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<span>Media outlets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_outlets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media outlets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_outlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print_and_online_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_and_online_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Print and online media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_and_online_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Television and radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_freedom_and_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_freedom_and_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Media freedom and censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_freedom_and_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disinformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disinformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disinformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disinformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Czech_Republic&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Czech Republic">Media of the Czech Republic</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The <b>mass media in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a> methods through broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet and their influence on population. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1989, Czechoslovakia returned to a liberal democracy through the peaceful "<a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>" (led by <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a>). In the following years the country went through a rapid economic transformation. This also affected the media that became free of the heavy-handed control of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> and were able to develop in a competitive environment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even before the Velvet Revolution and despite the persecutions, there were illegally published magazines within the <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a> phenomenon, which allowed for the circulation of dissident ideas among people who possessed positions of cultural power and authority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Václav Havel – the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia">last president of Czechoslovakia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">1989</a> until its <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution</a> in 1992 – was one of them. Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union’s dissolution</a>, most Czech media outlets have been owned by non-Czech western companies. This situation changed after the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global economic recession of 2008</a>, when many of them were acquired by Czech firms. In early 2014, eight out of the ten most influential figures in the media were Czech or Slovak.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_outlets">Media outlets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Media outlets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_and_online_media">Print and online media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Print and online media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Czech Republic has four main daily newspapers: <a href="/wiki/Lidov%C3%A9_noviny" title="Lidové noviny">Lidové noviny</a> (former dissident publication); <a href="/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_DNES" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladá fronta DNES">Mladá fronta DNES</a> (with a centre-right orientation); <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vo" title="Právo">Právo</a> (with a centre-left political position) and <a href="/wiki/Blesk" title="Blesk">Blesk</a>, all based in Prague.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Lidové noviny and Mladá fronta DNES are a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mafra_(company)" title="Mafra (company)">MAFRA</a> publishing group, owned by <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1" title="Andrej Babiš">Andrej Babiš</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Prime Minister of the Czech Republic</a>. As of 2018, the MAFRA group is a part of a trust fund along with other Babiš's companies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> </p><p>Blesk, a tabloid newspaper, with more than 1 million readers per average issue is the most-read national daily newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blesk’s publisher <a href="/wiki/Czech_News_Center" title="Czech News Center">Czech News Center</a> also publishes <a href="/wiki/Aha!_(tabloid)" title="Aha! (tabloid)">Aha!</a>, another tabloid newspaper which focuses on the news about the Czech celebrities. Overall the country accounts for 7 print news outlets and over 20 online news portals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> </p><p>There has been a decline in circulation on Czech daily newspapers since 2009, which slowed down in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year Seznam Zpravy and Info.cz were launched.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first one, a news site combining daily video, text-based news and video commentaries, was introduced by the country’s leading web portal and second-biggest search engine <a href="/wiki/Seznam.cz" title="Seznam.cz">Seznam.cz</a> and has quickly become the top online news media in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Info.cz was launched by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_News_Center" title="Czech News Center">Czech News Center</a> as a news server with the aim of emphasising quality information.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> </p><p>Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_News_Agency" title="Czech News Agency">Czech News Agency</a> (<i>Česká tisková kancelář</i> or <i>ČTK</i> in Czech), previously the national state press agency, is the first and main Czech media with domestic and foreign information services. As it is not financed with state budget, its income derives from selling news to subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_radio">Television and radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Television and radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial television has a major place in the Czech media landscape and attracts almost half of the total advertising spend.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the collapse of communism, the only broadcaster in Czech Republic was the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Television">Czechoslovak Television</a>, which was transformed into the public service broadcaster “<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_televize" class="mw-redirect" title="Česká televize">Czech Television</a>” in 1992. Czech Television operates two terrestrial public broadcast channels: mainstream CT1 and cultural channel CT2, while <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CT24" title="ČT24">CT24</a> (for news) is a digital public channel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first national commercial licence was granted to <a href="/wiki/TV_Nova_(Czech_Republic)" title="TV Nova (Czech Republic)">Television Nova</a> in 1993. The TV station soon gained a dominant position on the television market managing to keep it so far. <a href="/wiki/Prima_televize" title="Prima televize">Prima televize</a> is the second private national TV channel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadcast media regulatory authority is the Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting (RRTV), while public-service ČT is regulated by its own council.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freedom of the press and freedom of speech are guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</a>. In Division Two of the Charter, Article 17, these expression rights are defined: however, the Charter prohibits speech that might infringe on national security, individual rights, public health, or morality.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a> is still a crime in the country, although in 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Court</a> ruling found<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that value judgement is legally protected.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-ownership in the media industry is legally limited under the Law on Radio and Television Broadcasting No. 231 of 2001, which defines the license and regulation policy for broadcasting and the role of Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting. However, these ownership restrictions do not apply to foreign ownership and are considered to be “minimal” by some observers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important regulations are the Press Law (No. 46/2000)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2000/3/article31.en.html">[1]</a>, the Act on Czech Television No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/english/act-on-czech-television/">483</a> and the Act on Czech Radio No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.rozhlas.cz/_binary/03693088.pdf">484</a>. Both began to apply in 1991 and have been amended several times. They provide on the so-called “small” councils that control only Czech Radio and Czech TV (ČT).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (February 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreover, Law No. 106 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palermo.edu/cele/pdf/LeyesdeAccesoalaInformacion/RepublicaChecaAccesstoInforationLaw(1999).pdf">1999</a> regulates the Free Access to Information, Law No. 45 of 1995 regulates Advertisements and the discipline regarding copyright is provided by Law No. 35 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=129259">1996</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_freedom_and_censorship">Media freedom and censorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Media freedom and censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021 <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without Borders">Reporters without Borders</a> (RSF) ranked Czechia 40 out of 180 countries in its 2021 World Press Freedom Index, down from 13 in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-rsf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However RSF also underlined the fact that in recent years there had been a “rise of the oligarchs” in the media landscape, and stated that the public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Czech_Television" title="Czech Television">Czech Television</a> "is facing an upheaval after some of the members of its supervisory board were replaced by well-known figures who are very critical of investigative reporting".<sup id="cite_ref-rsf_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its 2016 report, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> stated that criminal defamation, concentrated media ownership as well as ownership of media by politicians as the main obstacles for media freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 Freedom House stated that Prime Minister Andrej Babiš had been increasing his control over Czech media since 2013, when he bought <a href="/wiki/Mafra_media_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafra media group">Mafra media group</a>. During the Covid-19 pandemic Mafra benefited disproportionately from <a href="/wiki/State_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="State aid">state aid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Censorship in the Czech Republic">incidents concerning censorship</a> and media freedom took place in the country: </p> <ul><li>Legislative ambiguities and contradictions emerged at the time of the banning of Adolf Hitler's <i>Mein Kampf</i> , in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2003 Karel Srba, a former general secretary of the Czech Foreign Ministry, has been convicted of plotting to murder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabina_Slonkov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabina Slonková (page does not exist)">Sabina Slonková </a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_Slonkov%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="cs:Sabina Slonková">cs</a>]</span> – an investigative reporter of daily newspaper Mlada Fronta Dnes who had been writing about corruption inside the Ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, a raid by military police took place in the offices of Czech Television in Prague.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, a leaked audio recording caught the leader of <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a> party, former Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1" title="Andrej Babiš">Andrej Babiš</a>, instructing a journalist on how to attack his political rivals. Many European parliamentarians condemned the alleged actions of Andrej Babiš, but also stressed that this case resembles more a failure of a single politician, rather than a manifestation of the government’s systematic abuse of media.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disinformation">Disinformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disinformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Security_Studies_Institute" title="Prague Security Studies Institute">Prague Security Studies Institute</a>, there is a pro-Russian <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> campaign originating from numerous pro-Russian websites, social media communities, printed periodicals as well as radio broadcasts targeting Czechs and Slovaks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the private association <a href="/wiki/CZ.NIC" title="CZ.NIC">CZ.NIC</a>, which administers the .cz web domains, blocked 8 websites considered to be used for Russian propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-EUobs_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUobs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Kotora, from <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> Czech Republic, confirmed that the sites blocked have been used by Russia to spread propaganda for many years. He however also warned against censorship type of measures that should be limited in time in order not to stifle the freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-EUobs_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUobs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_ownership">Media ownership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Media ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, all mass media in Czechoslovakia were governed by the state, state organisations or political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Soviet Union's dissolution, most Czech newspapers used to be owned by non-Czech western conglomerates: until 2007, 70% of Czech magazines and newspapers were owned by German and Swiss <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/registre/docs_autres_institutions/commission_europeenne/sec/2007/0032/COM_SEC(2007)0032_EN.pdf">corporations</a>. The process of the media returning to Czech ownership started with the 2008 financial crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restructuring of ownership culminated in 2015 when the German Verlagsgruppe Passau, the last major non-Czech European media group in the country, left the market: it sold its local publishing house <a href="/wiki/Vltava_Labe_Media" title="Vltava Labe Media">Vltava Labe Media</a> to <a href="/wiki/Penta_Investments" title="Penta Investments">Penta Investments</a>, which owns media holdings both in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. Despite this media ownership turmoil, research shows that journalists are not affected by the ownership change and tend to view journalism ethics and the ability of journalism to exert power more seriously than before.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new ownership structure of Czech media led to an increase in live news coverage, tabloid-style content and so-called <i>Google journalism</i>, although investigative journalism is still strong in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the increase of the ownership concentration presents a threat to the media pluralism of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1" title="Andrej Babiš">Andrej Babiš</a>, former Czech Prime Minister, owns two of the most influential daily newspapers (<a href="/wiki/Lidov%C3%A9_noviny" title="Lidové noviny"><i>Lidové Noviny</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_DNES" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladá fronta DNES"><i>Mlada Fronta Dnes</i></a>) and one of the most popular news website <i>iDnes.cz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some experts consider the Czech Republic to be one of the hubs in the EU territory for the few Pan-European media companies controlling large part of broadcasting market in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of newspapers in the Czech Republic">List of newspapers in the Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of radio stations in the Czech Republic">List of radio stations in the Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czechoslovak_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Czechoslovak Radio">Battle of Czechoslovak Radio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://preserve.lehigh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1010&context=perspectives-v34">https://preserve.lehigh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1010&context=perspectives-v34</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Reports/Media-and-Democracy-in-Central-Eastern-Europe-MDCEE">https://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Reports/Media-and-Democracy-in-Central-Eastern-Europe-MDCEE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.reportingproject.net/internetownership/?author=6">https://www.reportingproject.net/internetownership/?author=6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EUobserver&rft.atitle=EU+begins+belated+crackdown+on+Kremlin+disinformation&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Kanter%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fdemocracy%2F154462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Czech+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenka_Waschková_Císařová,_Monika_Metyková2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lenka Waschková Císařová, Monika Metyková (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/205836">"Better the Devil You Don't Know: Post -Revolutionary Journalism and Media Ownership in The Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Media Studies</i>. <b>6–11</b>: 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+Studies&rft.atitle=Better+the+Devil+You+Don%27t+Know%3A+Post+-Revolutionary+Journalism+and+Media+Ownership+in+The+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=6-11&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Lenka+Waschkov%C3%A1+C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ov%C3%A1%2C+Monika+Metykov%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F205836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Czech+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanSandraFilipAlice2015" class="citation journal cs1">Roman, Hájek; Sandra, Štefaniková; Filip, Láb; Alice, Tejkalová (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/348">"Czech Journalists' Refreshed Sense of Ethics in the Midst of Media Ownership Turmoil"</a>. <i>Media and Communication</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 52–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17645%2Fmac.v3i4.348">10.17645/mac.v3i4.348</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+and+Communication&rft.atitle=Czech+Journalists%27+Refreshed+Sense+of+Ethics+in+the+Midst+of+Media+Ownership+Turmoil&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=52-61&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17645%2Fmac.v3i4.348&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A1jek&rft.au=Sandra%2C+%C5%A0tefanikov%C3%A1&rft.au=Filip%2C+L%C3%A1b&rft.au=Alice%2C+Tejkalov%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogitatiopress.com%2Fmediaandcommunication%2Farticle%2Fview%2F348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Czech+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/local-oligarch-conflicts-interest-dominate-czech-media">"Local oligarch conflicts of interest dominate Czech media | Reporters without borders"</a>. <i>RSF</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSF&rft.atitle=Local+oligarch+conflicts+of+interest+dominate+Czech+media+%7C+Reporters+without+borders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Flocal-oligarch-conflicts-interest-dominate-czech-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Czech+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Reports/Media-ownership-towards-Pan-European-groups">"Media ownership: towards Pan-European groups?"</a>. <i>Respurce Centre, European Centre for Press and Media Freedom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Respurce+Centre%2C+European+Centre+for+Press+and+Media+Freedom&rft.atitle=Media+ownership%3A+towards+Pan-European+groups%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcmediafreedom.eu%2FPublications%2FReports%2FMedia-ownership-towards-Pan-European-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+the+Czech+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_of_Europe" title="Template:Media of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Media of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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