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} </script><script type="text/javascript">if ( window.mediaWiki ) { mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup"]); } </script> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Al-Anfal_Campaign action-view skin-vector"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>  <div id="content"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>  <div id="siteNotice"></div>   <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Al-Anfal Campaign</h1>   <div id="bodyContent">  <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>   <div id="contentSub"></div>   <div id="jump-to-nav"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div>   <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="infobox vevent" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"> <tr> <th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 110%;">Al-Anfal Campaign</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #DCDCDC; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Part of the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi-Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi-Kurdish conflict" class="mw-redirect">Iraqi-Kurdish conflict</a> of the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halabja1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Halabja1.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Halabja1.jpg" width="250" height="163"/></a><br/> Photo taken in the aftermath of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_poison_gas_attack" title="Halabja poison gas attack">Halabja poison gas attack</a> (March 18, 1988)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; border:0"> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th> <td>1986 — 1989<br/> In strict sense February 23 — September 6, 1988</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th> <td><span class="location"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th> <td>Insurgency weakened but not quelled. Destruction of 4,500 villages and massacre of civilian population</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 110%;">Belligerents</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963-1991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963-1991%29.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Flag_of_KDP.png" class="image"><img alt="Former Flag of KDP.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Former_Flag_of_KDP.png/22px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.png" width="22" height="15"/></a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Iraq" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq" class="mw-redirect">KDP</a><br/> <p><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_PUK.png" class="image"><img alt="Flag of PUK.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/22px-Flag_of_PUK.png" width="22" height="14"/></a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 110%;">Commanders and leaders</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963-1991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963-1991%29.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a><br/> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963-1991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963-1991%29.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder"/></a></span><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Flag_of_KDP.png" class="image"><img alt="Former Flag of KDP.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Former_Flag_of_KDP.png/22px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.png" width="22" height="15"/></a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massoud_Barzani" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a><br/> <p><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_PUK.png" class="image"><img alt="Flag of PUK.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/22px-Flag_of_PUK.png" width="22" height="14"/></a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 110%;">Casualties and losses</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">182,000 to 1,300,000 civilians killed<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; width: 315px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em;;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tr> <th scope="col" style=";background-color: #B0C4DE;" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style=""> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Iran-Iraq_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Iran-Iraq War"><span style=";background-color: #B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Iran-Iraq_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Iran-Iraq War"><span style=";background-color: #B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_Iran-Iraq_War&action=edit"><span style=";background-color: #B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><i>Related U.S. operations in <b>bold</b></i></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kaman_99" title="Operation Kaman 99"><i>Kaman 99</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Abadan" title="Siege of Abadan">Abadan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khorramshahr" title="Battle of Khorramshahr">1st Khorramshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Morvarid" title="Operation Morvarid"><i>Morvarid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dezful" title="Battle of Dezful">Dezful</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Undeniable_Victory" title="Operation Undeniable Victory"><i>Undeniable Victory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Khorramshahr" title="Liberation of Khorramshahr">2nd Khorramshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Samen-ol-A%27emeh" title="Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh"><i>Samen-ol-A'emeh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tariq_al-Qods" title="Operation Tariq al-Qods"><i>Jerusalem Way</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beit_ol-Moqaddas" title="Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas"><i>Jerusalem</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ramadan" title="Operation Ramadan"><i>Ramadan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Before_the_Dawn" title="Operation Before the Dawn"><i>Before the Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_(1983)" title="Operation Dawn (1983)"><i>Dawn 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_2" title="Operation Dawn 2"><i>Dawn 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_3" title="Operation Dawn 3"><i>Dawn 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn-4" title="Operation Dawn-4"><i>Dawn 4</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_5" title="Operation Dawn 5"><i>Dawn 5</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_6" title="Operation Dawn 6"><i>Dawn 6</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Marshes" title="Battle of the Marshes">Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kheibar" title="Operation Kheibar"><i>Kheibar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Badr_(1985)" title="Operation Badr (1985)"><i>Badr</i></a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Al-Anfal Campaign</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Al_Faw" title="First Battle of Al Faw">1st Al Faw</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8" title="Operation Dawn 8"><i>Dawn 8</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-4" title="Operation Karbala-4"><i>Karbala 4</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-5" title="Operation Karbala-5"><i>Karbala-5</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala-6" title="Operation Karbala-6"><i>Karbala-6</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark_incident" title="USS Stark incident"><i><b>USS Stark incident</b></i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karbala_10" title="Operation Karbala 10"><i>Karbala Ten</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nasr_4" title="Operation Nasr 4"><i>Nasr 4</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will"><i><b>Earnest Will</b></i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance"><i><b>Prime Chance</b></i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier"><i><b>Eager Glacier</b></i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer"><i><b>Nimble Archer</b></i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_poison_gas_attack" title="Halabja poison gas attack">Halabja</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zafar_7" title="Operation Zafar 7"><i>Zafar 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Al_Faw" title="Second Battle of Al Faw">2nd Al Faw</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis"><i><b>Praying Mantis</b></i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655"><i><b>Air Flight 655 Incident</b></i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mersad" title="Operation Mersad"><i>Mersad</i></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <p>The <b>al-Anfal Campaign</b> (<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">حملة الأنفال</span>‎), also known as <b>Operation Anfal</b> or simply <b>Anfal</b>, was a <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> campaign against the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish people</a> (and many other ethnic groups) in Northern Iraq, led by the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> regime of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and headed by <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a> in the final stages of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Iraq_War" title="Iran-Iraq War" class="mw-redirect">Iran-Iraq War</a>. The campaign takes its name from <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura" title="Sura">Surat</a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Anfal" title="Al-Anfal">al-Anfal</a> in the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an" class="mw-redirect">Qur'an</a>, which was used as a <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code name</a> by the former Iraqi <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Baathist</a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a> for a series of systematic attacks against the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> population of northern Iraq, conducted between 1986 and 1989 and culminating in 1988. The campaign also targeted other minority communities in Iraq including <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians" title="Assyrians" class="mw-redirect">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabak_people" title="Shabak people">Shabaks</a>, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi" title="Yazidi">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeans" title="Mandeans" class="mw-redirect">Mandeans</a>, and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Summary"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Summary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_campaign"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">The campaign</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Military_operations_and_chemical_attacks"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Military operations and chemical attacks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Concentration_camps_and_extermination"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Concentration camps and extermination</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Arabization"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Arabization</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Statistics"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Statistics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Violation_of_human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Violation of human rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Genocide"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Genocide</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Trials"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Trials</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Trial of Saddam Hussein</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Anfal_trial"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Anfal trial</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Name">Name</span></h2> <p><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Anfal" title="Al-Anfal">Al-Anfal</a> is the eighth <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura" title="Sura">sura</a> or chapter of the Qur'an which explains the triumph of 319 followers of the new Muslim faith over almost 900 <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan" title="Pagan" class="mw-redirect">pagans</a> at the battle of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Badr</a> in 624 AD. Al Anfal literally means <i>the spoils (of war)</i> and was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting commanded by <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a>. His orders informed <i><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jash" title="Jash">jash</a></i> (literally "donkey's foal" in <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>) units that taking cattle, sheep, goats, money, weapons and even Kurdish women was legal.<sup id="cite_ref-knowledge_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knowledge-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Summary">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Summary">Summary</span></h2> <p>The Anfal campaign began in 1986 and lasted until 1989, and was headed by <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a> (a cousin of then Iraqi leader <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> from Saddam's hometown of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>). The Anfal campaign included the use of ground <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensives</a>, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">aerial bombing</a>, systematic destruction of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town" title="Town">settlements</a>, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_deportation" title="Mass deportation" class="mw-redirect">mass deportation</a>, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_squad" title="Firing squad" class="mw-redirect">firing squads</a>, and <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a>, which earned al-Majid the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> of "<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Ali" title="Chemical Ali" class="mw-redirect">Chemical Ali</a>".</p> <p>Thousands of civilians were killed during the anti-insurgent campaigns stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed approximately 4,500 Kurdish village in areas of northern Iraq and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million Kurdish population. Independent sources estimate 1,100,000 to more than 2,150,000 deaths and as many as 860,000 <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widows</a> and an even greater number of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> collected the names of more than 17,000 people who had "disappeared" during 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The campaign has been characterized as <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> in nature. It is also characterized as <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">gendercidal</a>, because "battle-age" men were the primary targets, according to <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>/Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> According to the Iraqi prosecutors, as many as 182,000 people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-hang_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hang-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The campaign">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_campaign">The campaign</span></h2> <p>In March 1987, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a> was appointed <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-general" title="Secretary-general" class="mw-redirect">secretary-general</a> of the Ba'ath Party's Northern Region, which included Iraqi <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>. Under al-Majid, control of policies against the Kurdish insurgents passed from the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Army" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> to the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> itself. It would be known as "al-Anfal" ("The Spoils"), in a reference to the eighth <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura" title="Sura">sura</a> of the Qur'an.</p> <p>Anfal, officially conducted between February 23 and September 6, 1988, would have eight stages altogether, seven of them targeting areas controlled by the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a>. The <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Party" class="mw-redirect">Kurdish Democratic Party</a>-controlled areas in the northwest of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, which the regime regarded as a lesser threat, were the target of the Final Anfal operation in late August and early September, 1988. For these assaults, the Iraqis mustered up to 200,000 soldiers with <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_support" title="Air support" class="mw-redirect">air support</a> -- matched against Kurdish <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla" title="Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect">guerrilla</a> forces that numbered no more than a few thousand.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military operations and chemical attacks">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Military_operations_and_chemical_attacks">Military operations and chemical attacks</span></h3> <p>On March 18, 1988, there was a <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_poison_gas_attack" title="Halabja poison gas attack">poison gas attack</a> on the city of Halabja in which four to five thousand were killed.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concentration camps and extermination">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Concentration_camps_and_extermination">Concentration camps and extermination</span></h3> <p>When captured Kurdish populations were transported to detention centers (notably <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topzawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topzawa (page does not exist)">Topzawa</a> near the city of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>), adult and teenage males viewed as possible insurgents were separated from the civilians. According to Human Rights Watch/Middle East,</p> <blockquote> <p>With only minor variations ... the standard pattern for sorting new arrivals [at Topzawa was as follows]. Men and women were segregated on the spot as soon as the trucks had rolled to a halt in the base's large central courtyard or parade ground. The process was brutal ... A little later, the men were further divided by age, small children were kept with their mothers, and the elderly and infirm were shunted off to separate quarters. Men and teenage boys considered to be of an age to use a weapon were herded together. Roughly speaking, this meant males of between fifteen and fifty, but there was no rigorous check of identity documents, and strict chronological age seems to have been less of a criterion than size and appearance. A strapping twelve-year-old might fail to make the cut; an undersized sixteen-year-old might be told to remain with his female relatives. ... It was then time to process the younger males. They were split into smaller groups. ... Once duly registered, the prisoners were hustled into large rooms, or halls, each filled with the residents of a single area. ... Although the conditions at Topzawa were appalling for everyone, the most grossly overcrowded quarter seem to have been those where the male <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detainee" title="Detainee" class="mw-redirect">detainees</a> were held. ... For the men, beatings were routine. (<i>Iraq's Crime of Genocide</i>, pp. 143-45. <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300064276" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-300-06427-6</a>)</p> </blockquote> <p>After a few days in these camps, the men accused of being insurgents were trucked off to be killed in <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:massacre">mass executions</a>.</p> <p>In its book <i>Iraq's Crime of Genocide</i>, Human Rights Watch/Middle East writes: "Throughout Iraqi Kurdistan, although women and children vanished in certain clearly defined areas, adult males who were captured disappeared in mass ... It is apparent that a principal purpose of Anfal was to exterminate all adult males of military service age captured in rural Iraqi Kurdistan." (pp. 96, 170). Only a handful survived the execution squads. Even amidst this most systematic slaughter of adult men and boys, however, "hundreds of women and young children perished, too," though "the causes of their deaths were different -- gassing, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">exposure</a>, and willful <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a> -- rather than bullets fired from a <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">Kalashnikov</a>." (<i>Iraq's Crime of Genocide</i>, p. 191.) Nevertheless, on September 1, 2004, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S." title="U.S." class="mw-redirect">U.S.</a> forces in Iraq discovered hundreds of bodies of Kurdish women and children at the site near <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hatra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hatra (page does not exist)">al-Hatra</a>, believed to be executed in early 1988 or late 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The focus of the Iraqi killing campaign varied from one stage of Anfal to another. The most exclusive targeting of the male population occurred during the final Anfal (August 25-September 6, 1988). This was launched immediately after the signing of a <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> with <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, which allowed the transfer of large amounts of men and <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel" title="Matériel" class="mw-redirect">matériel</a> from the southern battlefronts. The final Anfal focused on "the steep, narrow valleys of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badinan_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badinan (region) (page does not exist)">Badinan</a>, a four-thousand-square mile chunk of the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> bounded on the east by the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Great Zab</a> and on the north by <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>." Here, uniquely in the Anfal campaigns, lists of the "disappeared" provided to Human Rights Watch/Middle East by survivors "invariably included only adult and teenage males, with the single exception of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezidi_Kurds" title="Yezidi Kurds" class="mw-redirect">Yezidi Kurds</a>," who were subsidiary targets of the slaughter. Many of the men of Badinan did not even make it as far as "processing" stations, being simply "lined up and murdered at their point of capture, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summarily executed</a> by firing squads on the authority of a local <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_officer" title="Military officer" class="mw-redirect">military officer</a>." (<i>Iraq's Crime of Genocide</i>, pp. 178, 190, 192; on the fate of the Christians and Yezidi Kurds, see pp. 209–13.)</p> <p>On June 20, 1987, directive SF/4008 was issued under al-Majid's signature. Of greatest significance is clause 5. Referring to those areas designated "prohibited zones," al-Majid ordered that "all persons captured in those villages shall be detained and interrogated by the security services and those between the ages of 15 and 70 shall be executed after any useful information has been obtained from them, of which we should be duly notified." However, it seems clear from the application of this policy that this referred only to males "between the ages of 15 and 70." Human Rights Watch/Middle East takes this as given, writing that clause 5's "order [was] to kill all adult males," and later: "Under the terms of al-Majid's June 1987 directives, death was the automatic penalty for any male of an age to bear arms who was found in an Anfal area." (<i>Iraq's Crime of Genocide</i>, pp. 11, 14.) A subsequent directive on September 6, 1987, supports this conclusion: it calls for "the deportation of ... families to the areas where there saboteur relatives are ..., except for the male [members], between the ages of 12 inclusive and 50 inclusive, who must be detained." (Cited in <i>Iraq's Crime of Genocide</i>, p. 298.)</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arabization">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Arabization">Arabization</span></h3> <p>"<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a>," another major element of al-Anfal, was a tactic used by Hussein's regime to drive pro-insurgent populations out of their homes in villages and cities like <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, which are in the valuable <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field" title="Oil field">oil field</a> areas, and relocate them in the southern parts of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> The campaign used heavy <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population redistribution</a>, most notably in <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, the results of which now plague negotiations between Iraq's <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" title="Shi'a" class="mw-redirect">Shi'a</a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Iraqi_Alliance" title="United Iraqi Alliance" class="mw-redirect">United Iraqi Alliance</a> and the Kurdish <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistani_Alliance" title="Kurdistani Alliance" class="mw-redirect">Kurdistani Alliance</a>. Hussein's Ba'athist regime built several <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public housing</a> facilities in <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> as part of his "Arabization," shifting poor <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs" class="mw-redirect">Arabs</a> from Iraq's southern regions to <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> with the lure of inexpensive housing.</p> <p>Iraq's Kurds now strongly resent Arabs still residing in Ba'ath-era <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> housing, and view them as a barrier to <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>'s recognition as a Kurdish city (and regional seat) in an increasingly <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_Autonomous_Region" title="Kurdish Autonomous Region" class="mw-redirect">Kurdish Autonomous Region</a>.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span></h2> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Statistics">Statistics</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anfal1988assyrianchurch.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Anfal1988assyrianchurch.jpg/220px-Anfal1988assyrianchurch.jpg" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anfal1988assyrianchurch.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20120113003825im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> One of 24 <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> churches bombed in 1988. Iraq's other ethnic groups such as <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks" class="mw-redirect">Shabaks</a> and <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Turkmens</a> were targeted as well.</div> </div> </div> <p>According to the HRW during the Anfal campaign, the Iraqi government:</p> <ul> <li>Massacred 50,000 to 100,000 non-combatant civilians including women and children;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_villages_destroyed_during_the_Iraqi_Arabization_campaign" title="Kurdish villages destroyed during the Iraqi Arabization campaign">Destroyed about 4,000 villages</a> (out of 4,655) in Iraqi Kurdistan. Between April 1987 and August 1988, 250 towns and villages were exposed to chemical weapons;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Destroyed 1,754 schools, 270 hospitals, 2,450 <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, 27 <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wiped out around 90% of Kurdish villages in targeted areas.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Violation of human rights">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Violation_of_human_rights">Violation of human rights</span></h3> <p>The campaigns of 1987-1989 were characterized by the following gross <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations" title="Human rights violations" class="mw-redirect">human rights violations</a>:</p> <dl> <dd>a) mass summary executions and mass disappearance of many tens of thousands of non-combatants, including large numbers of women and children, and sometimes the entire population of villages;</dd> </dl> <dl> <dd>b) the widespread use of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons" title="Chemical weapons" class="mw-redirect">chemical weapons</a>, including <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas" class="mw-redirect">mustard gas</a> and the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">nerve agent</a> GB, or <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a>, against the town of Halabja as well as dozens of Kurdish villages, killing many thousands of people, mainly women and children;</dd> </dl> <dl> <dd>c) the wholesale destruction of some 2,000 villages, which are described in government documents as having been "burned", "destroyed", "demolished" and "purified", as well as at least a dozen larger towns and administrative centers (<i>nahyas</i> and <i>qadhas</i>); Since 1975, some 4,000 Kurdish villages have been destroyed by the former Iraqi regime.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dd>d) Human Rights Watch/Middle East estimates that between 50,000 and 100,000 people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Some Kurdish sources put the number higher, estimating 182,000 Kurds were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <dl> <dd>e) Army engineers destroyed the large Kurdish town of <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qala_Dizeh" title="Qala Dizeh" class="mw-redirect">Qala Dizeh</a> (population 70,000) and declared its environs a "prohibited area," removing the last significant population center close to the Iranian border.</dd> </dl> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genocide">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Genocide">Genocide</span></h3> <p>Article 2 of the 1949 <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide" class="mw-redirect">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> defines <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". In December 2005 a <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> in The Hague ruled that the killing of thousands of Kurds in Iraq in the 1980s was indeed an act of genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> court said that it was considered "legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the Genocide Conventions as an <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>. The court has no other conclusion than that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq."</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trials">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Trials">Trials</span></h2> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trial of Saddam Hussein">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein">Trial of Saddam Hussein</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial of Saddam Hussein</a></div> <p>In an <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interview</a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> on Iraqi <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> on September 6, 2005, Iraqi president <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> said that <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> had directly extracted <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession" title="Confession">confessions</a> from Saddam Hussein that he had ordered <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a> and other "crimes" during his regime and that he deserves to die. Two days later Saddam's <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> denied that he had confessed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anfal trial">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Anfal_trial">Anfal trial</span></h3> <p>In June 2006, the <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Tribunal" title="Iraqi Special Tribunal" class="mw-redirect">Iraqi Special Tribunal</a> announced that Saddam Hussein and six co-defendants would face trial on August 21, 2006, in relation to the Anfal campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> In December 2006 Saddam was put on trial for the genocide during Operation Anfal. The trial for the Anfal campaign was still underway on December 30, 2006, when <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein was executed</a> for his role in the unrelated <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujail_Massacre" title="Dujail Massacre">Dujail Massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Anfal trial recessed on December 21, 2006, and when it resumed on January 8, 2007, the remaining charges against Saddam Hussein were dropped. Six co-defendants continued to stand trial for their roles in the Anfal campaign. On 23 June 2007 Ali Hassan al-Majid, and two co-defendants <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Hashem_Ahmed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultan Hashem Ahmed (page does not exist)">Sultan Hashem Ahmed</a> and <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Rashid_Mohammed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussein Rashid Mohammed (page does not exist)">Hussein Rashid Mohammed</a> were convicted of genocide and related charges and sentenced to <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_hanging" title="Death by hanging">death by hanging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hang_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hang-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Another two co-defendants (<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farhan_Jubouri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farhan Jubouri (page does not exist)">Farhan Jubouri</a> and <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saber_Abdel_Aziz_al-Douri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saber Abdel Aziz al-Douri (page does not exist)">Saber Abdel Aziz al-Douri</a>) were sentenced to <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>, and one (<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taher_Tawfiq_al-Ani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taher Tawfiq al-Ani (page does not exist)">Taher Tawfiq al-Ani</a>) was acquitted on prosecution's demand.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Al-Majid was charged with <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. He was convicted in June 2007 and was <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iraq" title="Capital punishment in Iraq">sentenced to death</a>. His appeal of the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007, he was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010, and was <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> eight days later, on 25 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_poison_gas_attack" title="Halabja poison gas attack">Halabja poison gas attack</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam%27s_Iraq" title="Human rights in Saddam's Iraq" class="mw-redirect">Human rights in Saddam's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_Rebellion_of_1983" title="Kurdish Rebellion of 1983">Kurdish Rebellion of 1983</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">1991 uprisings in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of conflicts in the Middle East" class="mw-redirect">List of conflicts in the Middle East</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Hiltermann, J. R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://books.google.com/books?id=5JGldonhk6wC&pg=PA134"><i>A poisonous affair: America, Iraq, and the gassing of Halabja</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–135. <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521876865" title="Special:BookSources/9780521876865">9780521876865</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://books.google.com/books?id=5JGldonhk6wC&pg=PA134">http://books.google.com/books?id=5JGldonhk6wC&pg=PA134</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+poisonous+affair%3A+America%2C+Iraq%2C+and+the+gassing+of+Halabja&rft.aulast=Hiltermann&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Hiltermann%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+R.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B134%E2%80%93135&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780521876865&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JGldonhk6wC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Al-Anfal_Campaign"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/08/14/genocide-iraq-anfal-campaign-against-kurds">[1]</a> The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds. A Middle East Watch Report: Human Rights Watch 1993.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">G. Black, Human Rights Watch, Middle East Watch (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://books.google.com/books?id=qidfVsS-z8YC&pg=PA312"><i>Genocide in Iraq: the Anfal campaign against the Kurds</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. pp. 312–313. <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564321084" title="Special:BookSources/9781564321084">9781564321084</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://books.google.com/books?id=qidfVsS-z8YC&pg=PA312">http://books.google.com/books?id=qidfVsS-z8YC&pg=PA312</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Iraq%3A+the+Anfal+campaign+against+the+Kurds&rft.aulast=G.+Black%2C+Human+Rights+Watch%2C+Middle+East+Watch&rft.au=G.+Black%2C+Human+Rights+Watch%2C+Middle+East+Watch&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B312%E2%80%93313&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.isbn=9781564321084&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqidfVsS-z8YC%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Al-Anfal_Campaign"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-knowledge-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knowledge_3-0">^</a></b> Jonathan C. Randal, <i>After Such Knowledge, What Forgiveness?: My Encounters with Kurdistan</i>, 356 pp., Westview Press, 1998, this nggah killed soooo manny niggahs<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813335809" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8133-3580-9</a>, p.231</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> David McDowall, <i>A Modern History of the Kurds</i>, 504 pp., I.B. Tauris, 2004, <a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850434166" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85043-416-6</a>, pp. 359, 391.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://web.amnesty.org/pages/irq-article_6-eng">Iraq: 'Disappearances' – the agony continues</a> Amnesty International</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/IRAQ913.htm">Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds?</a> Human Rights Watch Report, 1991</li> <li id="cite_note-hang-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hang_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hang_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/25/Worldandnation/Iraq_to_hang__Chemica.shtml">Iraq to hang 'Chemical Ali'</a> Associated Press, June 25, 2007</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/10/13/iraq.graves/">Mass grave unearthed in Iraq</a> CNN, October 13, 2004</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> Middle East Watch. Genocide in Iraq, the Anfal Campgain Against the Kurds, Human Rights Watch, 1993, p. 36</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/">GENOCIDE IN IRAQ</a> Human Rights Watch, 1993</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> Michael Rubin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_1_70/ai_102140955/pg_4">Are Kurds a pariah minority?</a> Social Research, Spring, 2003.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.capiraq.org/en/News_Reports/Demolshed_Churches_Eng.pdf">List of the churches been demolished by Saddam Hussein's regime</a></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_anfal.html">The Crimes of Saddam Hussein - 1988 The Anfal Campaign</a> PBS Frontline</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/">Iraqi Anfal, Human Rights Watch, 1993.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/actual/iraq/4.html">Ethnic Cleansing and the Kurds</a></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4555000.stm">Killing of Iraq Kurds 'genocide'</a> BBC News, 23 December 2005</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4225182.stm">Lawyer denies Saddam confession</a> BBC News, 8 September 2005</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/i_latestdetail.asp?id=39304">Iraqi High Tribunal announces second Saddam trial to open</a> Associated Press, June 27, 2006</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/30/world/middleeast/30hussein.html">Dictator Who Ruled Iraq With Violence Is Hanged for Crimes Against Humanity</a> The New York Times, December 30, 2006</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/06/24/iraq.ali/index.html">'Chemical Ali' sentenced to hang</a> CNN, June 24, 2007</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/7072155/Saddam-Husseins-henchman-Chemical-Ali-executed.html">Saddam Hussein's henchman 'Chemical Ali' executed</a></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/">Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds</a>, Human Rights Watch, July 1993</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/IRAQ913.htm">Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds?</a> Human Rights Watch, 1991</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.gendercide.org/case_anfal.html">Case Study: The Anfal Campaign (Iraqi Kurdistan), 1988</a> gendercide.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_anfal.html">The Crimes of Saddam Hussein - 1988 The Anfal Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.xs4all.nl/~tank/kurdish/htdocs/his/Khaledtext.html">Anfal: The Kurdish Genocide in Iraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://iraqshoahfiles.blogspot.com/">Iraqi Holocaust files</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://www.kdp.se/?do=anfal">Anfal//kdp.se (official site of KDP)</a></li> </ul> <p><span id="coordinates" class="metadata coord-missing"></span></p>   </div>   <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&oldid=471041651">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Anfal_Campaign&oldid=471041651</a>" </div>   <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1986_in_Iraq" title="Category:1986 in Iraq">1986 in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1987_in_Iraq" title="Category:1987 in Iraq">1987 in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1988_in_Iraq" title="Category:1988 in Iraq">1988 in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1989_in_Iraq" title="Category:1989 in Iraq">1989 in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1986" title="Category:Conflicts in 1986">Conflicts in 1986</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1987" title="Category:Conflicts in 1987">Conflicts in 1987</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1988" title="Category:Conflicts in 1988">Conflicts in 1988</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1989" title="Category:Conflicts in 1989">Conflicts in 1989</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_cleansing" title="Category:Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Iraq" title="Category:20th century in Iraq">20th century in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Kurdish_people" title="Category:History of the Kurdish people">History of the Kurdish people</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Iraq" title="Category:Massacres in Iraq">Massacres in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_of_war_massacres" title="Category:Prisoners of war massacres">Prisoners of war massacres</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:War_crimes_in_Iraq" title="Category:War crimes in Iraq">War crimes in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Iraq" title="Category:Wars involving Iraq">Wars involving Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kurdish_protests_and_rebellions_in_Iraq" title="Category:Kurdish protests and rebellions in Iraq">Kurdish protests and rebellions in Iraq</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic_language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic language text">Articles containing Arabic language text</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data" title="Category:Iraq articles missing geocoordinate data">Iraq articles missing geocoordinate data</a></li><li><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_coordinates" title="Category:All articles needing coordinates">All articles needing coordinates</a></li></ul></div></div>  <div class="visualClear"></div>   </div>  </div>   <div id="mw-head" class="noprint">  <div id="p-personal" class=""> <h5>Personal tools</h5> <ul> <li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20120113003825/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Al-Anfal+Campaign" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory. 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