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Bestiarius - Wikipedia

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Di solito con questo termine venivano indicate due diverse categorie di persone: la prima comprendeva i condannati a morte destinati ad essere sbranati dalle fiere, la seconda includeva uomini liberi che, divenuti <i><a href="/wiki/Auctoratus" title="Auctoratus">auctorati</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> le affrontavano volontariamente per ricavarne denaro<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> oppure gloria ed ammirazione.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Questi ultimi vengono, a volte, chiamati erroneamente <a href="/wiki/Gladiatore" title="Gladiatore">gladiatori</a>, ma a quel tempo con questo appellativo si indicavano solo coloro che combattevano contro altri uomini. Il termine usuale per indicare coloro che partecipavano alle <a href="/wiki/Venationes" title="Venationes">cacce nell'arena</a> è, invece, <i>venatores</i>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="it" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Indice</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Condanna_a_morte"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Condanna a morte</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Combattimento_volontario"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Combattimento volontario</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Note"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Note</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Bibliografia"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliografia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Fonti_primarie"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fonti primarie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Fonti_secondarie"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fonti secondarie</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Voci_correlate"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Voci correlate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Altri_progetti"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Altri progetti</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Collegamenti_esterni"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Collegamenti esterni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Condanna_a_morte">Condanna a morte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Condanna a morte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Condanna a morte"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Briton_Rivi%C3%A8re_-_A_Roman_Holiday_(National_Gallery_of_Victoria).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Briton_Rivi%C3%A8re_-_A_Roman_Holiday_%28National_Gallery_of_Victoria%29.jpg/307px-Briton_Rivi%C3%A8re_-_A_Roman_Holiday_%28National_Gallery_of_Victoria%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Briton_Rivi%C3%A8re_-_A_Roman_Holiday_%28National_Gallery_of_Victoria%29.jpg/461px-Briton_Rivi%C3%A8re_-_A_Roman_Holiday_%28National_Gallery_of_Victoria%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Briton_Rivi%C3%A8re_-_A_Roman_Holiday_%28National_Gallery_of_Victoria%29.jpg/614px-Briton_Rivi%C3%A8re_-_A_Roman_Holiday_%28National_Gallery_of_Victoria%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Briton_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Briton Rivière">Briton Rivière</a>, <i>A Roman Holiday</i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Adottata come forma di <a href="/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura">tortura</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Pena_capitale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pena capitale">pena capitale</a>, la condanna a morte per sbranamento, chiamata <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">damnatio ad bestias</a></i>, veniva inflitta ai nemici dello stato, tra i quali erano compresi i prigionieri e gli schiavi riconosciuti colpevoli di un reato grave. Costoro venivano inviati a morire nudi, con minime possibilità di difesa contro le fiere.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Anche se fossero riusciti ad abbatterne qualcuna, altri animali venivano continuamente introdotti nell'arena, fino a che i <i>bestiarii</i> non fossero tutti morti. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tigre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigre">Tigri</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Leone">leoni</a> erano gli animali più utilizzati per questo macabro spettacolo, insieme a <a href="/wiki/Orso" class="mw-redirect" title="Orso">orsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopardo">leopardi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lupo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupo">lupi</a>. A volte, invece, venivano usate belve più piccole, come i <a href="/wiki/Cinghiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinghiale">cinghiali</a> e le <a href="/wiki/Iena" class="mw-redirect" title="Iena">iene</a>, per prolungare l'agonia. </p><p>Privi di addestramento e di difesa, i condannati talvolta preferivano suicidarsi piuttosto che cadere vittime nell'arena. Ce lo attesta <a href="/wiki/Seneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca">Seneca</a>, che riferisce di un prigioniero che preferì la morte per soffocamento, ingoiando volontariamente una spugna,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e di un altro che si ruppe il collo infilando la testa in una ruota del carro che lo conduceva nell'anfiteatro,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e anche <a href="/wiki/Quinto_Aurelio_Simmaco" title="Quinto Aurelio Simmaco">Simmaco</a>, che racconta di ventinove prigionieri <a href="/wiki/Sassoni" title="Sassoni">sassoni</a> i quali preferirono strangolarsi vicendevolmente nelle loro celle piuttosto che affrontare il supplizio.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combattimento_volontario">Combattimento volontario</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Combattimento volontario" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Combattimento volontario"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg/180px-Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg/270px-Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg/360px-Museum_of_Sousse_-_Mosaics_2_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Mosaico conservato al Museo archeologico di <a href="/wiki/Susa_(Tunisia)" title="Susa (Tunisia)">Susa</a>, Tunisia</figcaption></figure> <p>Secondo <a href="/wiki/Seneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca">Seneca</a>, questi altri <i>bestiarii</i> erano, invece, dei giovani animosi che, per diventare esperti nell'esercizio delle armi, combattevano talvolta contro le bestie e talvolta contro altri uomini,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> al fine di mostrare il proprio coraggio e la propria destrezza. L'imperatore <a href="/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto">Augusto</a> incoraggiava questa pratica nei giovani di alto rango; <a href="/wiki/Nerone" title="Nerone">Nerone</a> ci si esponeva di persona, e fu per l'aver ucciso delle bestie nell'anfiteatro che <a href="/wiki/Commodo" title="Commodo">Commodo</a> assunse il titolo di <a href="/wiki/Ercole" title="Ercole">Ercole</a> romano.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyclop_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyclop-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/XVI_secolo" title="XVI secolo">XVI secolo</a>, il francese <a href="/wiki/Blaise_de_Vigen%C3%A8re" title="Blaise de Vigenère">de Vigenère</a> identificò altri due tipi di "bestiarii": i primi erano coloro che dello scontro con le fiere avevano fatto un mestiere e combattevano, quindi, per denaro<sup id="cite_ref-Cyclop_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyclop-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>; un secondo tipo era rappresentato da combattimenti di gruppo che vedevano scontrarsi parecchi <i>bestiarii</i> armati contro un numero altrettanto folto di belve.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyclop_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyclop-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Come riportato da <a href="/wiki/Tertulliano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertulliano">Tertulliano</a>, sembra che ci fosse anche una scuola a Roma (<i>bestiarum scholae</i> o <i>bestiariorum</i>), dove le persone erano addestrate al combattimento con le fiere.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Si tratta probabilmente del <i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Matutinus" title="Ludus Matutinus">Ludus Matutinus</a></i>, che <a href="/wiki/Domiziano" title="Domiziano">Domiziano</a> fece erigere non lontano dal <a href="/wiki/Colosseo" title="Colosseo">Colosseo</a> per l'addestramento dei <i>bestiarii</i>, così chiamato perché i combattimenti si svolgevano al mattino.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Erano definiti <i>auctorati</i> i liberi cittadini che, stringendo un patto (<i>auctoramentum</i>) col <a href="/wiki/Lanista" title="Lanista">lanista</a>, si subordinavano al suo potere ricavando una remunerazione in cambio dell'esibizione nell'arena.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFcidSmith">Smith</a>,&#160;p. 202</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008014040/http://roman-colosseum.info/gladiators/bestiarii.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Bestiarii</i> su Roman Colosseum</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">roman-colosseum.info</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 agosto 2010</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.roman-colosseum.info/gladiators/bestiarii.htm">url originale</abbr> l'8 ottobre 2010)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Seneca, <i>De Beneficiis</i>, II.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="latino">LA</abbr>,&#160;<abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Seneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca">Seneca</a>, <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/stream/adluciliumepistu02seneuoft#page/66/mode/2up"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Ad Lucilium epistulae morales</i>, LXX.20</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">archive.org</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 agosto 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="latino">LA</abbr>,&#160;<abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Seneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca">Seneca</a>, <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/stream/adluciliumepistu02seneuoft#page/66/mode/2up"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Ad Lucilium epistulae morales</i>, LXX.23</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">archive.org</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 agosto 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="latino">LA</abbr></span>) , Simmaco, <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000794/images/index.html?seite=269&amp;pdfseitex="><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Epistulae</i>, <i>Liber II</i>, XXXXVI, 2</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">daten.digitale-sammlungen.de</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 agosto 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="latino">LA</abbr>,&#160;<abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Seneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca">Seneca</a>, <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/stream/adluciliumepistu02seneuoft#page/328/mode/2up"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Ad Lucilium epistulae morales</i>, LXXXVII.10</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">archive.org</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 agosto 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyclop-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Cyclop_9-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Cyclop_9-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Cyclop_9-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&amp;entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0248&amp;id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&amp;isize=M"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Bestiarii</i> su <i>Cyclopædia</i><span></span></span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">digicoll.library.wisc.edu</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 agosto 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Tertulliano, <i>Apologeticum</i>, Cap. XXXV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/bestiarii.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Bestiarii</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">penelope.uchicago.edu</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 agosto 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonti_primarie">Fonti primarie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Fonti primarie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fonti primarie"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicerone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicerone">Cicerone</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Sestio" title="Pro Sestio">Pro Sestio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca">Seneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Anneo_Seneca#Il_De_beneficiis" title="Lucio Anneo Seneca"><i>De Beneficiis</i></a></li> <li>Seneca, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_Lucilium_epistulae_morales&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad Lucilium epistulae morales (la pagina non esiste)">Ad Lucilium epistulae morales</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinto_Aurelio_Simmaco" title="Quinto Aurelio Simmaco">Simmaco</a>, <i>Epistulae</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertulliano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertulliano">Tertulliano</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apologeticum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Apologeticum (la pagina non esiste)">Apologeticum</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonti_secondarie">Fonti secondarie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Fonti secondarie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fonti secondarie"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFcidSmith" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lessicografo)" title="William Smith (lessicografo)">William Smith</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities</span>, Boston, Little, Brown &amp; Company, 1859.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venationes" title="Venationes">Venationes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Bestiarii"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bestiarii?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bestiarii?uselang=it">bestiarius</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bestiarius&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Bestiarii.html"><i>Bestiarii</i></a> nel <a href="/wiki/Dizionario_di_biografia_e_mitologia_greco-romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dizionario di biografia e mitologia greco-romana">Dizionario di biografia e mitologia greco-romana</a> di <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lessicografo)" title="William Smith (lessicografo)">William Smith</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="latino">LA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000794/images/index.html?seite=213&amp;pdfseitex="><span style="font-style:italic;">Le <i>Epistulae</i> di Simmaco</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">daten.digitale-sammlungen.de</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Spettacoli_e_giochi_nell&#39;antica_Roma"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="background:#B20000; color:#FFA257"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spettacoli_e_giochi_nell%27antica_Roma" title="Template:Spettacoli e giochi nell&#39;antica Roma"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Spettacoli_e_giochi_nell%27antica_Roma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Spettacoli e giochi nell&#39;antica Roma (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Spettacoli_e_giochi_nell%27antica_Roma&amp;action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l&#39;anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title">Spettacoli e giochi nell'antica Roma</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Agone_(antica_Grecia)" title="Agone (antica Grecia)">Agoni</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Sport_nell%27antica_Roma" title="Sport nell&#39;antica Roma">Sport nell'antica Roma</a></td><td rowspan="7" class="navbox_image"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg/200px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg/300px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg/400px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2425" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Circo_(antica_Roma)" title="Circo (antica Roma)">Circo</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Corsa_dei_carri" title="Corsa dei carri">Corsa dei carri</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Giochi_nell%27antica_Roma" title="Giochi nell&#39;antica Roma">Giochi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Alea_(gioco)" title="Alea (gioco)">Gioco dei dadi</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gioco_delle_fossette" title="Gioco delle fossette">Gioco delle fossette</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Latrunculi" title="Latrunculi">Latrunculi</a><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_duodecim_scriptorum" title="Ludus duodecim scriptorum">Ludus duodecim scriptorum</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Tris_(gioco)" title="Tris (gioco)">Terni lapilli</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Crepereia_Tryphaena" title="Crepereia Tryphaena">Bambole</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Giochi <a href="/wiki/Gladiatore" title="Gladiatore">gladiatorii</a><br />nell'<a href="/wiki/Anfiteatro" title="Anfiteatro">anfiteatro</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Andabata" title="Andabata">Andabata</a><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bestiarius</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Bustuarius" title="Bustuarius">Bustuarius</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Categorie_di_gladiatori_romani" title="Categorie di gladiatori romani">Categorie di gladiatori</a><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Dimachaerus" title="Dimachaerus">Dimachaerus</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Essedarius" title="Essedarius">Essedarius</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Eques_(gladiatore)" title="Eques (gladiatore)">Eques</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Giochi_inaugurali_dell%27anfiteatro_Flavio" title="Giochi inaugurali dell&#39;anfiteatro Flavio">Giochi inaugurali dell'anfiteatro Flavio</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gladiatore" title="Gladiatore">Gladiatore</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gladiatrice" title="Gladiatrice">Gladiatrice</a><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Hoplomachus" title="Hoplomachus">Hoplomachus</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lanista" title="Lanista">Lanista</a><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Laquearius" title="Laquearius">Laquearius</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mirmillone" title="Mirmillone">Mirmillone</a><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Giochi_gladiatorii" class="mw-redirect" title="Giochi gladiatorii">Munera</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Paegniarius" title="Paegniarius">Paegniarius</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Pontarius" title="Pontarius">Pontarius</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Provocator" title="Provocator">Provocator</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Reziario" title="Reziario">Reziario</a><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(gladiatore)" title="Sagittarius (gladiatore)">Sagittarius</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sannita_(gladiatore)" title="Sannita (gladiatore)">Sannita</a><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Scissor" title="Scissor">Scissor</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Secutor" title="Secutor">Secutor</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trace_(gladiatore)" title="Trace (gladiatore)">Trace</a><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Veles_(gladiatore)" title="Veles (gladiatore)">Veles</a></i><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Venationes" title="Venationes">Venationes</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">Ludi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a 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nell&#39;antica Roma">Teatro nell'antica Roma</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" > <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In altri progetti</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bestiarii" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1195546" title="Collegamento all&#039;elemento connesso dell&#039;archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In altre lingue</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiari" title="Bestiari - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bestiari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiarius" title="Bestiarius - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bestiarius" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiario_(luchador)" title="Bestiario (luchador) - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bestiario (luchador)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بستیاریوس - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بستیاریوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiaire_(Rome_antique)" title="Bestiaire (Rome antique) - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bestiaire (Rome antique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%88%98%EC%82%AC" title="투수사 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투수사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiarii" title="Bestiarii - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bestiarii" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besti%C3%A1rio_(gladiador)" title="Bestiário (gladiador) - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bestiário (gladiador)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Бестиарий (гладиатор) - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бестиарий (гладиатор)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Бестіарій (гладіатор) - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бестіарій (гладіатор)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1195546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il&#160;14 mar 2021 alle 05:47.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori. 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