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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Événements</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Événements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afrique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Afrique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amérique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amérique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Amérique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amérique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asie_et_Océanie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asie_et_Océanie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Asie et Océanie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asie_et_Océanie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proche-Orient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proche-Orient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Proche-Orient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proche-Orient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnages_significatifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnages_significatifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personnages significatifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnages_significatifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 139 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/13de_eeu" title="13de eeu – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="13de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Jahrhundert" title="13. Jahrhundert – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="13. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="13ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="13ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XIII" title="Sieglo XIII – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XIII" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_13" title="القرن 13 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 13" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="القرن التلاتاشر – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن التلاتاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XIII" title="Sieglu XIII – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XIII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="XIII гӀасру – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XIII гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-eafa_decemda" title="13-eafa decemda – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="13-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%C9%99sr" title="XIII əsr – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XIII əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B3._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۱۳. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۳. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XIII быуат – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XIII быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-13" title="Abad ka-13 – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-13" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_om%C5%BEios" title="XIII omžios – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XIII omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XIII стагоддзе – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XIII стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XIII стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XIII стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="13 век – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="13 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="ত্রয়োদশ শতাব্দী – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ত্রয়োদশ শতাব্দী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIIvet_kantved" title="XIIIvet kantved – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XIIIvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._vijek" title="13. vijek – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="13. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XIII" title="Segle XIII – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XIII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="13 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="13 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="XIII бӀешо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XIII бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A3" title="سەدەی ١٣ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١٣" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._stolet%C3%AD" title="13. století – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="13. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XIII ĕмĕр – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XIII ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/13eg_ganrif" title="13eg ganrif – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="13eg ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="13. århundrede – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="13. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Jahrhundert" title="13. Jahrhundert – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="13. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_13y%C4%B1ne" title="Seserra 13yıne – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 13yıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="13ος αιώνας – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="13ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_s%C3%A9col" title="XIII sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XIII sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="13th century" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-a_jarcento" title="13-a jarcento – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="13-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIII" title="Siglo XIII – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XIII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._sajand" title="13. sajand – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="13. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII._mendea" title="XIII. mendea – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XIII. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XIII" title="Sigru XIII – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XIII" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B3_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="سده ۱۳ (میلادی) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده ۱۳ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200-luku" title="1200-luku – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1200-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._aastagasada" title="13. aastagasada – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="13. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%C3%B8ld" title="13. øld – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="13. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._juarhunert" title="13. juarhunert – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="13. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/13e_iuw" title="13e iuw – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="13e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%C3%BA_haois" title="13ú haois – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="13ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="13世紀 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="13世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/13mh_Linn" title="13mh Linn – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="13mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIII" title="Século XIII – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XIII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/13oo_eash" title="13oo eash – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="13oo eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-13" title="המאה ה-13 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-13" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="१३वीं शताब्दी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१३वीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._stolje%C4%87e" title="13. stoljeće – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="13. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIIe_sy%C3%A8k" title="XIIIe syèk – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="XIIIe syèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._sz%C3%A1zad" title="13. század – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="13. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="13-րդ դար – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="13-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_13" title="Seculo 13 – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 13" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-13" title="Abad ke-13 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-13" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/13ma_yarcento" title="13ma yarcento – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="13ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%C3%B6ldin" title="13. öldin – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="13. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_secolo" title="XIII secolo – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XIII secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="13世紀 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="13世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_13" title="Abad ping 13 – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 13" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="XIII საუკუნე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XIII საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XIII ғасыр – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XIII ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="13세기 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="13세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_13an" title="Sedsala 13an – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 13an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/13ves_kansbledhen" title="13ves kansbledhen – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="13ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_13" title="Saeculum 13 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 13" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Joerhonnert" title="13. Joerhonnert – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="13. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="XIII виш йис – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XIII виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_13" title="Sentenio 13 – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 13" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daartiende_iew" title="Daartiende iew – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Daartiende iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_secolo" title="XIII secolo – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XIII secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_secul" title="XIII secul – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="XIII secul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_am%C5%BEius" title="XIII amžius – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIII amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._gadsimts" title="13. gadsimts – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="13. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-13" title="Abad kaping-13 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-13" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="XIII курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XIII курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_13" title="Rautau 13 – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 13" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="13 век – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="13 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-%D1%80_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="13-р зуун – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="13-р зуун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १३ वे शतक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १३ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-13" title="Abad ke-13 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-13" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%83_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၃ ရာစုနှစ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၃ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="XIII пинге – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XIII пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XIII" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XIII – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XIII" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_seculo" title="XIII seculo – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XIII seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Johrhunnert" title="13. Johrhunnert – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="13. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/13e_eeuw" title="13e eeuw – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="13e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/13e_eeuw" title="13e eeuw – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="13e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200-talet" title="1200-talet – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1200-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%C3%A5rhundre" title="13. århundre – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="13. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIIe_s." title="XIIIe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XIIIe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_13" title="Ngwagakgolo 13 – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 13" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XIII" title="Sègle XIII – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XIII" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="XIII æнус – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="XIII æнус" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_13" title="Siglo 13 – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siglo 13" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_wiek" title="XIII wiek – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XIII wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تیرہويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیرہويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIII" title="Século XIII – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XIII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="13 ñiqin pachakwata – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="13 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XIII-lea" title="Secolul al XIII-lea – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XIII-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="XIII век – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XIII век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="XIII. стороча – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XIII. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="XIII үйэ – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XIII үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_XIII" title="Sèculu XIII – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu XIII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._vijek" title="13. vijek – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="13. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_13" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 13 – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 13" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="13th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._storo%C4%8Die" title="13. storočie – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="13. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._stoletje" title="13. stoletje – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="13. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XIII" title="Shekulli XIII – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XIII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="13. век – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="13. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._Jierhunnert" title="13. Jierhunnert – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="13. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-13" title="Abad ka-13 – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-13" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200-talet" title="1200-talet – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1200-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_13" title="Karne ya 13 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 13" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="13-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="13-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XIII" title="Садаи XIII – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XIII" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_13" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 13 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 13" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-nji_asyr" title="13-nji asyr – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="13-nji asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-13_dantaon" title="Ika-13 dantaon – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-13 dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/13._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="13. yüzyıl – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="13. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XIII гасыр – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XIII гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_-_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1" title="13 - ئەسىر – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="13 - ئەسىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="XIII століття – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XIII століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تیرہویں صدی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیرہویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_asr" title="XIII asr – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XIII asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_secolo" title="XIII secolo – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XIII secolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_13" title="Thế kỷ 13 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 13" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/13inme_sieke" title="13inme sieke – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="13inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-13_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-13 nga gatostuig – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-13 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="13世纪 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="13世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="XIII ოშწანურა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XIII ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="13טער י"ה – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="13טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/13e_e%C3%AAuw" title="13e eêuw – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="13e eêuw" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="13世纪 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="13世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="13 sè-kí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="13 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="13世紀 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="13世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li 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href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:13th_century" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7049" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="toc" align="right" style="margin:4px;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><small>Millénaires :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire" title="Ier millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> millénaire</a> • <b><a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIe millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIIe millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire</a> </p> <hr /> <p><small>Siècles :</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/XIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> • <a href="/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Décennies :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1200" title="Années 1200">1200</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1210" title="Années 1210">1210</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1220" title="Années 1220">1220</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1230" title="Années 1230">1230</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1240" title="Années 1240">1240</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1250" title="Années 1250">1250</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1260" title="Années 1260">1260</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1270" title="Années 1270">1270</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1280" title="Années 1280">1280</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1290" title="Années 1290">1290</a> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Années :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/1201" title="1201">1201</a> • <a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a> • <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a> • <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a> • <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1206" title="1206">1206</a> • <a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a> • <a href="/wiki/1208" title="1208">1208</a> • <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a> • <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a> • <a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a> • <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a> • <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a> • <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a> • <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a> • <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a> • <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a> • <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a> • <a href="/wiki/1222" title="1222">1222</a> • <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a> • <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a> • <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a> • <a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a> • <a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a> • <a href="/wiki/1229" title="1229">1229</a> • <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a> • <a href="/wiki/1232" title="1232">1232</a> • <a href="/wiki/1233" title="1233">1233</a> • <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a> • <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1236" title="1236">1236</a> • <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a> • <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a> • <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a> • <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a> • <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a> • <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a> • <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a> • <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a> • <a href="/wiki/1247" title="1247">1247</a> • <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a> • <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a> • <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a> • <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a> • <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a> • <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a> • <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a> • <a href="/wiki/1257" title="1257">1257</a> • <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a> • <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a> • <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a> • <a href="/wiki/1262" title="1262">1262</a> • <a href="/wiki/1263" title="1263">1263</a> • <a href="/wiki/1264" title="1264">1264</a> • <a href="/wiki/1265" title="1265">1265</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a> • <a href="/wiki/1267" title="1267">1267</a> • <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a> • <a href="/wiki/1269" title="1269">1269</a> • <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a> • <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a> • <a href="/wiki/1273" title="1273">1273</a> • <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a> • <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a> • <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a> • <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a> • <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a> • <a href="/wiki/1280" title="1280">1280</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1281" title="1281">1281</a> • <a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a> • <a href="/wiki/1283" title="1283">1283</a> • <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a> • <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1286" title="1286">1286</a> • <a href="/wiki/1287" title="1287">1287</a> • <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a> • <a href="/wiki/1289" title="1289">1289</a> • <a href="/wiki/1290" title="1290">1290</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a> • <a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a> • <a href="/wiki/1293" title="1293">1293</a> • <a href="/wiki/1294" title="1294">1294</a> • <a href="/wiki/1295" title="1295">1295</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a> • <a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a> • <a href="/wiki/1298" title="1298">1298</a> • <a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a> • <a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Le <b><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> (ou <b><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">13</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b>) commence le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1201-01-08" data-sort-value="1201-01-08"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 1201</time> et finit le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1301-01-08" data-sort-value="1301-01-08">31 décembre 1300</time>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brève poussée glaciaire attestée dans les <a href="/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes">Alpes</a> par la <a href="/wiki/Tourbi%C3%A8re" title="Tourbière">tourbière</a> du glacier de Fernau (<a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Tyrol" title="Comté de Tyrol">Tyrol</a>), entre <a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a> (peut-être <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>) et <a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a> (peut-être <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afrique">Afrique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Afrique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Afrique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Africa_13.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Africa_13.PNG/250px-Africa_13.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Africa_13.PNG/330px-Africa_13.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Africa_13.PNG 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><i>L'<a href="/wiki/Afrique" title="Afrique">Afrique</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle :</i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mamelouks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamelouks">Mamelouk</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Empire_perse" title="Empire perse">Perse</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Arabes" title="Arabes">Arabes</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9men" title="Yémen">Yémen</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Hafsides" title="Hafsides">Califat hafside</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Royaume_du_Kanem-Bornou" title="Royaume du Kanem-Bornou">Kanem</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Touareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Touareg">Touaregs</a> ; 1-<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rinides" title="Mérinides">Mérinides</a> ; 2 - <a href="/wiki/Abdalwadides" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdalwadides">Abdalwadides</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Mali" title="Empire du Mali">empire du Mali</a>. <a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27%C3%89thiopie#Les_Zagwés_(1135c-1270)" title="Histoire de l'Éthiopie">Éthiopie</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Royaume_d%27Alodie" title="Royaume d'Alodie">Aloa</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Toundjour" title="Toundjour">Toundjour</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Traite_musulmane" class="mw-redirect" title="Traite musulmane">Comptoirs arabes</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(archipel)" title="Zanzibar (archipel)">Zanzibar</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Kitara" title="Kitara">Kitara</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Grand_Zimbabwe" title="Grand Zimbabwe">Grand Zimbabwe</a> ; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feti (page inexistante)">Feti</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Kho%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoï">Khoï</a> ; <a href="/wiki/San_(ethnie)" class="mw-redirect" title="San (ethnie)">San</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Vers 1200-1235</b> : règne de <a href="/wiki/Soumaoro_Kant%C3%A9" title="Soumaoro Kanté">Soumaoro Kanté</a>, successeur de Birama Kante, griot et thaumaturge, <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Sosso" title="Royaume de Sosso">roi de Sosso</a><sup id="cite_ref-Devey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il entreprend avec succès la conquête des territoires voisins du <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. En quelques années, il occupe <a href="/wiki/Koumbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Koumbi">Koumbi</a>, l’Aouker, le Bagana, le <a href="/wiki/Diaka_(Mali)" title="Diaka (Mali)">Diaga</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Bakhounou" title="Bakhounou">Bakhounou</a>, puis se lance à l’attaque des peuples du <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9" title="Mandé">Mandé</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mandingues" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandingues">Mandingues</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il écrase et fait mettre à mort <a href="/wiki/Nar%C3%A9_Maghann_Konat%C3%A9" title="Naré Maghann Konaté">Nare Famagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Mali" title="Empire du Mali">roi du Mali</a>, successeur de <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Allako%C3%AF" title="Moussa Allakoï">Moussa Allakoï</a>. Selon la tradition, il mène une dizaine d’expéditions au cours desquelles il massacre onze des fils de Nare Famagan, sauf un infirme, <a href="/wiki/Soundiata_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Soundiata Keïta">Soundiata Keïta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Devey_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, Soumangourou se trouve à la tête d’un grand empire.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>1221-1259</b> : apogée du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_du_Kanem-Bornou" title="Royaume du Kanem-Bornou">royaume de Kanem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad">Tchad</a>) pendant le règne de <a href="/wiki/Dounama_Dibalami" title="Dounama Dibalami">Dounama Dibalami</a>, qui établit sa domination jusqu’au <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> et au <a href="/wiki/Ouada%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouadaï">Ouadaï</a> à l'est et jusqu'au <a href="/wiki/Niger_(fleuve)" title="Niger (fleuve)">Niger</a> à l'ouest<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1222-1236</b> : <a href="/wiki/Charte_du_Manden" title="Charte du Manden">charte du Manden</a> et fondation de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Mali" title="Empire du Mali">empire du Mali</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1229-1277</b> : prospérité du royaume <a href="/wiki/Hafsides" title="Hafsides">hafside</a> sous les règnes d’<a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%BB_Zakariy%C3%A2%27_Yahy%C3%A2_ben_%60Abd_al-W%C3%A2hid_ben_Ab%C3%AE_Hafs_(Hafsides)" title="Abû Zakariyâ' Yahyâ ben `Abd al-Wâhid ben Abî Hafs (Hafsides)">Abu Zakariya</a> et de son fils <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%BB_%60Abd_Allah_Muhammad_al-Mustansir" title="Abû `Abd Allah Muhammad al-Mustansir">al-Mustansir</a>. L’or du <a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Mali" title="Empire du Mali">Mali</a> aboutit à <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, où viennent commercer des Génois, des Pisans et des Vénitiens. Les émigrés <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">andalous</a> contribuent à l’enrichissement et l’embellissement de la ville<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tower,_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/250px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/330px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/500px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Tours du <a href="/wiki/Grand_Zimbabwe" title="Grand Zimbabwe">Grand Zimbabwe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Vers 1250</b> : des peuplades d’origine <a href="/wiki/Shonas" title="Shonas">shona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bantou" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantou">Bantou</a>) s’installent sur le territoire occupé par les mineurs <a href="/wiki/Tonga_(peuple_de_Zambie_et_du_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga (peuple de Zambie et du Zimbabwe)">batonga</a>, au <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ces <a href="/wiki/Shonas" title="Shonas">Shonas</a> auraient soumis les mineurs et seraient les premiers constructeurs de la ville de Zimbabwe en Afrique du Sud-Est (1250-1450), composée d'enclos de pierre elliptiques<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Avant son déclin au <a href="/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Grand_Zimbabwe" title="Grand Zimbabwe">Grand Zimbabwe</a> couvre <span title="400 000 m² ou 0,4 km²" style="cursor:help">40</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="hectare">ha</abbr>. On compte une centaine d’enclos dans la région, certains abritant de simples familles, mais d’autres comme à Tchoumnougoua et Manékouéni sont des capitales territoriales. L’ensemble forme un système intégré relié à la côte. Les vastes enclos de pierre du Grand Zimbabwe sont certainement les résidences de l’oligarchie qui contrôle la production de l’or du plateau. Peut-être sont-ils utilisés religieusement car de nombreux objets rituels, dont des figurines de stéatite, ont été retrouvés sur le site.</li> <li><b>Vers 1240</b> : création de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Mali" title="Empire du Mali">empire du Mali</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a></b> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huiti%C3%A8me_croisade" title="Huitième croisade">huitième croisade</a>, menée par <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" title="Louis IX">Louis <abbr class="abbr" title="9"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IX</span></abbr></a> qui aboutit à la mort de ce dernier à <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grousset1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grousset1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastie_salomonide" title="Dynastie salomonide">dynastie salomonide</a> en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89thiopie" title="Éthiopie">Éthiopie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Derat_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derat-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Les <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9rif" title="Chérif">chorfa</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_alaouite" title="Dynastie alaouite">Alawites</a> (descendants d'<a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali</a>, gendre de <a href="/wiki/Mahomet" title="Mahomet">Mahomet</a>), s’installent dans l’<a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> du <a href="/wiki/Tafilalet" title="Tafilalet">Tafilalet</a> dans le sud du <a href="/wiki/Maroc" title="Maroc">Maroc</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Des immigrants venus du <a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Mali" title="Empire du Mali">Mali</a> convertissent les <a href="/wiki/Haoussas" title="Haoussas">Haoussas</a> à l’<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Vers le <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> ou le <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle selon l’hypothèse la plus vraisemblable, des pasteurs <a href="/wiki/Tutsis" title="Tutsis">tutsi</a> commencent à s’installer dans le <a href="/wiki/Ruanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruanda">Ruanda</a> oriental où sont déjà établis des cultivateurs <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">hutu</a> et des chasseurs <a href="/wiki/Pygm%C3%A9e" title="Pygmée">pygmées</a> <a href="/wiki/Twa_de_la_r%C3%A9gion_des_Grands_Lacs" title="Twa de la région des Grands Lacs">toua</a>. Au cours des siècles suivants, les Tutsis affirment leur supériorité sur les Hutu en leur louant une partie de leur cheptel à des conditions qui transforment les Hutus en tenanciers<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Apogée du comptoir persan de <a href="/wiki/Sultanat_de_Kilwa" title="Sultanat de Kilwa">Kiloa</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il contrôle le commerce de l'or acheminé par <a href="/wiki/Sofala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofala">Sofala</a>, et domine les <a href="/wiki/Archipel_des_Comores" title="Archipel des Comores">Comores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(archipel)" title="Zanzibar (archipel)">Zanzibar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pate_(%C3%AEle)" title="Pate (île)">Pate</a>, et une partie de <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>De nombreux <a href="/wiki/Indon%C3%A9siens" title="Indonésiens">Indonésiens</a> continuent à s’installer sur la côte orientale de <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> jusqu’au <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle. Les migrations d’Africains (<a href="/wiki/Bantous" title="Bantous">Bantous</a>) continuent à cette époque vers la côte occidentale. Les Arabes de <a href="/wiki/Kiloa" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kiloa">Kiloa</a><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Pr%C3%A9ciser_un_fait" title="Aide:Préciser un fait"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une précision (demandé le septembre 2022) ; voir l'aide.">[Lequel ?]</span></a></sup> ont fondé des établissements aux Comores, mais n’occupent pas la grande île. Par contre de nombreux métis, les <a href="/wiki/Antalotes" title="Antalotes">Antalaotes</a>, originaires des Comores, s’implantent sur la côte septentrionale. Issus d’un métissage d’<a href="/wiki/Arabes" title="Arabes">Arabes</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Malgaches</a> et d’Africains, ils parlent une langue dérivée du <a href="/wiki/Swahili" title="Swahili">swahili</a>. Sur la côte nord-orientale s’établissent les Iharaniens, peuple très métissé mais à prédominance africaine. Les <a href="/wiki/Antaimoro_(peuple)" title="Antaimoro (peuple)">Antemoro</a> s’installent sur la côte sud-est entre le <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et le <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle. Originaires des Comores, ils auraient vécu dans la région des <a href="/wiki/Iharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Iharana">Iharana</a> avant de prendre racine plus au sud. Sur la côte sud-est font souche vers le <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle les Zafi (descendants de) Ramiria, qui seraient les ancêtres des <a href="/wiki/Antambahoaka" title="Antambahoaka">Antambahoaka</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Antanosy_(peuple)" title="Antanosy (peuple)">Antanosy</a>. Des naufragés de toute origine (indiens, indonésiens, arabisés, puis portugais) ont également fondé, entre le <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et le <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, des villes sur le littoral malgache. Ils sont rapidement assimilés et perdent leurs caractères d’origine. Une partie des peuples du littoral pénètre lentement vers l’intérieur de l’île. Dans le sud-est, les Zafi-Manara fondent la dynastie des Antandroy et les Zafi-Ndravola celle des <a href="/wiki/Masikoro" title="Masikoro">Masikoro</a>. Dans l’est, le prince antemoro Rambo est à l’origine des <a href="/wiki/Tanala" title="Tanala">Tanala</a> de l’<a href="/wiki/Ikongo" title="Ikongo">Ikongo</a>. Sur le plateau central, à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle arrivent les <a href="/wiki/Hova" title="Hova">Hova</a> et leurs chefs les <a href="/wiki/Noblesse_malgache" title="Noblesse malgache">Andriana</a>, ayant un type indonésien très marqué<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amérique"><span id="Am.C3.A9rique"></span>Amérique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Amérique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1150–1350</b> : apogée du <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cult" title="Southern Cult">Southern Cult</a></i> au sud-est de l’Amérique du Nord<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Après 1200</b> : venus du Nord-Ouest les <a href="/wiki/Azt%C3%A8ques" title="Aztèques">Aztèques</a> s'installent dans la <a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_Mexico" title="Vallée de Mexico">vallée de Mexico</a> au <a href="/wiki/Mexique" title="Mexique">Mexique</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ollé-Martin_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ollé-Martin-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1200–1300</b> : apogée de la culture d’<a href="/wiki/Anasazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anasazi">Anasazi</a> qui domine l’ensemble <a href="/wiki/Pueblos" title="Pueblos">Pueblo</a> occidental, puis décline vers 1300 face à de sévères sécheresses. De hauts et solides murs d’adobe sont édifiés pour protéger les villages des pillards, peut-être des tribus nomades <a href="/wiki/Apaches" title="Apaches">Apaches</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1200–1400</b> : <ul><li>période moyenne de la <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_du_Mississippi" title="Civilisation du Mississippi">civilisation du Mississippi</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> est à son apogée<sup id="cite_ref-Carlisle_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>les ancêtres des <a href="/wiki/Navajos" title="Navajos">Navajos</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Apaches" title="Apaches">Apaches</a> migrent du <a href="/wiki/Athabaskans" title="Athabaskans">groupe athabaskan</a> au Nord vers le <a href="/wiki/Sud-Ouest_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Sud-Ouest des États-Unis">Sud-Ouest</a>. De nombreux <a href="/wiki/Pueblos" title="Pueblos">Pueblos</a> sont abandonnés à la suite de leurs raids et à la sécheresse (1275-1325). Le culte de <a href="/wiki/Kachina_(mythologie)" title="Kachina (mythologie)">Kachina</a> se développe à cette époque<sup id="cite_ref-Carlisle_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Vers 1200-1230</b> : <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> fonde l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_inca" title="Empire inca">Empire inca</a> au <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou">Pérou</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il construit dans sa capitale <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a> le <i><a href="/wiki/Temple_du_Soleil_(Cuzco)" title="Temple du Soleil (Cuzco)">Coricancha</a></i>, ou « temple du Soleil ».</li> <li><b>Vers 1220</b> : la capitale <a href="/wiki/Peuple_maya" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuple maya">maya</a> <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> est abandonnée et transférée à <a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asie_et_Océanie"><span id="Asie_et_Oc.C3.A9anie"></span>Asie et Océanie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Asie et Océanie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Asie et Océanie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1185–1333</b> : <a href="/wiki/%C3%89poque_de_Kamakura" title="Époque de Kamakura">époque de Kamakura</a> au <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a> établit des contacts avec les <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFnous_(ethnie_du_Japon_et_de_Russie)" title="Aïnous (ethnie du Japon et de Russie)">Aïnous</a> de l’île de Yeso (<a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a>). Organisé en chefferies, les Aïnous ont une culture autonome, qui s’exprime dans <i>Yucar</i>, le poème épique de la nation<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <ul><li>Le <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9oconfucianisme" title="Néoconfucianisme">néoconfucianisme</a> est introduit dans les temples <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> au <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> au début du siècle<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>1206-1227</b> : <a href="/wiki/Gengis_Khan" title="Gengis Khan">Gengis Khan</a> unifie les <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">tribus mongoles</a> et commence ses <a href="/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAtes_mongoles" title="Conquêtes mongoles">conquêtes</a> en <a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Empire_mongol" title="Empire mongol">Empire mongol</a>, plus vaste empire continu ayant jamais existé, atteint son apogée sous le règne de son petit-fils <a href="/wiki/Kubilai_Khan" title="Kubilai Khan">Kubilai Khan</a> (1260-1294)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1206</b> : création du <a href="/wiki/Sultanat_de_Delhi" title="Sultanat de Delhi">sultanat de Delhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1222–1227</b> : règne d'<a href="/wiki/Ken_Arok" title="Ken Arok">Angrok</a>, roi semi-légendaire de <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Singasari" title="Royaume de Singasari">Singosari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Java_(%C3%AEle)" title="Java (île)">Java</a>). Son histoire est contée dans le <i><a href="/wiki/Pararaton" title="Pararaton">Pararaton</a></i> ou « Livre des rois »<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Fils de paysan, il est peut-être le symbole de la réaction javanaise contre l’influence indienne. Il arrive au pouvoir en assassinant le roi de <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Kediri" title="Royaume de Kediri">Kadiri</a> dont il épouse la veuve.</li> <li><b>Vers 1250</b> : les <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> obtiennent leur indépendance de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_Tu%27i_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Tu'i Tonga">Empire Tu'i Tonga</a>. Fondation de la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Malietoa" title="Dynastie Malietoa">dynastie Malietoa</a> aux Samoa<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 1250-1300</b> : colonisation de la <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande" title="Nouvelle-Zélande">Nouvelle-Zélande</a> par les <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_(Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande)" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori (Nouvelle-Zélande)">māori</a>, dernier grand archipel découvert et peuplé par les Polynésiens<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Les assemblages d’objets de la phase archaïque sont souvent très semblables à ceux de la <a href="/wiki/Polyn%C3%A9sie" title="Polynésie">Polynésie</a> centrale contemporaine, avec des herminettes de pierre polie, des hameçons en os, en pierre et en coquillage, des pendentifs et des colliers en os, ainsi que des harpons et des aiguilles à tatouage. Les māori chassent l’oiseau géant <a href="/wiki/Moa_(oiseau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moa (oiseau)">moa</a> et d’autres éléments de la faune jusqu’à extinction.</li> <li><b>1267</b> : fondation dans le nord de <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> du <a href="/wiki/Sultanat_de_Pasai" title="Sultanat de Pasai">sultanat de Pasai</a>, premier royaume musulman indonésien attesté (1267-1521)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1271</b> : fondation de la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Yuan" title="Dynastie Yuan">dynastie Yuan</a> par <a href="/wiki/Kubilai_Khan" title="Kubilai Khan">Kubilai Khan</a>, petit-fils de <a href="/wiki/Gengis_Khan" title="Gengis Khan">Gengis Khan</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> prennent <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> (1276) et achèvent la conquête de la <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> des <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Song" title="Dynastie Song">Song</a> (1279). La <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> est pour la première fois dominée intégralement par des non-<a href="/wiki/Han_(groupe_ethnique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Han (groupe ethnique)">Han</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proche-Orient">Proche-Orient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Proche-Orient" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Proche-Orient"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croisade" title="Croisade">Croisades</a> : <a href="/wiki/Cinqui%C3%A8me_croisade" title="Cinquième croisade">cinquième</a> (1217-1221), <a href="/wiki/Sixi%C3%A8me_croisade" title="Sixième croisade">sixième</a> (1227-1229), <a href="/wiki/Croisade_des_barons" title="Croisade des barons">croisade des barons</a> (1239), <a href="/wiki/Septi%C3%A8me_croisade" title="Septième croisade">septième croisade</a> (1245-1254) et <a href="/wiki/Neuvi%C3%A8me_croisade" title="Neuvième croisade">neuvième croisade</a> (1270-1271)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leroy_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leroy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Occident_au_XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Occident au XIIIe siècle">Occident au XIIIe siècle</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Europe_in_the_13th_century.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Europe_in_the_13th_century.gif/220px-Europe_in_the_13th_century.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Europe_in_the_13th_century.gif/330px-Europe_in_the_13th_century.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Europe_in_the_13th_century.gif/440px-Europe_in_the_13th_century.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Carte de l'Europe au <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>1202-1204</b> : <a href="/wiki/Quatri%C3%A8me_croisade" title="Quatrième croisade">quatrième croisade</a> détournée sur <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_(1204)" title="Siège de Constantinople (1204)">Sac de Constantinople</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Partage de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_byzantin_sous_les_Anges" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire byzantin sous les Anges">Empire byzantin</a> : <a href="/wiki/Empire_latin_de_Constantinople" title="Empire latin de Constantinople">Empire latin de Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_de_Nic%C3%A9e" title="Empire de Nicée">empire de Nicée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_de_Tr%C3%A9bizonde" title="Empire de Trébizonde">empire de Trébizonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_d%27Acha%C3%AFe" title="Principauté d'Achaïe">principauté d'Achaïe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_d%27Ath%C3%A8nes" title="Duché d'Athènes">duché d'Athènes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Thessalonique" title="Royaume de Thessalonique">royaume de Thessalonique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotat_d%27%C3%89pire" title="Despotat d'Épire">despotat d'Épire</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Venise" title="République de Venise">empire maritime vénitien</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1209-1229</b> : <a href="/wiki/Croisade_des_albigeois" title="Croisade des albigeois">croisade des albigeois</a> ; conquête du <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> par les barons du nord de la France. Elle est soutenue au début par le <a href="/wiki/Pape" title="Pape">pape</a> <a href="/wiki/Innocent_III" title="Innocent III">Innocent III</a> pour mettre fin à l'<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9r%C3%A9sie" title="Hérésie">hérésie</a> <a href="/wiki/Catharisme" title="Catharisme">cathare</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1210, 1212 et 1215</b> : création des <a href="/wiki/Ordre_mendiant" title="Ordre mendiant">ordres mendiants</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_mineurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Frères mineurs">franciscains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Pauvres_Dames" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre des Pauvres Dames">clarisses</a> et <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_pr%C3%AAcheurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Frères prêcheurs">dominicains</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>1210-1240</b> : reprise du <i><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i>, poussée germanique vers l'est. Pour mettre en valeur leurs territoires, de nombreux princes polonais appellent des colons allemands, paysans, artisans et commerçants. Ceux-ci hâtent l’occidentalisation du pays et font prospérer l’activité économique urbaine. Les <a href="/wiki/Chevaliers_Teutoniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevaliers Teutoniques">chevaliers Teutoniques</a> s'emparent de la région de <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Prusse" title="Prusse">Prusse</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Courlande" title="Courlande">Courlande</a> et de l'<a href="/wiki/Estonie" title="Estonie">Estonie</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En 1226 ils créent un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_monastique_des_chevaliers_Teutoniques" title="État monastique des chevaliers Teutoniques">État monastico-militaire</a> indépendant du <a href="/wiki/Saint-Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Empire">Saint-Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leur progression vers l'est est arrêté en 1242 sur le <a href="/wiki/Bataille_du_lac_Pe%C3%AFpous" title="Bataille du lac Peïpous">lac Peïpous</a> par le <a href="/wiki/Prince_de_Novgorod" title="Prince de Novgorod">prince de Novgorod</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Nevski" title="Alexandre Nevski">Alexandre Nevski</a>. À la même époque, un grand nombre de <a href="/wiki/Juifs" title="Juifs">Juifs</a>, fuyant les persécutions en Europe occidentale, viennent chercher refuge sur le territoire polonais.</li> <li><b>1214</b> : à <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Bouvines" title="Bataille de Bouvines">Bouvines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Auguste" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe Auguste">Philippe Auguste</a> bat le <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Flandre" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Flandre">comte de Flandre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrand_de_Flandre" title="Ferrand de Flandre">Ferrand</a>, allié du <a href="/wiki/Roi_d%27Angleterre" class="mw-redirect" title="Roi d'Angleterre">roi d'Angleterre</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_sans_Terre" title="Jean sans Terre">Jean sans Terre</a> et de l'<a href="/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_du_Saint-Empire" title="Liste des souverains du Saint-Empire">empereur romain germanique</a> <a href="/wiki/Otton_IV_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Otton IV (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Otton <abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr></a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1215</b> : signature de la <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_carta" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna carta">Magna carta</a></i> entre <a href="/wiki/Jean_sans_Terre" title="Jean sans Terre">Jean sans Terre</a> et les barons anglais<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1220-1262</b> : « <a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_des_Sturlungar" title="Âge des Sturlungar">Âge des Sturlungar</a> » en <a href="/wiki/Islande" title="Islande">Islande</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1223–1240</b> : <a href="/wiki/Invasion_mongole_de_la_Rus%27_de_Kiev" title="Invasion mongole de la Rus' de Kiev">invasion mongole de la Rus' de Kiev</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1229-1249</b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> : <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ier_d%27Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Ier d'Aragon">Jacques <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> <i>le Conquérant</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_de_Majorque" title="Conquête de Majorque">prend Majorque</a> (1229) et <a href="/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_du_royaume_de_Valence" title="Conquête du royaume de Valence">conquiert</a> le <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Valence" title="Royaume de Valence">royaume de Valence</a> (1238) aux musulmans. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_de_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand III de Castille">Ferdinand III de Castille</a> prend <a href="/wiki/Cordoue" title="Cordoue">Cordoue</a> en 1236<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Après la prise de <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n_(Espagne)" title="Jaén (Espagne)">Jaén</a> (<a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ville" title="Séville">Séville</a> (<a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>) et de <a href="/wiki/Faro" title="Faro">Faro</a> (<a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>), la <i>Reconquista</i> est presque achevée<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Grenade" title="Royaume de Grenade">royaume de Grenade</a>, dernier état musulman d'Espagne, reconnaît la souveraineté de la <a href="/wiki/Castille" title="Castille">Castille</a> (1246).</li></ul> <ul><li><b>1240-1242</b> : les <a href="/wiki/Invasion_mongole_de_l%27Europe" title="Invasion mongole de l'Europe">Mongols envahissent l'Europe centrale</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lebedynsky_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebedynsky-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 1240–1250</b> : luttes entre <a href="/wiki/Guelfes_et_Gibelins" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelfes et Gibelins">Guelfes et Gibelins</a> en <a href="/wiki/Italie" title="Italie">Italie</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1250-1273</b> : <a href="/wiki/Grand_Interr%C3%A8gne" title="Grand Interrègne">Grand Interrègne</a> dans l'<a href="/wiki/Saint-Empire_romain_germanique" title="Saint-Empire romain germanique">Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1254</b> : promulgation de la <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX#Réformes_judiciaires" title="Louis IX">Grande ordonnance pour la réforme du royaume de France</a> par <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" title="Louis IX">Louis <abbr class="abbr" title="9"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IX</span></abbr></a> qui publie vingt-cinq ordonnances législatives pendant son règne<sup id="cite_ref-Claustre201564_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claustre201564-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1260-1280</b> : triomphe de l’<a href="/wiki/Architecture_gothique" title="Architecture gothique">architecture gothique</a> en Europe occidentale : Paris, Beauvais, Amiens…<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1260</b> : <a href="/wiki/Michel_VIII_Pal%C3%A9ologue" title="Michel VIII Paléologue">Michel VIII Paléologue</a> restaure l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_byzantin" title="Empire byzantin">Empire byzantin</a>. Fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_latin_de_Constantinople" title="Empire latin de Constantinople">Empire latin de Constantinople</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1282</b> : massacre des <a href="/wiki/V%C3%AApres_siciliennes" title="Vêpres siciliennes">vêpres siciliennes</a> et début du conflit entre la <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_d%27Aragon" title="Liste des souverains d'Aragon">maison d'Aragon</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Maison_cap%C3%A9tienne_d%27Anjou-Sicile" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison capétienne d'Anjou-Sicile">maison d'Anjou</a> pour la possession du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Sicile" title="Royaume de Sicile">royaume de Sicile</a> (1282-<a href="/wiki/1295" title="1295">1295</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Baloup_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baloup-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Naissance des <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale" title="Université médiévale">universités</a> en Europe occidentale : <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Sorbonne" title="Collège de Sorbonne">collège de Sorbonne</a> (1257), <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Salamanque" title="Université de Salamanque">Salamanque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Oxford" title="Université d'Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Cambridge" title="Université de Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montpellier" title="Université de Montpellier">Montpellier</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>…</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnages_significatifs">Personnages significatifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Personnages significatifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Personnages significatifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Chefs politiques</b> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II_Auguste" title="Philippe II Auguste">Philippe II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a>-<a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>), (Philippe Auguste) roi des <a href="/wiki/Francs" title="Francs">Francs</a> puis roi de France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ier_de_Bretagne" title="Pierre Ier de Bretagne">Pierre Mauclerc</a> (<a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a>-<a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>), duc-baillistre de Bretagne pour le compte de sa femme <a href="/wiki/Alix_de_Thouars" title="Alix de Thouars">Alix de Thouars</a>, puis de son fils <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ier_de_Bretagne" title="Jean Ier de Bretagne">Jean <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> le Roux</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Poitiers" title="Alphonse de Poitiers">Alphonse de Poitiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>-<a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>), régent de <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" title="Louis IX">Louis <abbr class="abbr" title="9"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IX</span></abbr></a> (<a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>-<a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>), (saint Louis) roi de <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengis_Khan" title="Gengis Khan">Gengis Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1162" title="1162">1162</a>-<a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>), chef <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">mongol</a> et conquérant de l'<a href="/wiki/Asie" title="Asie">Asie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Rubrouck" title="Guillaume de Rubrouck">Guillaume de Rubrouck</a> remet au <a href="/wiki/Gengis_Khan" title="Gengis Khan">Grand Khan</a>, en <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a>, un message de Louis IX.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_de_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand III de Castille">Ferdinand III de Castille</a> (<a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>-<a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>), unificateur de la <a href="/wiki/Castille" title="Castille">Castille</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Royaume de León">León</a>, conquérant de l'<a href="/wiki/Andalousie" title="Andalousie">Andalousie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_X_de_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse X de Castille">Alphonse X de Castille</a>, dit le Sage (<a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a>-<a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>), roi érudit, supervise de nombreux travaux scientifiques, littéraires, juridiques et historiques, dont sont tirées de nombreuses productions écrites.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Ertuğrul">Ertuğrul</a> (<a href="/wiki/1191" title="1191">1191</a>-<a href="/wiki/1281" title="1281">1281</a>), père d'<a href="/wiki/Osman_1er" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman 1er">Osman <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, fondateur de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Philosophes et théologiens</b> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="François d'Assise">François d'Assise</a> (<a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>-<a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>), saint, théologien <a href="/wiki/Italie" title="Italie">italien</a> et fondateur de l'<a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_fr%C3%A8res_mineurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre des frères mineurs">ordre des frères mineurs</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Ordre_franciscain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre franciscain">ordre franciscain</a> (un ordre mendiant).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure_de_Bagnorea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonaventure de Bagnorea">Bonaventure de Bagnorea</a> (<a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>/18/21-<a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>), théologien franciscain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_d%27Aquin" title="Thomas d'Aquin">Saint Thomas d'Aquin</a> (v. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a> - <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie">philosophe</a> et <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologie" title="Théologie">théologien</a> <a href="/wiki/Italie" title="Italie">italien</a>, membre de l'<a href="/wiki/Ancienne_universit%C3%A9_de_Paris" title="Ancienne université de Paris">université de Paris</a>, fondateur de la <a href="/wiki/Scolastique" title="Scolastique">scolastique</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duns_Scot" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scot">John Duns Scot</a> (<a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>-<a href="/wiki/1308" title="1308">1308</a>), <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologien" class="mw-redirect" title="Théologien">théologien</a> écossais, fondateur de l'école <a href="/wiki/Scolastique" title="Scolastique">scolastique</a> dite scotiste.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>-<a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philosophe" title="Philosophe">philosophe</a> anglais, pionnier de la méthode expérimentale.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Voragine" title="Jacques de Voragine">Jacques de Voragine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>-<a href="/wiki/1298" title="1298">1298</a>), auteur de la <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gende_dor%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Légende dorée">Légende dorée</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Dominique" title="Saint-Dominique">Saint-Dominique</a> (<a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>-<a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a>), fondateur de l'ordre des Prêcheurs / <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Dominicains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre des Dominicains">ordre des Dominicains</a> (1215).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Voir : <a href="/wiki/Philosophes,_par_ordre_chronologique#XIIIe_siècle" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophes, par ordre chronologique">Philosophes et théologiens du <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:25em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Godet2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Godet2007">Michel Godet, <cite class="italique">Manuel de prospective stratégique : Une indiscipline intellectuelle</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Dunod" title="Éditions Dunod">Dunod</a>, <time>2007</time>, 296 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-10-053161-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-10-053161-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-10-053161-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=2G9ouWLCysIC&pg=PA96">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuel+de+prospective+strat%C3%A9gique&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.stitle=Une+indiscipline+intellectuelle&rft.aulast=Godet&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=1&rft.tpages=296&rft.isbn=978-2-10-053161-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Devey_2-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Devey_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Devey2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Muriel_Devey2009">Muriel Devey, <cite class="italique">La Guinée</cite>, Karthala, <time>2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782811100377" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782811100377"><span class="nowrap">9782811100377</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=FM_DmrQkR4UC&pg=PA76">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Guin%C3%A9e&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.aulast=Devey&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9782811100377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Labouret"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henri_Labouret">Henri Labouret, <cite class="italique">Histoire des Noirs d'Afrique</cite>, Presses universitaires de France <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782307066354" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782307066354"><span class="nowrap">9782307066354</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Yg7qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT42">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Noirs+d%27Afrique&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Labouret&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.isbn=9782307066354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><cite class="italique">Encyclopédie africaine et malgache : République du Tchad</cite>, Larousse <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782706209116" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782706209116"><span class="nowrap">9782706209116</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8piDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT18">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+africaine+et+malgache+%3A+R%C3%A9publique+du+Tchad&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.isbn=9782706209116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mawanzi2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="César_Mawanzi2017">César Mawanzi, <cite class="italique">La phénoménologie à l'épreuve de la vie sapientiale africaine : Dominique Kahang'a Rukonkish à l'école de la philosophie de Michel Henry</cite>, L'Harmattan, <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782343134598" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782343134598"><span class="nowrap">9782343134598</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=9rNCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9preuve+de+la+vie+sapientiale+africaine+%3A+Dominique+Kahang%27a+Rukonkish+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9cole+de+la+philosophie+de+Michel+Henry&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Mawanzi&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9782343134598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tamsir_NianeKi-Zerbo1991"><span class="ouvrage" id="Djibril_Tamsir_NianeJoseph_Ki-Zerbo1991">Djibril Tamsir Niane et Joseph Ki-Zerbo, <cite class="italique">Histoire générale de l'Afrique: L'Afrique du XIIe au XVIe siècle</cite>, <time>1991</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=H-B08UIal7cC&pg=PA78">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, p.78<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Afrique%3A+L%27Afrique+du+XIIe+au+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.au=Djibril+Tamsir+Niane&rft.au=Joseph+Ki-Zerbo&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=p.78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Poilecot2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Poilecot2001">Pierre Poilecot, <cite class="italique">Les hommes et les animaux dans la moyenne vallée du Zambèze, Zimbabwe</cite>, Éditions Quae, <time>2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782876143968" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782876143968"><span class="nowrap">9782876143968</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8dUWUOMEJw8C&pg=PAPP9">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+hommes+et+les+animaux+dans+la+moyenne+vall%C3%A9e+du+Zamb%C3%A8ze%2C+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Quae&rft.aulast=Poilecot&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782876143968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BalansLafon1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Louis_BalansMichel_Lafon1995">Jean-Louis Balans et Michel Lafon, <cite class="italique">Le Zimbabwe contemporain</cite>, Karthala Éditions, <time>1995</time>, 388 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86537-557-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86537-557-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-86537-557-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=nJKr6Y8pVWgC&pg=PA67">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Zimbabwe+contemporain&rft.pub=Karthala+%C3%89ditions&rft.aulast=Balans&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Michel+Lafon&rft.date=1995&rft.tpages=388&rft.isbn=978-2-86537-557-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lehideux-Vernimmen2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Raymond_Lehideux-Vernimmen2019">Raymond Lehideux-Vernimmen, <cite class="italique">Ashanti, splendeurs et traditions au Ghana</cite>, Éditions L'Harmattan, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782343187754" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782343187754"><span class="nowrap">9782343187754</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=d729DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashanti%2C+splendeurs+et+traditions+au+Ghana&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Lehideux-Vernimmen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9782343187754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grousset1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Grousset1_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Grousset2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="René_Grousset2021">René Grousset, <cite class="italique">L’Épopée des croisades</cite>, Place des éditeurs, <time>2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782262039288" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782262039288"><span class="nowrap">9782262039288</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=gR4fEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT304">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%E2%80%99%C3%89pop%C3%A9e+des+croisades&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9782262039288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derat-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Derat_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Derat2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marie-Laure_Derat2019"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112548186" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q112548186">Marie-Laure Derat</a>, <cite class="italique">Le domaine des rois éthiopiens (1270-1527) : Espace, pouvoir et monachisme</cite>, Éditions de la Sorbonne, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9791035102043" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9791035102043"><span class="nowrap">9791035102043</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=G0CIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+domaine+des+rois+%C3%A9thiopiens+%281270-1527%29+%3A+Espace%2C+pouvoir+et+monachisme&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+la+Sorbonne&rft.aulast=Derat&rft.aufirst=Marie-Laure&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9791035102043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marcel_Peyrouton1966"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Marcel_Peyrouton1966">Bernard Marcel Peyrouton, <cite class="italique">Histoire générale du Maghreb : Algérie, Maroc, Tunisie, des origines à nos jours</cite>, A. Michel, <time>1966</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=i-MxAQAAIAAJ&dq=Tafilalet&pg=PA109">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+du+Maghreb+%3A+Alg%C3%A9rie%2C+Maroc%2C+Tunisie%2C+des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=A.+Michel&rft.au=Bernard+Marcel+Peyrouton&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Deschamps"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hubert_Deschamps">Hubert Deschamps, <cite class="italique">L'Afrique noire précoloniale</cite>, Presses universitaires de France <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782705902766" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782705902766"><span class="nowrap">9782705902766</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=bcKPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT47">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+noire+pr%C3%A9coloniale&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Deschamps&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.isbn=9782705902766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maquet1967"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques_Maquet1967">Jacques Maquet, « <cite style="font-style:normal">La tenure des terres dans l'État rwanda traditionnel</cite> », <i>Cahiers d'Études africaines</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 28,‎ <time>1967</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">624-636</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_28_3113#">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+tenure+des+terres+dans+l%27%C3%89tat+rwanda+traditionnel&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+africaines&rft.issue=28&rft.aulast=Maquet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.date=1967&rft.pages=624-636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vennetier"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Vennetier">Pierre Vennetier, <cite class="italique">Les villes d'Afrique tropicale</cite>, Masson <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782307112389" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782307112389"><span class="nowrap">9782307112389</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Ffn-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT29">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+villes+d%27Afrique+tropicale&rft.pub=Masson&rft.aulast=Vennetier&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.isbn=9782307112389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chagnoux,_Ali_Haribou"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hervé_Chagnoux,_Ali_Haribou">Hervé Chagnoux, Ali Haribou, <cite class="italique">Les Comores</cite>, Presses universitaires de France <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782130665298" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782130665298"><span class="nowrap">9782130665298</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=yC9YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT26">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Comores&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.au=Herv%C3%A9+Chagnoux%2C+Ali+Haribou&rft.isbn=9782130665298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Deschamps"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hubert_Deschamps">Hubert Deschamps, <cite class="italique">Madagascar</cite>, 1968, Presses universitaires de France <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782705900724" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782705900724"><span class="nowrap">9782705900724</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=w2uJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT29">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madagascar&rft.place=1968&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Deschamps&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.isbn=9782705900724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="King2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adam_King2007">Adam King, <cite class="italique">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex : Chronology, Content, Contest</cite>, University of Alabama Press, <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780817354091" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780817354091"><span class="nowrap">9780817354091</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=cOFReTyXvD8C&pg=PA8">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Ceremonial+Complex+%3A+Chronology%2C+Content%2C+Contest&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780817354091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ollé-Martin-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ollé-Martin_19-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ollé-Martin,_Violaine_Decang2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Albert_Ollé-Martin,_Violaine_Decang2008">Albert Ollé-Martin, Violaine Decang, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'humanité : 600-1492</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4, UNESCO, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789232028136" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789232028136"><span class="nowrap">9789232028136</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=m4y7rU_hPacC&pg=PA1517">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27humanit%C3%A9+%3A+600-1492&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.au=Albert+Oll%C3%A9-Martin%2C+Violaine+Decang&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=4&rft.isbn=9789232028136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Baker1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_D._Baker1988">Robert D. Baker, <cite class="italique">Timeless Heritage - A History of the Forest Service in the Southwest</cite>, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, <time>1988</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3nVRBvieX6sC&pg=PA14">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timeless+Heritage+-+A+History+of+the+Forest+Service+in+the+Southwest&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Forest+Service&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlisle-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Carlisle_21-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Carlisle_21-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carlisle,_J._Geoffrey_Golson2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rodney_P._Carlisle,_J._Geoffrey_Golson2007">Rodney P. Carlisle, J. Geoffrey Golson, <cite class="italique">Native America from Prehistory to First Contact</cite>, ABC-CLIO, <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781851098293" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781851098293"><span class="nowrap">9781851098293</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=J7FZggSz3eAC&pg=PA205">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+America+from+Prehistory+to+First+Contact&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.aulast=Carlisle%2C+J.+Geoffrey+Golson&rft.aufirst=Rodney+P.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781851098293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kaufmann,_J._E._Kauffman2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="H._W._Kaufmann,_J._E._Kauffman2012">H. W. Kaufmann, J. E. Kauffman, <cite class="italique">Fortifications of the Incas - 1200-1531</cite>, Bloomsbury Publishing, <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781782000662" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781782000662"><span class="nowrap">9781782000662</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8JvvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT21">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortifications+of+the+Incas+-+1200-1531&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.aulast=Kaufmann%2C+J.+E.+Kauffman&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781782000662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Griswold_Morley,_Robert_J._Sharer1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sylvanus_Griswold_Morley,_Robert_J._Sharer1994">Sylvanus Griswold Morley, Robert J. Sharer, <cite class="italique">The Ancient Maya</cite>, Stanford University Press, <time>1994</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780804721301" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780804721301"><span class="nowrap">9780804721301</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=c65_g571LyAC&pg=PA386">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Maya&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.au=Sylvanus+Griswold+Morley%2C+Robert+J.+Sharer&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780804721301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ségéric2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-José_Ségéric2013">Jean-José Ségéric, <cite class="italique">Le Japon militaire</cite>, Éditions L'Harmattan, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782336325057" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782336325057"><span class="nowrap">9782336325057</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=EYrEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA24">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Japon+militaire&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9g%C3%A9ric&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jos%C3%A9&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9782336325057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ferro"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marc_Ferro">Marc Ferro, <cite class="italique">Histoire des colonisations. Des conquêtes aux indépendances (<abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle)</cite>, Média Diffusion <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782021244793" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782021244793"><span class="nowrap">9782021244793</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=LwIICwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT72">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+colonisations.+Des+conqu%C3%AAtes+aux+ind%C3%A9pendances+%28XIIIe%E2%80%89%E2%80%93%E2%80%89XXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle%29&rft.pub=M%C3%A9dia+Diffusion&rft.aulast=Ferro&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.isbn=9782021244793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Siary"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gérard_Siary">Gérard Siary, <cite class="italique">Histoire du Japon : Des origines à nos jours</cite>, Tallandier <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9791021033320" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9791021033320"><span class="nowrap">9791021033320</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=FNXeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT155">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Japon+%3A+Des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.aulast=Siary&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.isbn=9791021033320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gautier2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alban_Gautier2005">Alban Gautier, <cite class="italique">100 dates qui ont fait le monde : 3000 ans de mondialisation</cite>, Studyrama, <time>2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782844726575" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782844726575"><span class="nowrap">9782844726575</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=XXGqlS8MIYYC&pg=PA131">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+dates+qui+ont+fait+le+monde+%3A+3000+ans+de+mondialisation&rft.pub=Studyrama&rft.aulast=Gautier&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9782844726575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Astier2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alexandre_Astier2011">Alexandre Astier, <cite class="italique">Petite histoire de l'Inde</cite>, Éditions Eyrolles, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782212862133" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782212862133"><span class="nowrap">9782212862133</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=NwzKDJElQGsC&pg=PA101">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petite+histoire+de+l%27Inde&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Eyrolles&rft.aulast=Astier&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9782212862133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bowman2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_C._Bowman2000">John C. Bowman, <cite class="italique">Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</cite>, Columbia University Press, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780231110044" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780231110044"><span class="nowrap">9780231110044</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA440">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780231110044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="D'Arcyur2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_D'Arcyur2017">Paul D'Arcyur, <cite class="italique">Peoples of the Pacific : The History of Oceania to 1870</cite>, Routledge, <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781351912259" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781351912259"><span class="nowrap">9781351912259</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=OAskDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT549">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Pacific+%3A+The+History+of+Oceania+to+1870&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=D%27Arcyur&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351912259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Conte2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Éric_Conte2013">Éric Conte, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Le Pacifique d'avant le contact : un espace de culture globale ?</cite> », <i>Hermès, La Revue</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 65,‎ <time>2013</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 27 à 29 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-hermes-la-revue-2013-1-page-27.htm">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+Pacifique+d%27avant+le+contact+%3A+un+espace+de+culture+globale+%3F&rft.jtitle=Herm%C3%A8s%2C+La+Revue&rft.issue=65&rft.aulast=Conte&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=27+%C3%A0+29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Aljunied2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Khairudin_Aljunied2019">Khairudin Aljunied, <cite class="italique">Islam in Malaysia - An Entwined History Religion and Global Politics Series</cite>, Oxford University Press, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780190925192" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780190925192"><span class="nowrap">9780190925192</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=I7emDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Malaysia+-+An+Entwined+History%0AReligion+and+Global+Politics+Series&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Aljunied&rft.aufirst=Khairudin&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190925192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brizay2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Brizay2018">Bernard Brizay, <cite class="italique">Les trente "empereurs" qui ont fait la Chine</cite>, Place des éditeurs, <time>2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782262075644" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782262075644"><span class="nowrap">9782262075644</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=l_FGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT529">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+trente+%22empereurs%22+qui+ont+fait+la+Chine&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.aulast=Brizay&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9782262075644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Flori2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Flori2001">Jean Flori, <cite class="italique">Les croisades : Origines, réalisations, institutions, déviations</cite>, Éditions Jean-paul Gisserot, <time>2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782877475426" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782877475426"><span class="nowrap">9782877475426</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=eQTpAPxFA1MC&pg=PA56">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+croisades+%3A+Origines%2C+r%C3%A9alisations%2C+institutions%2C+d%C3%A9viations&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jean-paul+Gisserot&rft.aulast=Flori&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782877475426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leroy-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Leroy_35-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Leroy2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Béatrice_Leroy2000">Béatrice Leroy, <cite class="italique">Le monde méditerranéen du VIIe au XIIIe siècle</cite>, Éditions Ophrys, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782708009530" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782708009530"><span class="nowrap">9782708009530</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=4Ux9WItWrGMC&pg=PA136">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en+du+VIIe+au+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ophrys&rft.aulast=Leroy&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9atrice&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9782708009530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Khader2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bichara_Khader2000">Bichara Khader, <cite class="italique">L'Europe et la Palestine : des Croisades à nos jours</cite>, L'Harmattan, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782738486097" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782738486097"><span class="nowrap">9782738486097</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=BadonAr358UC&pg=PA30">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+et+la+Palestine+%3A+des+Croisades+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Khader&rft.aufirst=Bichara&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9782738486097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Diehl2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charles_Diehl2016">Charles Diehl, <cite class="italique">Byzance : Grandeur et Décadence</cite>, BnF collection ebooks, <time>2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782346040469" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782346040469"><span class="nowrap">9782346040469</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=EV3NDAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT196">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzance+%3A+Grandeur+et+D%C3%A9cadence&rft.pub=BnF+collection+ebooks&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782346040469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Claustre2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Julie_Claustre2015">Julie Claustre, <cite class="italique">La fin du Moyen Âge</cite>, Hachette Éducation, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782013945486" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782013945486"><span class="nowrap">9782013945486</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=87V5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT43">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fin+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Hachette+%C3%89ducation&rft.aulast=Claustre&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9782013945486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dubost,_Stanislas_Lalanner"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Dubost,_Stanislas_Lalanner">Michel Dubost, Stanislas Lalanner, <cite class="italique">Le nouveau Théo : L'Encyclopédie catholique pour tous</cite>, Fleurus <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782728914173" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782728914173"><span class="nowrap">9782728914173</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=hcIOAAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT1094">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+nouveau+Th%C3%A9o+%3A+L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+catholique+pour+tous&rft.pub=Fleurus&rft.au=Michel+Dubost%2C+Stanislas+Lalanner&rft.isbn=9782728914173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Minois2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Minois2019">Georges Minois, <cite class="italique">Histoire du Moyen Âge</cite>, Place des éditeurs, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782262079864" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782262079864"><span class="nowrap">9782262079864</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=cm32CwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT264">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.aulast=Minois&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9782262079864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Balard2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Balard2017">Michel Balard, <cite class="italique">Croisades et Orient Latin - <abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</cite>, Armand Colin, <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782200618070" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782200618070"><span class="nowrap">9782200618070</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=RwUkDgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT130">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croisades+et+Orient+Latin+-+XIe%E2%80%89%E2%80%93%E2%80%89XIVe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.aulast=Balard&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9782200618070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Duby"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Duby">Georges Duby, <cite class="italique">Le dimanche de Bouvines (27 juillet 1214)</cite>, Gallimard <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782072469473" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782072469473"><span class="nowrap">9782072469473</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=NbgdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PANbgdAAAAQBAJ">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+dimanche+de+Bouvines+%2827+juillet+1214%29&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.aulast=Duby&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.isbn=9782072469473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dufays,_Marie-Laurence_De_Keersmaeckers,_Annick_Detry2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Louis_Dufays,_Marie-Laurence_De_Keersmaeckers,_Annick_Detry2017">Jean-Louis Dufays, Marie-Laurence De Keersmaeckers, Annick Detry, <cite class="italique">Interdisciplinarité en sciences humaines : Huit disciplines, cinq projets pédagogiques</cite>, De Boeck (Pédagogie et Formation), <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782804187989" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782804187989"><span class="nowrap">9782804187989</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=p4xjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT112">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interdisciplinarit%C3%A9+en+sciences+humaines+%3A+Huit+disciplines%2C+cinq+projets+p%C3%A9dagogiques&rft.pub=De+Boeck+%28P%C3%A9dagogie+et+Formation%29&rft.au=Jean-Louis+Dufays%2C+Marie-Laurence+De+Keersmaeckers%2C+Annick+Detry&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9782804187989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Halfdanarson"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gudmundur_Halfdanarson">Gudmundur Halfdanarson, <cite class="italique">Historical Dictionary of Iceland</cite>, Scarecrow Press <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780810862746" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780810862746"><span class="nowrap">9780810862746</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=uoIG6bbP32IC&pg=PAPR17">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Iceland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.aulast=Halfdanarson&rft.aufirst=Gudmundur&rft.isbn=9780810862746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lemercier-Quelquejay"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chantal_Lemercier-Quelquejay">Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, <cite class="italique">La paix mongole : Joug tatar ou paix mongole ?</cite>, Paris, Flammarion <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782403036138" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782403036138"><span class="nowrap">9782403036138</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ti7NDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT26">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+paix+mongole+%3A+Joug+tatar+ou+paix+mongole+%3F&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.aulast=Lemercier-Quelquejay&rft.aufirst=Chantal&rft.isbn=9782403036138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bourdin"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stéphane_Bourdin">Stéphane Bourdin, <cite class="italique">La forme de la ville: de l'Antiquité à la Renaissance=</cite>, Presses universitaires de Rennes <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782753560307" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782753560307"><span class="nowrap">9782753560307</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=9qagDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+forme+de+la+ville%3A+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+Renaissance%3D&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Rennes&rft.aulast=Bourdin&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.isbn=9782753560307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rucquoi"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adeline_Rucquoi">Adeline Rucquoi, <cite class="italique">Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique</cite>, Points <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782757850787" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782757850787"><span class="nowrap">9782757850787</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=MwtiCgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT153">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale+de+la+P%C3%A9ninsule+ib%C3%A9rique&rft.pub=Points&rft.aulast=Rucquoi&rft.aufirst=Adeline&rft.isbn=9782757850787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebedynsky-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lebedynsky_48-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lebedynsky"><span class="ouvrage" id="Iaroslav_Lebedynsky">Iaroslav Lebedynsky, <cite class="italique">La Horde d'Or : Conquête mongole et « Joug Tatar » en Europe 1236-1502</cite>, Errance <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782877728294" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782877728294"><span class="nowrap">9782877728294</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=VZUqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Horde+d%27Or+%3A+Conqu%C3%AAte+mongole+et+%C2%AB+Joug+Tatar+%C2%BB+en+Europe+1236-1502&rft.pub=Errance&rft.aulast=Lebedynsky&rft.aufirst=Iaroslav&rft.isbn=9782877728294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Racine2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Racine2004">Pierre Racine, <cite class="italique">Les villes d'Italie : du milieu du XIIe au milieu du XIVe siècle</cite>, Éditions Sedes, <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782301001139" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782301001139"><span class="nowrap">9782301001139</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=triEx0lhBcUC&pg=PAPT42">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+villes+d%27Italie+%3A+du+milieu+du+XIIe+au+milieu+du+XIVe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Sedes&rft.aulast=Racine&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782301001139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Lisle,_Jean_Marras2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Leconte_de_Lisle,_Jean_Marras2020">Leconte de Lisle, Jean Marras, <cite class="italique">Histoire générale du Moyen Âge</cite>, Editions Le Mono, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782366599862" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782366599862"><span class="nowrap">9782366599862</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=4icKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT168">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Editions+Le+Mono&rft.au=Leconte+de+Lisle%2C+Jean+Marras&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9782366599862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claustre201564-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Claustre201564_51-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Claustre2015">Claustre 2015</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 64. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gérard1872"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charles_Gérard1872">Charles Gérard, <cite class="italique">Les artistes de l'Alsace pendant le Moyen Âge</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, E. Barth, <time>1872</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=6uxcN8JareEC&pg=PA313">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+artistes+de+l%27Alsace+pendant+le+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=E.+Barth&rft.aulast=G%C3%A9rard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.date=1872&rft.volume=1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bréhier2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Louis_Bréhier2014">Louis Bréhier, <cite class="italique">Le monde byzantin : Vie et mort de Byzance</cite>, Albin Michel, <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782226295781" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782226295781"><span class="nowrap">9782226295781</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=e8s7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1225">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+byzantin+%3A+Vie+et+mort+de+Byzance&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.aulast=Br%C3%A9hier&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9782226295781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baloup-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Baloup_54-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Baloup2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Daniel_Baloup2020">Daniel Baloup, <cite class="italique">Partir en croisade à la fin du Moyen Âge : Financement et logistique</cite>, Presses universitaires du Midi, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782810709687" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782810709687"><span class="nowrap">9782810709687</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=vlzUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partir+en+croisade+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge+%3A+Financement+et+logistique&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+du+Midi&rft.aulast=Baloup&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9782810709687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Ridder-Symoens1991"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hilde_de_Ridder-Symoens1991">Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, <cite class="italique">A History of the University in Europe - Universities in the Middle Ages</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, Cambridge University Press, <time>1991</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781316583425" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781316583425"><span class="nowrap">9781316583425</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=VdbLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+University+in+Europe+-+Universities+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.au=Hilde+de+Ridder-Symoens&rft.date=1991&rft.volume=1&rft.isbn=9781316583425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIIIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faits_%C3%A9conomiques_et_sociaux_au_XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Faits économiques et sociaux au XIIIe siècle">Faits économiques et sociaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="XIIIe siècle en architecture">Architecture</a> - <a href="/wiki/Arts_plastiques_au_XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Arts plastiques au XIIIe siècle">Arts plastiques</a> - <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_du_XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Littérature du XIIIe siècle">Littérature</a> - <a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_musique" title="XIIIe siècle en musique">Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="XIIIe siècle en science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_des_explorations#XIIIe_siècle" title="Chronologie des explorations">Explorations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976982d">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976982d">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85134907">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534009805171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ch460551">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire" title="Portail de l’histoire"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/27px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/40px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire" title="Portail:Histoire">Portail de l’histoire</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Moyen_%C3%82ge_central" title="Portail du Moyen Âge central"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ecu_d%27or_%C3%A0_l%27aigle_de_sable.svg/22px-Ecu_d%27or_%C3%A0_l%27aigle_de_sable.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" 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