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<!DOCTYPE html>    <html class="no-js" lang="en">  <head>   <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <title>The 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: A useful framework despite earlier disappointments | International Review of the Red Cross | Cambridge Core</title> <script src="/core/vanilla/public/js/sentry.min.js"></script> <script> let isTerminated = false; window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => { isTerminated = !event.persisted; }, { capture: true }); const EXTRA_KEY = "ROUTE_TO"; Sentry.init({ dsn: "https://074fed417c764caaafebad958d2c0c95@o1239501.ingest.sentry.io/6395238", release: "www.cambridge.org" + "@" + "unreadable", environment: "prod", ignoreErrors: [], integrations: [Sentry.moduleMetadataIntegration()], transport: Sentry.makeMultiplexedTransport( Sentry.makeFetchTransport, (args) => { const event = args.getEvent(); if ( event && event.extra && EXTRA_KEY in event.extra && Array.isArray(event.extra[EXTRA_KEY]) ) { return event.extra[EXTRA_KEY]; } return []; }, ), beforeSend: (event) => { if (isTerminated || (window.location.protocol !== 'http:' && window.location.protocol !== 'https:')) { return null; } if (event?.exception?.values?.[0].stacktrace?.frames) { const { frames } = event.exception.values[0].stacktrace; const routeTo = frames .filter((frame) => frame.module_metadata && frame.module_metadata.dsn) .map((v) => v.module_metadata) .slice(-1); if (routeTo.length) { event.extra = { ...event.extra, [EXTRA_KEY]: routeTo, }; } } return event; }, }); </script>   <meta property="og:site_name" content="Cambridge Core"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross/article/abs/1980-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons-a-useful-framework-despite-earlier-disappointments/70C1E6096B9E145FB27875820DC66EA3"/> <meta property="og:title" content="The 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: A useful framework despite earlier disappointments | International Review of the Red Cross | Cambridge Core"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: A useful framework despite earlier disappointments - Volume 83 Issue 844"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static.cambridge.org/covers/IRC_0_0_0/international_review of the red cross.jpg?send-full-size-image=true"/> <meta name="description" content="The 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: A useful framework despite earlier disappointments - Volume 83 Issue 844"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross/article/abs/1980-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons-a-useful-framework-despite-earlier-disappointments/70C1E6096B9E145FB27875820DC66EA3"> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1017/S1560775500183506"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Review of the Red Cross"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Cambridge University Press"> <meta name="citation_title" content="The 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: A useful framework despite earlier disappointments"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Robert J. Mathews"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2001/12"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2010/04/27"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="83"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="844"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="991"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1012"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1607-5889"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1560-7755"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/70C1E6096B9E145FB27875820DC66EA3/S1560775500183506a.pdf/div-class-title-the-1980-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons-a-useful-framework-despite-earlier-disappointments-div.pdf"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Explosive remnants of war: Protecting civilians through an additional protocol to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons; citation_author=Herby, P.; citation_author=Nuiten, A.; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_journal_title=IRRC; citation_volume=83; citation_firstpage=195; citation_lastpage=205"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The influence of humanitarian principles in the negotiation of arms control treaties; citation_author=Mathews, R.J.; citation_author=McCormack, T.L.H.; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_journal_title=IRRC; citation_firstpage=331; citation_lastpage=352"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Blinding Weapons — Reports of the Meetings of Experts Convened by the ICRC on Battlefield Laser Weapons 1989–1991, ICRC, Geneva, 1993."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Small arms and light weapons: Controlling the real instruments of war; citation_author=Boutwell, J.; citation_author=Klare, M.; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_journal_title=Arms Control Today; citation_volume=28"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Draft Rules for the Limitation of the Dangers Incurred by the Civilian Population in Time of War, 2nd ed., ICRC, Geneva, 1958."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The Banning of Anti-personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1955–1999; citation_author=Maresca, L.; citation_author=Maslen, S.; citation_publication_date=2000"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="La Convention sur l'interdiction ou la limitation de l'emploi de certaines armes classiques qui peuvent être considérées comme produisant des effets traumatiques excessifs ou comme frappant sans discrimination (du 10 octobre 1980) a établi le cadre juridique pour non seulement interdire certaines armes particulièrement cruelles mais encore, et surtout, en limiter l'emploi. l'article retrace l'histoire de ce traité et rappelle l'évolution qu'il a connue depuis 1980 à travers, notamment, l'adoption d'un nouveau protocole sur les armes à laser aveuglantes et le renforcement du Protocole II (relatif aux mines terrestres). Toutefois, après l'interdiction complète des mines antipersonnel par le traité d'Ottawa en 1997, peut-on encore justifier l'approche choisie par la Convention de 1980, à savoir la limitation dans l'emploi ? L'auteur répond par l'affirmative."> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1017/S1560775500183506"> <link rel="alternate" href="/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross/article/abs/1980-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons-a-useful-framework-despite-earlier-disappointments/70C1E6096B9E145FB27875820DC66EA3" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/css/app.css?version=v7.337.1-hotfix"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://usage.prod.aop.cambridge.org/v1/events"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/bower_components/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"/> <script 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id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Résumé</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>The 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: A useful framework despite earlier disappointments</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>27 April 2010</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Robert%20J.%20Mathews&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Robert J. Mathews</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-99f6eb26> </div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div id="app-tabs-wrapper" class="tabs__wrapper" data-v-1d90c6ce><div role="navigation" aria-label="tab navigation" class="container" data-v-1d90c6ce><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#appTabs" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="appTabs" class="tabs__collapse collapsed d-sm-none d-print-none" data-v-1d90c6ce><span data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-up" data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-down" data-v-1d90c6ce></span></a> <ul id="appTabs" role="tablist" class="nav nav-tabs tabs__list collapse show" data-v-1d90c6ce><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a aria-selected="true" href="#article-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="article-tab" tabindex="-1" class="active" data-v-1d90c6ce>Article </a></li><li 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href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=IRC&title=The%201980%20Convention%20on%20Certain%20Conventional%20Weapons%3A%20A%20useful%20framework%20despite%20earlier%20disappointments&publicationDate=27%20April%202010&author=Robert%20J.%20Mathews©right=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20International%20Committee%20of%20the%20Red%20Cross%202001&contentID=10.1017%2FS1560775500183506&startPage=991&endPage=1012&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=83&issueNum=844&oa=" data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Résumé</h2>  <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>La Convention sur l'interdiction ou la limitation de l'emploi de certaines armes classiques qui peuvent être considérées comme produisant des effets traumatiques excessifs ou comme frappant sans discrimination (du 10 octobre 1980) a établi le cadre juridique pour non seulement interdire certaines armes particulièrement cruelles mais encore, et surtout, en limiter l'emploi. l'article retrace l'histoire de ce traité et rappelle l'évolution qu'il a connue depuis 1980 à travers, notamment, l'adoption d'un nouveau protocole sur les armes à laser aveuglantes et le renforcement du Protocole II (relatif aux mines terrestres). Toutefois, après l'interdiction complète des mines antipersonnel par le traité d'Ottawa en 1997, peut-on encore justifier l'approche choisie par la Convention de 1980, à savoir la limitation dans l'emploi ? L'auteur répond par l'affirmative.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Research Article</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>International Review of the Red Cross </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross/volume/F1D6AF297B05367F6DCE3A2A60EF6465" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 83 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross/issue/358B1B4270C97A79DA2138ECCF84A85D" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 844 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, December 2001</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 991 - 1012</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1560775500183506" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/S1560775500183506 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © International Committee of the Red Cross 2001 </div></dd></div></dl> <div id="access-block" class="d-print-none" data-v-43a4d572><div class="access-options"><h2 class="access-options__heading">Access options</h2> <span>Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)</span> <div class="access-options__content access-options__new"> </div></div></div> <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572>   <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="fn01" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">1</span> For an overview of these efforts, including the role of the ICRC, see <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref001" id="ref001"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Mathews</span>, <span class="given-names">R.J.</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">McCormack</span>, <span class="given-names">T.L.H.</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">The influence of humanitarian principles in the negotiation of arms control treaties</span>”, <span class="source">IRRC</span>, No. <span class="issue">834</span>, June <span class="year">1999</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">331</span>–<span class="lpage">352</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The influence of humanitarian principles in the negotiation of arms control treaties' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+influence+of+humanitarian+principles+in+the+negotiation+of+arms+control+treaties&author=Mathews+R.J.&author=McCormack+T.L.H.&publication+year=1999&journal=IRRC&pages=331-352>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn02" aria-flowto="reference-2-content reference-2-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-2-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">2</span> Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, and Protocols I-III, 10 October 1980.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn03" aria-flowto="reference-3-content reference-3-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-3-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">3</span> Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, 18 September 1997, which entered into force on 1 March 1999.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn04" aria-flowto="reference-4-content reference-4-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-4-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">4</span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref002" id="ref002"><span class="source">Draft Rules for the Limitation of the Dangers Incurred by the Civilian Population in Time of War</span>, <span class="edition">2nd ed.</span>, <span class="publisher-name">ICRC</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Geneva</span>, <span class="year">1958</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Draft Rules for the Limitation of the Dangers Incurred by the Civilian Population in Time of War' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Draft+Rules+for+the+Limitation+of+the+Dangers+Incurred+by+the+Civilian+Population+in+Time+of+War,+2nd+ed.,+ICRC,+Geneva,+1958.>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn05" aria-flowto="reference-5-content reference-5-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 5 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-5-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">5</span> The Draft Rules (<em class="italic">supra</em>, note 4), in addition to proposing a prohibition on delayed-action weapons (Article 14 — Prohibited methods of warfare), also proposed that weapons capable of causing serious damage to the civilian population be equipped with a safety device which renders them harmless when they escape from the control of those who employ them (Article 15 — Safety measures and devices).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn06" aria-flowto="reference-6-content reference-6-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 6 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-6-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">6</span> This Conference is normally referred to as “the Diplomatic Conference” or CDDH. The acronym CDDH, which was also used to designate official documents, was based on the French-language title of the Conference: <em class="italic">Conférence diplomatique sur la reaffirmation et le développement du droit international humanitaire applicable dans les conflits armés.</em></p></div></div></div><div id="fn07" aria-flowto="reference-7-content reference-7-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 7 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-7-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">7</span> <em class="italic">Incendiary Weapons, Anti-personnel Fragmentation Weapons, Flechettes, especially Injurious Small Calibre Projectiles, Anti-Personnel Land Mines</em>, Working Paper, presented by Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia. Doc. CDDH/DT/2, 21 February 1974.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn08" aria-flowto="reference-8-content reference-8-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 8 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-8-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">8</span> ICRC Report, <em class="italic">Conference of Government Experts on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (Lucerne 24.9. 18.10.1974)</em>, ICRC, Geneva, 1975.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn09" aria-flowto="reference-9-content reference-9-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 9 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-9-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">9</span> ICRC Report, <em class="italic">Conference of Government Experts on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (Second Session, Lugano, 28.1.-26.2.1976)</em>, ICRC, Geneva, 1976.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn10" aria-flowto="reference-10-content reference-10-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 10 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-10-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">10</span> <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref002">Ibid.</a>, p. 78.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn11" aria-flowto="reference-11-content reference-11-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 11 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-11-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">11</span> There was also an implied linkage between advanced technology in weapons with increased inhumanity: a notion which had inconsiderable appeal to certain developing States and groups involved in guerrilla warfare and wars of national liberation.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn12" aria-flowto="reference-12-content reference-12-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 12 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-12-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">12</span> The two sessions were attended by representatives of 82 States and 76 States respectively. A number of governments included a representative of their National Red Cross or Red Crescent Society in their delegations. In addition, the ICRC was present with observer status; it made a number of useful interventions and provided information on weapons issues.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn13" aria-flowto="reference-13-content reference-13-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 13 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-13-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">13</span> Decision-making on the weapons- related issues (both in the CDDH <em class="italic">ad hoc</em> Committee and subsequently in the CCW negotiations) was made difficult because decisions were taken by consensus (unlike other decisions taken in the CDDH which, had it been necessary, could have been taken by a two-thirds majority).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn14" aria-flowto="reference-14-content reference-14-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 14 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-14-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">14</span> In the course of the negotiations, several States had proposed that the CCW should contain some form of compliance-monitoring procedures. See <em class="italic">Draft Article on a Consultative Committee of Experts</em>, UN Doc. A/CONF.95/L.7, 9 October 1980, sponsored by Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan and The Netherlands. Unfortunately, this proposal did not gain consensus support.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn15" aria-flowto="reference-15-content reference-15-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 15 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-15-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">15</span> This is in stark contrast to 1977 Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions (agreed three years earlier) which required development of military manuals, orders and instructions to ensure observance of the provisions (Art. 80), including availability of legal advisers (Art. 82), broad dissemination (Art. 83) and criminal proceedings against those who commit “grave breaches” of the provisions (Arts 85–89).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn16" aria-flowto="reference-16-content reference-16-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 16 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-16-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">16</span> Indeed, preambular para. 6 of the CCW referred specifically to the importance of ratification by “militarily significant States”.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn17" aria-flowto="reference-17-content reference-17-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 17 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-17-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">17</span> It should be noted, however, that not all States are members of the United Nations, so comparisons should be made with care, especially with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). For example, a number of internationally recognized States that are party to the NPT are not UN Member States (e.g. Holy See and Switzerland). At the end of 2000, four States (Cuba, India, Israel and Pakistan) were not party to the NPT. The “cross-over” of the NPT and UN curves in the late 1990s was a consequence of, <em class="italic">inter alia</em>, Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga (which had ratified the NPT in 1985, 1982 and 1971 respectively) not becoming UN Member States until 1999.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn18" aria-flowto="reference-18-content reference-18-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 18 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-18-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">18</span> Anti-personnel landmines (APLs) had become a greater problem since the 1970s, because of improved production methods, increased use of plastics and more compact design. This resulted in APLs becoming more readily available, less expensive, less labourintensive to deploy (i.e. air-scatterable or remotely deliverable), and more difficult to detect. This resulted in massive numbers of casualties, most notably civilians after conflicts.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn19" aria-flowto="reference-19-content reference-19-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 19 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-19-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">19</span> Meetings were held in June 1989, November 1990 and April 1991 to consider technical, medical, psychological and legal aspects of the use of battlefield laser weapons. ICRC Report, <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref003" id="ref003"><span class="source">Blinding Weapons — Reports of the Meetings of Experts Convened by the ICRC on Battlefield Laser Weapons 1989–1991</span>, <span class="publisher-name">ICRC</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Geneva</span>, <span class="year">1993</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Blinding Weapons — Reports of the Meetings of Experts Convened by the ICRC on Battlefield Laser Weapons 1989–1991' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Blinding+Weapons+—+Reports+of+the+Meetings+of+Experts+Convened+by+the+ICRC+on+Battlefield+Laser+Weapons+1989–1991,+ICRC,+Geneva,+1993.>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn20" aria-flowto="reference-20-content reference-20-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 20 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-20-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">20</span> The ICRC convened meetings to consider means of addressing the APL problem, See e.g. ICRC, <em class="italic">Report on Landmines: Report of a Meeting of Experts Convened by the ICRC (Montreux, 21–23 April 1993)</em>, Geneva, 1993.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn21" aria-flowto="reference-21-content reference-21-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 21 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-21-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">21</span> These UN-based figures were cited in ICRC, <em class="italic">Special Brochure: Landmines Must be Stopped</em>, Geneva, 1995, p. 4. More recently, some sources have claimed that the total number of landmines deployed worldwide at that time was closer to half of the estimated 110 million or more. Z. Lachowski, “The Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines”, <em class="italic">SIPRI Yearbook 1998</em>, pp. 545–558.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn22" aria-flowto="reference-22-content reference-22-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 22 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-22-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">22</span> Indeed, the term “Review Conference” is a little misleading in this context. In fact, the review of the CCW took place over 27 months, starting with the first of several meetings of groups of experts in February 1994, and ending with an extended final formal session in May 1996. The Review Conference had a high rate of participation. For example, 44 of the (then) 57 States Parties took part in the October 1995 session and 40 other States attended as observers.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn23" aria-flowto="reference-23-content reference-23-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 23 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-23-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">23</span> Additional Protocol to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol IV to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons), which was adopted on 13 October 1995 and entered into force on 30 July 1998.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn24" aria-flowto="reference-24-content reference-24-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 24 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-24-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">24</span> Apparently a number of countries had been developing laser weapons capable of inflicting blindness on their victims, and in some cases these weapons had gone into production. They had not, however, been deployed in battle.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn25" aria-flowto="reference-25-content reference-25-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 25 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-25-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">25</span> The achievement of this session (Protocol IV on blinding laser weapons) went virtually unnoticed in the disappointment at the failure to agree on amendments to Protocol II on APLs. Indeed, press headlines on 13 October 1995 included comments such as “Landmine conference falls apart” <em class="italic">(The Times)</em> and “UN talks to ban landmines fail” <em class="italic">(International Herald Tribune).</em></p></div></div></div><div id="fn26" aria-flowto="reference-26-content reference-26-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 26 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-26-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">26</span> Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as Amended on 3 May 1996 (Protocol II to the 1980 Convention as amended on 3 May 1996), which entered into force on 3 December 1998.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn27" aria-flowto="reference-27-content reference-27-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 27 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-27-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">27</span> For more details, see <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref004" id="ref004"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Maresca</span>, <span class="given-names">L.</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Maslen</span>, <span class="given-names">S.</span></span>, <span class="source">The Banning of Anti-personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1955–1999</span>, <span class="publisher-name">Cambridge University Press</span>, <span class="year">2000</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Banning of Anti-personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1955–1999' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494246>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Banning of Anti-personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1955–1999' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Banning+of+Anti-personnel+Landmines%3A+The+Legal+Contribution+of+the+International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross+1955%E2%80%931999&author=Maresca+L.&author=Maslen+S.&publication+year=2000>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn28" aria-flowto="reference-28-content reference-28-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 28 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-28-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">28</span> In addition to the concerns and disappointment expressed by a number of States Parties, the ICRC stated that it considered the amended Protocol II as “woefully inadequate” and that “the horror of the immense human suffering caused by landmines is set to continue, and the amended Protocol II will do little to change this situation”. ICRC Press Release 96/16, 3 May 1996.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn29" aria-flowto="reference-29-content reference-29-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 29 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-29-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">29</span> For example, the ICRC recently stated: “Although a global assessment may be premature, statistics gathered by the ICRC and mine action organizations show that the average number of monthly casualties due to landmines and unexploded ordnance has decreased significantly in several affected countries.” Statement by the ICRC, UNGA, 55th Session, November 2000. – On 12 September 2001, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) released its third annual report on the global landmine situation, detailing substantial results in implementation of the Ottawa Treaty. The major findings of the 2001 report included: decreased use of APLs; a dramatic drop in production of APLs; an almost complete halt in trade of APLs; destruction of millions of stockpiled APLs; increased funding for humanitarian mine action; more land cleared of mines; and most importantly, fewer new APL casualties, <<a class="uri simple" href="http://www.icbl.org/lm/2001/findings/">http://www.icbl.org/lm/2001/findings/</a>>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn30" aria-flowto="reference-30-content reference-30-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 30 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-30-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">30</span> Proposals have been put forward by the ICRC: adoption of a new protocol which would extend the scope of the whole CCW (CCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.1); and the USA: amendment of Article I of the Framework Convention (CCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.2). For details of this and other USA proposals see <<a class="uri simple" href="http://www3.itu.missions/US/CCW/">http://www3.itu.missions/US/CCW/</a>>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn31" aria-flowto="reference-31-content reference-31-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 31 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-31-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">31</span> There were proposals by France, in a non paper entitled “Compliance” of 2 April 2001 presented to the Second Preparatory Committee, and the USA (CCW/CONF.II/ PC.1/WP.7).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn32" aria-flowto="reference-32-content reference-32-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 32 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-32-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">32</span> This proposal by the ICRC included: users' responsibility for clearance; sharing of technical information on clearance; obligation of users to warn civilians; and prohibition on use against military objects co-located with civilians. See <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref005" id="ref005"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Herby</span>, <span class="given-names">P.</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Nuiten</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Explosive remnants of war: Protecting civilians through an additional protocol to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons</span>”, <span class="source">IRRC</span>, Vol. <span class="volume">83</span>, March <span class="year">2001</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">195</span>–<span class="lpage">205</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Explosive remnants of war: Protecting civilians through an additional protocol to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Explosive+remnants+of+war%3A+Protecting+civilians+through+an+additional+protocol+to+the+1980+Convention+on+Certain+Conventional+Weapons&author=Herby+P.&author=Nuiten+A.&publication+year=2001&journal=IRRC&volume=83&pages=195-205>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn33" aria-flowto="reference-33-content reference-33-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 33 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-33-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">33</span> Working paper presented by Denmark, Finland, Germany, Japan, Poland, United Kingdom and USA, <em class="italic">Protocol on mines other than anti-personnel mines</em>, CCW/CONF.II/- PC.3/WP.11. Working paper presented by Switzerland, <em class="italic">Restrictions on Small Calibre Ammunition which cause excessive wounding and unnecessary injuries</em>, CCW/CONF.II/-PC.3/WP.3.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn34" aria-flowto="reference-34-content reference-34-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 34 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-34-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">34</span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref006" id="ref006"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Boutwell</span>, <span class="given-names">J.</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Klare</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Small arms and light weapons: Controlling the real instruments of war</span>”, <span class="source">Arms Control Today</span>, vol. <span class="volume">28</span>, August/September <span class="year">1998</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Small arms and light weapons: Controlling the real instruments of war' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Small+arms+and+light+weapons%3A+Controlling+the+real+instruments+of+war&author=Boutwell+J.&author=Klare+M.&publication+year=1998&journal=Arms+Control+Today&volume=28>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn35" aria-flowto="reference-35-content reference-35-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 35 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-35-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">35</span> “Letter to Secretary of Defense William Perry from fifty-one U.S. Members of Congress, July 31, 1995”, Appendix G in <em class="italic">Blinding Laser Weapons: The Need to Ban a Cruel and Inhumane Weapon</em>, Human Rights Watch Project, vol. 7, No. 1, September 1995.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn36" aria-flowto="reference-36-content reference-36-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 36 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-36-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">36</span> The letter to President Bush, dated 19 May 2001, may be viewed at <<a class="uri simple" href="http://www.banminesusa/">http://www.banminesusa/</a>></p></div></div></div><div id="fn37" aria-flowto="reference-37-content reference-37-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 37 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-37-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">37</span> In this respect, the compliance-monitoring proposal by the USA includes procedures which are similar to those in Art. 8 of the Ottawa Treaty. It would in fact be most convenient for States Parties undertaking to ensure implementation of the CCW and the Ottawa Treaty at the national level if the compliance-monitoring provisions agreed for the CCW were identical to those contained in the Ottawa Treaty.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn38" aria-flowto="reference-38-content reference-38-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 38 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-38-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">38</span> This view accords with a recent statemerit by the ICRC which, referring to international humanitarian law, stated that “[t]he effective implementation of existing law, including the obligation to ensure its respect, is indeed the most pressing matter, rather than the development of new rules”, Statement by the ICRC, UNGA, 53rd session, Sixth Committee, 17 November 1998.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn39" aria-flowto="reference-39-content reference-39-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 39 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-39-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">39</span> It is unfortunate that certain of the NGOs which are actively seeking increased adherence to the Ottawa Treaty appear to have a disregard for, and in some cases perhaps even a sense of antagonism, towards the CCW.</p></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div>           <div id="metrics-tab" publication-date="27 April 2010" class="metrics tab-pane" data-v-c41a0c86><div class="app-loader" data-v-c41a0c86></div></div></div></div> </div> <div role="complementary" aria-label="related contents" class="column__main__right" data-v-01274b1d> <div class="cited-by-wrapper" data-v-01274b1d><div class="cited-by"><dl class="cited-by__col"><dt class="cited-by__number">12</dt> <dd><a tabindex="0" data-toggle="modal" aria-label="Open cited by modal 12 existing citations" class="cited-by__link"><span class="number">Cited by</span></a></dd></dl></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator white" data-v-7036083a></div>   </div></div></div></div></div> <div id="cited-by-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Cited by modal" aria-hidden="true" class="modal fade" data-v-014d05be data-v-01274b1d><div class="modal-dialog modal-xl cited-by-modal" data-v-014d05be><div tabindex="-1" class="modal-content" data-v-014d05be><div class="modal-header" data-v-014d05be><h1 class="modal-header__heading" data-v-014d05be>Cited by</h1></div> <div class="modal-body" data-v-014d05be><div class="modal-body__loader" data-v-014d05be><div class="modal-body__loader__spinner" data-v-014d05be></div> <p class="modal-body__loader__message" data-v-014d05be>Loading...</p></div></div> <button aria-label="Close Cited by" aria-expanded="false" data-dismiss="modal" class="app-button cited-by-modal__button--close app-button__icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-014d05be><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon close-modal" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> </button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>window.__NUXT__=(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,A,B,C){return {layout:"default",data:[{article:{id:"70C1E6096B9E145FB27875820DC66EA3",metadata:{title:q,htmlTitle:q,subtitle:d,authorsGroup:{authors:{contributors:[{givenNames:"Robert J.",surname:"Mathews",nameStyle:"western",affiliations:[],isCorresponding:a,notes:d,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Robert J. Mathews",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Robert%20J.%20Mathews&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"27 April 2010",keywords:[],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS1560775500183506",value:"10.1017\u002FS1560775500183506"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © International Committee of the Red Cross 2001"],holder:["International Committee of the Red Cross"],year:[2001]},creativeCommons:e,acceptedManuscript:a,type:"research-article",pageRange:{range:"991 - 1012",firstPage:"991",lastPage:"1012"},typeDescription:"Research Article",commentsCount:r,topicsAndSubtopics:e},journal:{id:k,title:g,titleSlug:s,mnemonic:"IRC",titleHistory:[{productId:"ECBCC7A22411FFD81F74F6E5B1773F5B",title:"Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja"},{productId:"6D6A0182E170CDEAB08D963C03D1BD1A",title:g},{productId:"064DAF4EC9F4F8F596445CAEDDE335AE",title:"Bulletin International des Societes de la Croix-Rouge"},{productId:k,title:g}],isFirstView:a,journalSlug:s,isCompanion:a,parentCompanionJournalName:g,associatedParentCollection:e,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:21,sku:i,skuNew:h,currency:"£"},"€":{price:24,sku:i,skuNew:h,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:i,skuNew:h,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:41,sku:i,skuNew:h,currency:"AU$"}}},url:t,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-review-of-the-red-cross\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FIRC_0_0_0\u002Finternational-review-of-the-red-cross.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-review-of-the-red-cross\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:b,latestTitle:g,latestId:k,hasPastTitle:a,issue:{id:"358B1B4270C97A79DA2138ECCF84A85D",number:"844",title:"Issue 844",publishedDate:"December 2001",printPublishTimestamp:1007164800000,url:u},volume:{id:"F1D6AF297B05367F6DCE3A2A60EF6465",number:v,title:"Volume 83",publishedDate:"March 2001",printPublishTimestamp:983404800000,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-review-of-the-red-cross\u002Fvolume\u002FF1D6AF297B05367F6DCE3A2A60EF6465"}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Résumé",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELa Convention sur l'interdiction ou la limitation de l'emploi de certaines armes classiques qui peuvent être considérées comme produisant des effets traumatiques excessifs ou comme frappant sans discrimination (du 10 octobre 1980) a établi le cadre juridique pour non seulement interdire certaines armes particulièrement cruelles mais encore, et surtout, en limiter l'emploi. l'article retrace l'histoire de ce traité et rappelle l'évolution qu'il a connue depuis 1980 à travers, notamment, l'adoption d'un nouveau protocole sur les armes à laser aveuglantes et le renforcement du Protocole II (relatif aux mines terrestres). Toutefois, après l'interdiction complète des mines antipersonnel par le traité d'Ottawa en 1997, peut-on encore justifier l'approche choisie par la Convention de 1980, à savoir la limitation dans l'emploi ? L'auteur répond par l'affirmative.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:w}]},content:{html:d,tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"fn01",displayNumber:"1",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For an overview of these efforts, including the role of the ICRC, see \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref001\" id=\"ref001\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMathews\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER.J.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMcCormack\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ET.L.H.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EThe influence of humanitarian principles in the negotiation of arms control treaties\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EIRRC\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No. \u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E834\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, June \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1999\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E331\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E352\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The influence of humanitarian principles in the negotiation of arms control treaties' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+influence+of+humanitarian+principles+in+the+negotiation+of+arms+control+treaties&author=Mathews+R.J.&author=McCormack+T.L.H.&publication+year=1999&journal=IRRC&pages=331-352\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+influence+of+humanitarian+principles+in+the+negotiation+of+arms+control+treaties&author=Mathews+R.J.&author=McCormack+T.L.H.&publication+year=1999&journal=IRRC&pages=331-352",openUrlParams:{genre:l,atitle:x,jtitle:j,title:j,volume:e,artnum:"59b8f4f1fe1a690a6f3c1df8",spage:"331",epage:"352",date:"1999",sid:f,aulast:d,aufirst:d,doi:d,au:d},innerRefId:"ref001",title:x,doi:d,crossRefLink:d,pubMedLink:d}]},{id:"fn02",displayNumber:"2",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, and Protocols I-III, 10 October 1980.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn03",displayNumber:"3",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, 18 September 1997, which entered into force on 1 March 1999.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn04",displayNumber:"4",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref002\" id=\"ref002\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDraft Rules for the Limitation of the Dangers Incurred by the Civilian Population in Time of War\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"edition\"\u003E2nd ed.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EICRC\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EGeneva\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1958\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Draft Rules for the Limitation of the Dangers Incurred by the Civilian Population in Time of War' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Draft+Rules+for+the+Limitation+of+the+Dangers+Incurred+by+the+Civilian+Population+in+Time+of+War,+2nd+ed.,+ICRC,+Geneva,+1958.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Draft+Rules+for+the+Limitation+of+the+Dangers+Incurred+by+the+Civilian+Population+in+Time+of+War,+2nd+ed.,+ICRC,+Geneva,+1958.",openUrlParams:{genre:m,btitle:n,title:n,aulast:d,aufirst:d,au:d,pub:e,date:"1958",tpages:e,doi:d,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref002",title:n,doi:d,crossRefLink:d,pubMedLink:d}]},{id:"fn05",displayNumber:"5",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The Draft Rules (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esupra\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, note 4), in addition to proposing a prohibition on delayed-action weapons (Article 14 — Prohibited methods of warfare), also proposed that weapons capable of causing serious damage to the civilian population be equipped with a safety device which renders them harmless when they escape from the control of those who employ them (Article 15 — Safety measures and devices).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn06",displayNumber:"6",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This Conference is normally referred to as “the Diplomatic Conference” or CDDH. The acronym CDDH, which was also used to designate official documents, was based on the French-language title of the Conference: \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EConférence diplomatique sur la reaffirmation et le développement du droit international humanitaire applicable dans les conflits armés.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn07",displayNumber:"7",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EIncendiary Weapons, Anti-personnel Fragmentation Weapons, Flechettes, especially Injurious Small Calibre Projectiles, Anti-Personnel Land Mines\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, Working Paper, presented by Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia. Doc. CDDH\u002FDT\u002F2, 21 February 1974.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn08",displayNumber:"8",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ICRC Report, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EConference of Government Experts on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (Lucerne 24.9. 18.10.1974)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, ICRC, Geneva, 1975.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn09",displayNumber:"9",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ICRC Report, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EConference of Government Experts on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (Second Session, Lugano, 28.1.-26.2.1976)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, ICRC, Geneva, 1976.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn10",displayNumber:"10",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref002\"\u003EIbid.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, p. 78.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn11",displayNumber:"11",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E There was also an implied linkage between advanced technology in weapons with increased inhumanity: a notion which had inconsiderable appeal to certain developing States and groups involved in guerrilla warfare and wars of national liberation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn12",displayNumber:"12",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The two sessions were attended by representatives of 82 States and 76 States respectively. A number of governments included a representative of their National Red Cross or Red Crescent Society in their delegations. In addition, the ICRC was present with observer status; it made a number of useful interventions and provided information on weapons issues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn13",displayNumber:"13",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Decision-making on the weapons- related issues (both in the CDDH \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ead hoc\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Committee and subsequently in the CCW negotiations) was made difficult because decisions were taken by consensus (unlike other decisions taken in the CDDH which, had it been necessary, could have been taken by a two-thirds majority).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn14",displayNumber:"14",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In the course of the negotiations, several States had proposed that the CCW should contain some form of compliance-monitoring procedures. See \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDraft Article on a Consultative Committee of Experts\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, UN Doc. A\u002FCONF.95\u002FL.7, 9 October 1980, sponsored by Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan and The Netherlands. Unfortunately, this proposal did not gain consensus support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn15",displayNumber:"15",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This is in stark contrast to 1977 Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions (agreed three years earlier) which required development of military manuals, orders and instructions to ensure observance of the provisions (Art. 80), including availability of legal advisers (Art. 82), broad dissemination (Art. 83) and criminal proceedings against those who commit “grave breaches” of the provisions (Arts 85–89).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn16",displayNumber:"16",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Indeed, preambular para. 6 of the CCW referred specifically to the importance of ratification by “militarily significant States”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn17",displayNumber:"17",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E It should be noted, however, that not all States are members of the United Nations, so comparisons should be made with care, especially with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). For example, a number of internationally recognized States that are party to the NPT are not UN Member States (e.g. Holy See and Switzerland). At the end of 2000, four States (Cuba, India, Israel and Pakistan) were not party to the NPT. The “cross-over” of the NPT and UN curves in the late 1990s was a consequence of, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Einter alia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga (which had ratified the NPT in 1985, 1982 and 1971 respectively) not becoming UN Member States until 1999.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn18",displayNumber:"18",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Anti-personnel landmines (APLs) had become a greater problem since the 1970s, because of improved production methods, increased use of plastics and more compact design. This resulted in APLs becoming more readily available, less expensive, less labourintensive to deploy (i.e. air-scatterable or remotely deliverable), and more difficult to detect. This resulted in massive numbers of casualties, most notably civilians after conflicts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn19",displayNumber:"19",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Meetings were held in June 1989, November 1990 and April 1991 to consider technical, medical, psychological and legal aspects of the use of battlefield laser weapons. ICRC Report, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref003\" id=\"ref003\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBlinding Weapons — Reports of the Meetings of Experts Convened by the ICRC on Battlefield Laser Weapons 1989–1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EICRC\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EGeneva\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1993\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Blinding Weapons — Reports of the Meetings of Experts Convened by the ICRC on Battlefield Laser Weapons 1989–1991' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Blinding+Weapons+—+Reports+of+the+Meetings+of+Experts+Convened+by+the+ICRC+on+Battlefield+Laser+Weapons+1989–1991,+ICRC,+Geneva,+1993.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Blinding+Weapons+—+Reports+of+the+Meetings+of+Experts+Convened+by+the+ICRC+on+Battlefield+Laser+Weapons+1989–1991,+ICRC,+Geneva,+1993.",openUrlParams:{genre:m,btitle:o,title:o,aulast:d,aufirst:d,au:d,pub:e,date:"1993",tpages:e,doi:d,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref003",title:o,doi:d,crossRefLink:d,pubMedLink:d}]},{id:"fn20",displayNumber:"20",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The ICRC convened meetings to consider means of addressing the APL problem, See e.g. ICRC, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EReport on Landmines: Report of a Meeting of Experts Convened by the ICRC (Montreux, 21–23 April 1993)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, Geneva, 1993.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn21",displayNumber:"21",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E These UN-based figures were cited in ICRC, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESpecial Brochure: Landmines Must be Stopped\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, Geneva, 1995, p. 4. More recently, some sources have claimed that the total number of landmines deployed worldwide at that time was closer to half of the estimated 110 million or more. Z. Lachowski, “The Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines”, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESIPRI Yearbook 1998\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, pp. 545–558.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn22",displayNumber:"22",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Indeed, the term “Review Conference” is a little misleading in this context. In fact, the review of the CCW took place over 27 months, starting with the first of several meetings of groups of experts in February 1994, and ending with an extended final formal session in May 1996. The Review Conference had a high rate of participation. For example, 44 of the (then) 57 States Parties took part in the October 1995 session and 40 other States attended as observers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn23",displayNumber:"23",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Additional Protocol to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol IV to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons), which was adopted on 13 October 1995 and entered into force on 30 July 1998.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn24",displayNumber:"24",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Apparently a number of countries had been developing laser weapons capable of inflicting blindness on their victims, and in some cases these weapons had gone into production. They had not, however, been deployed in battle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn25",displayNumber:"25",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The achievement of this session (Protocol IV on blinding laser weapons) went virtually unnoticed in the disappointment at the failure to agree on amendments to Protocol II on APLs. Indeed, press headlines on 13 October 1995 included comments such as “Landmine conference falls apart” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003E(The Times)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and “UN talks to ban landmines fail” \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003E(International Herald Tribune).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn26",displayNumber:"26",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as Amended on 3 May 1996 (Protocol II to the 1980 Convention as amended on 3 May 1996), which entered into force on 3 December 1998.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn27",displayNumber:"27",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For more details, see \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref004\" id=\"ref004\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMaresca\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EL.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMaslen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Banning of Anti-personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1955–1999\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECambridge University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2000\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Banning of Anti-personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1955–1999' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FCBO9780511494246\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Banning of Anti-personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1955–1999' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Banning+of+Anti-personnel+Landmines%3A+The+Legal+Contribution+of+the+International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross+1955%E2%80%931999&author=Maresca+L.&author=Maslen+S.&publication+year=2000\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Banning+of+Anti-personnel+Landmines%3A+The+Legal+Contribution+of+the+International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross+1955%E2%80%931999&author=Maresca+L.&author=Maslen+S.&publication+year=2000",openUrlParams:{genre:m,btitle:p,title:p,aulast:d,aufirst:d,au:d,pub:e,date:"2000",tpages:e,doi:y,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref004",title:p,doi:y,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FCBO9780511494246",pubMedLink:d}]},{id:"fn28",displayNumber:z,existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In addition to the concerns and disappointment expressed by a number of States Parties, the ICRC stated that it considered the amended Protocol II as “woefully inadequate” and that “the horror of the immense human suffering caused by landmines is set to continue, and the amended Protocol II will do little to change this situation”. ICRC Press Release 96\u002F16, 3 May 1996.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn29",displayNumber:"29",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For example, the ICRC recently stated: “Although a global assessment may be premature, statistics gathered by the ICRC and mine action organizations show that the average number of monthly casualties due to landmines and unexploded ordnance has decreased significantly in several affected countries.” Statement by the ICRC, UNGA, 55th Session, November 2000. – On 12 September 2001, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) released its third annual report on the global landmine situation, detailing substantial results in implementation of the Ottawa Treaty. The major findings of the 2001 report included: decreased use of APLs; a dramatic drop in production of APLs; an almost complete halt in trade of APLs; destruction of millions of stockpiled APLs; increased funding for humanitarian mine action; more land cleared of mines; and most importantly, fewer new APL casualties, <\u003Ca class=\"uri simple\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.icbl.org\u002Flm\u002F2001\u002Ffindings\u002F\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.icbl.org\u002Flm\u002F2001\u002Ffindings\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E>.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn30",displayNumber:"30",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Proposals have been put forward by the ICRC: adoption of a new protocol which would extend the scope of the whole CCW (CCW\u002FCONF.II\u002FPC.1\u002FWP.1); and the USA: amendment of Article I of the Framework Convention (CCW\u002FCONF.II\u002FPC.1\u002FWP.2). For details of this and other USA proposals see <\u003Ca class=\"uri simple\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww3.itu.missions\u002FUS\u002FCCW\u002F\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fwww3.itu.missions\u002FUS\u002FCCW\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E>.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn31",displayNumber:"31",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E There were proposals by France, in a non paper entitled “Compliance” of 2 April 2001 presented to the Second Preparatory Committee, and the USA (CCW\u002FCONF.II\u002F PC.1\u002FWP.7).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn32",displayNumber:"32",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E32\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This proposal by the ICRC included: users' responsibility for clearance; sharing of technical information on clearance; obligation of users to warn civilians; and prohibition on use against military objects co-located with civilians. See \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref005\" id=\"ref005\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHerby\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENuiten\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EExplosive remnants of war: Protecting civilians through an additional protocol to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EIRRC\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, Vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E83\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, March \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E195\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E205\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Explosive remnants of war: Protecting civilians through an additional protocol to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Explosive+remnants+of+war%3A+Protecting+civilians+through+an+additional+protocol+to+the+1980+Convention+on+Certain+Conventional+Weapons&author=Herby+P.&author=Nuiten+A.&publication+year=2001&journal=IRRC&volume=83&pages=195-205\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Explosive+remnants+of+war%3A+Protecting+civilians+through+an+additional+protocol+to+the+1980+Convention+on+Certain+Conventional+Weapons&author=Herby+P.&author=Nuiten+A.&publication+year=2001&journal=IRRC&volume=83&pages=195-205",openUrlParams:{genre:l,atitle:A,jtitle:j,title:j,volume:v,artnum:"59b8f4f1fe1a690a6f3c1dfc",spage:"195",epage:"205",date:"2001",sid:f,aulast:d,aufirst:d,doi:d,au:d},innerRefId:"ref005",title:A,doi:d,crossRefLink:d,pubMedLink:d}]},{id:"fn33",displayNumber:"33",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E33\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Working paper presented by Denmark, Finland, Germany, Japan, Poland, United Kingdom and USA, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EProtocol on mines other than anti-personnel mines\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, CCW\u002FCONF.II\u002F- PC.3\u002FWP.11. Working paper presented by Switzerland, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERestrictions on Small Calibre Ammunition which cause excessive wounding and unnecessary injuries\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, CCW\u002FCONF.II\u002F-PC.3\u002FWP.3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn34",displayNumber:"34",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E34\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref006\" id=\"ref006\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBoutwell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKlare\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ESmall arms and light weapons: Controlling the real instruments of war\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EArms Control Today\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, August\u002FSeptember \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1998\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Small arms and light weapons: Controlling the real instruments of war' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Small+arms+and+light+weapons%3A+Controlling+the+real+instruments+of+war&author=Boutwell+J.&author=Klare+M.&publication+year=1998&journal=Arms+Control+Today&volume=28\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Small+arms+and+light+weapons%3A+Controlling+the+real+instruments+of+war&author=Boutwell+J.&author=Klare+M.&publication+year=1998&journal=Arms+Control+Today&volume=28",openUrlParams:{genre:l,atitle:B,jtitle:C,title:C,volume:z,artnum:"59b8f4f1fe1a690a6f3c1dfd",spage:e,epage:e,date:"1998",sid:f,aulast:d,aufirst:d,doi:d,au:d},innerRefId:"ref006",title:B,doi:d,crossRefLink:d,pubMedLink:d}]},{id:"fn35",displayNumber:"35",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E35\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “Letter to Secretary of Defense William Perry from fifty-one U.S. Members of Congress, July 31, 1995”, Appendix G in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EBlinding Laser Weapons: The Need to Ban a Cruel and Inhumane Weapon\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, Human Rights Watch Project, vol. 7, No. 1, September 1995.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn36",displayNumber:"36",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The letter to President Bush, dated 19 May 2001, may be viewed at <\u003Ca class=\"uri simple\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.banminesusa\u002F\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.banminesusa\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E>\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn37",displayNumber:"37",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E37\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In this respect, the compliance-monitoring proposal by the USA includes procedures which are similar to those in Art. 8 of the Ottawa Treaty. It would in fact be most convenient for States Parties undertaking to ensure implementation of the CCW and the Ottawa Treaty at the national level if the compliance-monitoring provisions agreed for the CCW were identical to those contained in the Ottawa Treaty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn38",displayNumber:"38",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E38\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This view accords with a recent statemerit by the ICRC which, referring to international humanitarian law, stated that “[t]he effective implementation of existing law, including the obligation to ensure its respect, is indeed the most pressing matter, rather than the development of new rules”, Statement by the ICRC, UNGA, 53rd session, Sixth Committee, 17 November 1998.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn39",displayNumber:"39",existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E39\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E It is unfortunate that certain of the NGOs which are actively seeking increased adherence to the Ottawa Treaty appear to have a disregard for, and in some cases perhaps even a sense of antagonism, towards the CCW.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]}],figures:[]},pdf:e,classification:[],supplementaryMaterials:[],relations:{corrections:[],correctionsOriginals:[],retractions:[],retractionsOriginals:[],addendums:[],addendumsOriginals:[],hasAnyRelations:a,hasAnyOriginalArticle:a},settings:{hasAccess:a,isOpenAccess:a,displayRightsLink:b,shouldDisplayCrossMark:a,shouldDisplayNasaAds:a,suppressPdf:a,isShareable:a,isAnnotationsEnabled:a,disableArticleCommentary:a,displayArticleCommentaryAsDiscussionLinks:a,isCommentsEnabled:a,hasContent:a,shouldDisplaySubmitContent:a,isResearchDirections:a,isQuestionCollection:a,isMathjaxEnabled:a},citationCount:12,openUrlParams:"?genre=article&atitle=The%201980%20Convention%20on%20Certain%20Conventional%20Weapons%3A%20A%20useful%20framework%20despite%20earlier%20disappointments&jtitle=International%20Review%20of%20the%20Red%20Cross&title=International%20Review%20of%20the%20Red%20Cross&date=2001&volume=83&issue=844&spage=991&epage=1012&sid=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore&aulast=Mathews&aufirst=Robert%20J.&doi=10.1017\u002FS1560775500183506",ecommerceProducts:{digitalSku:h,paperBackSku:e,hardBackSku:e},subject:[],permissionUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fs100.copyright.com\u002FAppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=IRC&title=The%201980%20Convention%20on%20Certain%20Conventional%20Weapons%3A%20A%20useful%20framework%20despite%20earlier%20disappointments&publicationDate=27%20April%202010&author=Robert%20J.%20Mathews&copyright=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20International%20Committee%20of%20the%20Red%20Cross%202001&contentID=10.1017%2FS1560775500183506&startPage=991&endPage=1012&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=83&issueNum=844&oa="},breadcrumbs:[{name:"Home",url:"\u002Fcore"},{name:"Journals",url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fpublications\u002Fjournals"},{name:g,url:t},{name:"Volume 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additional protocol to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons","Small arms and light weapons: Controlling the real instruments of war","Arms Control Today"));</script><script src="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/722ace3.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" defer></script> </div> </div> <div id="article-new-home-productCitations" class="product-citations-modal reveal-modal medium" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <div class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader">Cited by</div> </div> <div class="citation-content"> <div class="row collapse header margin-top productCitations-content"> <ul class="small-12 small-centered columns citations"> <li class="fade-in section-container active"> <a href="#" class="section-button" 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