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<li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shirvanshahs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirvanshahs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Shirvanshahs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirvanshahs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safavid,_Afsharid_and_Qajar_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavid,_Afsharid_and_Qajar_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavid,_Afsharid_and_Qajar_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<li id="toc-Caucasian_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasian_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Caucasian population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasian_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_influence_and_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_influence_and_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Iranian influence and population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_influence_and_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkification_of_the_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkification_of_the_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Turkification of the region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkification_of_the_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shirvan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شروان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شروان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eirvan_(tarixi_%C9%99razi)" title="Şirvan (tarixi ərazi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şirvan (tarixi ərazi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="شیروان تاریخی ویلایتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیروان تاریخی ویلایتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ширван – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ширван" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xirvan" title="Xirvan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xirvan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schirwan" title="Schirwan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schirwan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD_(%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE)" title="Σιρβάν (περιοχή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιρβάν (περιοχή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirv%C3%A1n" title="Shirván – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shirván" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شروان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شروان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirvan_(province)" title="Chirvan (province) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chirvan (province)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شروان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="شروان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD)" title="Շիրվան (պատմական երկրամաս) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շիրվան (պատմական երկրամաս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0irvan" title="Širvan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Širvan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ширван – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ширван" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan_(regione)" title="Shirvan (regione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shirvan (regione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="შირვანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შირვანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шируан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шируан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ширван – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ширван" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0irvanas" title="Širvanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Širvanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirv%C3%A1n" title="Sirván – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sirván" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഷിർവാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷിർവാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شروان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شروان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjirvan" title="Sjirvan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjirvan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjirvan" title="Sjirvan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjirvan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvon" title="Shirvon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shirvon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="شیروان (شہر) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیروان (شہر)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyrwan" title="Szyrwan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szyrwan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xirv%C3%A3o" title="Xirvão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xirvão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ширван – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ширван" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0irvan" title="Širvan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Širvan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Шервон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шервон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eirvan_(b%C3%B6lge)" title="Şirvan (bölge) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şirvan (bölge)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Ширван (історична область) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ширван (історична область)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شروان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شروان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%87%A1" title="希爾凡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希爾凡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q638064#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shirvan&params=39_55_55_N_48_55_13_E_region:AZ_source:kolossus-cawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°55′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">48°55′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.93194°N 48.92028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.93194; 48.92028</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical Iranian region in Azerbaijan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other places with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Shirvan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shirvan (disambiguation)">Shirvan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the history of the area prior to the late Sassanid and early Islamic era, see <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1541-Battle_in_the_war_between_Shah_Isma%27il_and_the_King_of_Shirvan-Shahnama-i-Isma%27il.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1541-Battle_in_the_war_between_Shah_Isma%27il_and_the_King_of_Shirvan-Shahnama-i-Isma%27il.jpg/250px-1541-Battle_in_the_war_between_Shah_Isma%27il_and_the_King_of_Shirvan-Shahnama-i-Isma%27il.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1541-Battle_in_the_war_between_Shah_Isma%27il_and_the_King_of_Shirvan-Shahnama-i-Isma%27il.jpg/375px-1541-Battle_in_the_war_between_Shah_Isma%27il_and_the_King_of_Shirvan-Shahnama-i-Isma%27il.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1541-Battle_in_the_war_between_Shah_Isma%27il_and_the_King_of_Shirvan-Shahnama-i-Isma%27il.jpg/500px-1541-Battle_in_the_war_between_Shah_Isma%27il_and_the_King_of_Shirvan-Shahnama-i-Isma%27il.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Safavid_conquest_of_Shirvan" title="Safavid conquest of Shirvan">The battle</a> between the young Ismail and Shah <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Yassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrukh Yassar">Farrukh Yassar</a> of Shirvan.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gegeichnet_von_I.C.M._Reinecke._Schirwan._1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gegeichnet_von_I.C.M._Reinecke._Schirwan._1804.jpg/250px-Gegeichnet_von_I.C.M._Reinecke._Schirwan._1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gegeichnet_von_I.C.M._Reinecke._Schirwan._1804.jpg/375px-Gegeichnet_von_I.C.M._Reinecke._Schirwan._1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gegeichnet_von_I.C.M._Reinecke._Schirwan._1804.jpg/500px-Gegeichnet_von_I.C.M._Reinecke._Schirwan._1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption>Shirvan from map of the Caucasus by Johann Christoph Matthias Reinecke. 1804</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shirvan</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شیروان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Shirvān</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Şirvan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>: <i>Şirvan</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, as known in both pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> and Islamic times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the region is an industrially and agriculturally developed part of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a> that stretches between the western shores of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Kura River</a>, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Shirvan_steppe" title="Shirvan steppe">Shirvan Plain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_conquest_of_Shirvan" title="Georgian conquest of Shirvan">Georgian conquest of Shirvan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Vladimir Minorsky</a> believes that names such as Sharvān (Shirwān), Lāyzān and Baylaqān are Iranian names from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> of the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several explanations about this name: </p> <ul><li>Shirvan or Sharvan are corrupted forms of the word "Shahrbān" (Persian: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شهربان</span>) which means "the governor". The word "Shahrban" has been used since Achaemenian Dynasty as "Xshathrapawn" (<a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a>) to refer to different states of the kingdom.</li> <li>Shervan in Persian means cypress tree (the same as 'sarv' in Middle Persian and in New Persian, as well as in Arabic<sup id="cite_ref-DehkhodaDictionary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DehkhodaDictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). It is also used as a male name.</li> <li>It is connected popularly to <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Anushirvan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> King.<sup id="cite_ref-DehkhodaDictionary_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DehkhodaDictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, <a href="/wiki/Said_Nafisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Nafisi">Said Nafisi</a> points out that according to <a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a>'s poems, where Khaqani contrasts his home town with kheyrvān (Persian: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خیروان</span>), the original and correct pronunciation of the name was Sharvān. So all etymologies relating this name to sher/shir (lion in Persian) or Anushiravan are most probably folk etymology and not based on historical facts. The form Shervān or Shirvān are from later centuries. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, Shirwan proper comprised the easternmost spurs of the Caucasus range and the lands which sloped down from these mountains to the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Kor_River" title="Kor River">Kur river</a>. But its rulers strove continuously to control also the western shores of the Caspian Sea from Ḳuba (the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Quba" title="Quba">Quba</a>) in the district of Maskat in the north, to <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> in the south. To the north of all these lands lay Bab al-Abwab or Derbend, and to the west, beyond the modern <a href="/wiki/Goychay_(city)" title="Goychay (city)">Goychay</a>, the region of <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Shaki</a>. In mediaeval Islamic times, and apparently in pre-Islamic Sāsānid ones also, Shirwan included the district of Layzan, which probably corresponds to modern Lahidj, often ruled as a separate fief by a collateral branch of the Yazidi Shirwan Shahs.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azeri_carpet_(Sirvan_group).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Azeri_carpet_%28Sirvan_group%29.jpg/220px-Azeri_carpet_%28Sirvan_group%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Azeri_carpet_%28Sirvan_group%29.jpg/330px-Azeri_carpet_%28Sirvan_group%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Azeri_carpet_%28Sirvan_group%29.jpg/440px-Azeri_carpet_%28Sirvan_group%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>Traditional pile carpet of Shirvan</figcaption></figure> <p>The 19th century native historian and writer <a href="/wiki/Abbasgulu_Bakikhanov" title="Abbasgulu Bakikhanov">Abbasgulu Bakikhanov</a> defines it as: "The country of Shirvan to the east borders on the Caspian Sea, and to the south on the river Kur, which separates it from the provinces of Moghan and Armenia".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shirvanshahs">Shirvanshahs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shirvanshahs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshahs" title="Shirvanshahs">Shirvanshahs</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_IV_map_de.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_IV_map_de.png/300px-David_IV_map_de.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_IV_map_de.png/450px-David_IV_map_de.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_IV_map_de.png/600px-David_IV_map_de.png 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Shirvan circa 1100</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Shirvan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Shirvan.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Shirvan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Shirvan.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Shirvan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Shirvan.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Shirvan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Shirvan according to <a href="/wiki/Vakhushti_of_Kartli" title="Vakhushti of Kartli">Vakhushti Bagrationi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shirvanshah also spelled as Shīrwān Shāh or Sharwān Shāh, was the title in medieval Islamic times of a Persianized dynasty of Arabic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ruled the area independently or as a vassal of larger empires from 809 A.D. up to 1607 A.D. when Safavid rule became firmly established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safavid,_Afsharid_and_Qajar_eras"><span id="Safavid.2C_Afsharid_and_Qajar_eras"></span>Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshahs" title="Shirvanshahs">Shirvanshahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afsharid" class="mw-redirect" title="Afsharid">Afsharid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a></div> <p>When the Shirvanshah Shah dynasty was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a>, Shirwan formed a province of the Safavids and was usually governed by a Khan, who is often called <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shirvan was taken by the Ottomans in 1578; however, Safavid rule was restored by 1607.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1722, during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a>, the Khan of Quba, Husayn Ali, submitted to <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> and was accepted as his dignitary. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1723)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)</a> forced the Iranian king to recognise the Russian annexation. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1724)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1724)">treaty</a> between the Russian and Ottoman Empires in the year 1724, the coast of the territory of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, which was occupied by the Russians, was separated from the rest of Shirvan, which was left to the Ottomans. It was only when Nader Shah <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1730%E2%80%931735)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)">defeated the Ottomans (1735)</a> that the Russians ceded back the coastal land and the other areas in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> as conquered in 1722–1723 from Safavid Iran conform the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Resht" title="Treaty of Resht">Treaties of Resht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ganja" title="Treaty of Ganja">Ganja</a>, and the area became part of the Afsharid Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by which century long Iranian rule was restored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qajar_Iran_to_the_Azerbaijan_SSR">Qajar Iran to the Azerbaijan SSR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Qajar Iran to the Azerbaijan SSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirvan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shirvan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Shirvan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shirvan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Shirvan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shirvan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Shirvan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5001" data-file-height="5718" /></a><figcaption>19th century Shirvan <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">carpet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museo_Poldi_Pezzoli" title="Museo Poldi Pezzoli">Museo Poldi Pezzoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a> had succeeded in restoring the unity of Persia, the sons of the Khan were no more able to maintain their independence like the other Caucasian chiefs and had to choose between Russia and Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khan of Shirwan, Mustafa, who had already entered into negotiations with Zubov, submitted to the Russians in 1805, who occupied the Persian cities of <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbend</a> and Baku the next year (1806) during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a>, but soon afterwards he made overtures to the Persians and sought help from them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> (12/24 October 1813) following the end of the 1804–1813 war, Persia was forced to cede its territories and regions comprising <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Darband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quba" title="Quba">Quba</a>, Shirwan and <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, while giving up all claims on them as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Mustafa continued to have secret dealings with Persia. It was not until 1820 that his territory was occupied by Russian troops; the Khan fled to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamakhi" title="Shamakhi">Shemakha</a> was irrevocably incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian anger while being dissatisfied with losing swaths of its integral territories in the North and South Caucasus subsequently sparked the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a>, which resulted in another Iranian loss, as well as the ceding of its last remaining territories in the Caucasus comprising what is now <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and southern parts of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> of 1828 officially ratified the forced ceding of these Iranian territories to Imperial Russia, while it would also mark the official end of millennia long intertwined Iranian hegemony, rule, and influence over the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, including Shirvan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_and_culture">People and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: People and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tat people (Caucasus)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the Caucasus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirvan_Tatar,_engraving_from_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg/200px-Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg/300px-Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg/400px-Shirvan_Tatar%2C_engraving_from_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Shirvan Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijani). Engraving from book of Jean Baptiste Benoît Eyriès. Voyage pittoresque en Asie et en Afrique: résumé général des voyages anciens et modernes... T. I, 1839</figcaption></figure> <p>The term Shirvani/Shirvanli is still in use in Azerbaijan to designate the people of Shirvan region, as it was historically.<sup id="cite_ref-T_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient times, the bulk of the population of Shirvan were <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian-speaking</a> groups. Later on <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Iranization</a> of this native population and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> since the Seljuq era occurred. The bulk of the population today are Turkic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>, although there are also smaller Caucasian-speaking and Iranian-speaking minorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasian_population">Caucasian population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Caucasian population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original population were Paleo-Caucasians and spoke Caucasian languages, like the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albanians</a>. Today, other Daghestani Caucasian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> are still spoken in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_influence_and_population">Iranian influence and population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iranian influence and population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iranian penetration started since the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> era and continued in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> era. However it was during the Sassanid era that the influence really increased and Persian colonies were set up in the region. According to Vladimir Minorsky: "The presence of Iranian settlers in <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">Transcaucasia</a>, and especially in the proximity of the passes, must have played an important role in absorbing and pushing back the aboriginal inhabitants. Such names as Sharvan, Layzan, Baylaqan, etc., suggest that the Iranian immigration proceeded chiefly from <a href="/wiki/Gilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan">Gilan</a> and other regions on the southern coast of the Caspian."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1958?_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1958?-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Al-Masudi</a> (896–956), the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> historian states Persian presence in Aran, Bayleqan, Darband, Shabaran, Masqat and Jorjan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 9th century, the urban population of Shirwan increasingly spoke <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the rural population seems to mostly have retained their old Caucasian languages. Up to the nineteenth century, there was still a large number of <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tat</a> people (who claim to be descendants of Sassanid era Persian settlers), however due to their similar culture and religion with the Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis, this population was partly assimilated.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkification_of_the_region">Turkification of the region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Turkification of the region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkic penetration in the region started in the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar</a> era, however there are no unambiguous references to settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of the region started in the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuq</a> era, although the area in parallel maintained its Persian culture under the Persianized Shirvanshah until the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> era. From the Safavid era onwards, the Turkification of the region accelerated with new wave of <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arran (Azerbaijan)">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan_Khanate" title="Shirvan Khanate">Shirvan Khanate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also spelled <b>Sharvān</b>, <b>Shirwan</b>, <b>Shervan</b>, <b>Sherwan</b>, <b>Šervān</b>, and <b>Chirvan</b><sup id="cite_ref-EB1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmellie1771" class="citation cs2">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_First_Edition/Chirvan" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Chirvan">Chirvan</a>", <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/EB1" class="extiw" title="s:EB1">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>, vol. II (1st ed.), Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Macfarquhar" title="Colin Macfarquhar">Colin Macfarquhar</a>, 1771</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chirvan&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Colin+Macfarquhar&rft.date=1771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirvan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholdBosworth1997487–488_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartholdBosworth1997">Barthold & Bosworth 1997</a>, pp. 487–488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minorsky, Vladimir. "A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th Centuries", Cambridge, 1958. Excerpt: Such names as Sharvan, Layzan, Baylaqan, etc., suggest that the Iranian immigration proceeded chiefly from <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a> and other regions on the southern coast of the Caspian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DehkhodaDictionary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DehkhodaDictionary_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DehkhodaDictionary_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dehkhoda dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willem Floor, Hasan Javadi(2009), "The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan by Abbas Qoli Aqa Bakikhanov, Mage Publishers, 2009. pg 5: "The country of Shirvan to the east borders on the Caspian Sea, and to the south on the river Kur, which separates it from the provinces of Moghan and Armenia" "Thus, present day Shirvan with Saliyan, Sheki, Baku, Qobbeh, Darband, Tabarasan and Kur and the region of the Samuriyeh and some parts of lower Ilisu is part of that and constitutes the largest and the best part of this country."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Tadeusz Swietochowski</a>, <i>Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition</i> (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. pg 10, 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1958?-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1958?_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinorsky1958">Minorsky 1958</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al Mas'udi, Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf, De Goeje, M.J. (ed.), Leiden, Brill, 1894, pp. 77–8). Original Arabic from www.alwaraq.net: فالفرس أمة حد بلادها الجبال من الماهات وغیرها وآذربیجان إلى ما یلی بلاد أرمینیة وأران والبیلقان إلى دربند وهو الباب والأبواب والری وطبرستن والمسقط والشابران وجرجان وابرشهر، وهی نیسابور، وهراة ومرو وغیر ذلك من بلاد خراسان وسجستان وكرمان وفارس والأهواز، وما اتصل بذلك من أرض الأعاجم فی هذا الوقت وكل هذه البلاد كانت مملكة واحدة ملكها ملك واحد ولسانها واحد، إلا أنهم كانوا یتباینون فی شیء یسیر من اللغات وذلك أن اللغة إنما تكون واحدة بأن تكون حروفها التی تكتب واحدة وتألیف حروفها تألیف واحد، وإن اختلفت بعد ذلك فی سائر الأشیاء الأخر كالفهلویة والدریة والآذریة وغیرها من لغات الفرس. English: "The Persians are a people whose borders are the Mahat Mountains and Azarbaijan up to Armenia and Aran, and Bayleqan and <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Darband</a>, and Ray and Tabaristan and Masqat and Shabaran and Jorjan and Abarshahr, and that is Nishabur, and Herat and Marv and other places in land of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, and Sejistan and Kerman and Fars and Ahvaz...All these lands were once one kingdom with one sovereign and one language...although the language differed slightly. The language, however, is one, in that its letters are written the same way and used the same way in composition. There are, then, different languages such as Pahlavi, Dari, Azari, as well as other Persian languages."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulichki.com/~gumilev/HE2/he2103.htm">История Востока. В 6 т. Т. 2. Восток в средние века.</a> М., «Восточная литература», 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-017711-3" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-017711-3">5-02-017711-3</a> (History of the East. In 6 volumes. Volume 2. Moscow, publishing house of the Russian Academy of sciences «East literature»): The polyethnic population of Albania left-bank at this time is increasingly moving to the Persian language. Mainly this applies to cities of Aran and Shirvan, as begin from 9–10 centuries named two main areas in the territory of Azerbaijan. With regard to the rural population, it would seem, mostly retained for a long time, their old languages, related to modern Daghestanian family, especially Lezgin. (russian text: Пестрое в этническом плане население левобережной Албании в это время все больше переходит на персидский язык. Главным образом это относится к городам Арана и Ширвана, как стали в IX-Х вв. именоваться два главные области на территории Азербайджана. Что касается сельского населения, то оно, по-видимому, в основном сохраняло еще долгое время свои старые языки, родственные современным дагестанским, прежде всего лезгинскому.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uni-persona.srcc.msu.su/site/authors/djakonov/posl_gl.htm">Дьяконов, Игорь Михайлович. Книга воспоминаний. Издательство "Европейский дом", Санкт-Петербург, 1995., 1995</a>. – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85733-042-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-85733-042-4">5-85733-042-4</a>. cтр. 730–731 <a href="/wiki/Igor_Diakonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Diakonov">Igor Diakonov</a>. The book of memoirs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natalia G. Volkova "Tats" in Encyclopedia of World Culture, Editor: David Publisher, New York: G.K. Hall, Prentice Hall International, 1991–1996).: "In the nineteenth century the Tats were settled in large homogeneous groups. The intensive processes of assimilation by the Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis cut back the territory and numbers of the Tats. In 1886 they numbered more than 120,000 in Azerbaijan and 3,600 in Daghestan. According to the census of 1926 the number of Tats in Azerbaijan (despite the effect of natural increase) had dropped to 28,500, although there were also 38,300 "Azerbaijanis" with Tat as their native language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples (Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz, 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Olivier Roy. "The new Central Asia", I.B. Tauris, 2007. Pg 7) "The mass of the Oghuz Turkic tribes who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateau, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name "Turkmen" for a long time: thus creating a new identity based on Shiism. These are the people today known as Azeris".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirvan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholdBosworth1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barthold, W. & Bosworth, C. E. (1997). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/shirwan-SIM_6967">"S̲h̲īrwān"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte" title="Gérard Lecomte">Lecomte, G.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IX:<i> San–Sze</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 487–488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10422-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10422-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10422-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%ABrw%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IX%3A+San%E2%80%93Sze&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=487-488&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10422-8&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fshirwan-SIM_6967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirvan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/servan">"Šervān"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%A0erv%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fservan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirvan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Minorsky, Vladimir</a> (1958). <i>A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries</i>. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sharv%C4%81n+and+Darband+in+the+10th-11th+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=W.+Heffer+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirvan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template talk:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Azerbaijan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_culture" title="Nakhchivan culture">Nakhchivan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughan culture">Mughan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran (Caucasus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">Russo-Persian War (1804–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan#Independent_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Independent Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_name_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the name Azerbaijan">History of the name Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Fire" title="The Land of Fire">The Land of Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Azerbaijan" title="Coat of arms of Azerbaijan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" title="Bodies of water of Azerbaijan">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Azerbaijan" title="Climate change in Azerbaijan">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Azerbaijan" title="Environment of Azerbaijan">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Azerbaijan" title="Extreme points of Azerbaijan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Azerbaijan" title="Fauna of Azerbaijan">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flora of Azerbaijan">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geology of Azerbaijan">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves of Azerbaijan">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mountains of Azerbaijan">Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of lakes of Azerbaijan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Azerbaijan" title="National parks of Azerbaijan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Orography of Azerbaijan">Orography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of protected areas of Azerbaijan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reserves_of_Azerbaijan" title="State reserves of Azerbaijan">State reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Azerbaijan" title="Borders of Azerbaijan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cabinet of Azerbaijan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Children's rights in Azerbaijan">Children's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of political parties in Azerbaijan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_policy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Migration policy of Azerbaijan">Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of companies of Azerbaijan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Manat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Metallurgy in Azerbaijan">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mineral industry of Azerbaijan">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Azerbaijan" title="Natural resources of Azerbaijan">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folklore" title="Azerbaijani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity" title="Azerbaijani national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_mythology" title="Azerbaijani mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz (New Year)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Azerbaijan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_tradition_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Azerbaijan" title="Gender equality in Azerbaijan">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_Azerbaijan" title="Medicine in Azerbaijan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Azerbaijan" title="Healthcare in Azerbaijan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Azerbaijan" title="National symbols of Azerbaijan">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Azerbaijan" title="National emblem of Azerbaijan">National emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan" title="Outline of Azerbaijan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Caucasus#Azerbaijan" title="Bibliography of the history of the Caucasus">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" title="Category:Azerbaijan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" 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