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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Étienne de Boré</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Etienne_de_Bor%C3%A9.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Etienne_de_Bor%C3%A9.gif/220px-Etienne_de_Bor%C3%A9.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Etienne_de_Bor%C3%A9.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_Orleans" title="Mayor of New Orleans">Mayor of New Orleans</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 20, 1803 – May 26, 1804</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cavelier_Petit" title="Cavelier Petit">Cavelier Petit</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1741-12-27</span>)</span>December 27, 1741<br /><a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Upper Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1, 1820<span style="display:none">(1820-02-01)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Marie Marguerite d'Estrehan</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1771)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jean Étienne de Boré</b> (27 December 1741 – 1 February 1820) was a Creole French <a href="/wiki/Planter_(American_South)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planter (American South)">planter</a>, born in Kaskaskia, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>, who was known for producing the first granulated sugar in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a>. At the time, the area was under Spanish rule. His innovation made <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> profitable as a commodity crop and planters began to cultivate it in quantity. He owned a large plantation upriver from New Orleans. De Boré's plantation was annexed to the city of New Orleans in 1870, and is now the site of Audubon Park, Tulane University, and Audubon Zoo. </p><p>De Boré was a prominent planter in the area when the United States made the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> and acquired the former French territories west of the Mississippi River. In 1803 the American governor of the territory appointed de Boré as the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of New Orleans">mayor of New Orleans</a> under the U.S. administration. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_Bor%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jean Étienne de Boré (known as Étienne) was born to French colonists in <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>, then under French control as part of <i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">La Louisiane</a></i>. At the age of 4, his parents sent him to France to be educated. On leaving school, he entered <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">French</a> military service in the elite <a href="/wiki/Musketeers_of_the_Guard" title="Musketeers of the Guard">Musketeers of the Guard</a>, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/French_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="French monarchy">royal household</a> and very prestigious. </p><p>In 1771, he married Marie Marguerite d'Estréhan (1751–1814) of a prominent Creole families of colonial Louisiana. Her father, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_d%27Estrehan" title="Jean Baptiste d'Estrehan">Jean Baptiste d'Estrehan</a>, was the Royal Treasurer of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>. As part of her dowry, de Boré acquired an estate on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> 6 miles (9.7 km) north of <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">New Orleans</a>. The property was annexed by the city of New Orleans in 1870, and is now the site of <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Zoo" title="Audubon Zoo">Audubon Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Park_(New_Orleans)" title="Audubon Park (New Orleans)">Audubon Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smalley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smalley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sugar_granulation_and_New_Orleans'_first_mayor"><span id="Sugar_granulation_and_New_Orleans.27_first_mayor"></span>Sugar granulation and New Orleans' first mayor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_Bor%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sugar granulation and New Orleans' first mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Boré and his bride returned to Louisiana, then under <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Louisiana">Spanish</a> control, to raise <a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">indigo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> with its more than 80 enslaved people of African and American descent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1774, however, de Boré needed a new crop. Competition from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> reduced the profitability of indigo, the soil was too poor for cotton, and the maize produced had no export value.<sup id="cite_ref-Smalley_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smalley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite prior failures by Louisiana planters, including his father-in-law, de Boré was convinced good quality sugar could be produced along the Mississippi so he ordered his fields converted to the production of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> and set up a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar mill">sugar mill</a> on the plantation to process the sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1794, he planted his first set of canes, acquiring the seed stock from Mendez and Solis who produced <a href="/wiki/Tafia" title="Tafia">tafia</a> and he used that year's cane to seed his 1795 crop. Working with Antoine Morin, a free man of color originally from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Domingue">Saint Domingue</a>. Marie Marguerite had asked Morin to try to convince de Boré to abandon his sugar scheme, but when he would not be dissuade, Morin offered to help.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a background in chemistry and botany, Morin was able to produce the first granulated <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> known in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although granulated sugar had been known for centuries in the Old World, granulation in Louisiana created a huge demand for the cultivation and processing of sugar cane. Responding to the worldwide demand for sugar, it became the colony's primary <a href="/wiki/Commodity_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity crop">commodity crop</a>. Under Spanish rule, Louisiana began to generate profits. </p><p>In late 1803, after the United States acquired New Orleans in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Orleans Territory</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William C. C. Claiborne</a> appointed de Boré the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of New Orleans">first mayor of New Orleans</a> under the United States rule. De Boré's service to the city had begun during the brief transitional <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French</a> governorship of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cl%C3%A9ment_de_Laussat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Clément de Laussat">Pierre Clément de Laussat</a>. In May 1804, De Boré resigned to look after his personal affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_Bor%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He died at 78 years old and was interred in New Orleans' <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Cemetery" title="Saint Louis Cemetery">Saint Louis Cemetery</a> No. 1. One of his grandchildren, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gayarr%C3%A9" title="Charles Gayarré">Charles Gayarré</a>, became a noted historian of Louisiana in the late 19th century. </p><p>Bore Street in <a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie</a> is named for the Boré plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of de Boré's sugar kettles is installed on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a> in Baton Rouge at the Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, which developed from the Audubon Sugar School that was incorporated into the university in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Bor%C3%A9_Oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne de Boré Oak">Étienne de Boré Oak</a> in Audubon Park, also called 'The Tree of Life', was one of the original <a href="/wiki/Quercus_virginiana" title="Quercus virginiana">live oak trees</a> inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Live_Oak_Society" title="Live Oak Society">Live Oak Society</a> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, Étienne de Boré Elementary School opened in New Orleans as the first air-conditioned school in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, it was renamed Village de l'Est Elementary.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, LSU announced it would rename Étienne de Boré Street as Field House Drive.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_Bor%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Smalley-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smalley_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smalley_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmalley1887" 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(November 1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/sim_century-illustrated-monthly-magazine_1887-11_35_1">"Sugar-Making in Louisiana"</a>. <i>Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine</i>. Vol. XXXV, no. 1. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Century+Illustrated+Monthly+Magazine&rft.atitle=Sugar-Making+in+Louisiana&rft.volume=XXXV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100&rft.date=1887-11&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Eugene+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_century-illustrated-monthly-magazine_1887-11_35_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tienne+de+Bor%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner2019" class="citation web cs1">Faulkner, Jackson (2019-10-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulanehullabaloo.com/50267/views/tulane-cannot-ignore-its-historical-roots-to-slavery/">"Tulane cannot ignore its historical roots to slavery"</a>. <i>The Tulane Hullabaloo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 29. p. 20–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Alumni+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Etienne+de+Bor%C3%A9%27s+Sugar+Kettle%3A+A+sweet+chemical+engineering+story&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Thibodeaux&rft.aufirst=Louis+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsu.edu%2Feng%2Fche%2Fimages%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fetienne-de-bores-sugar-kettle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tienne+de+Bor%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortier1884" class="citation news cs1">Fortier, Alcée (1884-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-picayune-first-sugar-planted-i/54534832/">"The Founder of the Sugar Industry in Louisiana"</a>. <i>The Times-Picayune</i>. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-11</span></span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=The+Founder+of+the+Sugar+Industry+in+Louisiana&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1884-06-29&rft.aulast=Fortier&rft.aufirst=Alc%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-times-picayune-first-sugar-planted-i%2F54534832%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tienne+de+Bor%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinderO'Dwyer2022" class="citation web cs1">Linder, Taylor; O'Dwyer, Kathryn (2022-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/1655">"Sugar Granulation on the Boré Plantation"</a>. <i>New Orleans Historical</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+Life&rft.atitle=Old+and+Magnificent&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louisianalife.com%2Fold-and-magnificent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tienne+de+Bor%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicimages.com/products/noa83786">"1969 Press Photo Etienne de Bore Elementary School- 1st Air-conditioned School"</a>. <i>Historic Images</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Images&rft.atitle=1969+Press+Photo+Etienne+de+Bore+Elementary+School-+1st+Air-conditioned+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricimages.com%2Fproducts%2Fnoa83786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tienne+de+Bor%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreilinger2017" class="citation news cs1">Dreilinger, Danielle (2017-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/news/education/the-old-slaveholder-and-confederate-names-of-new-orleans-schools/article_af944734-65f2-54e9-9ad2-5be506bccdf0.html">"The old slaveholder and Confederate names of New Orleans schools"</a>. <i>The Times-Picayune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=The+old+slaveholder+and+Confederate+names+of+New+Orleans+schools&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft.aulast=Dreilinger&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fthe-old-slaveholder-and-confederate-names-of-new-orleans-schools%2Farticle_af944734-65f2-54e9-9ad2-5be506bccdf0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tienne+de+Bor%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard2017" class="citation news cs1">Ballard, Mark (2017-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/education/lsu-renames-well-known-campus-street-named-after-confederate-admiral-as-part-of-modernization-plan/article_88019a04-d398-11e7-8323-730f74dc7d02.html">"LSU renames well-known campus street named after Confederate admiral as part of modernization plan"</a>. <i>The Advocate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=LSU+renames+well-known+campus+street+named+after+Confederate+admiral+as+part+of+modernization+plan&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Fbaton_rouge%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Flsu-renames-well-known-campus-street-named-after-confederate-admiral-as-part-of-modernization-plan%2Farticle_88019a04-d398-11e7-8323-730f74dc7d02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tienne+de+Bor%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_Bor%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nutrias.org/~nopl/info/louinfo/admins/bore.htm">"Étienne de Boré"</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Public_Library" title="New Orleans Public Library">New Orleans Public Library</a>'s transcription of a <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (1930s) compilation of local research on New Orleans' mayors.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/New_Orleans/_Texts/KENHNO/4*.html#Etienne_de_Bore">Étienne de Boré's tenure as mayor</a>, Kendall's <i>History of New Orleans</i>, Chapter 4</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6422598">Étienne de Boré</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_Orleans" title="Mayor of New Orleans">Mayor of New Orleans</a> </b><br />1803-1804 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cavelier_Petit" title="Cavelier Petit">Cavelier Petit</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_New_Orleans" title="Template:Mayors of New Orleans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayors_of_New_Orleans" title="Template talk:Mayors of New Orleans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors_of_New_Orleans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors of New Orleans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayors_of_New_Orleans,_Louisiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of New Orleans">Mayors of</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavelier_Petit" title="Cavelier Petit">Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pitot" title="James Pitot">Pitot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watkins_(mayor)" title="John Watkins (mayor)">Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mather_(politician)" title="James Mather (politician)">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Trudeau_(politician)" title="Charles Trudeau (politician)">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Girod" title="Nicholas Girod">Girod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeBreton_Dorgenois" class="mw-redirect" title="LeBreton Dorgenois">Dorgenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Girod" title="Nicholas Girod">Girod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_de_Macarty" title="Augustin de Macarty">Macarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_de_Roffignac" title="Louis Philippe de Roffignac">Roffignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Prieur_(mayor)" title="Denis Prieur (mayor)">Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bertus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Bertus">Bertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Genois" title="Charles Genois">Genois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Freret" title="William Freret">Freret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Prieur_(mayor)" title="Denis Prieur (mayor)">Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bertus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Bertus">Bertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Freret" title="William Freret">Freret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edgard_Montegut" title="Joseph Edgard Montegut">Montegut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdiel_Crossman" title="Abdiel Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis_(politician)" title="John L. Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Waterman_(politician)" title="Charles M. Waterman (politician)">Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Summers" title="Henry M. Summers">Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Stith" title="Gerald Stith">Stith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Monroe" title="John T. Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Foster_Shepley_(judge)" title="George Foster Shepley (judge)">Shepley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Weitzel" title="Godfrey Weitzel">Weitzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_H._French" title="Jonas H. French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Weitzel" title="Godfrey Weitzel">Weitzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Deming" title="Henry C. Deming">Deming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Miller" title="James F. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Durell" title="Edward Henry Durell">Durell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Miller" title="James F. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hoyt" title="Stephen Hoyt">Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kennedy_(New_Orleans)" title="Hugh Kennedy (New Orleans)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Miller_Quincy" title="Samuel Miller Quincy">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendy_Burke" title="Glendy Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kennedy_(New_Orleans)" title="Hugh Kennedy (New Orleans)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._A._D._Rozier" title="J. A. D. Rozier">Rozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clark_(New_Orleans)" title="George Clark (New Orleans)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Monroe" title="John T. Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath_(New_Orleans)" title="Edward Heath (New Orleans)">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Conway" title="John R. Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders" title="Benjamin Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Wiltz" title="Louis A. Wiltz">Wiltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Leeds" title="Charles J. Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pilsbury" title="Edward Pilsbury">Pilsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_W._Patton" title="Isaac W. Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Shakspeare" title="Joseph A. Shakspeare">Shakspeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Behan" title="William J. Behan">Behan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Valsin_Guillotte" title="J. Valsin Guillotte">Guillotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Shakspeare" title="Joseph A. Shakspeare">Shakspeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzpatrick_(mayor)" title="John Fitzpatrick (mayor)">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_C._Flower" title="Walter C. Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Capdevielle" title="Paul Capdevielle">Capdevielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Behrman" title="Martin Behrman">Behrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._McShane" title="Andrew J. McShane">McShane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Behrman" title="Martin Behrman">Behrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._O%27Keefe" title="Arthur J. O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Semmes_Walmsley" title="T. Semmes Walmsley">Walmsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Miles_Pratt" title="A. Miles Pratt">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_A._Earhart" title="Fred A. Earhart">Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_S._Cave" title="Jesse S. Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maestri" title="Robert Maestri">Maestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeLesseps_Story_Morrison" title="DeLesseps Story Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Schiro" title="Victor H. Schiro">Schiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Landrieu" title="Moon Landrieu">M. E. Landrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nathan_Morial" title="Ernest Nathan Morial">E. Morial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Barthelemy" title="Sidney Barthelemy">Barthelemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Morial" title="Marc Morial">M. Morial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Nagin" title="Ray Nagin">Nagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Landrieu" title="Mitch Landrieu">M. J. 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