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Sēklinieks — Vikipēdija

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</div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izskats" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izskats</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=S%C4%93klinieks" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=S%C4%93klinieks" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Vairāk iespēju" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dalībnieka rīki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dalībnieka izvēlne" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=lv"><span>Ziedojumi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=S%C4%93klinieks" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=S%C4%93klinieks" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Attīstība" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attīstība"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Attīstība</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attīstība-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbūve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbūve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uzbūve</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uzbūve-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Uzbūve apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uzbūve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ārējā_uzbūve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējā_uzbūve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ārējā uzbūve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējā_uzbūve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iekšējā_uzbūve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iekšējā_uzbūve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Iekšējā uzbūve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iekšējā_uzbūve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sēklinieku_apvalki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sēklinieku_apvalki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Sēklinieku apvalki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sēklinieku_apvalki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sēklinieka_izlocītie_kanāliņi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sēklinieka_izlocītie_kanāliņi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Sēklinieka izlocītie kanāliņi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sēklinieka_izlocītie_kanāliņi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galvenie_šūnu_veidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galvenie_šūnu_veidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Galvenie šūnu veidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galvenie_šūnu_veidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sertoli_šūnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sertoli_šūnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>Sertoli šūnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sertoli_šūnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sertoli_šūnu_funkcijas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sertoli_šūnu_funkcijas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1.1</span> <span>Sertoli šūnu funkcijas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sertoli_šūnu_funkcijas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leidiga_šūnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leidiga_šūnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1.2</span> <span>Leidiga šūnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leidiga_šūnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spermatogēnās_šūnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spermatogēnās_šūnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1.3</span> <span>Spermatogēnās šūnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spermatogēnās_šūnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hematotestikulārā_barjera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hematotestikulārā_barjera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Hematotestikulārā barjera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hematotestikulārā_barjera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apasiņošana_un_inervācija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apasiņošana_un_inervācija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Apasiņošana un inervācija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apasiņošana_un_inervācija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klīniskā_nozīme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klīniskā_nozīme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Klīniskā nozīme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klīniskā_nozīme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Klīniskā nozīme apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klīniskā_nozīme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sēklinieka_audzēji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sēklinieka_audzēji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sēklinieka audzēji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sēklinieka_audzēji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varikocēle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varikocēle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Varikocēle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varikocēle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrocēle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrocēle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hidrocēle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrocēle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endokrīnie_traucējumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endokrīnie_traucējumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Endokrīnie traucējumi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endokrīnie_traucējumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epididimīts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epididimīts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Epididimīts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epididimīts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksogēno_hormonu_ietekme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksogēno_hormonu_ietekme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Eksogēno hormonu ietekme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksogēno_hormonu_ietekme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vēsture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vēsture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vēsture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vēsture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sēklinieks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 115 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikel" title="Testikel – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Testikel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoden" title="Hoden – Šveices vācu" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hoden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveices vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%86%E1%88%88%E1%8C%A5" title="ቆለጥ – amharu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቆለጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testiclo" title="Testiclo – aragoniešu" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Testiclo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خصية – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AB%DC%9F%DC%90" title="ܐܫܟܐ – aramiešu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܫܟܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="فوييلة (أناطوميا) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فوييلة (أناطوميا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%ADculu" title="Testículu – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Testículu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaya" title="Xaya – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xaya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82" title="داششاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داششاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butuh" title="Butuh – baliešu" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Butuh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayag" title="Bayag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bayag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Яечкі – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яечкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Яечкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Яечкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji_pel%C3%A8r" title="Biji pelèr – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Biji pelèr" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тестис – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тестис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="শুক্রাশয় – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শুক্রাশয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divgell" title="Divgell – bretoņu" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Divgell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testisi" title="Testisi – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Testisi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Testicle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Lêng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lêng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="گون – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varle" title="Varle – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Varle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Вăрлăхлăх – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрлăхлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caill" title="Caill – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caill" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikel" title="Testikel – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Testikel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lani" title="Lani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Lani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoden" title="Hoden – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hoden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%81%DE%B0" title="އޮށް – maldīviešu" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޮށް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldīviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Όρχις – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όρχις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Testicle" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testiko" title="Testiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Testiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%ADculo" title="Testículo – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Testículo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munandid" title="Munandid – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Munandid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrabil" title="Barrabil – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barrabil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B6%D9%87" title="بیضه – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیضه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kives" title="Kives – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kives" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicule" title="Testicule – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Testicule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uir%C3%AD" title="Uirí – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uirí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%ADculo" title="Testículo – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Testículo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%87" title="دۊردؤنه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="دۊردؤنه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapi%27a" title="Tapi&#039;a – gvaranu" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tapi&#039;a" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CC%8Dk-l%C3%B3n" title="Ha̍k-lón – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ha̍k-lón" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9A" title="אשך – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="वृषण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemenik" title="Sjemenik – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjemenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikil" title="Testikil – haitiešu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Testikil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_(anat%C3%B3mia)" title="Here (anatómia) – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Here (anatómia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%AB" title="Ամորձի – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամորձի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis" title="Testis – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Testis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igruk" title="Igruk – inupiaku" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Igruk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiaku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikulo" title="Testikulo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Testikulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eista" title="Eista – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eista" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicolo" title="Testicolo – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testicolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%92%A1%E1%94%AA%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᒡᔪᒃ – inuītu" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᒡᔪᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuītu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%B7%A3" title="精巣 – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="精巣" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenjilan" title="Brenjilan – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Brenjilan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada" title="Lada – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lada" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Жұмалақ – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұмалақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3" title="ವೃಷಣ – kannadu" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೃಷಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%99%98" title="고환 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun" title="Gun – kurdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gun" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis_(membrum)" title="Testis (membrum) – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Testis (membrum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicoi" title="Testicoi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Testicoi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97klid%C4%97" title="Sėklidė – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sėklidė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тестис – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тестис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="വൃഷണം – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൃഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯇꯨꯔꯨꯝ – manipūru" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯨꯔꯨꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipūru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="वृषण – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वृषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis" title="Testis – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Testis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بلی – mazanderāņu" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B6%C3%B6t" title="Klööt – lejasvācu" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klööt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lejasvācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="अण्डकोष – nepāliešu" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अण्डकोष" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepāliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teelbal" title="Teelbal – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Teelbal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikkel" title="Testikkel – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Testikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikkel" title="Testikkel – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Testikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicul" title="Testicul – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Testicul" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayag" title="Bayag – pampanganu" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bayag" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanganu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%85dro_(anatomia)" title="Jądro (anatomia) – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jądro (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%B9%DB%92" title="ٹٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%ADculo" title="Testículo – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Testículo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27uruta" title="Q&#039;uruta – kečvu" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q&#039;uruta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečvu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicul" title="Testicul – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Testicul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Яички – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яички" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugghiuni_(test%C3%ACculu)" title="Cugghiuni (testìculu) – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cugghiuni (testìculu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle – skotu" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Testicle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ڪپور – sindhu" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪپور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis" title="Testis – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Testis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="වෘෂණ කෝෂය – singāļu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෘෂණ කෝෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Testicle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenn%C3%ADk_(anat%C3%B3mia)" title="Semenník (anatómia) – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Semenník (anatómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo" title="Modo – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Modo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machende" title="Machende – šonu" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Machende" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiniinyo" title="Xiniinyo – somāļu" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xiniinyo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikuli" title="Testikuli – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Testikuli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тестис – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тестис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9stis" title="Téstis – zundu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Téstis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="zundu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikel" title="Testikel – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Testikel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விந்தகம் – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விந்தகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bgax" title="bgax – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bgax" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="వృషణం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వృషణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B0" title="อัณฑะ – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัณฑะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayag" title="Bayag – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bayag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis" title="Testis – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Testis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Күкәй – tatāru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күкәй" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Сім&#039;яні залози – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сім&#039;яні залози" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%DB%81" title="خصیہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خصیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyak" title="Moyak – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moyak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testico%C5%82o" title="Testicoło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Testicoło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_ho%C3%A0n" title="Tinh hoàn – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tinh hoàn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayag" title="Bayag – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bayag" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E5%AD%90" title="卵子 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卵子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9D%BE%E4%B8%B8" title="睾丸 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="睾丸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" 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Uzklikšķiniet šeit, lai iegūtu vairāk informācijas."><img alt="Labs raksts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/21px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/28px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipēdijas lapa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Gray1144.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/235px-Gray1144.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/353px-Gray1144.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/470px-Gray1144.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Vīriešu sēklinieku shematisks zīmējums</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sēklinieki</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lat%C4%AB%C5%86u_valoda" title="Latīņu valoda">latīņu</a>: <span lang="la"><i>testiculus</i></span>) ir vīrišķie <a href="/wiki/Dzimumdziedzeri" title="Dzimumdziedzeri">dzimumdziedzeri</a>, kuros veidojas vīrišķie dzimumhormoni jeb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Androg%C4%93ns&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Androgēns (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">androgēni</a> (galvenokārt <a href="/wiki/Testosterons" title="Testosterons">testosterons</a>) un <a href="/wiki/Spermatozo%C4%ABds" title="Spermatozoīds">spermatozoīdi</a>. Androgēni izraisa <a href="/wiki/Dzimumtieksme" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzimumtieksme">dzimumtieksmi</a> un veicina <a href="/wiki/Dzimumorg%C4%81ns" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzimumorgāns">dzimumorgānu</a> attīstību. <a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrietis" title="Vīrietis">Vīriešiem</a> sēklinieki atrodas <a href="/wiki/S%C4%93klinieku_maisi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Sēklinieku maisiņš">sēklinieku maisiņā</a> starp <a href="/wiki/Dzimumloceklis" title="Dzimumloceklis">dzimumlocekli</a> un <a href="/wiki/An%C4%81l%C4%81_atvere" title="Anālā atvere">anālo atveri</a>. Sēklinieki ir daļa no vīriešu <a href="/wiki/Endokr%C4%ABn%C4%81_sist%C4%93ma" title="Endokrīnā sistēma">endokrīnās sistēmas</a>. Gan spermatozoīdu veidošanos, gan androgēnu sintēzi regulē gonadotropie hormoni, ko izdala <a href="/wiki/Hipof%C4%ABze" title="Hipofīze">adenohipofīze</a>. Luteinizējošais hormons (LH) pastiprina testosterona sintēzi, bet kopā arī ar folikulu stimulējošo hormonu (FSH) veicina spermatoģenēzi. Sēklinieki ir homologs orgāns sieviešu <a href="/wiki/Oln%C4%ABca" title="Olnīca">olnīcām</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attīstība"><span id="Att.C4.ABst.C4.ABba"></span>Attīstība</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Attīstība" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Attīstība"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sēklinieku veidošanos nosaka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y_hromosoma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Y hromosoma (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Y hromosoma</a>, kā rezultātā tiek aktivēta gēnu kaskāde, piemēram, SRY, SOX9 u. c.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sēklinieki attīstās vēdera dobuma mugurējā sienā, bet īsi pirms dzimšanas noslīd sēklinieku maisiņā. 1&#160;— 2% zēnu šis process nav pabeigts (to sauc par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriptorhisms&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriptorhisms (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">kriptorhismu</a>). Tas ir svarīgi, jo temperatūra vēdera dobumā ir augstāka, un, ja šo patoloģiju nenovērš (operatīvā ceļā), tad draud neauglība, jo paaugstinātā temperatūra ietekmē spermatoģenēzi. Vecuma involūcija sēkliniekos novērojama pēc 50 gadu vecuma. Pakāpeniski samazinās spermatoģenēzes intensitāte, bet tomēr arī ļoti lielā vecumā atsevišķos kanāliņos noris spermatoģenēze. Ar vecumu samazinās arī vīrišķo hormonu sekrēcija, kas izraisa atrofiju <a href="/wiki/Prostata" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostata">prostatā</a> un ārējos dzimumorgānos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzbūve"><span id="Uzb.C5.ABve"></span>Uzbūve</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Uzbūve" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Uzbūve"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ārējā_uzbūve"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81_uzb.C5.ABve"></span>Ārējā uzbūve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējā uzbūve" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējā uzbūve"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gandrīz visiem mugurkaulniekiem ir divi sēklinieki. Tie ir vienāda izmēra, lai gan haizivīm labais sēklinieks parasti ir lielāks, bet putniem un daļai zīdītāju kreisais ir lielāks. Atsevišķām zivju sugām ir tikai viens sēklinieks.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zīdītājiem sēklinieki bieži ir ietverti sēklinieku maisiņā. Zīdītājiem, kam sēklinieki atrodas ārpus vēdera dobuma, viens sēklinieks parasti ir zemāks nekā otrs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tas izskaidrojams ar anatomiskajām asinsvadu struktūras atšķirībām starp labo un kreiso pusi. </p><p>Veselam pieaugušam eiropietim vidējais sēklinieka tilpums ir 18&#160;cm³ (norma 12–30&#160;cm³).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vidējais cilvēka sēklinieka garums ir aptuveni 5&#160;cm, platums 2&#160;cm, bet caurmērs 3&#160;cm. Sēklinieki tiek mērīti ar orhidometru, lineālu, ultraskaņu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iekšējā_uzbūve"><span id="Iek.C5.A1.C4.93j.C4.81_uzb.C5.ABve"></span>Iekšējā uzbūve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Iekšējā uzbūve" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Iekšējā uzbūve"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Testis.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Testis.gif/302px-Testis.gif" decoding="async" width="302" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Testis.gif/453px-Testis.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Testis.gif/604px-Testis.gif 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Cilvēka sēklinieka shēma: A. Asinsvadi; B. Sēklinieka piedēkļa galva; C. Aiznesošie kanāliņi; D. Izlocītie kanāliņi; E. Maksts apvalka parietālā lapiņa; F. Maksts apvalka viscerālā lapiņa; G. Maksts apvalka dobums; H. Bālganais apvalks; I. Sēklinieka daiviņa; J. Sēklinieka piedēkļa aste; K. Sēklinieka piedēkļa ķermenis; L. Videne; M. Sēklvads.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sēklinieks ir ovāls veidojums, kas sadalīts vairākās piramīdveida daiviņās. Katrā daiviņā ļoti blīvi sakopoti atrodas sēklinieku izlocītie kanāliņi (ap 50&#160;cm gari). Kanāliņu skaits katrā daiviņā ir 1—4. Katrs kanāliņš ir cilpveida struktūra, kas nekad nebeidzas akli. Izlocītajos kanāliņos notiek spermatoģenēze. Kanāliņi turpinās kā aiznesošie, taisnie kanāliņi, kuri tālāk veidos sēklinieka tīklojumu. No tīklojuma iziet 12—18 sēklinieka izvadkanāliņi, kas pāriet <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieka_pied%C4%93klis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sēklinieka piedēklis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">sēklinieka piedēkļa</a> vados.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sēklinieku_apvalki"><span id="S.C4.93klinieku_apvalki"></span>Sēklinieku apvalki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Sēklinieku apvalki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Sēklinieku apvalki"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bālganais apvalks (<i>tunica albuginea</i>) ir īpaši plāns fibrozs apvalks, kas apņem sēklinieku no priekšpuses, sānos un mugurpusē. Veidojot sabiezinājumu, tā iesniedzas arī sēklinieka pamataudos, veidojot t. s. videni. Caur šejieni no sēklinieka nāk asinsvadi, limfvadi, sēklas izvadi. No videnes bālganais apvalks veido saistaudu starpsieniņas, kas iestiepjas sēkliniekos, sadalot to mazās daiviņās (līdz 250). Bālganā apvalka iekšējo slāni veido asinsvadu apvalks (<i>tunica vasculosa</i>). Tajā ir irdenie saistaudi ar lielu asinsvadu skaitu.</li></ul> <p>Sēkliniekam un tā piedēklim virs bālganā apvalka ir 5 apvalki, kas izveidojušies no <a href="/wiki/V%C4%93derpl%C4%93ve" title="Vēderplēve">vēderplēves</a> izspīlējumiem un vēdera sienas elementiem, tiem noslīdot sēklinieka maisiņā embrionālajā periodā: </p> <ul><li>Sēklinieka maksts apvalks (<i>Tunica vaginalis testis</i>) veidojas, sēkliniekiem noslīdot un pavelkot līdzi arī vēderplēvi (<i>peritoneum</i>), ap sēkliniekiem izveidojas 2 kārtas jeb lapiņas. Pirmā ir viscerālā, kas atrodas tieši virs bālganā apvalka. Otra ir virs tā un to sauc par parietālo lapiņu. Starp abām lapiņām izveidojies noslēgts spraugveida dobums, kurā ir nedaudz seroza šķidruma.</li> <li><i>Fascia spermatica interna </i>veidojas no <i>fascia transversalis</i></li> <li><i>Musculus cremaster</i> cilvēkam parasti ir vāji attīstīts un tas attīstās no <i>m. transversus abdominis</i></li> <li><i>Fascia cremasterica</i> veidojas no <i>m. obliquus abdominis externus</i> aponeirozes šķiedrām</li> <li><i>Fascia spermatica externa</i> veidojas no vēdera virspusējās fascijas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sēklinieka_izlocītie_kanāliņi"><span id="S.C4.93klinieka_izloc.C4.ABtie_kan.C4.81li.C5.86i"></span>Sēklinieka izlocītie kanāliņi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Sēklinieka izlocītie kanāliņi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Sēklinieka izlocītie kanāliņi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izlocītie kanāliņi atrodas sēklinieku daiviņās un, notiekot <a href="/wiki/Mejoze" title="Mejoze">mejozes</a> procesam, veidojas <a href="/wiki/Gameta" title="Gameta">gametas</a>&#160;— <a href="/wiki/Spermatozo%C4%ABds" title="Spermatozoīds">spermatozoīdi</a>. Kanāliņu siena sastāv no garām, cilindriskām Sertoli šūnām. Starp tām atrodas spermatogēnās šūnas, kas, attīstoties un tālāk diferenciējoties, veido spermatozoīdus. Sertoli šūnas balsta un baro spermatogēnās šūnas. Tās izdala arī olbaltumvielas, kas piesaista testosteronu un uztur to vajadzīgajā līmenī kanāliņos. </p><p>Izlocīto sēklas kanāliņu aptverošais slānis ap sieniņu histoloģiski sastāv no: </p> <ul><li>samērā biezas <a href="/wiki/Baz%C4%81l%C4%81_membr%C4%81na" title="Bazālā membrāna">bazālās membrānas</a>,</li> <li>3—5 slāņiem mioīdo šūnu, kas palīdz izvadīt spermatozoīdus un šķidrumu,</li> <li>1.tipa <a href="/wiki/Kolag%C4%93ns" title="Kolagēns">kolagēnajām</a> šķiedrām,</li> <li>fibroblastiem.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galvenie_šūnu_veidi"><span id="Galvenie_.C5.A1.C5.ABnu_veidi"></span>Galvenie šūnu veidi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Galvenie šūnu veidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Galvenie šūnu veidi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sertoli_šūnas"><span id="Sertoli_.C5.A1.C5.ABnas"></span>Sertoli šūnas</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Labot sadaļu: Sertoli šūnas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Sertoli šūnas"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tās ir lielas, cilindriskas šūnas ar trijstūrveida kodolu. Šīs šūnas nedalās pēc <a href="/wiki/Pubert%C4%81te" title="Pubertāte">pubertātes</a>. Galvenokārt aizņem visu teritoriju ap spermatogēnām šūnām. Tā brīvo un sānu virsmu klāj plazmatiskās membrānas krokas, kur nobriest spermatozoīdi. Starp blakus esošām Sertoli šūnām veidojas slēgjūgles. Bieži šūnās atrod vārpstveidīgus kristaloīdus ieslēgumus, kuru sastāvs un funkcijas nav zināmas, bet pēdējie izmeklējumi rāda, ka tie var būt saistīti ar lipīdu transportu un to izmantošanu Sertoli šūnās.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Sertoli_šūnu_funkcijas"><span id="Sertoli_.C5.A1.C5.ABnu_funkcijas"></span>Sertoli šūnu funkcijas</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Labot sadaļu: Sertoli šūnu funkcijas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Sertoli šūnu funkcijas"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Balsta un trofiskā funkcija dzimumšūnām.</li> <li>Fagocitārā funkcija&#160;— iznīcina defektīvās šūnas, atlieku ķermenīšus</li> <li>Ražo ar <a href="/wiki/Fruktoze" title="Fruktoze">fruktozi</a> bagātu šķidrumu, kas, nonākot kanāliņu dobumā, baro un transportē spermatozoīdus,</li> <li>Embrioģenēzē sintezē faktoru, kas nomāc Millera vadu attīstību (sievišķo dzimumorgānu attīstību), kā arī <a href="/wiki/Cilmes_%C5%A1%C5%ABnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilmes šūnas">cilmes šūnu</a> faktoru.</li> <li>Sintezē un sekretē androgēnus saistošas olbaltumvielas, kas, piesaistot testosteronu, nodrošina noteiktu tā koncentrāciju kanāliņos. Šo sintēzi veicina folikulu stimulējošais hormons (FSH).</li> <li>Sintezē inhibīnu, kas regulē <a href="/wiki/Hipof%C4%ABze" title="Hipofīze">adenohipofīzes</a> FSH izdali,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sintezē plazminogēna aktivatoru (pārvērš plazminogēnu plazmīnā), transferīnu, ceruloplazmīnu<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Piedalās hematotestikulārās barjeras izveidē,</li> <li>Imūnā funkcija&#160;— nodrošina spermatoģenēzes šūnu aizsardzību no antigēniem.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Leidiga_šūnas"><span id="Leidiga_.C5.A1.C5.ABnas"></span>Leidiga šūnas</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Labot sadaļu: Leidiga šūnas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Leidiga šūnas"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Starp izlocītajiem kanāliņiem atrodas Leidiga šūnas. Tās sintezē un sekretē vīrišķo dzimumhormonu&#160;— <a href="/wiki/Testosterons" title="Testosterons">testosteronu</a>. Testosterons nepieciešams normālai ģenitāliju, prostatas, sēklas pūslīšu attīstībai, kā arī regulē vielmaiņu, uzvedību un spermatozoīdu nobriešanu. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Germinal_epithelium_testicle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Germinal_epithelium_testicle.svg/202px-Germinal_epithelium_testicle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Germinal_epithelium_testicle.svg/303px-Germinal_epithelium_testicle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Germinal_epithelium_testicle.svg/404px-Germinal_epithelium_testicle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Sēklinieka izlocītā kanāliņa sienas uzbūve. 1. Bazālā membrāna 2. Spermatogoniji 3. Primārais spermatocīts 4. Sekundārais spermatocīts 5. Spermatīda, 6. Nobriedusi spermatīda. 7. Sertoli šūna 8. Slēgjūgle</figcaption></figure> <p>Leidiga šūnas ir lielas eozinofilas šūnas ar ekscentriski novietotu kodolu un acidofilu citoplazmu. Tās novietojas gar asins kapilāriem. Citoplazma satur tauku pilienus, kas, histoloģiskos preparātus pagatavojot, neiekrāsojas&#160;— šūnas ir vizuāli gaišas.Citoplazmā atrodami arī kristāliski ieslēgumi&#160;— Reinkes kristāli, kuru funkcija paliek nezināma, bet, iespējams, tie pierāda šūnas spēju ražot olbaltumvielas. Tām ir liels gludais <a href="/wiki/Endoplazmatiskais_t%C4%ABkls" title="Endoplazmatiskais tīkls">endoplazmatiskais tīkls</a> un <a href="/wiki/Gold%C5%BEi_komplekss" title="Goldži komplekss">Goldži komplekss</a>, kas liecina, ka šūna specializējusies ražot <a href="/wiki/Lip%C4%ABdi" title="Lipīdi">lipīdus</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luteiniz%C4%93jo%C5%A1ais_hormons&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Luteinizējošais hormons (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Luteinizējošais hormons</a> (LH) no adenohipofīzes veicina Leidiga šūnu attīstību.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Spermatogēnās_šūnas"><span id="Spermatog.C4.93n.C4.81s_.C5.A1.C5.ABnas"></span>Spermatogēnās šūnas</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Labot sadaļu: Spermatogēnās šūnas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Spermatogēnās šūnas"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pie spermatogēnajām šūnām pieder visas dzimumšūnu attīstības stadijas&#160;— spermatogoniji, spermatīdas un <a href="/wiki/Spermatozo%C4%ABds" title="Spermatozoīds">spermatozoīdi</a>. Spermatozoīda uzbūve ļauj tam pārvietoties sievietes dzimumceļos un apaugļot olšūnu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hematotestikulārā_barjera"><span id="Hematotestikul.C4.81r.C4.81_barjera"></span>Hematotestikulārā barjera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Labot sadaļu: Hematotestikulārā barjera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Hematotestikulārā barjera"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sertoli šūnas ar īpašām slēgjūglēm savienojas savā starpā un veido barjeru, kas nelaiž cauri lielas molekulas. Barjera laiž cauri jonus, <a href="/wiki/Aminosk%C4%81be" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminoskābe">aminoskābes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olbaltumvielas" title="Olbaltumvielas">olbaltumvielas</a> u. c. nepieciešamos komponentus, taču nelaiž cauri <a href="/wiki/Asins_plazma" title="Asins plazma">asins plazmu</a> un <a href="/wiki/Limfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Limfa">limfu</a>. Barjeras būtība ir novērst gametu "atmaskošanu", kas pēc virsmas <a href="/wiki/Antig%C4%93ns" title="Antigēns">antigēniem</a> ir atšķirīgas no pārējām organisma šūnām (somatiskajām šūnām), un sava <a href="/wiki/Imunit%C4%81te" title="Imunitāte">imūnā sistēma</a> tās var uzskatīt par svešām un iznīcināt. </p><p>Izšķir 2 nodalījumus, kur atrodas šūnas. Bazālajā nodalījumā atrodas spermatogoniji, bet jau vairāk nobriedušas šūnas nonāk lūmena nodalījumā. Lai spermatocīti tiktu caur šo slēgjūgli, veidojas jauns komplekss&#160;— Sertoli šūnu izaugums, kas stiepjas zem jaunizveidota spermatocīta, kustas uz augšu, laužot slēgjūgli.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apasiņošana_un_inervācija"><span id="Apasi.C5.86o.C5.A1ana_un_inerv.C4.81cija"></span>Apasiņošana un inervācija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Labot sadaļu: Apasiņošana un inervācija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Apasiņošana un inervācija"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inervācija: <i>plexus testicularis</i> no <i>plexus coeliacus</i> </p><p>Asinsapgāde: </p> <ul><li>Arteriālā — <i>arteria testicularis</i> no <i>aorta abdominalis</i>, <i>a. ductus deferentis</i> no <i>a.iliaca interna</i>.</li> <li>Venozā — <i>plexus venosus pampiniformis</i>, kas pie <i>canalis inguinalis</i> pāriet par <i>vena testicularis</i> un labajā pusē ieplūst <i>v.cava inferior</i>, bet kreisajā <i>v.renalis sinistra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klīniskā_nozīme"><span id="Kl.C4.ABnisk.C4.81_noz.C4.ABme"></span>Klīniskā nozīme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Labot sadaļu: Klīniskā nozīme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Klīniskā nozīme"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Šeit uzskaitītas biežākās slimības un diferenciāldiagnozes: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sēklinieka_audzēji"><span id="S.C4.93klinieka_audz.C4.93ji"></span>Sēklinieka audzēji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Labot sadaļu: Sēklinieka audzēji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Sēklinieka audzēji"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pacientiem ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieka_v%C4%93zis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sēklinieka vēzis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">sēklinieku vēzi</a> ir viena no augstākajām dzīvildzēm — 5 gadu dzīvildze sasniedz 95%.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pat gadījumos, kad vēzis jau ir izplatījies ārpus sēkliniekiem, ķīmijterapija palīdz līdz pat 80% gadījumu. Biežākie simptomi ir sāpes muguras lejasdaļā (ja tas ir izplatījies uz <a href="/wiki/Limf%C4%81tisk%C4%81_sist%C4%93ma" title="Limfātiskā sistēma">limfmezgliem</a>), smaguma sajūta sēklinieku maisiņā, trulas vai asas sāpes vēdera lejasdaļā vai sēklinieku maisiņā, kā arī <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginekomastija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginekomastija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">ginekomastija</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varikocēle"><span id="Varikoc.C4.93le"></span>Varikocēle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Labot sadaļu: Varikocēle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Varikocēle"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Varikoc%C4%93le" title="Varikocēle">Varikocēle</a> jeb vēnu palielināšanās sēkliniekos ir viens no biežākajiem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neaugl%C4%ABba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neauglība (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">neauglības</a> cēloņiem, ko var izraisīt bojāti vēnu vārstuļi vai vēnu saspiešana ar blakus esošajām struktūrām. To var ārstēt ķirurģiski. Biežākie simptomi ir testosterona svārstības,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sēklinieku atrofija, redzamas vēnas, smaguma sajūta sēklinieka maisiņā. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidrocēle"><span id="Hidroc.C4.93le"></span>Hidrocēle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Labot sadaļu: Hidrocēle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Hidrocēle"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidroc%C4%93le&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrocēle (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hidrocēle</a> ir šķidruma uzkrāšanās sēklinieku aptverošajā apvalkā — <i>tunica vaginalis</i>. Primāra hidrocēle ir atteces traucējumu dēļ, bet sekundāra <a href="/wiki/Infekcijas_slim%C4%ABba" title="Infekcijas slimība">infekcijas</a>, traumas vai audzēju dēļ. Hidrocēle paaugstina risku neauglībai.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endokrīnie_traucējumi"><span id="Endokr.C4.ABnie_trauc.C4.93jumi"></span>Endokrīnie traucējumi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Labot sadaļu: Endokrīnie traucējumi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Endokrīnie traucējumi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endokrīnie traucējumi, piemēram, hipofīzes audzēji, <a href="/wiki/Diab%C4%93ts" title="Diabēts">diabēts</a>, spēj caur dažādiem mehānismiem ietekmēt auglību un testosterona sintēzi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epididimīts"><span id="Epididim.C4.ABts"></span>Epididimīts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Labot sadaļu: Epididimīts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Epididimīts"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epididim%C4%ABts&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Epididimīts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Epididimīts</a> ir sāpīgs iekaisums, kas skar <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieka_pied%C4%93klis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sēklinieka piedēklis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">sēklinieka piedēkli</a> — <i>epididymis</i>. Iemesls var būt infekciozs, kā arī nezināmas izcelsmes. Biežākie simptomi ir karstuma sajūta skartajā vietā, sāpes, sāpīga urinācija un izdalījumi ar <a href="/wiki/Ur%C4%ABns" title="Urīns">urīnu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eksogēno_hormonu_ietekme"><span id="Eksog.C4.93no_hormonu_ietekme"></span>Eksogēno hormonu ietekme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Labot sadaļu: Eksogēno hormonu ietekme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Eksogēno hormonu ietekme"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steroīdu (sevišķi <a href="/wiki/Anaboliskie_stero%C4%ABdi" title="Anaboliskie steroīdi">anabolo steroīdu</a>) lietošana mēdz izraisīt sēklinieku samazināšanos.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tas saistīts ar atgriezenisko saites mehānismu, kad paaugstinātā testosterona dēļ tiek samazināts gonadotropā hormona līmenis no hipofīzes. Attiecīgi gonadotropo hormonu lietošana var palielināt sēkliniekus. Sēklinieki var atrofēties gan hormonu terapijas, gan ķīmiskās kastrācijas rezultātā. Jebkurā gadījumā sēklinieku tilpuma samazināšanās samazina arī spermatoģenēzi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vēsture"><span id="V.C4.93sture"></span>Vēsture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Labot sadaļu: Vēsture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Vēsture"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Viduslaiki" title="Viduslaiki">Viduslaikos</a> vīrieši, kas gribēja puiku, mēdza izgriezt vai nosiet kreiso sēklinieku. Tika uzskatīts, ka kreisais sēklinieks rada meitenes, bet labais — zēnus.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Šādi uzskati datējami pat 330 gadus p.m.ē., kad <a href="/wiki/Aristotelis" title="Aristotelis">Aristotelis</a> ieteica kreisā sēklinieka nosiešanu vīriešiem, kuri vēlas, lai bērns būtu vīriešu dzimuma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93klinieks&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Online textbook: "Developmental Biology" 6th ed. By Scott F. Gilbert (2000) published by Sinauer Associates, Inc. of Sunderland (MA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).&#160;<i>The Vertebrate Body</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp.&#160;385–386.&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X">ISBN 0-03-910284-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scrotal Asymmetry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382717">Right-Left and the scrotum in male sculpture</a> By I. C. Manus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.lv/books?id=LZsrznAqKnEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=andrology&amp;sig=du3-cvy3ozj6KnifCoXuH2hzpbg&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=andrology&amp;f=false">Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction</a>" By E. Nieschlag, Hermann M. Behre, H. van. Ahlen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2">5,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3">5,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross M, Pawlina W (2011). <i>Histology: A Text and Atlas</i> (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. p. 780. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7200-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7200-6">ISBN 978-0-7817-7200-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">6,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2">6,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3">6,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Jurijs Markovs. <i>Medicīniskā histoloģija</i>. Rīga&#160;: <i>J. T. Group</i>, 2008. 212.&#160;lpp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-716-76-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-716-76-3">978-9984-716-76-3</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Skinner M, McLachlan R, Bremner W (1989). "Stimulation of Sertoli cell inhibin secretion by the testicular paracrine factor PModS". <i>Mol Cell Endocrinol </i><b>66</b> (2): 239—49. doi:10.1016/0303-7207(89)90036-1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2515083">PMID 2515083</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">J.Vētra (redaktors). <i>Kardiorespiratorā sistēma, gremošanas sistēma un uroģenitālā sistēma</i>. Rīga&#160;: <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_Stradi%C5%86a_Universit%C4%81te" class="mw-redirect" title="Rīgas Stradiņa Universitāte">Rīgas Stradiņa Universitāte</a>, 2004. 118.&#160;lpp.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html">SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Testis Cancer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen, Shiou-Sheng; Chen, Li-Kuei (2012). "Risk Factors for Progressive Deterioration of Semen Quality in Patients with Varicocele".&#160;<i>Urology</i>&#160;<b>79</b>&#160;(1): 128–32.&#160;doi:10.1016/j.urology.2011.08.063.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22055689">PMID 22055689</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C, Esposito.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14767329">"Incidence and management of hydrocele following varicocele surgery in children".</a>&#160;<i>Pubmed</i>. US National Library of Medicine.&#160;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indications of prevalence, practice and effects of anabolic steroid use in Great Britain. Int J Sports Med.&#160;1997 Oct; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9414081">PMID 9414081</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9414081">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9414081</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reversible hypogonadism and azoospermia as a result of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in a bodybuilder with personality disorder. A case report. Boyadjiev NP,&#160;Georgieva KN,&#160;Massaldjieva RI,&#160;Gueorguiev SI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125771">PMID 11125771</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125771">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125771</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask76">Understanding genetics; Human health and genome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109115247/http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask76">Arhivēts</a> 2013.&#160;gada 9.&#160;novembrī, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē.&#160;Stanford school of medicine, Dr. Barry Starr</span> </li> </ol></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" 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