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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="مجالس العمل المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجالس العمل المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2" title="मुत्तहिदा मज्लिस-ए-अमल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मुत्तहिदा मज्लिस-ए-अमल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2" title="मुत्तहिदा मज्लिस-ए-अमल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुत्तहिदा मज्लिस-ए-अमल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%95%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="統一行動評議会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統一行動評議会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84" title="متحدہ مجلس عمل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="متحدہ مجلس عمل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81-%D1%8D-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Муттахида маджлис-э-амаль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Муттахида маджлис-э-амаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84" title="متحدہ مجلس عمل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="متحدہ مجلس عمل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutahida_Deeni_Mahaz&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutahida Deeni Mahaz">Mutahida Deeni Mahaz</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pakistani political alliance</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #004000; border-bottom:2px solid #004000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">متحدہ مجلسِ عمل</span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_MMA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_MMA.svg/180px-Flag_of_MMA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_MMA.svg/270px-Flag_of_MMA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_MMA.svg/360px-Flag_of_MMA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fazl-ur-Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazl-ur-Rahman">Fazl-ur-Rahman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2002 (initial)<br />14 December 2017 (refounded)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conservatism">Islamic conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-rfi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Democratic_Movement" title="Pakistan Democratic Movement">Pakistan Democratic Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Green">Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (color)">White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (color)">Black</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#004000; color:white;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Election symbol</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray_book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gray_book.png/70px-Gray_book.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gray_book.png/105px-Gray_book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gray_book.png/140px-Gray_book.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Member parties' flags</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_JUI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_JUI.svg/100px-Flag_of_JUI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_JUI.svg/150px-Flag_of_JUI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_JUI.svg/200px-Flag_of_JUI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg/100px-Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg/150px-Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg/200px-Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG/100px-Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG/150px-Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG/200px-Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #004000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Muttahida Majlis–e–Amal</b> (<b>MMA</b>; <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">متحدہ مجلسِ عمل</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">United Assembly of Action</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">political alliance</a> consisting of conservative, <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">religious</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> parties of Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Naeem_Siddiqui" title="Naeem Siddiqui">Naeem Siddiqui</a> (the founder of Tehreek e Islami) proposed such an alliance of all the religious parties back in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a> endeavored for it and due to his efforts, it was formed in 2002 in a direct opposition to the policies led by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%27s_role_in_the_War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan's role in the War on Terror">support</a> for the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>. The alliance more densely consolidated its position during the nationwide <a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> held in 2002. The <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(F)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)">JUI(F)</a> led by its leader, the cleric <a href="/wiki/Fazl-ur-Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazl-ur-Rahman">Fazl-ur-Rahman</a>, retained most of the political <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> in the alliance. The MMA retained the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">provisional government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa</a> and remained <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Government of Balochistan, Pakistan">in alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">PMLQ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>. Much public criticism and disapproval nonetheless grew against the alliance. </p><p>Despite its conservatism, the alliance survived for a short period of time, when the <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(F)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)">JUI(F)</a> left the alliance over the political disagreement on the issues of boycotting the <a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> held in 2008. The <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(F)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)">JUI(F)</a> later becoming an integral part in the government led by the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) and refused to revive the alliance in 2012, before the upcoming 2013 elections, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_and_academic_accounts">Historical and academic accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical and academic accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MMA conglomeration of distinct <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Islamist parties</a> that ran under a single banner during the nationwide <a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> held in 2002. Islamist movements are defined as those which derive inspiration from the Islamic scriptures, the <i>Qur'an</i> and <i>Hadith</i>, and then vie to come to power in a state.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">literature</a> concerning <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> and Muslim political institutions has been propagated via the Orientalist discourse, where the rejection of certain post-Enlightenment, national, and secular values has been translated into such movements' nature. </p><p>In fact, much of Islamism and its ideology are critiqued as a launching pad for fundamentalism and radicalism, as political movements such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and the ‘Islamic’ revolution of Iran are highlighted. However, social science and ethnographic work has proven that Islamism emerges from middle-class lay intellectuals concentrated in urban centers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism_and_politics">Activism and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activism and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Islamic <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani political parties">political parties</a> united on a single platform in 1993 as "Islamic Front" but competition ensued between conservative <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">leftist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> forced the front into split when the <a href="/wiki/JUI(F)" class="mw-redirect" title="JUI(F)">JUI(F)</a> decided to opt in support of <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall in the 1990s, the Islamic influence in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani politics">politics</a> was very limited in the public.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the deadly <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terrorist attacks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in September 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">religious extremism</a> began to grow in a military <a href="/wiki/US_Attack_on_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="US Attack on Afghanistan">response</a> to these attacks. The Islamic <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani political parties">political parties</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Difa-e-Pakistan_Council" title="Difa-e-Pakistan Council">Pakistan-Afghanistan Defense Council</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Difa-e-Pakistan_Council" title="Difa-e-Pakistan Council">Pakistan Defence Council</a>), yet the formation of the MMA in 2001 was the first time such a coalition entered the electoral process. </p><p>Despite its huge mass, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">populism</a>, and support, the MMA alliance only retained 63 seats whilst the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> retained 94 seats and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">PML(Q)</a> securing 124 seats during the <a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> held in 2002. The alliance comprised the following notable groups: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Pakistan" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan">Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan</a> (JUP): A traditional <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Sunni-(Aqeeda-e-Sawad-e-Azam of Aaulia, Sufia)</a> political party which is popular with traditional and folk Muslims in rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>. They chant the slogan <span title="Urdu-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ur-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Pakistan" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan">Ya Rasool Allah tere chahne walon ki khair</a></span></span> as the 'love slogan' of their party.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(F)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)">Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam</a>: The party is led by <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Fazal-ur-Rehman" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman">Fazal-ur-Rehman</a> who became widely known for his vocal and strong support for <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> in the 1990s. The JUI(F) was politically influential, got more hardlines, and had traditional stream of thinking – with popular appeal amongst clerics, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a>. The JUI(F) later became an <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">integral</a> part in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> led government formed in 2008–13.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-e-Jafaria_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan">Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan</a> (TJP): The party is led by <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajid_Ali_Naqvi" title="Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi">Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> and ultraconservative party that played a crucial role in uniting the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Pakistan"><i>Shia</i></a> masses to offer support to MMA. Its political influence was also less in the alliance's political shifts. Historically, it has foreign support and ties with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith" title="Jamiat Ahle Hadith">Jamiat Ahle Hadith</a> (JAH): Although a missionary political party, the JAH derives itself from the <a href="/wiki/Ahl-al-Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl-al-Hadith">Ahl-al-Hadith</a> movement.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success of MMA can be attributed to the context-specific, political environment of the 2002 elections, due to the region's geopolitical significance following the Afghanistan invasion, military-civilian relations, and the threat of religion under secular authoritarian rule. Leading up to the 2002 elections, the PPP and the PML-N were severely handicapped as elite members of their respective parties were charged with corruption under the military regime, and thus, under the Legal Framework Ordinances (LFO), were rendered incapable of running for office.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the government exempted the MMA from standard campaign conduct, for their use of loudspeakers, street rallies, and anti-government inflammatory rhetoric which was not objected to by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another form of assistance from the government came in the revision of article 8a of the constitution, where a graduation clause required degrees from accredited universities, which included JI and JIU-F affiliated 'madaris', for participation in the electoral process.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a clause restricted the ANP in its strongholds in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, and thus favored the MMA. </p><p>However, in addition to the military prioritizing and providing several concessions to the MMA in its rise to legitimacy, ideological pragmatism as a campaign strategy lifted the 5 party alliance into Pakistan's mainstream political institutions. Given the destabilized nature of the PPP and PML-N, the MMA benefited from the "ideological bankruptcy," monopolizing on the public's sentiment towards the U.S. involvement in Afghanistan. Also, in public, the MMA remained confrontational and opposed Musharraf for his partnership with the U.S, his promotion of "enlightened moderation", and his refusal to take off his uniform despite making several promises to do so. The MMA's political program highlighted its nationalist, populist tendencies, while hindering its religious rhetoric. Leading up to the elections, the MMA composed a 15-point manifesto as follows: </p> <ol><li>To revive fear of God, affection to the Islamic Prophet Mohammed and service to people with particular emphasis on government officials and cabinet members.</li> <li>To make Pakistan a true Islamic welfare state to ensure justice to people and eradicate corruption whatsoever.</li> <li>To ensure provision of bread, clothes, shelter, education, jobs and marriage expenses to all citizens.</li> <li>To protect basic human rights (life, property and honour) of citizens</li> <li>To create an independent, just and humane economic system where citizens will be provided opportunities for 'halal' (legitimate) jobs, business, and investments.</li> <li>To ensure uniform and quick justice to every citizen, from the president to a layman.</li> <li>To develop God-fearing, helping, brave and protecting police system.</li> <li>To get the entire society literate within ten years to enable everyone to know one's rights and responsibilities.</li> <li>To ensure compulsory and free of charge education up to matriculation (high school level) and provide opportunities to meritorious students and scholars for advanced research.</li> <li>To protect rights of women guaranteed by Islam and restoration of their honour and prestige.</li> <li>To abolish all chronic and new feudal systems with forfeiture of illegal wealth and its distribution among the poor.</li> <li>To provide lands to peasants and farmers for their livelihood and guarantee reasonable prices for their produce.</li> <li>To protect provincial autonomy and district governments, taking care of backward areas and classes and taking special steps to get them at par with developed areas.</li> <li>To get the country and people rid of imperialistic forces and their local agents.</li> <li>To extend moral, political and diplomatic help and support to all suppressed with particular emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a>.</li></ol> <p>The MMA's manifesto relies on heavy promises towards social services, eradication of foreign imperialism, extinguish corruption and exercise justice, while highlighting local and international struggles towards autonomy. Although the implementations of Shari’a and gender segregation were cornerstones to the MMA's ideology, such goals were vague and rarely highlighted during election campaigns. In addition, its relative passiveness against Musharraf's incumbent regime helped the party's cause, such as exemption from restrictions on public rallies and madrassa registration.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such political strategies worked for the MMA in Balochistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Due to the Balochi nationalists’ fragmentation following the withdrawal of the Soviets from the region and its failure to denounce the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, the Balochi incumbents were viewed as Musharraf sympathizers. In the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the MMA performed well due to the high number of Pakhtuns, who received the MMA's policies towards anti-imperialism well. The coalition consisted of large numbers of ethnic Pakhtuns, and thus was active in organizing demonstrations against the plight of Afghan Pakhtuns under siege.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sindh, the MMA won popular support, and five out of twenty National Assembly seats, by attacking the incumbent party, the MQM. Highlighting their history of extortion and lack of progress towards addressing social concerns, the MMA rallied the masses through its 'madaris' networks to voice their position and pile up votes on Election Day.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through utilizing the several concessions made by the military regime, exploiting ideological and public weaknesses of incumbent parties, and politicizing the Afghan invasion, the MMA was able to secure eleven percent of the popular vote and 58 seats in the National Assembly. Given the conditions of the election, which were limited and not free under the watchful eye of the military-government, the MMA's ascension does not seem as surprising. However, in the following years, leading up to the 2008 election, the MMA was further exposed to the public and held publicly accountable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse_of_MMA">Collapse of MMA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collapse of MMA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MMA's success in the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi City">city government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> were the transient events, as seen in the alliance's split in the 2005 elections and official collapse in the 2008 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, the public disapproval of MMA nonetheless grew and found itself in a tough situation in its competition with more resourceful and influential <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Restoration_of_Democracy" title="Alliance for Restoration of Democracy">Alliance for Restoration of Democracy</a>. Although the Military-MMA relationship is pertinent to the party's demise, the MMA's fate can be more accurately ascribed to its relationship to other secular institutions, individual and organizational corruption, and competing Islamisms. The MMA's actions while serving in the government portray the party's ideological fissures, its inadequacy in serving the public and delivering campaign promises, and its illiteracy in realpolitik. With such exposed shortcomings while serving as constituents in Pakistan's democratic institutions, the MMA was evaluated on the basis of its performance, and was duly rejected in the subsequent provincial and national elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration">Restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The restoration of MMA took place on 9 November 2017 in a second meeting at <a href="/wiki/Mansoorah,_Lahore" title="Mansoorah, Lahore">Mansoorah, Lahore</a> in the presence of five Islamic parties <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(F)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)">Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami</a>, Markazi <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith" title="Jamiat Ahle Hadith">Jamiat Ahle Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islami_Tehreek" class="mw-redirect" title="Islami Tehreek">Islami Tehreek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Pakistan" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan">Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan</a> and other religious parties. While the formal announcement took place on 14 December 2017 at Karachi and thus MMA was revived.<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_parties_revive_MMA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_parties_revive_MMA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Religious_parties_join_hands_to_revive_MMA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_parties_join_hands_to_revive_MMA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Fazal-ur-Rehman</a> became head of MMA in March 2018, a political alliance of above-mentioned 5 religious parties. Alliance's five parties would have one election symbol, one flag and one election campaign manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11th March 2019, <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> (JI) has formally parted ways with Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “The JI will not conduct any future programme under the banner of the MMA,” announced the JI Central Executive Council (Shoora).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Assembly_Elections">National Assembly Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Assembly Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Election</b></th> <th>Presiding chair of the party</th> <th><b>Votes</b></th> <th><b>%</b></th> <th><b>Seats</b> </th> <th>+/–</th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">2002</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td>3,335,643</td> <td>11.41%</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">59 / 342</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 17%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>59</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">Coalition Government</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">2008</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td>769,638</td> <td>2.22%</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 342</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 52</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">Coalition Government</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election" title="2018 Pakistani general election">2018</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td rowspan="2">2,573,939</td> <td rowspan="2">4.85%</td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">15 / 342</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">Opposition (till 11 April 2022)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">Coalition Partner (from 11 April 2022)</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_Elections">Senate Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Senate Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Election</b></th> <th>Presiding chair of the party</th> <th><b>Seats</b> </th> <th>+/–</th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Pakistani_Senate_election" title="2021 Pakistani Senate election">2021</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">6 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">Opposition</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KP_Assembly_Elections">KP Assembly Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: KP Assembly Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Election</b></th> <th>Presiding chair of the party</th> <th><b>Votes</b></th> <th><b>%</b></th> <th><b>Seats</b> </th> <th>+/–</th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">2002</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td>792,949</td> <td>26.39%</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">54 / 124</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>54</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">Government</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">2008</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td>500,479</td> <td>14.46%</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 124</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 42</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">Opposition</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election" title="2018 Pakistani general election">2018</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td>1,126,445</td> <td>17.08%</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">18 / 145</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 18</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">Opposition</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balochistan_Assembly_Elections">Balochistan Assembly Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Balochistan Assembly Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Election</b></th> <th>Presiding chair of the party</th> <th><b>Votes</b></th> <th><b>%</b></th> <th><b>Seats</b> </th> <th>+/–</th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">2002</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td>188,878</td> <td>16.64%</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">16 / 51</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>6</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">Coalition Government</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">2008</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td>193,876</td> <td>14.64%</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 51</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 16%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">Opposition</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election" title="2018 Pakistani general election">2018</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazal-ur-Rehman_(politician)" title="Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)">Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></td> <td>277,659</td> <td>15.28%</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">10 / 51</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004000; width: 20%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>10</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">Opposition</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naeem_Siddiqui" title="Naeem Siddiqui">Naeem Siddiqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milli_Yekjehti_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Milli Yekjehti Council">Milli Yekjehti Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutahida_Deeni_Mahaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutahida Deeni Mahaz">Mutahida Deeni Mahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghafoor_Ahmed" title="Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed">Prof. Ghafoor Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurshid_Ahmad_(Islamic_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar)">Khurshid Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam">Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaqat_Baloch" title="Liaqat Baloch">Liaqat Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">Women's Protection Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Haider_Noor_Khan_Niazi" title="Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi">Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/2018/04/islamist-parties-re-create-coalition-establish-sharia-pakistan/">"Islamist parties re-create coalition to 'establish sharia' in Pakistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a>. 10 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704024651/https://asiatimes.com/2018/04/islamist-parties-re-create-coalition-establish-sharia-pakistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamist+parties+re-create+coalition+to+%27establish+sharia%27+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Asia+Times&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2Fislamist-parties-re-create-coalition-establish-sharia-pakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJocelyne_CesariJosé_Casanova2017" class="citation book cs1">Jocelyne Cesari; José Casanova, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rka1DgAAQBAJ&q=Muttahida+Majlis-e-Amal+social+conservatism&pg=PA36"><i>Islam, Gender, and Democracy in Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191092862" title="Special:BookSources/9780191092862"><bdi>9780191092862</bdi></a>. <q>The ultra-conservative six-party alliance Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA),46 which includes the JI Party, called the Women's ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Gender%2C+and+Democracy+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780191092862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRka1DgAAQBAJ%26q%3DMuttahida%2BMajlis-e-Amal%2Bsocial%2Bconservatism%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfi_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/en/asia-pacific/20130429-muttahida-majlis-e-amal-fractious-religious-alliance-can-punch-above-its-weigh">"Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal - fractious religious alliance can punch above its weight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_internationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio France internationale">Radio France internationale</a>. 10 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704054553/http://www.rfi.fr/en/asia-pacific/20130429-muttahida-majlis-e-amal-fractious-religious-alliance-can-punch-above-its-weigh">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muttahida+Majlis-e-Amal+-+fractious+religious+alliance+can+punch+above+its+weight&rft.pub=Radio+France+internationale&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fen%2Fasia-pacific%2F20130429-muttahida-majlis-e-amal-fractious-religious-alliance-can-punch-above-its-weigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariam_MuftiSahar_ShafqatNiloufer_Siddiqui2020" class="citation book cs1">Mariam Mufti; Sahar Shafqat; Niloufer Siddiqui, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWPdDwAAQBAJ&q=right-wing+Muttahida+Majlis-e-Amal&pg=PA101"><i>Pakistan's Political Parties: Surviving between Dictatorship and Democracy</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626167711" title="Special:BookSources/9781626167711"><bdi>9781626167711</bdi></a>. <q>... of the right-wing religious leadership of the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Political+Parties%3A+Surviving+between+Dictatorship+and+Democracy&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781626167711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWPdDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dright-wing%2BMuttahida%2BMajlis-e-Amal%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistan-elections-bhuttos-ppp-fazlur-rehmans-mma-locked-in-tussle-for-kingmakers-role-1823767.html">"Pakistan Elections: Bhutto's PPP, Fazlur Rehman's MMA Locked in Tussle to be Kingmaker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News18" class="mw-redirect" title="News18">News18</a>. 25 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704074907/https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistan-elections-bhuttos-ppp-fazlur-rehmans-mma-locked-in-tussle-for-kingmakers-role-1823767.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Elections%3A+Bhutto%27s+PPP%2C+Fazlur+Rehman%27s+MMA+Locked+in+Tussle+to+be+Kingmaker&rft.pub=News18&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpakistan-elections-bhuttos-ppp-fazlur-rehmans-mma-locked-in-tussle-for-kingmakers-role-1823767.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Abdullah Hashmi, Naeem Siddiqui: Ilmi wo adabi Khidmaat, Adbiyaat Publisher, Rehman Market Ghazni Street Lahore, 2011, pp.618-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayoob, M. (2008). The many faces of political Islam: religion and politics in the Muslim world. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickham, C. R. (2002). Mobilizing Islam: religion, activism, and political change in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press. pp12–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further information, see <a href="/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Pakistani general elections">1993 Pakistani general elections</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Pakistani general elections">1997 Pakistani general elections</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahutosh Misra, "Rise of Religious Parties in Pakistan," Strategic Analysis p186 (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamim-ur-Rahman2002" class="citation web cs1">Shamim-ur-Rahman (30 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2002/12/30/top6.htm">"Did the Government Strike Deal with the MMA?"</a>. Dawn (newspaper). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024184525/http://www.dawn.com/2002/12/30/top6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+the+Government+Strike+Deal+with+the+MMA%3F&rft.pub=Dawn+%28newspaper%29&rft.date=2002-12-30&rft.au=Shamim-ur-Rahman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2F2002%2F12%2F30%2Ftop6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dawn.com/2003/03/07/ed.htm">"Confrontation Over LFO (Legal Framework Order)"</a>. Dawn (newspaper). 7 March 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601035656/http://archives.dawn.com/2003/03/07/ed.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confrontation+Over+LFO+%28Legal+Framework+Order%29&rft.pub=Dawn+%28newspaper%29&rft.date=2003-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dawn.com%2F2003%2F03%2F07%2Fed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Misra, Rise of Religious Parties in Pakistan p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Misra, Rise of Religious Parties in Pakistan p.196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Askari, Hussain, "Another Muttahida" The Herald. November 2002, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intikhab Amir, "<i>Double Standards</i>," Herald, October 2005, 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maqbool Ahmed "The Nationalists Strike Back," Herald February 2008, 78–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religious_parties_revive_MMA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religious_parties_revive_MMA_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/255683-religious-parties-announce-revival-of-mma-after-a-decade">"Religious parties revive MMA"</a>. The News International (newspaper). 14 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215090729/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/255683-religious-parties-announce-revival-of-mma-after-a-decade">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religious+parties+revive+MMA&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Flatest%2F255683-religious-parties-announce-revival-of-mma-after-a-decade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religious_parties_join_hands_to_revive_MMA-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religious_parties_join_hands_to_revive_MMA_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.com.pk/14-Dec-2017/religious-parties-join-hands-to-revive-mma">"Religious parties join hands to revive MMA"</a>. The Nation (newspaper). 14 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215075913/http://nation.com.pk/14-Dec-2017/religious-parties-join-hands-to-revive-mma">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religious+parties+join+hands+to+revive+MMA&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F14-Dec-2017%2Freligious-parties-join-hands-to-revive-mma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid_Khan_Wazir2017" class="citation news cs1">Hamid Khan Wazir (14 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/12/13/fast-depleting-vote-bank-mma-likely-to-be-revived-after-one-decade/">"Fast depleting vote bank: MMA likely to be revived after a decade"</a>. Pakistan Today (newspaper). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214125037/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/12/13/fast-depleting-vote-bank-mma-likely-to-be-revived-after-one-decade/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fast+depleting+vote+bank%3A+MMA+likely+to+be+revived+after+a+decade&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft.au=Hamid+Khan+Wazir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2017%2F12%2F13%2Ffast-depleting-vote-bank-mma-likely-to-be-revived-after-one-decade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhori2018" class="citation news cs1">Ghori, Habib Khan (21 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1396614/maulana-fazl-to-head-recently-revived-mma">"Maulana Fazl to head recently revived MMA"</a>. Dawn (newspaper). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718120040/https://www.dawn.com/news/1396614/maulana-fazl-to-head-recently-revived-mma">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maulana+Fazl+to+head+recently+revived+MMA&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.aulast=Ghori&rft.aufirst=Habib+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1396614%2Fmaulana-fazl-to-head-recently-revived-mma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzad2019" class="citation web cs1">Azad, Abdul Rasheed (21 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brecorder.com/news/4679371/ji-formally-quits-mma-20190321457113">"JI formally quits MMA"</a>. <i>Business Recorder</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617075521/https://www.brecorder.com/news/4679371/ji-formally-quits-mma-20190321457113">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Recorder&rft.atitle=JI+formally+quits+MMA&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft.aulast=Azad&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rasheed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brecorder.com%2Fnews%2F4679371%2Fji-formally-quits-mma-20190321457113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam2019" class="citation web cs1">Alam, Iftikhar (11 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistanpoint.com/en/story/568644/jamaat-e-islami-is-no-more-part-of-mma-announces-shoor.html">"Jamaat-e-Islami is no more part of MMA, Announces Shoora"</a>. <i>Pakistan Point</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617075522/https://www.pakistanpoint.com/en/story/568644/jamaat-e-islami-is-no-more-part-of-mma-announces-shoor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Point&rft.atitle=Jamaat-e-Islami+is+no+more+part+of+MMA%2C+Announces+Shoora&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Iftikhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistanpoint.com%2Fen%2Fstory%2F568644%2Fjamaat-e-islami-is-no-more-part-of-mma-announces-shoor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuttahida+Majlis-e-Amal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030320153742/http://mma.org.pk/">mma.org.pk</a> – Archived official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaat.org">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan (A key member of MMA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pjir.bzu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/6020de14e1aeb/page">Religious Political Parties in Political Enclave of Pakistan (A Case Study of MMA 2002-2008)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Member Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Pakistan" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan">Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulama-e-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam">Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)">Jamat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-e-Jafaria_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan">Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith" title="Jamiat Ahle Hadith">Jamiat Ahle Hadith</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_MMA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_MMA.svg/100px-Flag_of_MMA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_MMA.svg/150px-Flag_of_MMA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_MMA.svg/200px-Flag_of_MMA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fazl-ur-Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazl-ur-Rahman">Fazl-ur-Rahman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Secretary-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Liaqat_Baloch" title="Liaqat Baloch">Liaqat Baloch</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Founder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2002 (initial) 14 December 2017 (refounded)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conservatism">Islamic conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Political position</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Right-wing to far-right</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Islam</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">National affiliation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Democratic_Movement" title="Pakistan Democratic Movement">Pakistan Democratic Movement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Colors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Green, White, Black</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Election symbol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Balance, Book <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:017-Scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/017-Scale.jpg/50px-017-Scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/017-Scale.jpg/75px-017-Scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/017-Scale.jpg/100px-017-Scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray_book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gray_book.png/50px-Gray_book.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gray_book.png/75px-Gray_book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gray_book.png/100px-Gray_book.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01411c; color:white;;width:1%">Member parties' flags</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/50px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/75px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/100px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_JUI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_JUI.svg/50px-Flag_of_JUI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_JUI.svg/75px-Flag_of_JUI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_JUI.svg/100px-Flag_of_JUI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg/50px-Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg/75px-Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg/100px-Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith_party_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG/50px-Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG/75px-Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG/100px-Tehreek-e-Jafaria_Official_Logo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistani_political_parties" title="Template:Pakistani political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistani_political_parties" title="Template talk:Pakistani political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties in Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML–N</a> (114)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">PTI</a> (93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">PPP</a> (73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">MQM–P</a> (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(F)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)">JUI–F</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">PML–Q</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istehkam-e-Pakistan_Party" title="Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party">IPP</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_National_Party_(Mengal)" title="Balochistan National Party (Mengal)">BNP–M</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Awami_Party" title="Balochistan Awami Party">BAP</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Z)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Z)">PML–Z</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Pakistan)" title="National Party (Pakistan)">NP–P</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunkhwa_Milli_Awami_Party" title="Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party">PKMAP</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunkhwa_National_Awami_Party" title="Pashtunkhwa National Awami Party">PKNAP</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majlis_Wahdat-e-Muslimeen" title="Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen">MWM</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML–N</a> (33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">PPP</a> (20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">PTI</a> (18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Awami_Party" title="Balochistan Awami Party">BAP</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">MQM–P</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Pakistan)" title="National Party (Pakistan)">NP–P</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(F)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)">JUI–F</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunkhwa_Milli_Awami_Party" title="Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party">PKMAP</a> (3)</li> <li>IND (FATA) (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)">JIP</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_National_Party_(Mengal)" title="Balochistan National Party (Mengal)">BNP–M</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(F)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (F)">PML–F</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">ANP</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrepresented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Ittehad_Council" title="Sunni Ittehad Council">Sunni Ittehad Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Tehreek" title="Sunni Tehreek">Sunni Tehreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rah-e-Haq_Party" title="Pakistan Rah-e-Haq Party">Pakistan Rah-e-Haq Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Green_Party" title="Pakistan Green Party">Pakistan Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">Communist Party of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party_(Shaheed_Bhutto)" title="Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto)">Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party_Workers" title="Pakistan Peoples Party Workers">Pakistan Peoples Party Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Christian_Congress" title="Pakistan Christian Congress">Pakistan Christian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohajir_Qaumi_Movement_Pakistan" title="Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan">Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamhoori_Wattan_Party" title="Jamhoori Wattan Party">Jamhoori Wattan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Peoples_Party" title="Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party">Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeay_Sindh_Qaumi_Mahaz" title="Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz">Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeay_Sindh_Muttahida_Mahaz" title="Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz">Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Taraqi_Pasand_Party" title="Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party">Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_United_Party" title="Sindh United Party">Sindh United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Jafaria_(Pakistan)" title="Tehreek-e-Jafaria (Pakistan)">Tehreek-e-Jafaria (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Tehreek_Pakistan" title="Islami Tehreek Pakistan">Islami Tehreek Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith" title="Jamiat Ahle Hadith">Jamiat Ahle Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Pakistan" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan">Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awami_Tahreek" title="Awami Tahreek"> Awami Tahreek (Sindh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Awami_Tehreek" title="Pakistan Awami Tehreek">Pakistan Awami Tehreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Democratic_Party" title="Hazara Democratic Party">Hazara Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_National_Awami_Party" title="Bahawalpur National Awami Party">Bahawalpur National Awami Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamote_Qaumi_Movement" title="Jamote Qaumi Movement">Jamote Qaumi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Watan_Party" title="Qaumi Watan Party">Qaumi Watan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdoor_Kisan_Party" title="Mazdoor Kisan Party">Mazdoor Kisan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Movement_(Pakistan)" title="National Democratic Movement (Pakistan)">National Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf_Parliamentarians" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Parliamentarians">Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Parliamentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haq_Do_Tehreek_Balochistan" title="Haq Do Tehreek Balochistan">Haq Do Tehreek Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqooq-e-Khalq_Party" title="Haqooq-e-Khalq Party">Haqooq-e-Khalq Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awami_Workers_Party" title="Awami Workers Party">Awami Workers Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics of Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics" title="Template talk:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">1971 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li> <li>Insurgencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Balochistan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwatar_Bay" title="Gwatar Bay">Gwatar Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Governance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C<sup>2</sup>NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Majlis-e-Shoora</i>)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Pakistan">Society and Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Society of Pakistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan" title="Youth in Pakistan">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> 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