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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_peer-to-peer_file_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_peer-to-peer_file_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role of peer-to-peer file sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_peer-to-peer_file_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transactional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transactional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Transactional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transactional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Premium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subscription_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subscription_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Subscription models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subscription_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_video_on_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_video_on_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Near video on demand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_video_on_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Push_video_on_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Push_video_on_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Push video on demand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Push_video_on_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising_video_on_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising_video_on_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Advertising video on demand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising_video_on_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Video on demand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="فيديو حسب الطلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيديو حسب الطلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videu_so_demanda" title="Videu so demanda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Videu so demanda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ভিডিও অন ডিমান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিডিও অন ডিমান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="वीडियो ऑन डिमांड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वीडियो ऑन डिमांड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_na_zahtjev" title="Video na zahtjev – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Video na zahtjev" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_diwar_c%E2%80%99houlenn" title="Video diwar c’houlenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Video diwar c’houlenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADdeo_a_la_carta" title="Vídeo a la carta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vídeo a la carta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_na_vy%C5%BE%C3%A1d%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Video na vyžádání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Video na vyžádání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideo_ar_alw" title="Fideo ar alw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fideo ar alw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video-on-Demand" title="Video-on-Demand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Video-on-Demand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%27%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BF" title="Κατ'απαίτηση βίντεο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατ'απαίτηση βίντεο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_bajo_demanda" title="Video bajo demanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Video bajo demanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_la%C5%ADpeta" title="Video laŭpeta – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Video laŭpeta" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskatu_ahalako_bideo" title="Eskatu ahalako bideo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskatu ahalako bideo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ویدئو به‌درخواست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویدئو به‌درخواست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C3%A9o_%C3%A0_la_demande" title="Vidéo à la demande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vidéo à la demande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video-on-demand" title="Video-on-demand – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Video-on-demand" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EB%AC%B8%ED%98%95_%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" title="주문형 비디오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주문형 비디오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_na_zahtjev" title="Video na zahtjev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Video na zahtjev" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_sesuai_permintaan" title="Video sesuai permintaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Video sesuai permintaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Video on demand" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94" title="וידאו על פי דרישה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וידאו על פי דרישה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_Demand" title="Video on Demand – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Video on Demand" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_atas_permintaan" title="Video atas permintaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Video atas permintaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6" title="လိုအပ်လျင် ကြည့်ရှုနိုင်သည့် ရုပ်သံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လိုအပ်လျင် ကြည့်ရှုနိုင်သည့် ရုပ်သံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Video on demand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ビデオ・オン・デマンド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビデオ・オン・デマンド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotorg" title="Videotorg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Videotorg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A" title="វីដេអូតាមតម្រូវការ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វីដេអូតាមតម្រូវការ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideo_na_%C5%BCyczenie" title="Wideo na życzenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wideo na życzenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADdeo_sob_demanda" title="Vídeo sob demanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vídeo sob demanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Видео по запросу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видео по запросу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86_%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ڤیدیۆ بەپێی داواکاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیدیۆ بەپێی داواکاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Видео на захтев – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Видео на захтев" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOD" title="VOD – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="VOD" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Video on demand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கோரிய நேரத்து ஒளிதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோரிய நேரத்து ஒளிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD" title="วีดิทัศน์ตามคำขอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วีดิทัศน์ตามคำขอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Видео бо дархост – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Видео бо дархост" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7-izle" title="Seç-izle – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seç-izle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Відео на вимогу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відео на вимогу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_theo_y%C3%AAu_c%E1%BA%A7u" title="Video theo yêu cầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Video theo yêu cầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E9%81%B8%E8%A6%96%E8%A8%8A" title="隨選視訊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="隨選視訊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_video&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming video">Streaming video</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Media distribution system allowing consumers to control playback schedule</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"VOD" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/VOD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="VOD (disambiguation)">VOD (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <b>Video on demand</b> (<b>VOD</b>) is a media distribution system that allows users to access videos, television shows and films <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digitally</a> on request. These multimedia are accessed without a traditional video playback device and a typical static broadcasting schedule, which was popular under traditional <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">broadcast programming</a>, instead involving newer modes of content consumption that have risen as <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> technologies have become prominent, and culminated in the arrival of VOD and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">over-the-top (OTT) media services</a> on televisions and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-videa.tv_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-videa.tv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Television VOD systems can <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">stream</a> content, either through a traditional <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> or through remote devices such as computers, tablets, and smartphones. VOD users may also permanently <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">download</a> content to a device such as a computer, <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorder</a> (DVR) or, a <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media player</a> for continued viewing. The majority of <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">telephone company</a>–based television providers offer VOD streaming, whereby a user selects a video programme that begins to play immediately (i.e., streaming), or downloading to a DVR rented or purchased from the provider, or to a PC or to a portable device for deferred viewing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a> has emerged as an increasingly popular medium of VOD provision over downloading, including <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desktop client applications such as the Apple <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes</a> online content store and Smart TV apps such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a> allow temporary rentals and purchases of video entertainment content. Other Internet-based VOD systems provide users with access to bundles of video entertainment content rather than individual movies and shows. The most common of these systems, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a>, use a <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription</a> model that requires users to pay a monthly fee for access to a selection of movies, television shows, and original series. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, another Internet-based VOD system, uses an advertising-funded model in which users can access most of its video content free of charge but must pay a subscription fee for premium content. Some airlines offer VOD services as <a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">in-flight entertainment</a> to passengers through video screens embedded in seats or externally provided portable media players.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functionality">Functionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Downloading and streaming VOD systems provide the user with features of portable media players and DVD players. Some VOD systems store and stream programs from <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> drives and use a <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">memory</a> buffer to allow the user to fast-forward and rewind videos. It is possible to put video <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> on <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a>; these can provide rapid responses to users. Cable companies have rolled out their own versions of VOD services through apps, allowing television access wherever there is a device that is Internet capable. Cable media companies have combined VOD with live streaming services. The early-2020s launches of apps from cable companies (e.g., <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a>) are attempts to compete with Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD) services because they lack live news and sports content.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Streaming video servers can serve a wide community via a <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a>, but responsiveness may be reduced. Download VOD services are practical in homes equipped with <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modems</a> or <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a> connections. Servers for traditional cable and telco VOD services are usually placed at the cable head-end, serving a particular market, and cable hubs in larger markets. In the telco world, they are placed in either the central office or a newly created location called a Video Head-End Office (VHO).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></div> <p>VOD services first appeared in the early 1990s. Until then, it was not thought possible that a <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programme</a> could be squeezed into the limited telecommunication bandwidth of a copper telephone cable to provide a VOD service of acceptable quality as the required bandwidth of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> signal is around 200<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mbps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbps">Mbps</a>, which is 2,000 times greater than the bandwidth of a speech signal over a copper telephone wire.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VOD services were only made possible as a result of two major technological developments: <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion-compensated</a> <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a>) <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_digital_subscriber_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric digital subscriber line">asymmetric digital subscriber line</a> (ADSL) data transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plans such as those of the Integrated Network System, a national high-capacity fibre-optic network supporting a range of broadband services in Japan, noted in a more general 1986 publication,<sup id="cite_ref-mackintosh1986_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackintosh1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were interpreted as conducive to eventual VOD deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, early VOD trials employed existing cable television infrastructure, notably British Telecom's video library trial, operated through the Westminster Cable Company. This trial used the <a href="/wiki/Laservision" class="mw-redirect" title="Laservision">Laservision</a> media format and featured a <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukebox</a>-like media handling system involving players served by disc carousels, with twelve such handler units capable of serving up to 6,000 customers.<sup id="cite_ref-btjournal198707_video_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btjournal198707_video-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early VOD systems used tapes as the real-time source of video streams. <a href="/wiki/GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a> started as a trial in 1990, with <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> providing all components. By 1992, VOD servers were supplying previously encoded digital video from disks and <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Anti-trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trust">anti-trust</a> break-up of AT&T resulted in several smaller telephone companies nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Baby_Bells" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Bells">Baby Bells</a>. Following this, the <a href="/wiki/Cable_Communications_Policy_Act_of_1984" title="Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984">Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984</a> prohibited telephone companies from providing video services within their operating regions. In 1993, the National Communication and Information Infrastructure (NII) was proposed and passed by the US House and Senate, opening the way for the seven Baby Bells—<a href="/wiki/Ameritech" title="Ameritech">Ameritech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Atlantic">Bell Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/BellSouth" title="BellSouth">BellSouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/NYNEX" title="NYNEX">NYNEX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Telesis" title="Pacific Telesis">Pacific Telesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Bell" title="Southwestern Bell">Southwestern Bell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/US_West" title="US West">US West</a>—to implement VOD systems.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These companies and others began holding trials to set up systems for supplying video on demand over telephone and cable lines. </p><p>In November 1992, Bell Atlantic announced a VOD trial. IBM was developing a video server code-named Tiger Shark. Concurrently, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) was developing a scalable video server configured from small-to-large for a range of video streams. Bell Atlantic selected IBM and in April 1993 the system became the first VOD over ADSL to be deployed outside the lab, serving 50 video streams.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In June 1993, US West filed for a patent to register a proprietary system consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> Interactive Information Server, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Atlanta" title="Scientific Atlanta">Scientific Atlanta</a> providing the network, and <a href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO</a> as the set-top box with video streams and other information to be deployed to 2,500 homes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1994–95, US West filed for a patent concerning the provision of VOD in several cities: 330,000 subscribers in Denver, 290,000 in Minneapolis, and 140,000 in Portland.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1994, <a href="/wiki/British_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecommunications">British Telecommunications</a> (BT) introduced a trial VOD service in the United Kingdom. It used the DCT-based <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> video compression standards, along with ADSL technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many VOD trials were held with various combinations of server, network, and set-top box. Of these the primary players in the US were the telephone companies using DEC, Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, USA Video, nCube, SGI, and other servers. The DEC server system was the most-used in these trials.<sup id="cite_ref-smartbrief.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartbrief.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DEC VOD server architecture used interactive gateways to set up video streams and other information for delivery from any of a large number of <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> servers, enabling it in 1993 to support more than 100,000 streams with full <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">videocassette recorder</a> (VCR)-like functionality. In 1994, it upgraded to a <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a>–based computer for its VOD servers, allowing it to support more than a million users.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1994 the Oracle scalable VOD system used massively parallel processors to support from 500 to 30,000 users. The SGI system supported 4,000 users.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The servers connected to networks of increasing size to eventually support video stream delivery to entire cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the UK, from September 1994, a VOD service formed a major part of the Cambridge Digital Interactive Television Trial.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridgeitv_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridgeitv-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provided video and data to 250 homes and several schools connected to the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Cable" title="Cambridge Cable">Cambridge Cable</a> network, later part of NTL, now <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media" title="Virgin Media">Virgin Media</a>. The <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> encoded video was streamed over an ATM network from an <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited">ICL</a> media server to <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Online_Media_Set_Top_Box" title="Acorn Online Media Set Top Box">set-top boxes</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Computers" title="Acorn Computers">Acorn</a> Online Media. The trial commenced at a speed of 2 Mbit/s to the home, subsequently increased to 25 Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-camcorners_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camcorners-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The content was provided by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglia Television">Anglia Television</a>. Although a technical success, difficulty in sourcing content was a major issue and the project closed in 1996.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Enron_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enron Corporation">Enron Corporation</a> had entered the broadband market, constructing and purchasing thousands of miles of fiber-optic cables throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRNEWS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRNEWS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, Enron and <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Blockbuster Inc.">Blockbuster Inc.</a> attempted to create a 20-year deal to stream movies on demand over Enron's fiber-optic network.<sup id="cite_ref-WPjan01_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPjan01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heavily promoted deal failed, with Enron's share prices dropping following the announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-WPjan01_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPjan01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Communications">Kingston Communications</a> became the first UK company to launch a fully commercial VOD service and the first to integrate broadcast television and Internet access through a single set-top box using IP delivery over ADSL. By 2001, Kingston Interactive TV had attracted 15,000 subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several trials, <a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">Home Choice</a> followed in 1999 but was restricted to London. After attracting 40,000 customers, they were bought by <a href="/wiki/Tiscali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiscali">Tiscali</a> in 2006 which was, in turn, bought by <a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">Talk Talk</a> in 2009. Cable TV providers <a href="/wiki/Telewest" title="Telewest">Telewest</a> and <a href="/wiki/NTL:Telewest" class="mw-redirect" title="NTL:Telewest">NTL</a> (now Virgin Media) launched their VOD services in the United Kingdom in 2005, competing with the leading traditional pay-TV distributor <a href="/wiki/BSkyB" class="mw-redirect" title="BSkyB">BSkyB</a>, which responded by launching <i>Sky by broadband</i>, later renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Anytime" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Anytime">Sky Anytime</a> on PC</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service went live on 2 January 2006. Sky Anytime on PC uses a legal <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> approach based on <a href="/wiki/Kontiki_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontiki (company)">Kontiki</a> technology to provide very-high-capacity multi-point downloads of the video content. Instead of the video content all being downloaded from Sky's servers, the content comes from multiple users of the system who have already downloaded the content. Other UK television broadcasters implemented their own versions of the same technology, such as <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>'s <a href="/wiki/4oD" class="mw-redirect" title="4oD">4oD</a> (4 on Demand, now known as <a href="/wiki/All_4" class="mw-redirect" title="All 4">All 4</a>) which was launched on 16 November 2006 and the BBC's <a href="/wiki/BBC_iPlayer" title="BBC iPlayer">iPlayer</a>, which was launched on 25 December 2007. Another example of online video publishers using legal peer-to-peer technology is based on Giraffic technology, which was launched in early 2011, with large online VOD publishers such as US-based VEOH and UK-based Craze's Online Movies Box movie rental service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unlike broadcast television, which traditionally has been the most common in the form of <a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air television">over-the-air</a> television, VOD systems initially required each user to have an Internet connection with considerable <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> to access each system's content. In 2000, the Fraunhofer Institute IIS<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed the <a href="/wiki/JPEG2000" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG2000">JPEG2000</a> codec, which enabled the distribution of movies via Digital Cinema Packages. This technology has since expanded its services from feature-film productions to include broadcast television programmes and has led to lower bandwidth requirements for VOD applications. <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)" title="Walt Disney Studios (division)">Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> subsequently launched the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">Digital Cinema Initiative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2002. </p><p>The BBC, <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> and Channel 4 planned to launch a joint platform provisionally called <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_(video_on_demand)" title="Kangaroo (video on demand)">Kangaroo</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was abandoned in 2009 following complaints, which were investigated by the <a href="/wiki/Competition_Commission" title="Competition Commission">Competition Commission</a>. In that same year, the assets of the now-defunct Kangaroo project were acquired by <a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who used the technology to launch the <a href="/wiki/SeeSaw_(Internet_television)" title="SeeSaw (Internet television)">SeeSaw</a> service in February 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, however, SeeSaw was shut down due to a lack of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jazzbox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jazzbox.jpg/220px-Jazzbox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jazzbox.jpg/330px-Jazzbox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jazzbox.jpg/440px-Jazzbox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>Some VOD services require the viewer to have a TV set-top box. This photo shows the set-top box for the Jazzbox VOD service and its accompanying <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>VOD services are now available in all parts of the United States, which has the highest global take-up rate of VOD.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, 80% of American Internet users had watched video online,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 42% of mobile users who downloaded video preferred apps to a normal browser.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Streaming VOD systems are available on desktop and mobile platforms from cable providers (in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modem</a> technology). They use the large downstream bandwidth present on their cable systems to deliver movies and television shows to end-users. These viewers can typically pause, fast-forward, and rewind VOD movies due to the low latency and random-access nature of cable technology. The large distribution of a single signal makes streaming VOD impractical for most satellite television systems. Both <a href="/wiki/EchoStar" title="EchoStar">EchoStar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> offer VOD programming to <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">PVR</a>-owning subscribers of their satellite TV service. <a href="/wiki/In_Demand" title="In Demand">In Demand</a> is a cable VOD service that also offers pay-per-view. Once the programs have been downloaded onto a user's PVR, he or she can watch, play, pause, and seek at their convenience. VOD is also common in expensive hotels. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Audiovisual_Observatory" title="European Audiovisual Observatory">European Audiovisual Observatory</a>, 142 paying VOD services were operational in Europe at the end of 2006. The number increased to 650 by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sezmi" title="Sezmi">Sezmi</a> CEO Buno Pati and president Phil Wiser showed a set-top box with a one-terabyte hard drive that could be used for video-on-demand services previously offered through cable television and broadband. A movie, for example, could be sent out once using a broadcast signal rather than numerous times over cable or fiber-optic lines, and this would not involve the expense of adding many miles of lines. Sezmi planned to lease part of the broadcast spectrum to offer a subscription service that <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a> President <a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Smith" title="Gordon H. Smith">Gordon H. Smith</a> said would provide a superior picture to that of cable or satellite at a lower cost.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developing VOD requires extensive negotiations to identify a financial model that would serve both content creators and cable providers while providing desirable content for viewers at an acceptable price point. Key factors identified for determining the economic viability of the VOD model include VOD movie buy-rates and setting Hollywood and cable operator revenue splits.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cable providers offered VOD as part of digital subscription packages, which by 2005 primarily allowed cable subscribers to only access an on-demand version of the content that was already provided in the linear traditional broadcasting distribution. These on-demand packages sometimes include extras and bonus footage in addition to the regular content.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_peer-to-peer_file_sharing">Role of peer-to-peer file sharing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role of peer-to-peer file sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file-sharing</a> software allows the distribution of content without the linear costs associated with centralised <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a>. This innovation proved it is technically possible to offer the consumer potentially every film ever made, and the popularity and ease of use of such services may have motivated the rise of centralised video-on-demand services. Some services such as <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use peer-to-peer distribution to better scale their platforms. <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> was reported to be considering switching to a P2P model<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to cope with <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> problems from <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(networking)" title="Downstream (networking)">downstream</a> providers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transactional">Transactional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transactional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transactional video on demand (TVOD) is a distribution method by which customers pay for each piece of video-on-demand content.<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a customer would pay a fee for each movie or TV show that they watch. TVOD has two sub-categories: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">electronic sell-through</a> (EST), by which customers can permanently access a piece of content once purchased via the Internet; and download to rent (DTR), by which customers can access the content for a limited time upon renting.<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of TVOD services include the Apple <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> Store and the <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a> Store, as well as VOD rental services offered through <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">multichannel television</a> (i.e., cable or satellite) providers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premium">Premium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Premium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Premium video on demand (PVOD) is a version of TVOD which allows customers to access video-on-demand content several weeks or months earlier than their customary TVOD or home video availability – often feature films made available alongside, or in place of, a traditional release in <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a> – but at a much higher price point. A version of the model was tested in 2011 by American satellite TV provider <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> under the brand name "Home Premiere", which allowed viewers to rent select films from major studios for <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>30 per rental as soon as 60 days after they debuted in cinemas, compared to 120 days for the regular TVOD window; this version only lasted a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PVOD made a return during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema">global closures of cinemas</a>. Certain films that had already been released including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(2020_film)" title="The Invisible Man (2020 film)">The Invisible Man</a></i> were quickly also released on VOD platforms for a higher rental price than usual, while other films including <i><a href="/wiki/Trolls_World_Tour" title="Trolls World Tour">Trolls World Tour</a></i> were released <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_release" title="Simultaneous release">simultaneously</a> on PVOD and in <a href="/wiki/Drive-in_theater" title="Drive-in theater">drive-in theaters</a>, or in some cases directly to PVOD only.<sup id="cite_ref-slate-uni_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-uni-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most cases, these PVOD releases are offered through most of the same platforms as traditional TVOD, but at a higher price point, typically about US$20 for a 48-hour rental;<sup id="cite_ref-slate-uni_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-uni-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this offering has again been branded as "Home Premiere" by some studios and platforms. <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> used the September 2020 release of <a href="/wiki/Mulan_(2020_film)" title="Mulan (2020 film)">the live-action remake of <i>Mulan</i></a> to launch a related model called <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B#Premier_Access" title="Disney+">Premier Access</a>; this requires customers to pay a premium fee (approximately US$26–30 depending on country) on top of a subscription to the <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> streaming service, but they then retain access as long as they maintain their subscription (for <i>Mulan</i>, this was effectively a 90-day rental, as the film became available to all Disney+ subscribers at no extra charge in December).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been reported that the pandemic had contributed to a transformation in movie distribution in favor of PVOD over traditional movie houses, as studios were able to realize 80% of revenue through PVOD versus 50% of traditional theater box office receipts. Theater owners including AMC and Cinemark, as well as suppliers including IMAX and National CineMedia, all experienced significant drops in revenues during shutdowns related to COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subscription_models">Subscription models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subscription models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_services" title="List of streaming media services">List of streaming media services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great._Courses_Plus_-_App_Screen_Shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Great._Courses_Plus_-_App_Screen_Shot.jpg/220px-The_Great._Courses_Plus_-_App_Screen_Shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Great._Courses_Plus_-_App_Screen_Shot.jpg/330px-The_Great._Courses_Plus_-_App_Screen_Shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Great._Courses_Plus_-_App_Screen_Shot.jpg/440px-The_Great._Courses_Plus_-_App_Screen_Shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A screenshot of a subscription video on-demand service showing a typical visual catalog interface of video content</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Subscription VOD</b> (<b>SVOD</b>) services use a <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription business model</a> in which subscribers are charged a regular fee to access unlimited programs.<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dacast_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacast-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Endavo_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endavo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of these services include <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bacon_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacon-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar" title="Disney+ Hotstar">Disney+ Hotstar</a>, <a href="/wiki/IQIYI" title="IQIYI">iQIYI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star%2B" title="Star+">Star+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayu_(streaming_service)" title="Hayu (streaming service)">Hayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discovery%2B" title="Discovery+">Discovery+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZEE5" title="ZEE5">ZEE5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gulli" title="Gulli">GulliMax</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_video_on_demand">Near video on demand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Near video on demand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Video_on_demand" title="Talk:Video on demand">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Near video on demand (NVOD) is a <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> consumer video technique used by multi-channel broadcasters using high-bandwidth distribution mechanisms such as satellite and cable television. Multiple copies of a programme are broadcast at short time intervals (typically staggered on a schedule of every 10–20 minutes) on linear channels providing convenience for viewers, who can watch the programme without needing to tune in at the only scheduled point in time. </p><p>A viewer may only have to wait a few minutes before the next time a movie will be programmed. This form is bandwidth-intensive, reduces the number of channels a provider can offer, and is generally provided by large operators with a great deal of redundant capacity. This concept has been reduced in popularity as video on demand is implemented, along with providers often wanting to provide the maximum <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> services possible.<sup id="cite_ref-What_Is_VOD_Technology_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Is_VOD_Technology-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only the satellite services <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a> continue to provide NVOD services, as they do not offer broadband and much of their rural customer base only has access to slower <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up internet access">dial-up</a> and non-<a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> wireless and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">satellite internet</a> options which cannot stream films or have onerous <a href="/wiki/Data_cap" title="Data cap">data caps</a> (and where possible, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> is now prioritizing their streaming service <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T TV">AT&T TV</a>, which utilizes a fully immediate VOD experience, over DirecTV<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Before the rise of VOD, the cable pay-per-view provider <a href="/wiki/In_Demand" title="In Demand">In Demand</a> provided up to 40 channels in 2002, with several films receiving four channels on a staggered schedule to provide the NVOD experience for viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, most cable pay-per-view channels now number mainly 3–5, and are used mainly for live ring sports events (boxing and professional wrestling), comedy specials, and concerts, though the latter two sources are declining due to streaming services offering much more lucrative performance contracts to performers, and several ring sports organisations (mainly <a href="/wiki/UFC" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC">UFC</a> and <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a>) now prefer direct marketing of their product via streaming services such as <a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a>, the <a href="/wiki/WWE_Network" title="WWE Network">WWE Network</a>, and the apps of <a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports_(United_States)" title="Fox Sports (United States)">Fox Sports</a> over pay-TV providers which require a portion of the profits they otherwise retain directly. In Australia, pay-TV broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> offers NVOD for new-release movies over their satellite service.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edge Spectrum, an American holder of <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">low-power broadcasting</a> licenses, has an eventual business plan to use its network and a system of <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorders</a> to simulate the video-on-demand experience.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Edge Spectrum's channels, where they are on air, carry <a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">televangelism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Push_video_on_demand">Push video on demand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Push video on demand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Push video on demand is so-named because the provider "pushes" the content out to the viewer's set-top box without the viewer having requested the content. This technique is used by several broadcasters on systems that lack the connectivity and bandwidth to provide true "streaming" video on demand. Push VOD is also used by broadcasters that want to optimize their video streaming infrastructures by pre-loading the most popular contents to the consumers' set-top device. If the consumer requests one of these films, it is already loaded on her or his DVR.<sup id="cite_ref-What_Is_VOD_Technology_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Is_VOD_Technology-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A push VOD system uses a personal video recorder (PVR) to store a selection of content, often transmitted in spare capacity overnight or all day long at low bandwidth. Users can watch the downloaded content at the time they desire, immediately and without any buffering issues. Push VOD depends on the viewer recording content so choices can be limited.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising_video_on_demand">Advertising video on demand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Advertising video on demand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advertising video on demand (AVOD) uses an advertising-based revenue model. This allows companies that advertise on broadcast and cable channels to reach people who watch shows using VOD. This model also allows people to watch content without paying subscription fees. <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a> was a major AVOD company before ending its free service in August 2016, transferring it to <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! View">Yahoo! View</a> using the existing Hulu infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a> has introduced a series of advertisements for the same company that ties into the content that is being watched.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ad-Supported Video on Demand (ASVOD) refers to video services that provide free content supported by advertisements.<sup id="cite_ref-videa.tv_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-videa.tv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular services include <a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xumo" title="Xumo">Xumo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roku" title="Roku">Roku</a> Channel, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_TV_Plus" title="Samsung TV Plus">Samsung TV Plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Amazon Freevee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popcornflix" title="Popcornflix">Popcornflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movies_Anywhere" title="Movies Anywhere">Movies Anywhere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vudu">Vudu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walmart is adding ASVOD original programming to Vudu, and YouTube Originals will be ASVOD by 2020.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-smartbrief.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartbrief.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Data analysis</b> </p><p>When technology companies, include SVOD apps on their devices, like phones, tablets, televisions, game systems, computers, this can remove an attitude obstruction for a user to view content.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technology also provides an advantage for technology companies for data analysis of viewed content from consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By analyzing data of what is viewed most by consumers, companies can purchase more content that is aimed for an audience, and then in-turn market products that are based on what viewer profiles are of a group of consumers who viewer a specific amount of content.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This data analysis will often provide researchers valuable data that includes: what was watched, when it was watched, what they watched after watching, and even how many people watched the same video at the same time in a day, month, and even year.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Economics of SVOD</b> </p><p>Attendance in movie theaters had declined during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide in 2019, theatrical entertainment reach 11.4 billion dollars, but in 2020, it was only 2.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due recovery efforts to increase those attendance numbers, along with the growing amount of marketing that is need to gain the attention of an audience, pinning down an exact budget for a film production can be difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video on demand can have three release strategies that include: day-and-date (instantaneous release in theaters and on VOD), day-before-date (VOD before theatrical viewing), and VOD only.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production studios can make revenue on these types of releases until sales start to slow.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, film companies can then license the content to other streaming services and, temporarily, make extra income like that too.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a reflection made by 2013 Netflix Chief Content Officer, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sarandos" title="Ted Sarandos">Ted Sarandos</a>, he was quoted saying, "When we launch in a territory the <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> traffic drops as the Netflix traffic grows."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be valuably interpreted as in that online piracy numbers drop the more that SVOD companies grow, which in turn means more revenue going back to the production companies.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Behavior detrimental to SVOD revenue</b> </p><p>Online piracy is detrimental to production companies that produce digital content.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study that offered BitTorrent users a free SVOD subscription, the results of the research provided readers with information that show download and upload speeds in those homes decreased with a free subscription, but it could not prove decreased use in BitTorrent software.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_on_demand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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It’s an important part of the new TV ecosystem that is helping people to watch more of the TV they love.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308123951/https://www.thinkbox.tv/how-to-use-tv/vod/what-is-broadcaster-vod/">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Broadcaster VOD services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thinkbox.tv/How-to-use-TV/VOD/Broadcaster-VOD-services">There are a host of different VOD services from the UK broadcasters all brimming with opportunities for advertisers. Here you’ll find an overview of the key players and their on-demand services by platform</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308170718/https://www.thinkbox.tv/how-to-use-tv/vod/broadcaster-vod-services/">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Broadcaster VOD advertising formats. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thinkbox.tv/How-to-use-TV/VOD/Broadcaster-VOD-advertising-formats">From clickable pre-rolls to full interactivity, broadcaster VOD advertising is always innovating. Here you can get the low down on the various VOD formats currently available from the UK TV companies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309033924/https://www.thinkbox.tv/how-to-use-tv/vod/broadcaster-vod-advertising-formats/">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott2007" class="citation news cs1">Marriott, Michel (6 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/06/business/media/06stream.html">"Nothing to Watch on TV? Streaming Video Appeals to Niche Audiences"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+entering+video-on-demand+business&rft.date=2006-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F2100-1025_3-6021998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+on+demand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318150733/http://www.screendigest.com/reports/08ondemandmedia/readmore/view.html">"On-demand media: Re-inventing the retail business model"</a>. <i>Screen Digest</i>. March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screendigest.com/reports/08ondemandmedia/readmore/view.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Screen+Digest&rft.atitle=On-demand+media%3A+Re-inventing+the+retail+business+model&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screendigest.com%2Freports%2F08ondemandmedia%2Freadmore%2Fview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+on+demand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220045546/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS52307+06-Jan-2008+BW20080106">"Pioneer Optical Disc Expertise Advances On-Demand DVD Entertainment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 6 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS52307+06-Jan-2008+BW20080106">the original</a> on 20 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Pioneer+Optical+Disc+Expertise+Advances+On-Demand+DVD+Entertainment&rft.date=2008-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpressRelease%2FidUS52307%2B06-Jan-2008%2BBW20080106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+on+demand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_D._Lotz" title="Amanda D. Lotz">Lotz, Amanda D.</a> (2007) "The Television Will Be Revolutionized". New York: New York City University Press. p. 59.</li> <li>McGregor, Michael A., Driscoll, Paul D., McDowell, Walter (2010) "Head’s Broadcasting in America: A Survey of Electronic Media". Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon p. 47–48.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240527195609/https://www.webcitation.org/6gqi68gIB?url=http://www.itvdictionary.com/vod.html">"The Video on Demand Business Index"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itvdictionary.com/vod.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Video+on+Demand+Business+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itvdictionary.com%2Fvod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+on+demand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mavise.obs.coe.int">"MAVISE, Database on television and on-demand audiovisual services in Europe (European Audiovisual Observatory)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MAVISE%2C+Database+on+television+and+on-demand+audiovisual+services+in+Europe+%28European+Audiovisual+Observatory%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmavise.obs.coe.int&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+on+demand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obs.coe.int/en/industry/video">"Market intelligence on the VOD markets in Europe (European Audiovisual Observatory)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Market+intelligence+on+the+VOD+markets+in+Europe+%28European+Audiovisual+Observatory%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.obs.coe.int%2Fen%2Findustry%2Fvideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+on+demand" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:VOD_services" title="Template:VOD services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VOD_services" title="Template talk:VOD services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VOD_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VOD services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_on_demand_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video on demand</a> services</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free or<br /><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Advertising_video_on_demand">ad-supported</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">3ABN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7plus" title="7plus">7plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Now" title="9Now">9Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10Play" title="10Play">10Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_iview" title="ABC iview">ABC iview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abema" title="Abema">Abema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Amazon Freevee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_miniTV" title="Amazon miniTV">Amazon miniTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX_Player" title="MX Player">MX Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Studios" title="Angel Studios">Angel Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte Boutique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_iPlayer" title="BBC iPlayer">BBC iPlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibili" title="Bilibili">Bilibili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBC_Television#CBC_Gem" title="CBC Television">CBC Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_4_(VoD_service)" title="Channel 4 (VoD service)">Channel 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONtv" title="CONtv">CONtv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network#Other_CTV-branded_channels" title="CTV Television Network">CTV Movies / Throwback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_CW#CW_Seed" title="The CW">CW Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation">ERTFLIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Watch" title="Facebook Watch">Facebook Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango_at_Home" title="Fandango at Home">Fandango at Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions" title="France Télévisions">France·tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globoplay" title="Globoplay">Globoplay Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haystack_News" title="Haystack News">Haystack News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">Hoopla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ici_TOU.TV" title="Ici TOU.TV">Ici TOU.TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITVX" title="ITVX">ITVX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWantTFC" title="IWantTFC">iWantTFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyn_(streaming_platform)" title="Joyn (streaming platform)">Joyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanopy" title="Kanopy">Kanopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemino" title="Lemino">Lemino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libreflix" title="Libreflix">Libreflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Now" title="Local Now">Local Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeWATCH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeWATCH">meWATCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediaset_Infinity" title="Mediaset Infinity">Mediaset Infinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX_Player" title="MX Player">MX Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My5" title="My5">My5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_TV" title="Ora TV">Ora TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PictureBox_Films" title="PictureBox Films">PictureBox Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plex_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plex (software)">Plex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Player" title="Pop Player">Pop Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPTV" title="PPTV">PPTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaiPlay" title="RaiPlay">RaiPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Player" title="RTÉ Player">RTÉ Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">RTP Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCTI" title="RCTI">RCTI+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roku_Channel" title="The Roku Channel">The Roku Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVE_Play" title="RTVE Play">RTVE Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_TV" title="Red Bull TV">Red Bull TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revry" title="Revry">Revry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_On_Demand" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS On Demand">SBS On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_(streaming_platform)" title="Shahid (streaming platform)">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shout!_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout! Factory">Shout! Factory TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_TV#Features_and_availability" title="Sling TV">Sling Freestream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spuul" title="Spuul">Spuul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Player" title="STV Player">STV Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVT_Play" title="SVT Play">SVT Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirr" title="Stirr">Stirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThreeNow" title="ThreeNow">ThreeNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toon_Goggles" title="Toon Goggles">Toon Goggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Media_Prima#REV_Media_Group" title="List of assets owned by Media Prima">tonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVer_(streaming_service)" title="TVer (streaming service)">TVer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvigle" title="Tvigle">Tvigle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVNZ%2B" title="TVNZ+">TVNZ+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhutv" title="Puhutv">tvyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C Clic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_(streaming_service)" title="U (streaming service)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viddsee" title="Viddsee">Viddsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidio" title="Vidio">Vidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viki_(streaming_service)" title="Viki (streaming service)">Viki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Play" title="Virgin Media Play">Virgin Media Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision%2B" title="Vision+">Vision+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voddler" title="Voddler">Voddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xfinity_Streampix" title="Xfinity Streampix">Xfinity Streampix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xite" title="Xite">XITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xumo" title="Xumo">Xumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">Kids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YuppTV" title="YuppTV">YuppTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_services" title="List of streaming media services">Subscription<br />-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abema" title="Abema">Abema Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_TV" title="Acorn TV">Acorn TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aha_(streaming_service)" title="Aha (streaming service)">Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemiya" title="Alchemiya">Alchemiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allblk" title="Allblk">Allblk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALTBalaji" title="ALTBalaji">ALTBalaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC%2B" title="AMC+">AMC+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameba_TV" title="Ameba TV">Ameba TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANT1#ANT1+" title="ANT1">ANT1+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Peoples_Television_Network" title="Aboriginal Peoples Television Network">APTN Lumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atresplayer" title="Atresplayer">Atresplayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Select_(streaming_service)" title="BBC Select (streaming service)">BBC Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_(streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beacon (streaming service)">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentkey" title="Bentkey">Bentkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_(streaming_service)" title="Binge (streaming service)">Binge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritBox" title="BritBox">BritBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_BD" title="Bongo BD">Bongo BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV#Brown_Sugar" title="Bounce TV">Brown Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorki" title="Chorki">Chorki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vid%C3%A9otron#Club_illico" title="Vidéotron">Club illico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_More_Entertainment" title="C More Entertainment">C More Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crave_(streaming_service)" title="Crave (streaming service)">Crave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection#Video-on-demand_services" title="The Criterion Collection">Criterion Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Stream" title="Curiosity Stream">Curiosity Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">DailyWire+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery%2B" title="Discovery+">Discovery+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar" title="Disney+ Hotstar">Hotstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_(Disney%2B)" title="Star (Disney+)">Star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-anime_Store" title="D-anime Store">d-anime Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMM.com" title="DMM.com">DMM TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madman_Entertainment#DocPlay" title="Madman Entertainment">DocPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropout_(media_company)" title="Dropout (media company)">Dropout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_Now" title="Eros Now">Eros Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandor" title="Fandor">Fandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floatplane_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Floatplane Media">Floatplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmin" title="Filmin">Filmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Nation" title="Fox Nation">Fox Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel_Now" title="Foxtel Now">Foxtel Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GagaOOLala" title="GagaOOLala">GagaOOLala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globoplay" title="Globoplay">Globoplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canais_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="Canais Globo">+ live channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rede_Telecine#Video_on_demand_services" title="Rede Telecine">Telecine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Pure_Flix" title="Great American Pure Flix">Great American Pure Flix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayu_(streaming_service)" title="Hayu (streaming service)">Hayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidive" title="Hidive">Hidive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu_Japan" title="Hulu Japan">Hulu Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icflix" title="Icflix">Icflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iflix" title="Iflix">Iflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IQIYI" title="IQIYI">iQIYI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemino" title="Lemino">Lemino Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediaset_Infinity" title="Mediaset Infinity">Infinity+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM%2B" title="MGM+">MGM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irokotv" title="Irokotv">Irokotv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITVX" title="ITVX">ITVX Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWantTFC" title="IWantTFC">iWantTFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocowa" title="Kocowa">Kocowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_TV" title="Mango TV">Mango TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Means TV">Means TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeWatch" title="MeWatch">meWATCH Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mola_(streaming_service)" title="Mola (streaming service)">Mola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend_(TV_network)" title="Motor Trend (TV network)">Motor Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubi_(streaming_service)" title="Mubi (streaming service)">Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_(streaming_service)" title="Nebula (streaming service)">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_(service)" title="Neon (service)">Neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Flight_Plus" title="Night Flight Plus">Night Flight Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_(streaming_service)" title="Now (streaming service)">Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OutTV_(Canadian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="OutTV (Canadian TV channel)">OutTVGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaya" title="Pantaya">Pantaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBS_Passport" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Passport">PBS Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL%2B" title="RTL+">RTL+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_(streaming_platform)" title="Shahid (streaming platform)">Shahid VIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showmax" title="Showmax">Showmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudder_(streaming_service)" title="Shudder (streaming service)">Shudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyShowtime" title="SkyShowtime">SkyShowtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_TV" title="Sling TV">Sling TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetoon" title="Spacetoon">Spacetoon Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(streaming_service)" title="Stan (streaming service)">Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struum" title="Struum">Struum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Player" title="STV Player">STV Player+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SundanceNow" class="mw-redirect" title="SundanceNow">SundanceNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_NXT" title="Sun NXT">Sun NXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAPP_TV" title="TAPP TV">TAPP TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telasa" title="Telasa">Telasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roku_Channel" title="The Roku Channel">The Roku Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMvision" title="TIMvision">TIMvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toku_(TV_network)" title="Toku (TV network)">Toku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_2_Play" title="TV 2 Play">TV 2 Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVING" title="TVING">TVING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Next" title="U-Next">U-Next</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-Next#Paravi" title="U-Next">Paravi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_PH" title="Upstream PH">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaplay" title="Viaplay">Viaplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VidAngel" title="VidAngel">VidAngel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videoland_(Netherlands)" title="Videoland (Netherlands)">Videoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidio" title="Vidio">Vidio Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision%2B" title="Vision+">Vision+ Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viu_(streaming_service)" title="Viu (streaming service)">Viu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVVVID" title="VVVVID">VVVVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyo" title="Voyo">Voyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Teaching_Company" title="The Teaching Company">Wondrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_Video" title="Tencent Video">WeTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOW_Presents_Plus" title="WOW Presents Plus">WOW Presents Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xite" title="Xite">XITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yippee_TV" title="Yippee TV">Yippee TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youku" title="Youku">Youku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Premium" title="YouTube Premium">YouTube Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZEE5" title="ZEE5">ZEE5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transactional">Rental or <br /> purchase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango_at_Home" title="Fandango at Home">Fandango at Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango_Media" title="Fandango Media">FandangoNOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(service)" title="Google TV (service)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Video">Huawei Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Microsoft Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_TV" title="Rakuten TV">Rakuten TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Store" title="Sky Store">Sky Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wondrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Wondrium"> The Great Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube Movies & Shows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling_TV" title="All Japan Pro Wrestling TV">All Japan Pro Wrestling TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B/R_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="B/R Live">B/R Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeIN_Sports" title="BeIN Sports">beIN Sports Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Japan_Pro_Wrestling_Core" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Japan Pro Wrestling Core">Big Japan Pro Wrestling Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAZN" title="DAZN">DAZN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestle_Universe" title="Wrestle Universe">Wrestle Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_Sports" title="Eleven Sports">Eleven Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosport" title="Eurosport">Eurosport Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanseat" title="Fanseat">Fanseat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanatiz" title="Fanatiz">Fanatiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triller_TV" title="Triller TV">Triller TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NWA_All_Access" title="NWA All Access">NWA All Access</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloSports" title="FloSports">FloSports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FuboTV" title="FuboTV">FuboTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Club" title="Honor Club">Honor Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact Plus">IMPACT! +Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayo_Sports" title="Kayo Sports">Kayo Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laola1" title="Laola1">Laola1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLB.tv" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB.tv">MLB.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLS_Season_Pass" title="MLS Season Pass">MLS Season Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_League_Pass" title="NBA League Pass">NBA League Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBL_TV" title="NBL TV">NBL TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling_World" title="New Japan Pro-Wrestling World">New Japan Pro-Wrestling World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_Game_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Game Pass">NFL Game Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier Football">Premier Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSoccer" title="OneSoccer">OneSoccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sport_(New_Zealand)#Sky_Sport_Now" title="Sky Sport (New Zealand)">Sky Sport Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsnet" title="Sportsnet">Sportsnet Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan Sport">Stan Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sports_Network" title="The Sports Network">TSN Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFC_Fight_Pass" title="UFC Fight Pass">UFC Fight Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchAFL" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchAFL">WatchAFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchNRL" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchNRL">WatchNRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Network" title="WWE Network">WWE Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TV_Everywhere" title="TV Everywhere">TV Everywhere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company#Video-on-demand_services" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)#AMC_Premiere" title="AMC (TV channel)">AMC Premiere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bally_Sports_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Bally Sports app">Bally Sports app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS#Video-on-demand_services" title="CBS">CBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinemax#Cinemax_On_Demand" title="Cinemax">Cinemax On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNNgo" title="CNNgo">CNN TV app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisneyNow" title="DisneyNow">DisneyNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel#Foxtel_Go" title="Foxtel">Foxtel Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)#Related_services" title="Freeform (TV channel)">Freeform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)#FXNOW" title="FX (TV channel)">FXNOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canais_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="Canais Globo">Canais Globo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBO_Go" title="HBO Go">HBO Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGTV" title="HGTV">HGTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbox#Redbox_Free_Live_TV" title="Redbox">Redbox Free Live TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Go" title="Sky Go">Sky Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Q" title="Sky Q">Sky Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark Sport">Spark Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_CW#Video-on-demand_services" title="The CW">The CW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVB_Anywhere" title="TVB Anywhere">TVB Anywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBS_(American_TV_channel)" title="TBS (American TV channel)">Watch TBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo#Ziggo_GO" title="Ziggo">Ziggo Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123Movies" title="123Movies">123Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimeLab" class="mw-redirect" title="AnimeLab">AnimeLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blim_TV" title="Blim TV">Blim TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN%2B" title="CNN+">CNN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_Universe_(streaming_service)" title="DC Universe (streaming service)">DC Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Deluxe" title="Disney Deluxe">Disney Deluxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DittoTV" title="DittoTV">dittoTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dplay" title="Dplay">Dplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DramaFever" title="DramaFever">DramaFever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company#Video-on-demand_services" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">FOXNOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)#FX+" title="FX (TV channel)">FX+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Wrestling_Network" title="Global Wrestling Network">Global Wrestling Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go90" title="Go90">go90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GolfTV" title="GolfTV">GolfTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBO_Now" title="HBO Now">HBO Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsong_Channel#Carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillsong Channel">Hillsong Channel Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhike_TV" title="Hitchhike TV">Hitchhike TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooq" title="Hooq">HOOQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightbox_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightbox (New Zealand)">Lightbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports_Gold" title="NBC Sports Gold">NBC Sports Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(brand)#Streaming_service" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Demand_(Sky)" title="On Demand (Sky)">On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcornflix" title="Popcornflix">Popcornflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presto_(streaming_company)" title="Presto (streaming company)">Presto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quibi" title="Quibi">Quibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickflix" title="Quickflix">Quickflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbox" title="Redbox">Redbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbox#Redbox_Instant" title="Redbox">Redbox Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeso" title="Seeso">Seeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomi" title="Shomi">Shomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_On_Demand" title="Sky On Demand">Sky On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland#Defunct" title="Sky Deutschland">Sky Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star%2B" title="Star+">Star+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veoh" title="Veoh">Veoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_(website)" title="Vessel (website)">Vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewster" title="Viewster">Viewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voot" title="Voot">Voot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRV_(streaming_service)" title="VRV (streaming service)">VRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VyRT" title="VyRT">VyRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakanim" title="Wakanim">Wakanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchESPN" title="WatchESPN">WatchESPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Screen">Yahoo! 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