CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.studocu.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91398f88fc2e3e4d',cH: 'ENtVbumfmxIj5VPOIkmAuZywrvZkRuVXzlqO2U.HIX0-1739834978-1.2.1.1-ZVk_gp.U4siqbOYYKZlve1WzwDfA1dfUZceyEF05GYcGPo6bx0dbpCbauLTH9ao8',cUPMDTk: "\/row\/document\/tribhuvan-vishwavidalaya\/csit\/video-controllers-computer-graphics\/30840628?__cf_chl_tk=rWBxUWF.LI2oZ7BicEYnZYA0MWy8DEXnXopTbE7BVUY-1739834978-1.0.1.1-I5x5s8nEz6Dg4YW9N4LW_S_IEjJtiec8fFVfVjG.yzI",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739834978',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/row\/document\/tribhuvan-vishwavidalaya\/csit\/video-controllers-computer-graphics\/30840628?__cf_chl_f_tk=rWBxUWF.LI2oZ7BicEYnZYA0MWy8DEXnXopTbE7BVUY-1739834978-1.0.1.1-I5x5s8nEz6Dg4YW9N4LW_S_IEjJtiec8fFVfVjG.yzI",md: "cjGuDdHqaYWczWfCOcdGu5Q9rBHWjXbmQrEgrjQxBgQ-1739834978-1.2.1.1-i30AkbFG9NbGp2c9m5MlYPdN0tXvpd6Rvm1ID6g14GuBzQQlbh3HJvVsCE_cZswVHSzjoZBPi48UBFWtq5kB4Dsr8nwPE88IbhWvZgBC9yfmmjsoGut5oTtX3W.E3CohClth4T4XA1CeG1r9oj4x6RDAiHy2w12UaNwqX6yJVb.TMEFNrcYR2RvXR9Jl3dhOKBtm.ftmlukLLwPauVXSBO5RBKXngLpxSTmw3DC8GRp.y7EGaUWKh3Gj3lZ6yg4dA72o51Dp_1ULm1TdBx5JZT9lA8Zeuox0jVbppctIBUG_zbYUoJNYw4rauGFo0vvzgfqa99x6cR8rU1KxUCXa5uoVC9R1fZxnYmhrkBWN5SRDSSmSuKBqzqe4Hs2uJpdIZjlrO2hwSF3p1Wcn9K5PMXxwkrzihzs3uWIQqe0atx2dBQXu22GP3mApXmoaX1LSqcbpLLW50GWgdyOjQbP4jiythPyISKybptYOpVB1KwsAbArxjSdXWtHJCGD3Bo3r_0VkR.6OUYxFFGxWYjpw_vY05LsrJjzRQLNX9CX38TJd49DrHA5mXFkw9GMArde74rhB3r.A8IUNaZHGuxigNSKUCX0hdh1RQPxdhUWRP5GEM4m06jf.vFxQXi1VuTHJKln3bNBTm.Q4V6ukf3haclcbY3NvO8ootOPNQ976EL7rGmIVw2V42dX63AdP7l5aoUBAVhfYVbdY3YUxUklLA.NZ3HkICQShAo3nQUhvJVPlqNfVh4kt7kwHw6ClOdXEznvBFrhBbITPxx3F2cp1I62PJRYgqTRcBXSQ_Hg1XMO_NcxDzDumbrNHRHoDgU0dKEjF9y8.kGaZOv4oLjnJae.0aDaA9c8vlY3dcE5r.duJgxBiLPRNQtm37rEy9GfdQ5h2yY_Y9D1alEcTndFnd1Ndxe.MUqAU9wpLe0Q_5.06Abi2wtKBORRKahLKKIJ448pOskLbA0xFD7tK1Yhag20BfNBUH10bFEuEY1pzzLGEGLOMn.3D1cnsuQ_yVL4KVL3mm1BTpnteqZcNuanGvM4JU9023Sf3hGBCm7aiABpkAbR5bUYhNjRUotyTWuTq0FilDs1..v0f1XsBexh6dLJwyzj1H6EUbmC0YNdD22I0MxPvjNAA5a4MT6XbFfHkuos59jzUlMHrcPkO1ATVU6H1Bd.kygRlNjA5jB0LXEydznzMzH9p_1EWuwhK_B.kqC39BWUlPwlP2SxlohI0PFx7Oq5Z_pOZGlhcvCxfE6Ysf9Hvtf8C1eka5xVpifIO.8lHEoWYmkLBzjpw_y7QMfpbMZLUamCLh4bv8INe0IgMGb7V3USUQFrPUVgYTv.BPcZzgGkJ5FeZryI5Pukp8cm8Ug3TcMzmDJfIzxBE2eB_cbmVlYwAVqGOZiKlpwiRiGQeltNZSAToLaZJd5xAt6_8IIM6l7OiXny5bIZ_tc0IiW7jqHcLrJ9wN.StLtmOFiwXTqd1UtqWJcMmELkRf_Y6TJx9w34vidzLnlAXNtYknO154kPBhPD1Wun8QF85XTh6xtFQK8b0cFNQMMdbn0gK3cxmLyfLn_8mTDC_T_09vHF5Pp3ZolC7kgq8FKzP.2TJqQ4zD8FOR.D5_Uax78X17mvQjs7no7QPJx.mzh02ozjNiOGTYQa7PwG4NHybh2XZy9j8lobFU9gjux9Ibw7aPUMBQeY.QRdMfnrK1x_.drd4JSo3HavFHtA8AP.lJbcDpiuSjrPk11rUukW0n1RKveUQ1sv8RF1hex9HS.zk8UZNiYvVCUS2weq.81K7PRXqWPfZfeWKUXcFyTD8UQcw86eM0Ib4AlA99dsMM4h6eJDmbCt1TFLkOwga7eUTHZCysk.DlNiJvvsxfrZtMEI7wFJ3i5SU6mLRWWhgLybUKIPAL6EjtIlzCQxyPVo3p2TinGBvBsENKVXCGrBrzT2Gte5NR_QzlN3rHN3zsl8ys23Ce0xz8ogIDcNH.r8JjGSIc_rmPDVZhO1lNT8L6kUqOjqEa3TB35SIseTz2RNadXHwEISkdSk4ym4OndZAQgPb1ZKhfAc83bZStb.oNlv1Jd9no28yCNxYzss521E24_onu4lL673.H5tFj5OKTbrdlbshtq4_wC1kDLNZF.zhzTj_jWu5bUdqtTv88bvB0VUTt7qzHjCVVg2C1k_X4zHvbDINalwddERG_dTR4X7EhpgJqrD5_wZgKVyrjiQmFn_0rpJp3mkN8XXFSaJhhWXvliodQ4YUW7WhlNNcAQm6jrAIhvCx.MIOELQcSaEtrjEBJotb8Txk._CLwXmcXpyPk3YoJq1iDDQ0XIQK0RhsroWMNJm25I1WVmEINadJd0gMRYy2Br8iZhOvK3ASNSpOI18CjMPlaE_n91QNXQRz0.yG7M7eMM9ho4ftbI0r.97P5B3M24QBOFEmDLeoqbpzK8Ll29nCoMEu7t2S7KpQ8wY_j0137Kzhd5EACLUXy6fGa4oNh5pVAd9gtyaxvsxGQPI32qcyrKjCrVfXk1TQAdU1Q6BWqgkEjt7Jk19x2HMRDXfENu7EfAYhf_3hSpeSOloO7rl3W4GgRWuPpnTQYrKF0rDVoWLTsqeGaG6GiI0Xu5iJh6v78SMOTZ04EoCFeSCA0fuxZ_Yhd6hrQ1H2Iv4fYZlqdQ.4Aai9wR4_Yi75bsQmzIxK.DzYURGIF2qw0BrwOE2Q.VeSDLjtHw",mdrd: "y7LUDHGMEpip3MMPGpkNzyErK9IFtYzNwAy33XpATCI-1739834978-1.2.1.1-5n4xlExqexg5xsyVcNS5vD4opjM5FM2Mzq1T1o6ah6qx3AcK8ALd8OMrKVvD7jBZbMGTkgmNPOCPyA_w69na5Yr6Gx.zA7vqxhjb8bCmovqvibJnLLmN2SX.C0WCJcHrRauQuDuBR04WK0IbuRQ9Bk_FDusTiWUJjXOzxHsbPIvVM8.h.rrcev5SrbuVTcBpr8jw_DEx_Wcbpro7MR0PxDLahNn54y03cpBj2cQGznzHeZbN43oOvYroMl9SnlYKTyXOceNHCjOgY7wwW_1_ziuW7XSKyrXXq._OYzWKjrGQ0NpkD6b0JFUmaPixwVKeodAvh5YbUHvPRjHve5AbEBwOilxnVw_1n_JlC3quyFcyWOOCaj0c5.nw3wqQPG7.SzCoc9o4sJP3oLC2HKfVvPW5iKFpaNlkJ_D7VTJ1F3rdsnD_lh3RwXPWMsIqaM5KGMuv82KhQO6vIC8crPBVIdF1Su1cKI2.3sQ0d1JkQ02I.uoQzkuM_20nF6jCNkxwj50_Ah76yvRp1Kv58SRRsx8pbf1TZRkrBMV4Y2M8oz7GV5_8OrRXQ_IeslDKKiwZqEyRVUNgu1XMbHieOofVF69ioZ2qE3jjSJm9etCwj9paAIruDWLqldUo1nNgPaWZI42hWiBbsNNuMTeQrEoPveibgn9kZQ448v8J5tDU2SsePu5umH6fr434WpKPtgOILiSQHYV2Iq..g6HcoN9wut.Tqvku1Ob_rrkOIYKP9jiA05oK8ErwDEED.7gUcctspleiDdE76QmZ.8VURhdgzxNRxgpfXTTIw0JXbpCt6Ok29a.6pyocbzpxf6RSneRsfaWYGqzAe8Uh4ZcIPwvTSiEUrWhTapV03FQaqGRHEUySkSmtB_vAQhCmEjP0B7QyjtjYLSDkHaYDMWGPxv0VqsJ0IvdQSCTN096g_v2gn3RH0nVpS6VUvwKkGXLmgtdPfU.PQuj7XepqnmcMN8dimJ8Xb4O7qD0qKBQTmF7vOIxx.w5gOpDI7CIONy53NEfhabv18fbrmFHHTbyQksghklAaBqdcPDQ3akO.XIUfr23BEi4x4RmGFY3b6Lx9t3kXOKm9zGHQ_TdfMTfRCIyk8WF7MAOe5vI7jgshYzzlkR0XOd0Ir4NlTVX7rN0yVIcyKUyqHMAb0JB8axdSn1qXbgIAQeatDCySWHnHilx_DzZZL3BoYF5PcWBgP.lpv0pLxeDfM1jHV6sDuIEP4qsLOPeqPr_hmJWyKb.DT.llfd6GgEI1uesE4GFua84jLjRRMI8FsMY96Zk5Fd0F30HFMHjrq0Xtjw_3MuFkfPAwObDr2Ec2hnOqaY8Z_0bPo8dDf6cBvu4C08Y6qGaZdIvKIBrag7bXE3FcwyoIy3N.2Pg6RBb6HooazE9_aPBc5QiTujQ2SwVEDL818Vws1ohc1VKA5xGmd1pLPEXG0I6Wd86LgM0NgUo3ThO7lIRNWFkq7gVwORBjcd3DJzx4D5chLZonriY1Aa1Ph7wzqc3UdcnHM9ngCP2QsAcefXRgKXpH__g.xEr7zyzDEsiSVdeTXiXlx.Z1j1WCdYPWuOwm4jsaOkH4T9cUngGPPCY2ufyWaRNswAxhH7dJV45SddvWsg60sn.jf4F4awe6p.y7vLgrODy7IzoOowIGDlyFv326f8E3Z_vyEaxI44_SkQl7t8tP_eppDKmZdhksk_Os5y25xwc3LuDFEdLynjgwvBPNV6Q84.HZy8peGLojE6JiuikcflZC3yN2bStUDqtj2RMlv9vPezIUv3H1vm3b3JO3lUdYqgBzSf918VhD3w0BSPMQXNyGpFaavSoIvQ7s06.dD9yb2rMr0egDKborRpNH7WO7bHa7wqQKW6AjayMzF9EQIAlUxrxWbN7bFBZVkWbHBWhqYdOOfNOIRdaIsh2RaBYS8oDxRFsCOuOgQonkcEnTPIBGMSTmyh7G1mL3ClDyh.yM0FxE3IBTu1c7PmYb"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91398f88fc2e3e4d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/row\/document\/tribhuvan-vishwavidalaya\/csit\/video-controllers-computer-graphics\/30840628?__cf_chl_rt_tk=rWBxUWF.LI2oZ7BicEYnZYA0MWy8DEXnXopTbE7BVUY-1739834978-1.0.1.1-I5x5s8nEz6Dg4YW9N4LW_S_IEjJtiec8fFVfVjG.yzI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>