziza" title="Pierre Nkurunziza">Pierre Nkurunziza</a> (Hutu), once a leader of a rebel group, was elected president in 2005. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Burundian government was talking with the Hutu-led Palipehutu-National Liberation Forces (NLF)<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> to bring peace to the country.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_agreements">Peace agreements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peace agreements">edit</a>]</div> African leaders began a series of peace talks between the warring factions following a request by the United Nations Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> for them to intervene in the humanitarian crisis. Talks were initiated under the aegis of former Tanzanian President <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> in 1995; following his death, South African President <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> took the helm. As the talks progressed, South African President <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> and United States President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> also lent their respective weight. The peace talks took the form of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_I_mediation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Track I mediation (page does not exist)">Track I mediations</a>. This method of negotiation can be defined as a form of diplomacy involving governmental or intergovernmental representatives, who may use their positive reputations, mediation, or the "carrot and stick" method as a means of obtaining or forcing an outcome, frequently along the lines of "bargaining" or "win-lose".<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The main objective was to transform the Burundian government and military structurally in order to bridge the ethnic gap between the Tutsi and Hutu. It was to take place in two major steps. First, a transitional power-sharing government would be established, with the presidents holding office for three-year terms. The second objective involved a restructuring of the armed forces, where the two groups would be represented equally.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> As the protracted nature of the peace talks demonstrated, the mediators and negotiating parties confronted several obstacles. First, the Burundian officials perceived the goals as "unrealistic" and viewed the treaty as ambiguous, contradictory and confusing. Second, and perhaps most importantly, the Burundians believed the treaty would be irrelevant without an accompanying cease fire. This would require separate and direct talks with the rebel groups. The main Hutu party was skeptical of the offer of a power-sharing government; they alleged that they had been deceived by the Tutsi in past agreements. In 2000,<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> the Burundian President signed the treaty, as well as 13 of the 19 warring Hutu and Tutsi factions. Disagreements persisted over which group would preside over the nascent government, and when the ceasefire would begin. The spoilers of the peace talks were the hardliner Tutsi and Hutu groups who refused to sign the accord; as a result, violence intensified. Three years later at a summit of African leaders in Tanzania, the Burundian president and the main opposition Hutu group signed an accord to end the conflict; the signatory members were granted ministerial posts within the government. However, smaller militant Hutu groups – such as the Forces for National Liberation – remained active.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_involvement">UN involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: UN involvement">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Burundi" title="Special:EditPage/Burundi">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Burundi" title="Talk:Burundi">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a>. 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Burundi%22">"Burundi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Burundi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Burundi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Burundi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Burundi%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Burundi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Between 1993 and 2003, many rounds of peace talks, overseen by regional leaders in Tanzania, South Africa and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, gradually established power-sharing agreements to satisfy the majority of the contending groups. Initially the South African Protection Support Detachment was deployed to protect Burundian leaders returning from exile. These forces became part of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">African Union Mission to Burundi</a>, deployed to help oversee the installation of a transitional government. In June 2004, the UN stepped in and took over peacekeeping responsibilities as a signal of growing international support for the already markedly advanced peace process in Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-Howard,_Lise_Morje_2008-66">[64]</a> The mission's mandate, under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter</a>, has been to monitor cease-fire, carry out disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of former military personnel, support humanitarian assistance and refugee and IDP return, assist with elections, protect international staff and Burundian civilians, monitor Burundi's troublesome borders, including halting illicit arms flows, and assist in carrying out institutional reforms including those of the Constitution, judiciary, armed forces and police. The mission has been allotted 5,650 military personnel, 120 civilian police and about 1,000 international and local civilian personnel. The mission has been functioning well. It has greatly benefited from the transitional government, which has functioned and is in the process of transitioning to one that will be popularly elected.<a href="#cite_note-Howard,_Lise_Morje_2008-66">[64]</a> The main difficulty in the early stages was continued resistance to the peace process by the last Hutu nationalist rebel group. This organisation continued its violent conflict on the outskirts of the capital despite the UN's presence. By June 2005, the group had stopped fighting and its representatives were brought back into the political process. All political parties have accepted a formula for inter-ethnic power-sharing: no political party can gain access to government offices unless it is ethnically integrated.<a href="#cite_note-Howard,_Lise_Morje_2008-66">[64]</a> The focus of the UN's mission had been to enshrine the power-sharing arrangements in a popularly voted constitution, so that elections may be held and a new government installed. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration were done in tandem with elections preparations. In February 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burundi" title="Constitution of Burundi">constitution</a> was approved with over 90% of the popular vote. In May, June and August 2005, three separate elections were also held at the local level for the Parliament and the presidency. While there are still some difficulties with refugee returns and securing adequate food supplies for the war-weary population, the mission managed to win the trust and confidence of a majority of the formerly warring leaders, as well as the population at large.<a href="#cite_note-Howard,_Lise_Morje_2008-66">[64]</a> It was involved with several "quick effect" projects, including rehabilitating and building schools, orphanages, health clinics and rebuilding infrastructure such as water lines. The 2005 Constitution formalised a complex power-sharing architecture that has been described as "associational" in its logic, as it aims to provide guarantees of representation for the Tutsi minority without entrenching the ethnic cleavage at the centre of Burundian politics.<a href="#cite_note-:6-67">[65]</a> This institutional design provides an original contribution from Burundian negotiators and constitution makers to institutional options to manage ethnic conflict.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_to_2018">2006 to 2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2006 to 2018">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="aerial view of highrise building and low rise red roofed buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg/220px-BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg/330px-BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg/440px-BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>View of the capital city Bujumbura in 2006</figcaption></figure> Reconstruction efforts in Burundi started to practically take effect after 2006. The UN shut down its peacekeeping mission and re-focused on helping with reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-accessed_on_29-10-08-68">[66]</a> Toward achieving <a href="/wiki/Economic_reconstruction" title="Economic reconstruction">economic reconstruction</a>, Rwanda, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R.Congo</a> and Burundi relaunched the regional <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_the_Great_Lakes_Countries" title="Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries">Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-accessed_on_29-10-08-68">[66]</a> In addition, Burundi, along with Rwanda, joined the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> in 2007. However, the terms of the September 2006 Ceasefire between the government and the last remaining armed opposition group, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Burundi)" title="National Liberation Front (Burundi)">FLN</a> (Forces for National Liberation, also called NLF or FROLINA), were not totally implemented, and senior FLN members subsequently left the truce monitoring team, claiming that their security was threatened.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In September 2007, rival FLN factions clashed in the capital, killing 20 fighters and causing residents to begin fleeing. Rebel raids were reported in other parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-accessed_on_29-10-08-68">[66]</a> The rebel factions disagreed with the government over disarmament and the release of political prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-70">[68]</a> In late 2007 and early 2008, FLN combatants attacked government-protected camps where former combatants were living. The homes of rural residents were also pillaged.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-70">[68]</a> The 2007 report<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-70">[68]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> mentions many areas where improvement is required. Civilians are victims of repeated acts of violence done by the FLN. The latter also recruits child soldiers. The rate of violence against women is high. Perpetrators regularly escape prosecution and punishment by the state. There is an urgent need for reform of the judicial system. <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> continued to go unpunished.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In late March 2008, the FLN sought for the parliament to adopt a law guaranteeing them 'provisional immunity' from arrest. This would cover ordinary crimes, but not grave violations of international humanitarian law like war crimes or crimes against humanity .<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-70">[68]</a> Even though the government has granted this in the past to people, the FLN has been unable to obtain the provisional immunity. On 17 April 2008, the FLN bombarded Bujumbura. The Burundian army fought back and the FLN suffered heavy losses. A new ceasefire was signed on 26 May 2008. In August 2008, President Nkurunziza met with the FLN leader <a href="/wiki/Agathon_Rwasa" title="Agathon Rwasa">Agathon Rwasa</a>, with the mediation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nqakula" title="Charles Nqakula">Charles Nqakula</a>, South Africa's Minister for Safety and Security. This was the first direct meeting since June 2007. Both agreed to meet twice a week to establish a commission to resolve any disputes that might arise during the peace negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The UN has attempted to evaluate the impact of its peace-building initiatives. In the early 2010s, the UN peacekeeping mission in Burundi sought to assess the success of its Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration program by counting the number of arms that had been collected, given the prevalence of arms in the country. However, these evaluations failed to include data from local populations, which are significant in impact evaluations of peacebuilding initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> As of 2012, Burundi was participating in African Union peacekeeping missions, including the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">mission to Somalia</a> against Al-Shabaab militants.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(Burundi)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Burundi)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> was established, initially for four years and then extended for another four in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-reuters2014-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-justice2019-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_unrest">2015 unrest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2015 unrest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">Burundian unrest (2015–2018)</a></div> In April 2015 protests broke out after the ruling party announced President <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunziza" title="Pierre Nkurunziza">Pierre Nkurunziza</a> would seek a third term in office.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Protestors claimed Nkurunziza could not run for a third term in office but the country's constitutional court agreed with Nkurunziza (although some of its members had fled the country at the time of its vote).<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Burundian coup d'état attempt">An attempted coup d'état on 13 May</a> failed to depose Nkurunziza. <a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> He returned to Burundi, began purging his government, and arrested several of the coup leaders.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn01-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Following the attempted coup, protests however continued and over 100,000 people had fled the country by 20 May causing a humanitarian emergency. There are reports of continued and widespread abuses of human rights, including unlawful killings, torture, disappearances, and restrictions on freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Despite calls by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the United States, France, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, Belgium, and various other governments to refrain, the ruling party <a href="/wiki/Burundian_legislative_election,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundian legislative election, 2015">held parliamentary elections on 29 June</a>, but these were boycotted by the opposition. On 30 September 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> established the Commission of Inquiry on Burundi through resolution 33/24. Its mandate is to "conduct a thorough investigation into human rights violations and abuses committed in Burundi since April 2015, to identify alleged perpetrators and to formulate recommendations."<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> On 29 September 2017 the Commission of Inquiry on Burundi called on Burundian government to put an end to serious <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a>. It further stressed that, "The Burundian government has so far refused to cooperate with the Commission of Inquiry, despite the Commission's repeated requests and initiatives."<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-88">[86]</a> The violations the Commission documented include <a href="/wiki/Arrests" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrests">arbitrary arrests</a> and detentions, acts of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and cruel, <a href="/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman or degrading treatment">inhuman or degrading treatment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial execution">extrajudicial executions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforced disappearances">enforced disappearances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and other forms of sexual violence."<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_to_present">2018 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2018 to present">edit</a>]</div> In a <a href="/wiki/2018_Burundian_constitutional_referendum" title="2018 Burundian constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a> in May 2018, Burundians voted by 79.08% to approve an amended constitution that ensured that Nkurunziza could remain in power until 2034.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> However, much to the surprise of most observers, Nkurunziza later announced that he did not intend to serve another term, paving the way for a new president to be elected in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Burundian_general_election" title="2020 Burundian general election">2020 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-91">[89]</a> On 20 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Ndayishimiye" title="Évariste Ndayishimiye">Evariste Ndayishimiye</a>, a candidate who was hand-picked as Nkurunziza's successor by the CNDD-FDD, won the election with 71.45% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[90]</a> Shortly after, on 9 June 2020, Nkurunziza died of a cardiac arrest, at the age of 55.<a href="#cite_note-:03-91">[89]</a> There was some speculation that his death was COVID-19 related, though this is unconfirmed.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> As per the constitution, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Nyabenda" title="Pascal Nyabenda">Pascal Nyabenda</a>, the president of the national assembly, led the government until Ndayishimiye's inauguration on 18 June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:03-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[90]</a> In December 2021, a <a href="/wiki/Gitega_prison_fire" title="Gitega prison fire">large prison fire killed dozens</a> in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In November 2022, in challenges to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Burundi's economic growth increased slightly to 3 percent, according to an assessment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Currently, Burundi remains as one of the poorest nations on Earth based on a <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Income">Gross National Income</a> (GNI) of $270 per capita.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burundi" title="Politics of Burundi">Politics of Burundi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Nkurunziza_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pierre Nkurunziza at World Economic Forum 2008 looking right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pierre_Nkurunziza_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg/170px-Pierre_Nkurunziza_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pierre_Nkurunziza_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg/255px-Pierre_Nkurunziza_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pierre_Nkurunziza_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg/340px-Pierre_Nkurunziza_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunziza" title="Pierre Nkurunziza">Pierre Nkurunziza</a>, President of Burundi from 2005 to 2020</figcaption></figure> Burundi's political system is that of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> republic based upon a multi-party state. The president of Burundi is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. There are currently 21 <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Burundi" title="List of political parties in Burundi">registered parties in Burundi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a> On 13 March 1992, Tutsi coup leader <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Buyoya" title="Pierre Buyoya">Pierre Buyoya</a> established a constitution,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-96">[94]</a> which provided for a multi-party political process and reflected multi-party competition.<a href="#cite_note-PH-97">[95]</a> Six years later, on 6 June 1998, the constitution was changed, broadening <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Burundi">National Assembly</a>'s seats and making provisions for two vice-presidents. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Burundi)" title="Arusha Accords (Burundi)">Arusha Accord</a>, Burundi enacted a transitional government in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-unburundi-98">[96]</a> Burundi's legislative branch is a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> assembly, consisting of the Transitional National Assembly and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Burundi">Transitional Senate</a>. As of 2004<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Transitional National Assembly consisted of 170 members, with the Front for Democracy in Burundi holding 38% of seats, and 10% of the assembly controlled by UPRONA. Fifty-two seats were controlled by other parties. Burundi's constitution mandates representation in the Transitional National Assembly to be consistent with 60% Hutu, 40% Tutsi, and 30% female members, as well as three Batwa members.<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a> Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote and serve five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-Puddington-99">[97]</a> The Transitional Senate has fifty-one members, and three seats are reserved for former presidents. Due to stipulations in Burundi's constitution, 30% of Senate members must be female. Members of the Senate are elected by electoral colleges, which consist of members from each of Burundi's provinces and communes.<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a> For each of Burundi's eighteen provinces, one Hutu and one Tutsi senator are chosen. One term for the Transitional Senate is five years.<a href="#cite_note-Puddington-99">[97]</a> Together, Burundi's legislative branch elect the president to a five-year term.<a href="#cite_note-Puddington-99">[97]</a> Burundi's president appoints officials to his Council of Ministers, which is also part of the executive branch.<a href="#cite_note-unburundi-98">[96]</a> The president can also pick fourteen members of the Transitional Senate to serve on the Council of Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a> Members of the Council of Ministers must be approved by two-thirds of Burundi's legislature. The president also chooses two vice-presidents.<a href="#cite_note-Puddington-99">[97]</a> Following the 2015 election, the president of Burundi was <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunziza" title="Pierre Nkurunziza">Pierre Nkurunziza</a>. The first vice-president was Therence Sinunguruza, and the Second Vice-president was Gervais Rufyikiri.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> On 20 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Evariste_Ndayishimiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Evariste Ndayishimiye">Evariste Ndayishimiye</a>, a candidate who was hand-picked as Nkurunziza's successor by the CNDD-FDD, won <a href="/wiki/2020_Burundian_general_election" title="2020 Burundian general election">the election</a> with 71.45% of the vote. Shortly after, on 9 June 2020, Nkurunziza died of a cardiac arrest, at the age of 55. As per the constitution, Pascal Nyabenda, the president of the national assembly, led the government until Ndayishimiye's inauguration on 18 June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The Cour Suprême (Supreme Court) is Burundi's highest court. There are three Courts of Appeals directly below the Supreme Court. Tribunals of First Instance are used as judicial courts in each of Burundi's provinces as well as 123 local tribunals.<a href="#cite_note-unburundi-98">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Burundi_in_Brussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Embassy_of_Burundi_in_Brussels.jpg/170px-Embassy_of_Burundi_in_Brussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Embassy_of_Burundi_in_Brussels.jpg/255px-Embassy_of_Burundi_in_Brussels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Embassy_of_Burundi_in_Brussels.jpg/340px-Embassy_of_Burundi_in_Brussels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="2983" /></a><figcaption>Embassy of Burundi in Brussels</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Burundi" title="Human rights in Burundi">Human rights in Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Burundi">LGBT rights in Burundi</a></div> Burundi's government has been repeatedly criticised by human rights organisations including <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> for the multiple arrests and trials of journalist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Kavumbagu" title="Jean-Claude Kavumbagu">Jean-Claude Kavumbagu</a> for issues related to his reporting. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (AI) named him a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a> and called for his "immediate and unconditional release." In April 2009, the government of Burundi changed the law to criminalise <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>. Persons found guilty of consensual same-sex relations risk three months to two years in prison and/or a fine of 50,000 to 100,000 Burundian francs.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Amnesty International has condemned the action, calling it a violation of Burundi's obligations under international and regional human rights law, and against the constitution, which guarantees the right to privacy.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Burundi officially left the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) on 27 October 2017, the first country in the world to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[104]</a> The move came after the UN accused the country of various crimes and human rights violations, such as extrajudicial killings, torture and sexual violence, in a September 2017 report.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[104]</a> The ICC announced on 9 November 2017 that human rights violations from the time Burundi was a member would still be prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Burundi" title="Provinces of Burundi">Provinces of Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Burundi" title="Communes of Burundi">Communes of Burundi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collines_of_Burundi" title="Collines of Burundi">Collines of Burundi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Burundi is divided into 18 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Burundi" title="Provinces of Burundi">provinces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-statoids-109">[107]</a> 119 <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Burundi" title="Communes of Burundi">communes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a> and 2,638 <a href="/wiki/Collines_of_Burundi" title="Collines of Burundi">collines</a> (hills).<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Provincial governments are structured upon these boundaries. Burundi's provinces and communes were created on Christmas Day in 1959 by a Belgian colonial decree. They replaced the pre-existing system of chieftains.<a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[109]</a> In 2000, the province encompassing Bujumbura was separated into two provinces, Bujumbura Rural and Bujumbura Mairie.<a href="#cite_note-xlix-112">[110]</a> The newest province, <a href="/wiki/Rumonge_Province" title="Rumonge Province">Rumonge</a>, was created on 26 March 2015 from portions of Bujumbura Rural and Bururi.<a href="#cite_note-rumong-113">[111]</a> In July 2022, the government of Burundi announced a complete overhaul of the country's territorial subdivisions. The proposed change would reduce the amounts of provinces from 18 to 5, and reduce the amount of communes from 119 to 42. The change needs the approval of the parliament of Burundi to take effect.<a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[109]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 75%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#ACE1AF"> <th>Province </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Area (km2) <a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> </th> <th>Population (2008 census)<a href="#cite_note-statoids-109">[107]</a> </th> <th>Density (per km2) </th> <th>Communes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Burundi (page does not exist)">Eastern Burundi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cankuzo_Province" title="Cankuzo Province">Cankuzo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cankuzo" title="Cankuzo">Cankuzo</a> </td> <td>1,964.54 </td> <td>228,873 </td> <td>116.5 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gitega_Province" title="Gitega Province">Gitega</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> </td> <td>1,978.96 </td> <td>725,223 </td> <td>366.5 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutana_Province" title="Rutana Province">Rutana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutana" title="Rutana">Rutana</a> </td> <td>1,959.45 </td> <td>333,510 </td> <td>170.2 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruyigi_Province" title="Ruyigi Province">Ruyigi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruyigi" title="Ruyigi">Ruyigi</a> </td> <td>2,338.88 </td> <td>400,530 </td> <td>171.2 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Burundi (page does not exist)">Northern Burundi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karuzi_Province" title="Karuzi Province">Karuzi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karuzi" title="Karuzi">Karuzi</a> </td> <td>1,457.40 </td> <td>436,443 </td> <td>299.5 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayanza_Province" title="Kayanza Province">Kayanza</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayanza" title="Kayanza">Kayanza</a> </td> <td>1,233.24 </td> <td>585,412 </td> <td>474.7 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirundo_Province" title="Kirundo Province">Kirundo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirundo" title="Kirundo">Kirundo</a> </td> <td>1,703.34 </td> <td>628,256 </td> <td>368.8 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muyinga_Province" title="Muyinga Province">Muyinga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muyinga" title="Muyinga">Muyinga</a> </td> <td>1,836.26 </td> <td>632,409 </td> <td>344.4 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Province" title="Ngozi Province">Ngozi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngozi,_Burundi" title="Ngozi, Burundi">Ngozi</a> </td> <td>1,473.86 </td> <td>660,717 </td> <td>448.3 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Burundi (page does not exist)">Southern Burundi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bururi_Province" title="Bururi Province">Bururi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bururi" title="Bururi">Bururi</a> </td> <td>1,644.68 </td> <td>313,102 </td> <td>190.4 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Makamba_Province" title="Makamba Province">Makamba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makamba,_Burundi" title="Makamba, Burundi">Makamba</a> </td> <td>1,959.60 </td> <td>430,899 </td> <td>219.9 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rumonge_Province" title="Rumonge Province">Rumonge</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rumonge" title="Rumonge">Rumonge</a> </td> <td>1,079.72 </td> <td>352,026 </td> <td>326.0 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Burundi (page does not exist)">Western Burundi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bubanza_Province" title="Bubanza Province">Bubanza</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bubanza" title="Bubanza">Bubanza</a> </td> <td>1,089.04 </td> <td>338,023 </td> <td>310.4 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bujumbura_Mairie_Province" title="Bujumbura Mairie Province">Bujumbura Mairie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a> </td> <td>86.52 </td> <td>497,166 </td> <td>5746.3 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bujumbura_Rural_Province" title="Bujumbura Rural Province">Bujumbura Rural</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isale_(commune)" title="Isale (commune)">Isale</a><a href="#cite_note-law2015-115">[113]</a> </td> <td>1,059.84 </td> <td>464,818 </td> <td>438.6 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cibitoke_Province" title="Cibitoke Province">Cibitoke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cibitoke" title="Cibitoke">Cibitoke</a> </td> <td>1,635.53 </td> <td>460,435 </td> <td>281.5 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muramvya_Province" title="Muramvya Province">Muramvya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muramvya" title="Muramvya">Muramvya</a> </td> <td>695.52 </td> <td>292,589 </td> <td>420.7 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mwaro_Province" title="Mwaro Province">Mwaro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mwaro" title="Mwaro">Mwaro</a> </td> <td>839.60 </td> <td>273,143 </td> <td>325.3 </td> <td>6 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Burundi_2014_(named).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Provinces_of_Burundi_2014_%28named%29.png/450px-Provinces_of_Burundi_2014_%28named%29.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Provinces_of_Burundi_2014_%28named%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="624" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:By-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="tan colour map of Burundi with cities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/By-map.png/220px-By-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/By-map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Map of Burundi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippos_in_Burundi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hippos_in_Burundi.png/220px-Hippos_in_Burundi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hippos_in_Burundi.png/330px-Hippos_in_Burundi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hippos_in_Burundi.png/440px-Hippos_in_Burundi.png 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hippos at Kibira National Park in northwest Burundi</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Geography of Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Burundi" title="Climate of Burundi">Climate of Burundi</a></div> One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi is landlocked and has an <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">equatorial climate</a>. Burundi is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</a>, the western extension of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>. The country lies on a rolling <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> in the centre of Africa. Burundi is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> to the east and southeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> to the west. It lies within the <a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift_montane_forests" title="Albertine Rift montane forests">Albertine Rift montane forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Zambezian_miombo_woodlands" title="Central Zambezian miombo woodlands">Central Zambezian miombo woodlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Basin_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic">Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic</a> ecoregions.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-116">[114]</a> The average elevation of the central plateau is 1,707 m (5,600 ft), with lower elevations at the borders. The highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Heha" title="Mount Heha">Mount Heha</a> at 2,685 m (8,810 ft),<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-117">[115]</a> lies to the southeast of the largest city and economic capital, Bujumbura. The source of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> is in Bururi province, and is linked from Lake Victoria to its headwaters via the <a href="/wiki/Ruvyironza_River" title="Ruvyironza River">Ruvyironza River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-118">[116]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> is also an important water source, which serves as a fork to the <a href="/wiki/Kagera_River" title="Kagera River">Kagera River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Another major lake is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>, located in much of Burundi's southwestern corner.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-121">[119]</a> In Burundi <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 11% of the total land area, equivalent to 279,640 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 276,480 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 166,670 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 112,970 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 23% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 41% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> There are two <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kibira_National_Park" title="Kibira National Park">Kibira National Park</a> to the northwest (a small region of rainforest, adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_Forest_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyungwe Forest National Park">Nyungwe Forest National Park</a> in Rwanda), and <a href="/wiki/Ruvubu_National_Park" title="Ruvubu National Park">Ruvubu National Park</a> to the northeast (along the <a href="/wiki/Rurubu_River" title="Rurubu River">Rurubu River</a>, also known as Ruvubu or Ruvuvu). Both were established in 1982 to conserve wildlife populations.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wildlife">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Burundi" title="Wildlife of Burundi">Wildlife of Burundi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Economy of Burundi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies based in Burundi">List of companies based in Burundi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burundi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burundi.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burundi.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burundi.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of GDP per capita</figcaption></figure> Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly agricultural, accounting for 50% of GDP in 2017<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> and employing more than 90% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a> accounts for 90% of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-126">[124]</a> Burundi's primary exports are coffee and tea, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings, though exports are a relatively small share of GDP. Other agricultural products include cotton, tea, maize, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, sweet potatoes, bananas, <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a> (tapioca); beef, milk and hides. Even though <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farming</a> is highly relied upon, many people do not have the resources to sustain themselves. This is due to large population growth and no coherent policies governing land ownership. In 2014, the average farm size was about one acre. Burundi is the world's poorest country, owing in part to its landlocked geography,<a href="#cite_note-cia-19">[17]</a> lack of access to education and the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>. Approximately 80% of Burundi's population lives in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Famines and food shortages have occurred throughout Burundi, most notably in the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-wein5-36">[34]</a> and according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>, 56.8% of children under age five suffer from chronic <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Burundi's export earnings – and its ability to pay for imports – rests primarily on weather conditions and international coffee and tea prices. The purchasing power of most Burundians has decreased as wage increases have not kept up with inflation. As a result of deepening poverty, Burundi will remain heavily dependent on aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Foreign aid represents 42% of Burundi's national income, the second highest rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. Burundi joined the East African Community in 2009, which should boost its regional trade ties, and also in 2009 received $700 million in debt relief. Government corruption is hindering the development of a healthy private sector as companies seek to navigate an environment with ever-changing rules.<a href="#cite_note-cia-19">[17]</a> Studies since 2007 have shown Burundians to have extremely poor levels of <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_with_Life_Index" title="Satisfaction with Life Index">satisfaction with life</a>; the <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report 2018</a> rated them the world's least happy.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burundi_-_Lake_Tanganyika_fisheries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two sitting in skiff on beach on lakeshore with mountains in bckround" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Burundi_-_Lake_Tanganyika_fisheries.jpg/220px-Burundi_-_Lake_Tanganyika_fisheries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Burundi_-_Lake_Tanganyika_fisheries.jpg/330px-Burundi_-_Lake_Tanganyika_fisheries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Burundi_-_Lake_Tanganyika_fisheries.jpg/440px-Burundi_-_Lake_Tanganyika_fisheries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika.</figcaption></figure> Some of Burundi's natural resources include <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, nickel, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Besides agriculture, other industries include: the assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing, and light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, and soap. In regards to telecommunications infrastructure, Burundi is ranked second to last in the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Burundi ranked number 147 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 144 in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Lack of access to financial services is a serious problem for the majority of the population, particularly in densely populated rural areas: only 2% of the total population holds bank accounts and fewer than 0.5% use bank lending services. <a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">Microfinance</a>, however, plays a larger role, with 4% of Burundians being members of microfinance institutions – a larger share of the population than that reached by banking and postal services combined. 26 licensed microfinance institutions (MFIs) offer savings, deposits, and short- to medium-term credit. The dependence of the sector on donor assistance is limited.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Burundi is part of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> and a potential member of the planned <a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a>. Burundi economy has declined since 1990s and Burundi is behind all neighbouring countries. Burundi was ranked 127th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Currency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</a></div> Burundi's currency is the <a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</a>. It is nominally subdivided into 100 <a href="/wiki/Centime" title="Centime">centimes</a>, though coins have never been issued in centimes in independent Burundi; centime coins were circulated only when Burundi used the <a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Belgian Congo franc</a>. Monetary policy is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Burundi" title="Bank of the Republic of Burundi">Bank of the Republic of Burundi</a>. <table class="toccolours" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr><th style="background: #A7C3FF;" colspan="2"> Current BIF exchange rates</th> </tr><tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Google Finance</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/AUD-BIF">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CAD-BIF">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CHF-BIF">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CNY-BIF">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/EUR-BIF">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/GBP-BIF">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/HKD-BIF">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/JPY-BIF">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/USD-BIF">USD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Finance">Yahoo! Finance</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AUDBIF=X">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CADBIF=X">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CHFBIF=X">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CNYBIF=X">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/EURBIF=X">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GBPBIF=X">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/HKDBIF=X">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/JPYBIF=X">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/USDBIF=X">USD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/XE.com" title="XE.com">XE.com</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=AUD&To=BIF">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=BIF">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CHF&To=BIF">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CNY&To=BIF">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=BIF">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=GBP&To=BIF">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=HKD&To=BIF">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=JPY&To=BIF">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=BIF">USD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From OANDA: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=AUD&to=BIF">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CAD&to=BIF">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CHF&to=BIF">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CNY&to=BIF">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=EUR&to=BIF">EUR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=GBP&to=BIF">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=HKD&to=BIF">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=JPY&to=BIF">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=USD&to=BIF">USD</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Burundi" title="Transport in Burundi">Transport in Burundi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BujumburaAirport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BujumburaAirport.jpg/220px-BujumburaAirport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BujumburaAirport.jpg/330px-BujumburaAirport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BujumburaAirport.jpg/440px-BujumburaAirport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bujumbura_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bujumbura International Airport">Bujumbura International Airport</a> terminal in Bujumbura</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truck_and_bicylists_near_Gitega,_Burundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two bicyclists hold on to back of truck descending a hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Truck_and_bicylists_near_Gitega%2C_Burundi.jpg/220px-Truck_and_bicylists_near_Gitega%2C_Burundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Truck_and_bicylists_near_Gitega%2C_Burundi.jpg/330px-Truck_and_bicylists_near_Gitega%2C_Burundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Truck_and_bicylists_near_Gitega%2C_Burundi.jpg/440px-Truck_and_bicylists_near_Gitega%2C_Burundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2162" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>Bicycles are a popular means of transport in Burundi</figcaption></figure> Burundi's transport network is limited and underdeveloped. According to a 2012 DHL Global Connectedness Index, Burundi is the least globalised of 140 surveyed countries.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bujumbura International Airport">Bujumbura International Airport</a> is the only airport with a paved runway and as of May 2017 it was serviced by four airlines (<a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airlines" title="Brussels Airlines">Brussels Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines" title="Ethiopian Airlines">Ethiopian Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Airways" title="Kenya Airways">Kenya Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/RwandAir" title="RwandAir">RwandAir</a>). <a href="/wiki/Kigali_International_Airport" title="Kigali International Airport">Kigali</a> is the city with the most daily flight connections to Bujumbura. The country has a road network but as of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit">[update]</a> less than 10% of the country's roads were paved and as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit">[update]</a> private bus companies were the main operators of buses on the international route to Kigali; however, there were no bus connections to the other neighbouring countries (Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo).<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Bujumbura is connected by a passenger and cargo ferry (the <a href="/wiki/MV_Mwongozo" title="MV Mwongozo">MV Mwongozo</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Kigoma" title="Kigoma">Kigoma</a> in Tanzania.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/East_African_Railway_Master_Plan" title="East African Railway Master Plan">long-term plan</a> to link the country via rail to Kigali and then onward to Kampala and Kenya. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Burundi <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-BURUNDICITIES-137">[135]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Burundi" title="List of cities in Burundi">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Burundi" title="Provinces of Burundi">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bujumbura"><img alt="Bujumbura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg/120px-BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg/180px-BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg/240px-BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a> <a href="/wiki/File:INSS_Gitega_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gitega"><img alt="Gitega" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/INSS_Gitega_n.jpg/120px-INSS_Gitega_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/INSS_Gitega_n.jpg/180px-INSS_Gitega_n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/INSS_Gitega_n.jpg/240px-INSS_Gitega_n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bujumbura_Mairie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bujumbura Mairie">Bujumbura Mairie</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">374,809 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_ngozi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ngozi"><img alt="Ngozi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/University_of_ngozi.jpg/120px-University_of_ngozi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/University_of_ngozi.jpg/180px-University_of_ngozi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/University_of_ngozi.jpg/240px-University_of_ngozi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="596" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ngozi,_Burundi" title="Ngozi, Burundi">Ngozi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_de_la_ville.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumonge"><img alt="Rumonge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_de_la_ville.jpg/120px-M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_de_la_ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_de_la_ville.jpg/180px-M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_de_la_ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_de_la_ville.jpg/240px-M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_de_la_ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1872" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rumonge" title="Rumonge">Rumonge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gitega_Province" title="Gitega Province">Gitega</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">135,467 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ngozi,_Burundi" title="Ngozi, Burundi">Ngozi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Province" title="Ngozi Province">Ngozi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,884 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rumonge" title="Rumonge">Rumonge</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bururi_Province" title="Bururi Province">Bururi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,931 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cibitoke" title="Cibitoke">Cibitoke</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cibitoke_Province" title="Cibitoke Province">Cibitoke</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayanza" title="Kayanza">Kayanza</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayanza_Province" title="Kayanza Province">Kayanza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,767 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bubanza" title="Bubanza">Bubanza</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bubanza_Province" title="Bubanza Province">Bubanza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,031 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karuzi" title="Karuzi">Karuzi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karuzi_Province" title="Karuzi Province">Karuzi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,705 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirundo" title="Kirundo">Kirundo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirundo_Province" title="Kirundo Province">Kirundo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,024 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muyinga" title="Muyinga">Muyinga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muyinga_Province" title="Muyinga Province">Muyinga</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,609 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burundi_tradition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Burundi_tradition.jpg/220px-Burundi_tradition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Burundi_tradition.jpg/330px-Burundi_tradition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Burundi_tradition.jpg/440px-Burundi_tradition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Men in colourful clothing with drums</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_in_Bujumbura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="three children looking directly at camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Children_in_Bujumbura.jpg/220px-Children_in_Bujumbura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Children_in_Bujumbura.jpg/330px-Children_in_Bujumbura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Children_in_Bujumbura.jpg/440px-Children_in_Bujumbura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Children in Bujumbura, Burundi</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Burundi" title="Demographics of Burundi">Demographics of Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burundi" title="Languages of Burundi">Languages of Burundi</a></div> As of October 2021, Burundi was estimated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs#Divisions" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations</a> to have a population of 12,346,893,<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-139">[137]</a> compared to only 2,456,000 in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Population_growth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Population growth rate">population growth rate</a> is 2.5 percent per year, more than double the average global pace, and a Burundian woman has on average 5.10 children, more than double the international <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FP-March-141">[139]</a> Burundi had the tenth highest <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> in the world, just behind Somalia, in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-cia-19">[17]</a> Many Burundians have migrated to other countries as a result of the civil war. In 2006, the United States accepted approximately 10,000 Burundian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Burundi remains an overwhelmingly rural society, with just 13% of the population living in urban areas in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-cia-19">[17]</a> The population density of around 315 people per square kilometre (753 per sq mi) is the second highest in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state-34">[32]</a> Roughly 85% of the population are of <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> ethnic origin, 15% are <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> and fewer than 1% are indigenous <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Twa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burundi" title="Languages of Burundi">Languages of Burundi</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> of Burundi are <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. English was made an official language in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-rfi.fr-22">[20]</a> Virtually the entire population speaks Kirundi, and just under 10% speak French.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Religion in Burundi</a></div> Sources estimate the Christian population at 80–90%, with Roman Catholics representing the largest group at 60–65%. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> practitioners constitute the remaining 15–25%. An estimated 5% of the population adheres to traditional indigenous religious beliefs. Muslims constitute 2–5%, the majority of whom are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> and live in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-cia-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pew-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-state2010-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Burundi" title="Health in Burundi">Health in Burundi</a></div> Burundi has the worst hunger and malnourishment rates of all 120 countries ranked in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FP-March-141">[139]</a> The civil war in 1962 put a stop on the medical advancements in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:4-146">[144]</a> Burundi, again, went into a violent cycle in 2015, jeopardising the citizens of Burundi's medical care.<a href="#cite_note-:5-147">[145]</a> Like other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Burundi uses indigenous medicine in addition to <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</a>. In the 1980s, Burundi's health authorities asked the United Nations Development Program for support to develop quality control for and begin new research on pharmaceuticals from medicinal plants.<a href="#cite_note-:4-146">[144]</a> At the same time, the Burundi Association of Traditional Practitioners (ATRADIBU) was founded, which teamed up with the governments agency to set up the Centre for Research and Promotion of Traditional Medicine in Burundi (CRPMT).<a href="#cite_note-:4-146">[144]</a> The recent influx of international aid has supported the work of biomedical health systems in Burundi. However, international aid workers have traditionally stayed away from indigenous medicine in Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-:4-146">[144]</a> As of 2015, roughly 1 out of 10 children in Burundi die before the age of 5 from preventable and treatable illnesses such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria.<a href="#cite_note-:5-147">[145]</a> The current violence in Burundi has limited the country's access to medication and hospital equipment. The life expectancy in Burundi, as of 2015, was 60.1 years.<a href="#cite_note-:8-148">[146]</a> In 2013, Burundi spent 8% of their GDP on healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-:8-148">[146]</a> While Burundi's <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> rate is 6.1 children per women, the country's infant <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">death rate</a> is 61.9 deaths for every 1,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-:8-148">[146]</a> Common diseases in Burundi include malaria and typhoid fever.<a href="#cite_note-:8-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gitega_drums.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="four drums in courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gitega_drums.JPG/220px-Gitega_drums.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gitega_drums.JPG/330px-Gitega_drums.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gitega_drums.JPG/440px-Gitega_drums.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Drums from <a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burundi" title="Culture of Burundi">Culture of Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Burundi" title="Tourism in Burundi">Tourism in Burundi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Music of Burundi</a></div> Burundi's culture is based on local tradition and the influence of neighbouring countries, though cultural prominence has been hindered by <a href="/wiki/Civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unrest">civil unrest</a>. Since farming is the main industry, a typical Burundian meal consists of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>. Due to the expense, meat is eaten only a few times per month. When several Burundians of close acquaintance meet for a gathering they drink impeke, a beer, together from a large container to symbolise unity.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Notable Burundians include the footballer <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Tchit%C3%A9" title="Mohamed Tchité">Mohamed Tchité</a> and singer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Nimbona" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Pierre Nimbona">Jean-Pierre Nimbona</a>, popularly known as Kidumu (who is based in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, Kenya). Crafts are an important art form in Burundi and are attractive gifts to many tourists. Basket weaving is a popular craft for local artisans,<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> as well as other crafts such as masks, shields, statues and pottery.<a href="#cite_note-r1-151">[149]</a> Drumming is an important part of the cultural heritage. The world-famous <a href="/wiki/Royal_Drummers_of_Burundi" title="Royal Drummers of Burundi">Royal Drummers of Burundi</a>, who have performed for over 40 years, are noted for traditional drumming using the <a href="/wiki/Karyenda" title="Karyenda">karyenda</a>, amashako, ibishikiso and ikiranya drums.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Dance often accompanies drumming performance, which is frequently seen in celebrations and family gatherings. The abatimbo, which is performed at official ceremonies and rituals and the fast-paced abanyagasimbo are some famous Burundian dances. Some musical instruments of note are the flute, <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikembe" title="Ikembe">ikembe</a>, indonongo, <a href="/wiki/Umuduri" title="Umuduri">umuduri</a>, inanga and the inyagara.<a href="#cite_note-r1-151">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Match.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="five men playing football one red and black striped jersey and four in yellow jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Le_Match.jpg/220px-Le_Match.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Le_Match.jpg/330px-Le_Match.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Le_Match.jpg/440px-Le_Match.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Football in Burundi</figcaption></figure> The country's <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> is strong, relaying history and life lessons through storytelling, poetry and song. Imigani, indirimbo, amazina and ivyivugo are literary genres in Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Basketball and track and field are noted sports. Martial arts are popular, as well. There are five major judo clubs: Club Judo de l'Entente Sportive, in Downtown, and four others throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is a popular pastime throughout the country, as are <a href="/wiki/Mancala" title="Mancala">mancala</a> games. Most Christian holidays are celebrated, with Christmas being the largest.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Burundian Independence Day is celebrated annually on 1 July.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> In 2005, the Burundian government declared <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, an Islamic holiday, to be a public holiday.<a href="#cite_note-Burundi_celebrates_Muslim_holiday-157">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Burundi" title="Mass media in Burundi">Mass media in Burundi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="group of children at school in white shirt and khaki shorts uniforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg/220px-Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg/330px-Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg/440px-Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Carolus Magnus School in Burundi</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Education in Burundi</a></div> In 2012, the adult <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate in Burundi was estimated to be 74.71% for men and women between the ages of 15 and 24, while the youth literacy rate was much higher at 92.58%.<a href="#cite_note-:3-158">[156]</a> Burundi has a comparatively high literacy rate to other countries in the region, which is only about 10% lower than the global average.<a href="#cite_note-:3-158">[156]</a> Ten percent of Burundian boys are allowed a secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Burundi has one public university, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Burundi" title="University of Burundi">University of Burundi</a>. There are museums in the cities, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi_Geological_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burundi Geological Museum (page does not exist)">Burundi Geological Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Burundi_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundi National Museum">Burundi National Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Burundi_Museum_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundi Museum of Life">Burundi Museum of Life</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a>. In 2010 a new elementary school was opened in the small village of Rwoga that is funded by the pupils of Westwood High School, Quebec, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> As of 2022, Burundi invested the equivalent of 5% of its GDP in education.<a href="#cite_note-:3-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> Burundi's Strategic Plan for Science, Technology, Research and Innovation (2013) covers the following areas: food technology; medical sciences; energy, mining and transportation; water; desertification; environmental biotechnology and indigenous knowledge; materials science; engineering and industry; ICTs; space sciences; mathematical sciences; and social and human sciences. With regard to material sciences, Burundi's publication intensity doubled from 0.6 to 1.2 articles per million inhabitants between 2012 and 2019, placing it in the top 15 for sub-Saharan Africa for this strategic technology.<a href="#cite_note-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021-162">[160]</a> Medical sciences remain the main focus of research: medical researchers accounted for 4% of the country's scientists in 2018 but 41% of scientific publications between 2011 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021-162">[160]</a> The focus of the Strategic Plan for Science, Technology, Research and Innovation (2013) has been on developing an institutional framework and infrastructure, fostering greater regional and international co-operation and placing science in society. In October 2014, the EAC Secretariat designated the National Institute of Public Health a centre of excellence. Data are unavailable on output on nutritional sciences, the institute's area of specialization, but between 2011 and 2019, Burundi scientists produced seven articles on each of HIV and tropical communicable diseases and a further five on tuberculosis, all focus areas for the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021-162">[160]</a> The Strategic Plan has also focused on training researchers. Researcher density (in head counts) grew from 40 to 55 researchers per million inhabitants between 2011 and 2018. The amount of funding available to each researcher more than doubled from PPP$14,310 (constant 2005 values) to PPP$22,480, since the domestic research effort has also risen since 2012, from 0.11% to 0.21% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021-162">[160]</a> Burundi has almost tripled its scientific output since 2011 but the pace has not picked up since the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> in 2015. With six scientific publications per million inhabitants, Burundi still has one of the lowest publication rate in Central and East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021-162">[160]</a> Some 97.5% of publications involved foreign co-authorship between 2017 and 2019, with Ugandans figuring among the top five partners.<a href="#cite_note-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/32px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/48px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/64px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Burundi" title="Portal:Burundi">Burundi portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Burundi" title="Outline of Burundi">Outline of Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burundi" title="Culture of Burundi">Culture of Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Burundi-related_articles" title="Index of Burundi-related articles">Index of Burundi-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Burundi" title="Wildlife of Burundi">Wildlife of Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Force_(Burundi)" title="National Defence Force (Burundi)">National Defence Force (Burundi)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bəˈrʊndi/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/88\/En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg/En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bə-RUUN-dee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bəˈrʌndi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bə-RUN-dee</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirundi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirundi language">Kirundi</a>: Repuburika y’Uburundi<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[u.βu.ɾǔː.ndi]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>: Jamuhuri ya Burundi; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: République du Burundi <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[buʁundi, byʁyndi]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=38c">"National Profiles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, p. 146. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-04468-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-04468-8">0-226-04468-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2006" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Rhett A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rainforests.mongabay.com/20burundi.htm">"Burundi"</a>. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314234610/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/finland-happiest-country-world-un-report">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Finland+is+the+happiest+country+in+the+world%2C+says+UN+report&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmar%2F14%2Ffinland-happiest-country-world-un-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Uvin, Peter. 1999. "Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence" in Comparative Politics, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Apr. 1999), pp. 253–272 Published by: Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York. Page 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> VANDEGINSTE, S., Stones left unturned: law and transitional justice in Burundi, Antwerp-Oxford-Portland, Intersentia, 2010, p 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> R. O. Collins & J. M. Burns. 2007. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge University Press. Page 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-34-4">978-1-890951-34-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-weissman-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weissman_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weissman_30-1">b</a> WEISSMAN, S., Preventing genocide in Burundi: lessons from international diplomacy, Washington D.C., United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998, p5. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701141046/http://www.cmo.nl/conflictenbank/index.php?Afrika:Grote-Merengebied:Burundi">"Burundi"</a>. 1 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmo.nl/conflictenbank/index.php?Afrika:Grote-Merengebied:Burundi">the original</a> on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burundi&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmo.nl%2Fconflictenbank%2Findex.php%3FAfrika%3AGrote-Merengebied%3ABurundi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBArchived-32"><a href="#cite_ref-EBArchived_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/German-East-Africa">"German East Africa | former German dependency, Africa"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902012730/https://www.britannica.com/place/German-East-Africa">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017. <q>In archived text: German East Africa, German Deutsch-Ostafrika, former dependency of imperial Germany, corresponding to present-day Rwanda and Burundi, the continental portion of Tanzania, and a small section of Mozambique. Penetration of the area was begun in 1884 by German commercial agents, and German claims were recognized by the other European powers in the period 1885–94. In 1891 the German imperial government took over administration of the area from the German East Africa Company. Although its subjugation was not completed until 1907, the colony experienced considerable economic development before World War I. During the war it was occupied by the British, who received a mandate to administer the greater part of it (Tanganyika Territory) by the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 1919; enacted January 1920). A smaller portion (Ruanda-Urundi) was entrusted to Belgium.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+East+Africa+%7C+former+German+dependency%2C+Africa&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGerman-East-Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Gitega">"Gitega | Burundi"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902015516/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gitega">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gitega+%7C+Burundi&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGitega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-state-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state_34-10">k</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm">Background Note: Burundi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122194330/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm">Archived</a> 22 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. February 2008. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Strachan, H. (2001). The First World War: To Arms. I. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926191-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926191-1">0-19-926191-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-wein5-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wein5_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wein5_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wein5_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinsteinRobert_Schrere1976" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Warren; Robert Schrere (1976). Political Conflict and Ethnic Strategies: A Case Study of Burundi. Syracuse University: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915984-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-915984-20-2"><bdi>0-915984-20-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Conflict+and+Ethnic+Strategies%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Burundi&rft.place=Syracuse+University&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Maxwell+School+of+Citizenship+and+Public+Affairs&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-915984-20-2&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Robert+Schrere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wein7-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wein7_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wein7_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinsteinRobert_Schrere1976" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Warren; Robert Schrere (1976). Political Conflict and Ethnic Strategies: A Case Study of Burundi. Syracuse University: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915984-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-915984-20-2"><bdi>0-915984-20-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Conflict+and+Ethnic+Strategies%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Burundi&rft.place=Syracuse+University&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Maxwell+School+of+Citizenship+and+Public+Affairs&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-915984-20-2&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Robert+Schrere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-people60-38"><a href="#cite_ref-people60_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2001" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Fiona; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplesofafrica0000mars/page/60">Peoples of Africa</a>. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplesofafrica0000mars/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-7158-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-7158-8"><bdi>0-7614-7158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+Africa&rft.place=Tarrytown%2C+New+York&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7614-7158-8&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplesofafrica0000mars%2Fpage%2F60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_39-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm">"Timeline: Burundi"</a>. BBC News. 25 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225045/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Burundi&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1068991.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/sudan/timeline_rwanda.pdf">Timeline: Rwanda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626223814/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/sudan/timeline_rwanda.pdf">Archived</a> 26 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Amnesty International. Retrieved 12 July 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v7/v7i1a5.htm">"Ethnicity and Burundi’s Refugees"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105110647/http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v7/v7i1a5.htm">Archived</a> 5 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, African Studies Quarterly: The online journal for African Studies. Retrieved 12 July 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookDiccon_Bewes1999" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Chris; Diccon Bewes (1999). What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-Century. London, England: Routledge. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-533-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-533-6"><bdi>1-85728-533-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Happened+Where%3A+A+Guide+to+Places+and+Events+in+Twentieth-Century&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85728-533-6&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Diccon+Bewes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htm">United Nations Member States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001135208/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htm">Archived</a> 1 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#Lemarchand1996">Lemarchand (1996)</a>, pp. 17, 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/dpe/modern_conflicts/burundi.pdf">Burundi (1993–2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115023627/http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/dpe/modern_conflicts/burundi.pdf">Archived</a> 15 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. University of Massachusetts Amherst </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#Lemarchand1996">Lemarchand (1996)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T8W6RfqiYf0C&pg=PA89">p. 89</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174520/https://books.google.com/books?id=T8W6RfqiYf0C&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 18 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Lemarchand, (2008). Section "B – Decision-Makers, Organizers and Actors" </li> <li id="cite_note-totten1-48"><a href="#cite_ref-totten1_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotten,_SamuelParsons,_William_S.Charny,_Israel_W.2004" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA325">Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</a>. Psychology Press. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4"><bdi>978-0-415-94430-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174621/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA325#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94430-4&rft.au=Totten%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Parsons%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Charny%2C+Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Manirakiza, Marc (1992) Burundi : de la révolution au régionalisme, 1966–1976, Le Mât de Misaine, Bruxelles, pp. 211–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Lemarchand, (2008). Section "B – Decision-Makers, Organizers and Actors" cites (Chrétien Jean-Pierre and Dupaquier, Jean-Francois, 2007, Burundi 1972: Au bord des génocides, Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 106) </li> <li id="cite_note-white-51"><a href="#cite_ref-white_51-0">^</a> White, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm#Rwanda">Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century: C. Burundi (1972–73, primarily Hutu killed by Tutsi) 120,000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609095015/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm#Rwanda">Archived</a> 9 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICIBFR-85-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICIBFR-85_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICIBFR-85_52-1">b</a> International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraph 85. "The Micombero regime responded with a genocidal repression that is estimated to have caused over a hundred thousand victims and forced several hundred thousand Hutus into exile" </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman,_Timothy_Paul1998" class="citation book cs1">Longman, Timothy Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proxytargetscivi0000long">Proxy Targets: Civilians in the War in Burundi</a>. Human Rights Watch. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proxytargetscivi0000long/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-179-4"><bdi>978-1-56432-179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proxy+Targets%3A+Civilians+in+the+War+in+Burundi&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-179-4&rft.au=Longman%2C+Timothy+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproxytargetscivi0000long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Hagget, Peter. Encyclopedia of World Geography. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-7306-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-7306-8">0-7614-7306-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/burundi/resources/">Past genocides, Burundi resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325164854/http://preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/burundi/resources/">Archived</a> 25 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the website of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevent_Genocide_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prevent Genocide International (page does not exist)">Prevent Genocide International</a> lists the following resources: <ul><li>Michael Bowen, Passing By;: The United States and Genocide in Burundi, 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp.</li> <li>René Lemarchand, Selective genocide in Burundi (Report – Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp.</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lemarchand1996">Lemarchand (1996)</a></li> <li>Edward L. Nyankanzi, Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi (Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp.</li> <li>Christian P. Scherrer, Genocide and crisis in Central Africa : conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war; foreword by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Melson_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Melson (political scientist)">Robert Melson</a>. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2002.</li> <li>Weissman, Stephen R.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311024548/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks22.html">"Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy"</a>. Archived from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+Genocide+in+Burundi+Lessons+from+International+Diplomacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpubs%2Fpeaceworks%2Fpwks22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>),</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICIBFR-85-496-56"><a href="#cite_ref-ICIBFR-85-496_56-0">^</a> International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraphs 85,496. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm">Country profile Burundi</a> BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007175839/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm">Archived</a> 7 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (accessed on 29 October 2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/OCHA-64D9N7?OpenDocument">Global Ceasefire Agreement between Burundi and the CNDD-FDD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614082348/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/OCHA-64D9N7?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 14 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 20 November 2003. Relief Web. United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 24 July 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626120505/http://education.nairobi-unesco.org/PDFs/burundi.pdf">"Burundi: Basic Education Indicators"</a> (PDF). 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Radio Netherlands Archives. 7 August 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019153223/https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/jan-van-eck-peace-mediator-in-burundi/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Netherlands+Archives&rft.atitle=Jan+van+Eck+%E2%80%93+peace+mediator+in+Burundi&rft.date=2000-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionetherlandsarchives.org%2Fjan-van-eck-peace-mediator-in-burundi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdayiragije2020" class="citation web cs1">Ndayiragije, Alexandre W. Raffoul and Réginas (11 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://50shadesoffederalism.com/case-studies/burundi-power-sharing-disagreements/">"Burundi: Power-sharing (Dis)agreements"</a>. 50 Shades of Federalism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103114139/http://50shadesoffederalism.com/case-studies/burundi-power-sharing-disagreements/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-67"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffoul2020" class="citation journal cs1">Raffoul, Alexandre W. (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17449057.2018.1519933">"The Politics of Association: Power-Sharing and the Depoliticization of Ethnicity in Post-War Burundi"</a>. Ethnopolitics. 19 (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17449057.2018.1519933">10.1080/17449057.2018.1519933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9057">1744-9057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149937031">149937031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103114135/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17449057.2018.1519933">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024. 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Retrieved 12 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Burundi+creates+reconciliation+body+that+divides+public+opinion&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.aulast=Nduwimana&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-burundi-politics-idUSBREA3H0E020140418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-justice2019-75"><a href="#cite_ref-justice2019_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRugiririz2019" class="citation web cs1">Rugiririz, Ephrem (25 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/43042-burundi-the-commission-of-divided-truths.html">"Burundi: the commission of divided truths"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JusticeInfo.net&rft.atitle=Burundi%3A+the+commission+of+divided+truths&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft.aulast=Rugiririz&rft.aufirst=Ephrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justiceinfo.net%2Fen%2F43042-burundi-the-commission-of-divided-truths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650190-more-africans-are-resisting-presidential-efforts-flout-constitutional-term?zid=304&ah=e5690753dc78ce91909083042ad12e30">"Après moi, moi"</a>. The Economist. 2 May 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091746/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650190-more-africans-are-resisting-presidential-efforts-flout-constitutional-term?zid=304&ah=e5690753dc78ce91909083042ad12e30">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Apr%C3%A8s+moi%2C+moi&rft.date=2015-05-02&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21650190-more-africans-are-resisting-presidential-efforts-flout-constitutional-term%3Fzid%3D304%26ah%3De5690753dc78ce91909083042ad12e30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32588658">"Burundi court backs President Nkurunziza on third-term"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620130023/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32588658">Archived</a> 20 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21651145-army-tries-wrest-power-controversial-president-mind-coup">"Mind the coup"</a>. The Economist. 13 May 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514210429/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21651145-army-tries-wrest-power-controversial-president-mind-coup">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Mind+the+coup&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21651145-army-tries-wrest-power-controversial-president-mind-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Burundi-president-in-secret-location-in-Dar-es-Salaam/-/1066/2716134/-/6b6o8uz/-/index.html">"Gun clashes rage on in Burundi as radio station attacked"</a>. nation.co.ke. 14 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074106/http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Burundi-president-in-secret-location-in-Dar-es-Salaam/-/1066/2716134/-/6b6o8uz/-/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nation.co.ke&rft.atitle=Gun+clashes+rage+on+in+Burundi+as+radio+station+attacked&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.co.ke%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2FBurundi-president-in-secret-location-in-Dar-es-Salaam%2F-%2F1066%2F2716134%2F-%2F6b6o8uz%2F-%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/15/burundi-president-returns-to-divided-capital-after-failed-coup">"Burundi's president returns to divided capital after failed coup"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020022341/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/15/burundi-president-returns-to-divided-capital-after-failed-coup">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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CNN.com (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Laing, Aislinn. (15 May 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burundi/11607171/Burundi-coup-fails-as-president-returns-to-the-country.html">"Burundi president hunts for coup leaders as he returns to the capital"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091614/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burundi/11607171/Burundi-coup-fails-as-president-returns-to-the-country.html">Archived</a> 30 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Daily Telegraph. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517214927/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/world/africa/burundi-referendum-vote.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2018. 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Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+the+Nations&rft.atitle=Burundi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproxy.library.upenn.edu%3A2083%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DSUIC%26u%3Dupenn_main%26id%3DGALE%26%23124%3BCX3652100082%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26sid%3Dsummon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616201411/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/burundi/eating.html">"Eating the Burundian Way"</a>. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eating+the+Burundian+Way&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fburundi%2Feating.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 30 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Levin, Adam (2005). The Art of African Shopping. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa: Struik, p. 36. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-070-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-070-7">978-1-77007-070-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001220348/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/burundi/arts.html">"Burundi Arts and Literature"</a>. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burundi+Arts+and+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fburundi%2Farts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 30 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.gmu.edu/articles/8972/">Center for the Arts Presents the Royal Drummers of Burundi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170503141344/http://gazette.gmu.edu/articles/8972/">Archived</a> 3 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Mason Gazette. 14 September 2006. <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>. Retrieved on 20 July 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Vansina, Jan (1985). Oral Tradition as History. <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 114. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-10214-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-10214-9">0-299-10214-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616201422/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/burundi/sports.html">"Sports and Recreation"</a>. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports+and+Recreation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fburundi%2Fsports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>), Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 20 July 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001220348/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/burundi/holidays.html">"Burundi Holidays"</a>. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burundi+Holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fburundi%2Fholidays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 30 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Trawicky, Bernard and Gregory, Ruth Wilhelme (2000) Anniversaries and Holidays, Chicago, Illinois: American Library Association. p. 110. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8389-0695-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8389-0695-8">0-8389-0695-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burundi_celebrates_Muslim_holiday-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Burundi_celebrates_Muslim_holiday_157-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4402974.stm">Burundi celebrates Muslim holiday</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617204223/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4402974.stm">Archived</a> 17 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 3 November 2005. Retrieved on 30 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_158-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idea.usaid.gov/cd/burundi/education">"IDEA"</a>. idea.usaid.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114215719/https://idea.usaid.gov/cd/burundi/education">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=idea.usaid.gov&rft.atitle=IDEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidea.usaid.gov%2Fcd%2Fburundi%2Feducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001220510/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/burundi/learning.html">"Learning in Burundi"</a>. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learning+in+Burundi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fburundi%2Flearning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. cp-pc.ca </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bridge-to-burundi.org/our-goal.php">Bridge To Burundi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226084654/http://bridge-to-burundi.org/our-goal.php">Archived</a> 26 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 4 April 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Westwood-Bridge-to-Burundi/108664129177944">Westwood Bridge to Burundi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226084718/https://www.facebook.com/pages/Westwood-Bridge-to-Burundi/108664129177944">Archived</a> 26 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Facebook. Retrieved on 4 April 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021_162-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021_162-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingiri_&_Onana_2021_162-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjoki_KingiriAwono_Onana2021" class="citation book cs1">Njoki Kingiri; Awono Onana (11 June 2021). Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433">Central and East Africa. In UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development</a>. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 496–533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100450-6"><bdi>978-92-3-100450-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916163313/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+East+Africa.+In+UNESCO+Science+Report%3A+the+Race+Against+Time+for+Smarter+Development.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=496-533&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100450-6&rft.au=Njoki+Kingiri&rft.au=Awono+Onana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000377433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Eggers" class="citation book cs1">Eggers, Ellen K. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Burundi (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5302-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5302-7"><bdi>0-8108-5302-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Burundi&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8108-5302-7&rft.aulast=Eggers&rft.aufirst=Ellen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lemarchand1996" class="citation book cs1">Lemarchand, Rene (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3d_r13a3IgMC&pg=PR17">Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56623-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56623-0"><bdi>978-0-521-56623-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burundi%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+and+Genocide&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56623-0&rft.au=Lemarchand%2C+Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3d_r13a3IgMC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Abdallah, Ahmedou Ould Burundi on the Brink, 1993–95: A UN Special Envoy Reflects on Preventive Diplomacy</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_J._A.2003" class="citation book cs1">Allen, J. A.; et al. (2003). Africa South of the Sahara 2004: South of the Sahara. New York, New York: Taylor and Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-183-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-183-9"><bdi>1-85743-183-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2004%3A+South+of+the+Sahara&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85743-183-9&rft.au=Allen%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bentley, Kristina and Southall, Roger An African Peace Process: Mandela, South Africa, and Burundi</li> <li>Chrétien, Jean-Pierre The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Daley" title="Patricia Daley">Daley, Patricia</a> Gender and Genocide in Burundi: The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatesAnthony_Appiah1999" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Henry Lewis; Anthony Appiah (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi">Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</a>. New York, New York: Basic Civitas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1"><bdi>0-465-00071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-465-00071-1&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Lewis&rft.au=Anthony+Appiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanaencyclop00appi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ewusi, Kale and Akwanga, Ebenezer Burundi's Negative Peace: The Shadow of a Broken Continent in the Era of Nepad</li> <li>Jennings, Christian Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness</li> <li>Kayoya, Michel My Father's Footsteps (Sur les traces de mon père) East African Publishing House, 1973</li> <li>Kayoya, Michel Entre deux mondes (Between two worlds) Lavigerie Éditeurs, Bujumbura: 1971. Kayoya was murdered during the 1972 genocide.</li> <li>Kidder, Tracy, Strength in What Remains (A biography of a Burundian immigrant to the US)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruegerKathleen_Tobin_Krueger2007" class="citation book cs1">Krueger, Robert; Kathleen Tobin Krueger (2007). From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years during Genocide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71486-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71486-1"><bdi>978-0-292-71486-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bloodshed+to+Hope+in+Burundi%3A+Our+Embassy+Years+during+Genocide&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71486-1&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kathleen+Tobin+Krueger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Melady, Thomas Patrick Burundi: The Tragic Years</li> <li>Nivonzima, David and Fendell, Len Unlocking Horns: Forgiveness and Reconciliation in Burundi</li> <li>Uvin, Peter Life After Violence: A People's Story of Burundi</li> <li>Watt, Nigel Burundi: The Biography of a Small African Country</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2006" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Warren (2006). Historical Dictionary of Burundi. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-0962-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-0962-1"><bdi>0-8108-0962-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Burundi&rft.place=Metuchen%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8108-0962-1&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurundi" class="Z3988"> 1st. edition.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Burundi" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Burundi">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burundi" class="extiw" title="voy:Burundi">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a country profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/country/Q967" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/country/Q967">Burundi</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Records of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-international-commission-of-inquiry-for-burundi-unicib-1995-1996">the United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (UNICIB) (1995–1996)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230808155412/https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-international-commission-of-inquiry-for-burundi-unicib-1995-1996">Archived</a> 8 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the United Nations Archives</li> <li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burundi.gov.bi/">Official Burundi government website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420053748/http://www.burundi.gov.bi/">Archived</a> 20 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121127161029/http://justice.gov.bi/">Official Website of the Ministry of Justice of Burundi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813050117/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/burundi.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/">Burundi</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523153822/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/burundi.htm">Burundi</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13085064">Burundi</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Burundi" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Burundi">Wikimedia Atlas of Burundi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BI">Key Development Forecasts for Burundi</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Kingdom of Burundi">Kingdom of Burundi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burundi" title="List of kings of Burundi">kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_residents_of_Burundi" title="List of colonial residents of Burundi">Colonial residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzagayura_famine" title="Ruzagayura famine">Ruzagayura famine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Burundian genocides <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">1993 coup attempt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">Burundian unrest (2015–2018)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Burundi" title="List of cities in Burundi">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi#Climate" title="Geography of Burundi">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Burundi" title="Communes of Burundi">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Burundi" title="List of lakes of Burundi">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Burundi" title="Provinces of Burundi">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Burundi" title="List of rivers of Burundi">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Burundi" title="Wildlife of Burundi">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burundi" title="Politics of Burundi">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Burundi" title="Subdivisions of Burundi">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burundi" title="Constitution of Burundi">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Constitution of the Kingdom of Burundi">Constitution of the Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Burundi" title="Elections in Burundi">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Burundi" title="Foreign relations of Burundi">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Burundi" title="Human rights in Burundi">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Burundi">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Burundi" title="Judiciary of Burundi">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burundi" title="Law enforcement in Burundi">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Force_(Burundi)" title="National Defence Force (Burundi)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Burundi)" title="Council of Ministers (Burundi)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundi" title="Parliament of Burundi">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Burundi" title="List of political parties in Burundi">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Burundi" title="President of Burundi">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Burundi" title="List of presidents of Burundi">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Burundi" title="Vice-President of Burundi">Vice-President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burundi" title="Prime Minister of Burundi">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Burundi">Current provincial governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Burundi" title="Bank of the Republic of Burundi">Bank of the Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Franc (currency)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Burundi" title="Agriculture in Burundi">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Burundi" title="Mining industry of Burundi">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Burundi">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Burundi" title="Tourism in Burundi">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Burundi" title="Transport in Burundi">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burundi" title="Trade unions in Burundi">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burundi" title="Culture of Burundi">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Burundi" title="Child marriage in Burundi">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Burundi">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Burundi" title="Demographics of Burundi">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Burundi" title="Ethnic groups in Burundi">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Burundi" title="Flag of Burundi">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Burundi" title="Football in Burundi">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Burundi" title="Health in Burundi">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Burundi" title="Human trafficking in Burundi">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Burundi#Languages" title="Demographics of Burundi">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Burundi">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Burundi">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Burundi" title="Prostitution in Burundi">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Burundi" title="Public holidays in Burundi">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Burundi" title="Outline of Burundi">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Burundi-related_articles" title="Index of Burundi-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burundi" title="Category:Burundi">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr 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title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_German_colonies_and_protectorates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_German_colonies" title="Template:Former German colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_German_colonies" title="Template talk:Former German colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_German_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former German colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_German_colonies_and_protectorates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_German_colonies" title="List of former German colonies">Former German colonies and protectorates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Africa" title="German colonization of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">East Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">South West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_West_Africa" title="German West Africa">West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neukamerun" title="Neukamerun">Neukamerun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinland" title="Mahinland">Mahinland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image plainlist" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the German colonial empire"><img alt="Flag of the German colonial empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/100px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/150px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/200px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_zone#Concessions" title="International zone">Concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_Leased_Territory" title="Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory">Kiautschou Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Tsingtao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_concession_of_Tianjin" title="German concession of Tianjin">Tientsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antarctica" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> (claimed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120977669">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157863385">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212359/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRqQ9KVhXGCwkhppdJ9c">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009181-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81025977">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934380r">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880332s">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15326450w">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934380r">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880332s">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15326450w">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561085">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128863&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453849">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000730593&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm132kx738pwbj5">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552775505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616306106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bd96f09c-c2a8-3996-b52f-291521b688c0">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/80a9413f-742f-454c-8156-971946a30095">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/D8SFUMRE">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02658350X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003439">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044244">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=38177">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burundi&params=3_30_S_30_00_E_type:country_region:BI">3°30′S 30°00′E / 3.500°S 30.000°E / -3.500; 30.000</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burundi&oldid=1256287926">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burundi&oldid=1256287926</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burundi" title="Category:Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a 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