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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skinheads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skinheads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Skinheads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skinheads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_power_skinheads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_power_skinheads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>White power skinheads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_power_skinheads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins in England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_the_white_power_skinheads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_the_white_power_skinheads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Emergence of the white power skinheads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_the_white_power_skinheads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_links_and_radicalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_links_and_radicalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Political links and radicalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_links_and_radicalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Internationalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-racist_skinhead_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-racist_skinhead_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anti-racist skinhead opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-racist_skinhead_opposition-sublist" 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href="#Odinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Odinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="حليقو رؤوس سيادة البيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حليقو رؤوس سيادة البيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsiskinheedid" title="Natsiskinheedid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Natsiskinheedid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="White power skinhead" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="White power skinhead" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhead_n%C3%A9onazi" title="Skinhead néonazi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Skinhead néonazi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="White power skinhead" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naziskin" title="Naziskin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Naziskin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naziskinhead" title="Naziskinhead – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naziskinhead" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhead_white_power" title="Skinhead white power – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Skinhead white power" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%A1-%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="НС-скинхеды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="НС-скинхеды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="White power skinhead" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%A1-%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="НС-скінхеди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="НС-скінхеди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E5%85%89%E9%A0%AD%E9%BB%A8" title="白人力量光頭黨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白人力量光頭黨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2625151#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Members of a neo-Nazi, white supremacist and antisemitic offshoot of the skinhead subculture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Nazism" title="Category:Neo-Nazism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 175%;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black Sun"><img alt="Black Sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Black_Sun.svg/75px-Black_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Black_Sun.svg/113px-Black_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Black_Sun.svg/150px-Black_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core tenets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Neo-Nazism" title="Esoteric Neo-Nazism">Esoteric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial supremacy">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-parliamentarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-parliamentarianism">Anti-parliamentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Anti-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Nazis" title="Category:Neo-Nazis">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Apfel" title="Holger Apfel">Apfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Beattie" title="William John Beattie">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bolton" title="Kerry Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Burros" title="Dan Burros">Burros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(white_supremacist)" title="Richard Butler (white supremacist)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cantwell" title="Christopher Cantwell">Cantwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Collett" title="Mark Collett">Collett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Collin" title="Frank Collin">Collin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Covington" title="Harold Covington">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Crane" title="Nicky Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Erikson" title="Neil Erikson">Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fredriksen" title="Mark Fredriksen">Fredriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Forwald" title="Haakon Forwald">Forwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fromm_(white_supremacist)" title="Paul Fromm (white supremacist)">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payton_Gendron" class="mw-redirect" title="Payton Gendron">Gendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthime_Gionet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthime Gionet">Gionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Gliebe" title="Erich Gliebe">Gliebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Ryne_Goldberg" title="Joshua Ryne Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Wolfgang_Hawke" title="Davis Wolfgang Hawke">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Johnson" title="William Daniel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kahl" title="Gordon Kahl">Kahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kasimovsky" title="Konstantin Kasimovsky">Kasimovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_K%C3%BCssel" title="Gottfried Küssel">Küssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_Kusters" title="Constant Kusters">Kusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Lauck" title="Gary Lauck">Lauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lewis_Lee" title="Daniel Lewis Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Mahler" title="Horst Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Mathews" title="Robert Jay Mathews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Koehl" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Koehl">Koehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylann_Roof" title="Dylann Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Russell" title="Brandon Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Charles_Sanborn" title="Herbert Charles Sanborn">Sanborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewell_(neo-Nazi)" title="Thomas Sewell (neo-Nazi)">Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Serrano" title="Miguel Serrano">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekka_Siitoin" title="Pekka Siitoin">Siitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_van_Tongeren" title="Jack van Tongeren">van Tongeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Vejdeland" title="Fredrik Vejdeland">Vejdeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_Voigt" title="Udo Voigt">Voigt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worch" title="Christian Worch">Worch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raivis_Zelt%C4%ABts#Neo-Nazi_Controversy" title="Raivis Zeltīts">Zeltīts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-Nazi_organizations" title="List of neo-Nazi organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">ANS/NA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Identity_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Identity Movement">American Identity Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Order">Northern Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division#Sonnenkrieg_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Sonnenkrieg Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Republican_Army" title="Aryan Republican Army">Aryan Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_18" title="Combat 18">Combat 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Rechte" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Rechte">Die Rechte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_People%27s_Union" title="Dutch People's Union">Dutch People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_March" title="Iron March">Iron March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany"><i>Die Heimat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Heathen_Front" title="German Heathen Front">German Heathen Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Underground" title="National Socialist Underground">National Socialist Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9th_Society" title="November 9th Society">November 9th Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsbrigade_44" title="Wolfsbrigade 44">Wolfsbrigade 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Stormer" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Stormer">Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_L._Hoggan#Der_erzwungene_Krieg" title="David L. Hoggan">Der erzwungene Krieg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_and_the_Sun" title="The Lightning and the Sun">The Lightning and the Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/88_(number)#In_neo-Nazism" title="88 (number)">88</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashwave">Fashwave</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Words" title="Fourteen Words">Fourteen Words</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hitler_was_right" title="Hitler was right">Hitler was right</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">NSBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipster</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/White_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="White Power">White Power</a>"</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White power skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_power_music" title="White power music">White power music</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Canada" title="Neo-Nazism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism_in_Taiwan" title="Nazi symbolism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feminazi" title="Feminazi">Feminazi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_chic" title="Nazi chic">Nazi chic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative" title="Northwest Territorial Imperative">Northwest Territorial Imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Soldier" title="Political Soldier">Political Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neo-Nazism_sidebar" title="Template:Neo-Nazism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Neo-Nazism_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Neo-Nazism sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Nazism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Nazism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08–'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Gaza_war" title="Antisemitism during the Gaza war">Gaza war ('23–'25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International<wbr /> Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing <i>(video game)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule<br />Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship<br />Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_synagogues" title="Attacks on synagogues">synagogue attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_on_social_media" title="Antisemitism on social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unz_Review" title="The Unz Review">The Unz Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>White power skinheads</b>, also known as <b>racist skinheads</b> and <b>neo-Nazi skinheads,</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are members of a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Skinhead_subculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinhead subculture">skinhead subculture</a>. Many of them are affiliated with <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalist</a> organizations and some of them are members of <a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">prison gangs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement emerged in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> between the late 1960s and the late 1970s, before spreading across <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> in the 1980–1990s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skinheads">Skinheads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Skinheads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "skinhead" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Head_shaving" title="Head shaving">shaven heads</a> associated with members of this subculture. <a href="/wiki/Michael_German" title="Michael German">Michael German</a> has argued that skinheads shave their heads to represent their separation from society.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholar Timothy S. Brown, the defining skinhead short haircut mostly emerged in reaction to the perceived shift in men's styles away from traditional <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>, which was embodied by the "middle-class, peace-loving, long-haired student" of the <a href="/wiki/Hippie_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippie movement">hippie movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown defines the <a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinheads</a> as a "style community", that is to say a "community in which the primary site of identity is personal style", which allows innovative configurations to be made in new geographical and cultural contexts, or around opposing political ideologies – as in the <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> between <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racist</a> skinheads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004160_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004160-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a group perspective, John Clarke, a professor who studied skinheads in the 1970s, has noted that the "skinhead style represents an attempt to recreate the traditional <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> community, as a substitution for the real decline of the latter which started in the 1960s."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke197699_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke197699-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_power_skinheads">White power skinheads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: White power skinheads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Nicolas Lebourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white power</a> skinhead movement, which emerged within the skinhead subculture from the late 1970s onward, can be defined by "racism; proletarian consciousness; an aversion to organization, dismissed in favor of <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> behavior; and an ideological training that began with or is based on <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>." They have mostly emerged from working-class backgrounds, except in Russia, where they have mostly emerged from the educated, urban middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_England">Origins in England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinhead subculture</a> began in the United Kingdom in 1968–1969, probably in London and Southeast England,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016399–400_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016399–400-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more specifically in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a> according to Clarke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke197310_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke197310-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had heavy <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> <a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">rude boy</a> influences, including an appreciation for <a href="/wiki/Black_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Black music">black music</a> genres like <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">rocksteady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>, and early <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199112,_21–29_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199112,_21–29-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200146_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200146-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004157–158_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004157–158-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The particular lifestyle and aggressive look of skinheads was a self-declared reaffirmation of the traditional working class puritanism and <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">gender roles</a> – in fact "a <i>stylized</i> re-recreation of an <i>image</i> of the working class",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke197313_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke197313-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which seemed threatened in their views with contamination by the <a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">permissive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonistic</a> culture of the British middle-class in the 1960–1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke197313_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke197313-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotter1999116_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotter1999116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identity of the 1960s skinheads, however, was not based on <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascism</a>, even though some skinheads had engaged in "<a href="/wiki/Paki_(slur)" title="Paki (slur)">Paki-bashing</a>", i.e. <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> against <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> and other <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">South Asian immigrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199121–29_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199121–29-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017102_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">black West Indians</a> ("Caribs") were also involved in skinhead gang attacks against South Asian immigrants,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199121–29_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199121–29-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200146_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200146-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the violence has been interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tarasov" title="Alexander Tarasov">Alexander Tarasov</a> as a social conflict caused by the new presence of South Asian traders and shopkeepers within a community of white and West Indian poor factory workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200146_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200146-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarke similarly notes that areas where skinheads became the most prominent were "typically either new <a href="/wiki/Council_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Council housing">council housing</a> estates or old estates being either developed or experiencing an afflux of outsiders", either Commonwealth immigrants or middle-class whites in search of affordable housing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke197311_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke197311-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leading politician <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a> and his inflammatory 1968 <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">"Rivers of Blood" speech</a> gave a public voice to widespread anxieties concerning non-white immigration and the "threat" which was supposedly posed by South Asian immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004161_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004161-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is "little agreement [among scholars] on the extent to which Powell was responsible for racial attacks",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the speech may have helped unleash "<a href="/wiki/Paki-bashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Paki-bashing">Paki-bashing</a>" violence against South Asian immigrants, which was referred to as "skinhead terror" by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i> in April 1970, with the "Paki-bashers" simply being referred to as "skinheads" in many contemporary reports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsheVirdeeBrown2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsheVirdeeBrown2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1970s, the reggae scene had ceased to be simply a "party music" and, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafarism</a>, got closer to community-oriented themes like black liberation and African mysticism, which participated in alienating some white proletarians from the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore199333–39_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199333–39-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004162_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013468_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013468-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 white skinheads launched a violent melee in a night club, chanting "young, gifted and white" and cutting the speakers as the West Indian disc jockey was playing <i><a href="/wiki/Young,_Gifted_and_Black" title="Young, Gifted and Black">Young, Gifted and Black</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bob_and_Marcia" title="Bob and Marcia">Bob and Marcia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199119_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199119-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004162_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_white_power_skinheads">Emergence of the white power skinheads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emergence of the white power skinheads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The skinhead scene had mostly died out by 1973. Around 1977, a second wave started to emerge from the disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a>, which was radicalized as "<a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">street punk</a>" when some of its members accentuated its aggressive character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200146_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200146-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the punk movement emphasized <a href="/wiki/Nihilistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihilistic">nihilistic</a> and narcissistic values instead of the working class heritage, their opposition to the middle and upper class, the adoption of Nazi imagery by some punks to maximize shock value, and the development of an underground network of punk <a href="/wiki/Fanzines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanzines">fanzines</a>, inspired and facilitated the parallel emergence of a racist skinhead subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotter1999116_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotter1999116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latent <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigrant</a> leaning, present within the skinhead movement since the late 1960s, became progressively dominant in the United Kingdom, fuelled by the job crisis, the economic decline, and an increase in immigration during the late 1970s–early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004162_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1980s, the white power skinhead subculture had spread across most of Britain, largely "through face to face interaction among the fans at football matches."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke197314_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke197314-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016400_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016400-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cartoon character Black Rat, created in 1970 by French artist Jack Marchal, was adopted by young neo-Fascists in various European nations and became an essential marker of the fringe culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music played a key symbolic role in the political polarization of the skinhead subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004158–159,_163_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004158–159,_163-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marchal recorded a <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French rock</a> album named <i>Science & Violence</i> in 1979, and German students of the neo-Nazi party <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">NPD</a> formed the first German nationalist rock group in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> – a contraction of "Hey, you!" pronounced with a <a href="/wiki/Cockney_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockney accent">Cockney accent</a> – emerged as a skinhead version of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> in the late 1970s, contrasting with the sometimes multiracial bands of the left-wing and unpolitical skinhead resurgence, which rather drew influence from the original Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> roots of the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004158–159_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004158–159-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coined as a nickname for the new genre by British journalist <a href="/wiki/Garry_Bushell" title="Garry Bushell">Gary Bushell</a> in 1980, "Oi!" soon became synonymous with "skinhead".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004161_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004161-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many of their followers, however, early Oi! band members were generally not neo-Nazi or even affiliated with right-wing organizations, and they increasingly distanced themselves from some of their fans, who contributed to recurrent riots at concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotter1999117_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotter1999117-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1981, the "Southall Riots" were sparked when hundreds of skinheads were welcomed at an Oi! gig which was performed in a predominantly-Asian suburb of London. Some skinheads began to attack the neighboring Asian stores, and 400 Asians later responded by burning the venue with paraffin bombs while the skinheads were fleeing with help from the police.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event led to a <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a> in Britain and the skinhead subculture was firmly associated with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a> and "<a href="/wiki/White_power_music" title="White power music">white power music</a>" in the public's opinion by 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004162–163_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004162–163-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Brown, some lyrical themes of Oi!, such as social frustrations, political repression and working-class pride, were common to other genres such as <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> or blues, but others like violence ("Aggro", for 'aggressiveness') and <a href="/wiki/Football_hooliganism" title="Football hooliganism">football hooliganism</a> "could be easily interpreted in extreme right-wing terms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004163_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004163-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "<a href="/wiki/All_cops_are_bastards" class="mw-redirect" title="All cops are bastards">all cops are bastards</a>" was popularized among some skinheads by the Oi! band <a href="/wiki/The_4-Skins" title="The 4-Skins">The 4-Skins</a>' 1982 song "A.C.A.B."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_links_and_radicalization">Political links and radicalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political links and radicalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire_NF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Yorkshire_NF.jpg/250px-Yorkshire_NF.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Yorkshire_NF.jpg/375px-Yorkshire_NF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Yorkshire_NF.jpg/500px-Yorkshire_NF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>The National Front (NF) attracted many skinheads during the 1970s and 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the late 1970s the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a> (NF), a British neo-fascist party which was losing ground in electoral politics, began to turn toward the skinhead movement to obtain <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> supporters among the working class. The <a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock against Communism</a> (RAC) genre, relaunched in 1982 by <a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Ian Stuart Donaldson</a> in association with the National Front, appeared in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock against Fascism</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004164_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004164-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013412_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013412-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To draw new adherents, the National Front attempted to use the white power music scene to re-frame its message from overt hate of foreigners and minorities to self-love and collective defence of white identity. Donaldson and the National Front founded a record label named White Noise Club, which released Skrewdriver's album <i>White Power</i> in 1983, the eponymous song becoming "the most recognizable neo-fascist skinhead song".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20085_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20085-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013412_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013412-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, a music festival was organized by National Front member Phil Andrewon on <a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Nick Griffin</a>'s Suffolk property, and was attended by hundreds of racist skinheads from across Europe who gave the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a> and sang along a chorus that demanded "white power for Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013458–459,_476_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013458–459,_476-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A split within White Noise Club led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a> in 1987. Donaldson had become involved with the West German label <a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock-O-Rama">Rock-O-Rama</a> and felt the need to create his own global neo-fascist skinhead movement without any political party affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004164_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004164-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017103-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013478_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013478-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music promotion network quickly turned into the "major reference point for young neo-fascists and neo-Nazis throughout Europe who came to Britain to attend the gigs of Skrewdriver and other bands."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though skinhead violence helped damage the National Front's public image, the movement draw thousands of young people to neo-fascism and provided the party with a new medium to diffuse their message.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013460,_469_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013460,_469-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to clean up both the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a>'s discourse and public image, Griffin publicly distanced the party from the skinhead subculture after he became its chairman in 1999. The party expelled skinhead members, although it has allowed white power band members to join and has accepted donations from neo-fascist skinhead concerts in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013479–480_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013479–480-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990 the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>'s Committee of Inquiry into Racism and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a> reported that the violent and racist skinhead subculture was "by far the most worrying development since the last Committee of Inquiry report [in 1985]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Donaldson in a car crash in September 1993, followed by that of <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Crane" title="Nicky Crane">Nicky Crane</a> who succumbed to <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> in December of the same year, led to the takeover of Blood & Honour by <a href="/wiki/Combat_18" title="Combat 18">Combat 18</a>, "a more extreme, semi-terrorist neo-Nazi splinter group",<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually to bloody internal feuds between Combat 18 supporters and Blood & Honour loyalists in the mid- and late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, a French worker at the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Arsenal" title="Brest Arsenal">Brest Arsenal</a>, Gaël Bodilis, created the label <a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a>, which had an allegiance to neo-Nazism. It was associated with the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Génération Nation">FNJ</a>, the youth wing of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">Front National</a>, the neo-fascist <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Troisième Voie</a> and later with the neo-Nazi organisation <a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">PNFE</a>. The label rapidly grew as the second-largest <a href="/wiki/White_power_music" title="White power music">white power music</a> label in Europe, although the European white power rock scene only managed to enter the mainstream market in Sweden, where the band <a href="/wiki/Ultima_Thule_(Swedish_band)" title="Ultima Thule (Swedish band)">Ultima Thule</a> reached the top of the charts in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internationalization">Internationalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internationalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz_crop.jpg/220px-Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz_crop.jpg/330px-Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Neo-Nazi skinhead in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure><p>In the first half of the 1980s, the racist faction of the skinhead subculture began to appear in Scandinavia, the Netherlands, West Germany, Austria, the United States, Canada, and Australia; and by the mid-1980s, it also began to appear in France, Belgium, Denmark, and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200149_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200149-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s, the movement rapidly grew in the West and simultaneously, it rapidly began to spread to Eastern Europe, in particular, it rapidly began to spread to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotter1999111_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotter1999111-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017104_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017104-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Internet came to be widely available after the mid-1990s, white power skinhead music played a key role in the international diffusion of white supremacist ideologies within a highly fragmented racist movement. In many European countries, merchandising – and sometimes illegal racist or Holocaust-denying material – was sold via mail-order or during the touring of bands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measuring the number of white power skinheads is made difficult by the lack of a formal and organized structure, the issue of overlapping memberships, and a tradition of silence which has been set up in an attempt to cultivate the mystique of their clandestine activities and prevent the police from estimating the size of local groups. In 1995, around 70,000 of them were estimated to be present in 33 countries (half of them were estimated to be "hard-core activists", the others were estimated to be their friends and associates), including 5,000 in Germany, 4,000 in Czechia, 4,000 in Hungary, and 3,500 in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotter1999112–114_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotter1999112–114-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2002, 350 white power music bands were active the US and Western Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20084_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20084-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2012, about 138 racist skinhead organizations were operating worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-splcenter_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-splcenter-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most European countries, the racist skinhead subculture became polarized on the far-right between 1983 and 1986, and shortly after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1989 in Eastern Europe, where it has been particularly strong since the transition to capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017104_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017104-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white power music scene rapidly embraced the growth of the Internet, which allowed them to bypass local European <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> laws and further develop their international networks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskin Nation</a> (HSN) managed to bring together over 1,000 skinheads from all over Europe at a Nazi rock gig organized in Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, the hard rock band <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hse_Onkelz" title="Böhse Onkelz">Böhse Onkelz</a> ('Evil Uncles'), formed in 1980 in Frankfurt am Main, lay the ground for the radicalization of the skinhead movement by connecting the music scene with right-wing nationalism. Although they never openly embraced "<a href="/wiki/White_power" class="mw-redirect" title="White power">white power</a>" ideas, their 1981 song <i>Türken Raus</i> ('Turks Out') earned them a reputation as a racist band.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004164_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004164-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the German neo-Nazi skinheads were known for their violence, sometimes murderous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2001198_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2001198-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200150–51_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200150–51-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, a 76-year-old Jew who had survived the Holocaust was trampled to death during a fight between skinheads and anti-fascist demonstrators. In 1987, skinheads attacked Christians during a festival in <a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a> because of the town council's refusal to allow the neo-Nazi Alliance of the German People to hold a meeting in the town hall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200150–51_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200150–51-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1992, racist skinheads participated in the <a href="/wiki/Rostock-Lichtenhagen_riots" title="Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots">Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots</a>, lynching immigrants with the help of ordinary citizens as passersby cheered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017109_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017109-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s, the number of Neo-Nazi groups in <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunified Germany</a> skyrocket, with numerous unemployed young East Germans joining the white power skinhead movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200151_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200151-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the white power skinhead movement was structured around Jeunesses Nationalistes-Révolutionnaires (JNR), founded in 1987 by <a href="/wiki/Serge_Ayoub" title="Serge Ayoub">Serge Ayoub</a>. It was linked to the label <a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a> and to the neo-fascist organization <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Troisième Voie</a>, then to the <a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a>. The JNR initially performed policing functions for the French <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">Front National</a>, but the latter eventually distanced itself from Ayoub and the JNR after mass skinhead attacks on immigrants in Rouen and Brest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105–106_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105–106-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian white power skinhead subculture takes its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a> during the 1980s, a period of relative liberalization led by the Soviet regime which allowed for fascist discourses to emerge among young Russian punks, primarily as a reaction against the ideology and history of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Football_hooliganism" title="Football hooliganism">Football hooliganism</a> also played a role in the diffusion of neo-fascist rhetoric in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012271_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012271-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subculture, known in Russian as <i>skinkhedy</i>, appeared in 1992 in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> with a dozen of skinheads. Their size became noticeable by 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200144,_52_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200144,_52-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the atmosphere of chaos that followed the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s attempts at liberal reforms and rapid economic <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their number skyrocketed throughout the 1990s, fuelled by economic disorder, the collapse of the education system,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the legitimization of violence against political opponents and minorities by the newly established liberal state, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>'s attack on the Russian parliament during the <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a>, and the introduction of a state of emergency the same year to police and deport <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasians</a> in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200152–55_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200152–55-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensationalized coverage of the skinhead movement by Russian state-owned media until the early 2000s has also participated in the large-scale diffusion of the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272–273_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272–273-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1999 there were 3,500 to 3,800 skinheads in Moscow, up to 2,700 in <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a>, and at least 2,000 in <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhnii Novgorod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200154_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200154-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement remained unnoticed in the general public until the early 2000s, when acts of violence began to multiply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skinheads attacked a Vietnamese hostel in October 2000, an Armenian school in March 2001, led a pogrom at the <a href="/wiki/Yasenevo_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Yasenevo (Moscow Metro)">Yasenevo Market</a> on Hitler's birthday in April 2001, then a second pogrom in the Moscow underground transit system in November 2001, which resulted in 4 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite some common grounds with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s nationalist agenda, skinheads remain opposed to vestiges of authority in the country. The skinhead subculture presents itself, in the words of scholar Peter Worger, as an "ultra-nationalist alternative to Putin’s state-sanctioned patriotism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neo-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a> group, in contrast, as known to have enrolled young members from skinhead gangs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012275_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012275-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Law on Counteracting Extremist Activity, adopted in 2002 after the skinhead pogroms, was rarely enforced by the police and skinheads are rather prosecuted for murders associated with hooliganism and everyday-life conflicts than for hate speech and racist violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012275_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012275-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the skinhead groups are autonomous, while others are linked to the US-based organizations Blood & Honour and Hammerskin Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to most other countries, the Russian skinhead subculture has attracted members from all income levels,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012270_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012270-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they have tended to come from the educated middle class in the urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, there were about 50,000 self-identified skinheads in the country, with groups active in approximately 85 cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012271_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012271-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 2,000 rioters linked to the Russian skinhead movement have participated in an anti-Chechen pogrom in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under serious police pressure, the number of racist acts and Neo-Nazis started to significantly decline in Russia from 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skinhead88_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skinhead88_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg/214px-Skinhead88_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skinhead88_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg/321px-Skinhead88_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skinhead88_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg/428px-Skinhead88_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Skinhead 88 graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The "88" stands for "HH" or "Heil Hitler", "H" being the 8th letter of the alphabet.</figcaption></figure><p>In the 1980s and 1990s, many young American neo-Nazis and white supremacists, often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, joined the growing US white power skinhead movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1988, there were ~2,000 neo-Nazi skinheads in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first identifiable neo-Nazi skinhead group was the short-lived Chicago's Romantic Violence, established in 1984 by 25-year-old <a href="/wiki/Clark_Martell" title="Clark Martell">Clark Martell</a>. The group collapsed when Martell was imprisoned for assault. Shortly thereafter in 1985, the <a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a> emerged in San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooter2006149_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooter2006149-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As other groups like the <a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a> (1987) or <a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a> (1994) were growing in the country, racist skinheads gained acceptance among existing and organized US white power organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Creativity_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Creativity Movement">Church of the Creator</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance</a> or KKK, which perceived the popularity of the subculture as an opportunity to expand their audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016403–404_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016403–404-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of his death in 2002, National Alliance leader <a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a>, who regarded music as an opportunity to reach a young audience and counteract mainstream cultural productions, had become the world's largest <a href="/wiki/White_power_music" title="White power music">white power music</a> producer thanks to his label <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards200812_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards200812-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the white power label <a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a> launched a "Project Schoolyard USA" to distribute sample CDs to middle and high students across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards200813_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards200813-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, most white power skinhead groups are organized at either the state, county, city or neighborhood level; the Hammerskin Nation is one of the few exceptions, due to its international presence.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2007 report by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> says groups such as white power skinheads, neo-Nazis, and the KKK have been growing more active in the United States, with a particular focus on <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">opposition to illegal immigration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cbsnews.com_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbsnews.com-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Brotherhood" title="Aryan Brotherhood">Aryan Brotherhood</a> has grown in some parts of the United States by swallowing whole skinhead gangs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> (SPLC) noted in 2020 that the skinhead movement had "almost no young recruits" in the United States. The SPLC writes, "Image-conscious white nationalist groups and militant neo-Nazi groups are attracting the younger generation, while new racist skinhead groups are emerging only from the fragments of existing groups. No group is recruiting in significant numbers."<sup id="cite_ref-splcenter_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-splcenter-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College" title="Sarah Lawrence College">Sarah Lawrence College</a> journalist Chelsea Liu identified their fashion style as one possible reason for the decline, seeing it as "increasingly obsolete" and noting the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a>'s preference for casual clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-slph_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slph-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-racist_skinhead_opposition">Anti-racist skinhead opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anti-racist skinhead opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1._Mai_2013_in_Hannover._Gute_Arbeit._Sichere_Rente._Soziales_Europa._Umzug_vom_Freizeitheim_Linden_zum_Klagesmarkt._Menschen_und_Aktivit%C3%A4ten_(111).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1._Mai_2013_in_Hannover._Gute_Arbeit._Sichere_Rente._Soziales_Europa._Umzug_vom_Freizeitheim_Linden_zum_Klagesmarkt._Menschen_und_Aktivit%C3%A4ten_%28111%29.jpg/260px-1._Mai_2013_in_Hannover._Gute_Arbeit._Sichere_Rente._Soziales_Europa._Umzug_vom_Freizeitheim_Linden_zum_Klagesmarkt._Menschen_und_Aktivit%C3%A4ten_%28111%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1._Mai_2013_in_Hannover._Gute_Arbeit._Sichere_Rente._Soziales_Europa._Umzug_vom_Freizeitheim_Linden_zum_Klagesmarkt._Menschen_und_Aktivit%C3%A4ten_%28111%29.jpg/390px-1._Mai_2013_in_Hannover._Gute_Arbeit._Sichere_Rente._Soziales_Europa._Umzug_vom_Freizeitheim_Linden_zum_Klagesmarkt._Menschen_und_Aktivit%C3%A4ten_%28111%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1._Mai_2013_in_Hannover._Gute_Arbeit._Sichere_Rente._Soziales_Europa._Umzug_vom_Freizeitheim_Linden_zum_Klagesmarkt._Menschen_und_Aktivit%C3%A4ten_%28111%29.jpg/520px-1._Mai_2013_in_Hannover._Gute_Arbeit._Sichere_Rente._Soziales_Europa._Umzug_vom_Freizeitheim_Linden_zum_Klagesmarkt._Menschen_und_Aktivit%C3%A4ten_%28111%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">Anarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti racism">anti-racist</a> skinheads in <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the emergence of white power skinheads in the late 1970s, anti-racist forces within the skinhead subculture, sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Redskin_(subculture)" title="Redskin (subculture)">Red Skins</a>" when associated with <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200148–49_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200148–49-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have sought to resist the white power skinheads, who they often deride as "boneheads".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-racist skinheads generally emphasize the multicultural roots of the original skinhead subculture, and the authenticity of the skinhead style, which developed outside of the political realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004170_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004170-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They oppose the views of white power skinheads, for whom the skinhead subculture emerged from a "pure white", working-class cultural and social context, emphasizing the "<a href="/wiki/Paki_(slur)" title="Paki (slur)">Paki-bashing</a>" of the late 1960s to allege that the original skinheads as "white separatists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a> (SHARP), founded in 1986 in New York City, stress the importance of the Jamaican influence in the original British skinhead subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004170_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004170-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next largest antiracist skinhead organizations are SLO (Skinheads Liberation Organization) and RASH (<a href="/wiki/Red_and_Anarchist_Skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and Anarchist Skinheads">Red and Anarchist Skinheads</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200148–49_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200148–49-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_clothing">Style and clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Style and clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Early <a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinheads</a> typically wore steel-toed combat boots or <a href="/wiki/Dr._Martens" title="Dr. Martens">Doc Martens</a>, thin red <a href="/wiki/Suspenders" title="Suspenders">suspenders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crombie_(clothing)" title="Crombie (clothing)">Crombie</a> coats, sheepskin bomber jackets, blue jeans, mohair suits, in addition to a shaved head or very closely-cropped hair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentsel2014264_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentsel2014264-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooter2006147_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooter2006147-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Nazi_Skinhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Neo-Nazi_Skinhead.jpg/195px-Neo-Nazi_Skinhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Neo-Nazi_Skinhead.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>A neo-Nazi skinhead from Germany in front of an <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_flags#German_Empire" title="List of German flags">Imperial-era Reichskriegsflagge</a>, a popular symbol for German neo-Nazis as a substitute for banned Nazi flags</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> writes that although steel-toed workboots are typical of both racist and anti-racist skinheads, white power skinheads commonly fit their boots with white- or red-coloured laces to signify their affiliation to the subculture. These laces are usually done in a "ladder" style: laces are done horizontally instead of crossed. In a few gangs, these laces must be "earned" through acts of racist violence against a "perceived enemy of the white race".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Lonsdale_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lonsdale (brand)">Lonsdale</a> clothing brand became popular among some <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> skinheads in Europe, partly due to the association of the four middle letters of Lonsdale – NSDA, the only visible part if worn under open jackets – with NSDAP, the <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AA_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the brand has also been popular since the 1980s among non-Nazi skinheads. Lonsdale has publicly denounced the trend and sponsored various <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racist</a> events and campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentsel2014271_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentsel2014271-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AA_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White power skinheads also tend to bear <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a> displaying their affiliation to the white power movement, although some leaders have encouraged members to abstain from receiving tattoos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooter2006152,_154_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooter2006152,_154-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequent depictions include <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> warriors or <a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserkers</a>, World War II German soldiers (especially <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>), and skinheads themselves – often all three together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tattoos portraying a "crucified skinhead" are also extremely popular among white power skinheads, with the traditional crucifix sometimes replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)">Tiwaz</a> rune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016411_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016411-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central themes of white power skinheads revolve around "the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic war</a> which will be waged in the future and the denunciation of a <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">global Jewish conspiracy</a> to promote <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>" (see <a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white power skinhead movement is generally associated with <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a>, in part, this is due to its origins in the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a>, along with the presence of former <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> (especially former members of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>) who mentored members of nascent German racist skinhead groups in the 1980s–1990s. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_F._Pollard" title="John F. Pollard">John F. Pollard</a> contends that "the racist skinhead ideology is fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> in inspiration."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016413–414_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016413–414-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camus and Lebourg also argue that although not all racist skinheads can be classified as 'neo-Nazi', neo-Nazism remains hegemonic in the far-right skinhead movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars concede at the same time the difficulty of separating the public use of the provocative and subversive <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> surrounding Nazi symbols from actual belief in, and commitment to, Nazi ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016413–414_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016413–414-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early-20th century <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">conspiracy theories</a> have since evolved into the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Zionist Occupied Government</a> (ZOG), which claims that <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> secretly <a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow government (conspiracy)">control the governments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016415_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016415-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their attitude toward the Holocaust ranges from outright <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">denial</a> to minimization of the death toll, and even to glorifying the event in the lyrics of white power bands such as <a href="/wiki/No_Remorse_(band)" title="No Remorse (band)">No Remorse</a> or Warhammer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazi theories of Slavs as <i><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermenschen</a></i> ('sub-humans') have been largely abandoned in favor of a more "inclusive" concept of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016415_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016415-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American neo-Nazism and white supremacism largely helped "crystallize" the Nazi imagery and have had a powerful influence on the worldwide movement, as evidenced by the popularity of <a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Words" title="Fourteen Words">Fourteen Words</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></i>, which some <a href="/wiki/Combat_18" title="Combat 18">Combat 18</a> leaders regard as their "Bible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408–409,_415_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408–409,_415-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Camus and Lebourg, the Nazifying imagery of white power skinheads was "at first largely provocative", and sometimes a way for the proletarian youth "of responding to the sacralization of the memory of World War II".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollard also notes that "adolescent rebellion", involving a desire to be different by rejecting prevailing societal norms by using shocking imagery (like the wearing of Nazi regalia by motorcycle gangs in the 1960s and punk rockers in the 1970s), probably plays some part in the decision to wear neo-Nazi or racist symbols, or even to adopt the ideas they embody.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016418_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016418-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to Nazism have also been less significant in countries like Italy or Hungary, where fascist figures like <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a> still exert a strong cultural influence on the local far-right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puritanism">Puritanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Puritanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White power skinheads see both the <a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">permissive society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> as "perversions", and they generally promote an image of "clean-living, drug-free, heterosexual, working-class males". <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> and rejection of any form of drug-taking (except tobacco and alcohol) are common traits found across skinhead groups. According to historian <a href="/wiki/John_F._Pollard" title="John F. Pollard">John F. Pollard</a>, this "<a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">puritanical</a>" stance takes its roots in the anti-permissive way of life of the original skinheads who rejected the <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> subcultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016406_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016406-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central element of this puritanism is the skinhead idea of "naturalness"; their aim is to "eliminate all abnormalities like, homosexuals, lesbians and other kinds of 'sick' and 'deviant' people". Skinheads' <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">opposition to abortion</a> partly results from a backlash against feminism and the sexual revolution, and from a <a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">paranoid anxiety</a> about the demographic decline of the white race embodied in the widespread slogan "9 per cent", meaning that only 9 per cent of the world's population is white by their own calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016407_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016407-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women are a minority among the white power skinhead movement. In Britain, France and Germany, they rarely attend events. Female presence at gigs is however more frequent in Italy, and entire families have been seen attending the Aryan and Nordic Fest in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016407_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016407-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a widespread misogynistic culture and a general absence of commitment to female equality, some skinhead women have rejected the traditional gender roles and can act as aggressively as their male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlee2002144–149,_178–182_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlee2002144–149,_178–182-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marginality">Marginality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Marginality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Skinheads present themselves as an excluded or martyr group repressed by the "<a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>" of liberal democracies. Blood & Honour and Combat18 have promoted conspiracy theories about the death of <a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Ian Stuart Donaldson</a>, suggesting that he was the victim of a political "assassination". The common skinhead motto "hated but proud" expresses the closed, excluded, but feared lifestyle of white power skinheads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016411_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016411-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style></p><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>These young proletarians turn neither to the left, which according to them is more inclined to defend the "immigrant delinquent" than "the hard-working white guy", nor to the [mainstream] right, whose conservatism is alien to their own mind-set and mode of life. For them, "the system" has abandoned the little guy, and gangs constitute a countersociety of pleasure and solidarity. [...]. In every country, the White Power movement shows what happens when entire swathes of marginal populations are abandoned to economic violence. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Nicolas Lebourg</a> (2017), <i>Far-Right Politics in Europe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: pp. 108–109.</cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odinism">Odinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Odinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Odinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinism">Odinism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">modern pagan</a> religion reconstructed on the beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Ancient Germans</a>, is particularly popular among skinheads due to its warrior <a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a>. <i>Blood & Honour</i> magazine regularly points out that Odinism is a "religion of warriors", while <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is a "religion of slaves". In the United States, racialist pagan groups like the <a href="/wiki/Odin_Brotherhood" title="Odin Brotherhood">Odin Brotherhood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a> have found some followers in the skinhead movement, and skinhead groups have also tended to revive <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016409–410_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016409–410-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollard says, however, "the appropriation of Odinist/pagan imagery and iconography by racist skinheads seems to be largely symbolic, rather than a serious attempt to adopt an alternative religion to Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016410_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016410-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Odinism and neo-paganism have been less popular in countries like Italy or Spain, where skinhead groups have maintained a cultural attachment to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016410_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016410-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_organizations">Notable organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Boys" title="Boot Boys">Boot Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_18" title="Combat 18">Combat 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Reich_(New_Zealand_gang)" title="Fourth Reich (New Zealand gang)">Fourth Reich (New Zealand gang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_No._1_(gang)" title="Public Enemy No. 1 (gang)">Public Enemy No. 1 (gang)</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryno-Skachevsky_gang" title="Ryno-Skachevsky gang">Ryno-Skachevsky gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Music groups</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-Nazi_bands" title="List of neo-Nazi bands">List of neo-Nazi bands</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Remorse_(band)" title="No Remorse (band)">No Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a> (originally a non-racist <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> band)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li></ul> <p><b>Films</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533" /><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 50%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Apples" title="Adam's Apples">Adam's Apples</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_History_X" title="American History X">American History X</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Believer_(2001_film)" title="The Believer (2001 film)">The Believer</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Bang" title="Dead Bang">Dead Bang</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erasing_Hate" title="Erasing Hate">Erasing Hate</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Room_(film)" title="Green Room (film)">Green Room</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Higher_Learning" title="Higher Learning">Higher Learning</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I.D._(1995_film)" title="I.D. (1995 film)">I.D.</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ill_Manors" title="Ill Manors">Ill Manors</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperium_(2016_film)" title="Imperium (2016 film)">Imperium</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Infiltrator_(1995_film)" title="The Infiltrator (1995 film)">The Infiltrator</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_Britain" title="Made in Britain">Made in Britain</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neo_Ned" title="Neo Ned">Neo Ned</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pariah_(1998_film)" title="Pariah (1998 film)">Pariah</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black" title="Orange Is the New Black">Orange Is the New Black</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romper_Stomper" title="Romper Stomper">Romper Stomper</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Russia_88" title="Russia 88">Russia 88</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saw_3D" title="Saw 3D">Saw 3D</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinhead_Attitude" title="Skinhead Attitude">Skinhead Attitude</a></i> (2003)`</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinning_(film)" title="Skinning (film)">Skinning</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SLC_Punk!" title="SLC Punk!">SLC Punk!</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6karna" title="Sökarna">Sökarna</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steel_Toes" title="Steel Toes">Steel Toes</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_51st_State" title="The 51st State">The 51st State</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_England" title="This Is England">This Is England</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tic_Tac_(film)" title="Tic Tac (film)">Tic Tac</a></i> (1997)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Video games</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(video_game)" title="Manhunt (video game)">Manhunt</a></i> (2003, known in-game as the Skinz)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RoadKill_(video_game)" title="RoadKill (video game)">RoadKill</a></i> (2003, known in-game as "Talons" and "Dreg Lords")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Ian Stuart Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_power_music" title="White power music">White power music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist Black Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Combat 18 manifesto from the early 1990s called for the shipping of "all non-Whites back to Africa, Asia or Arabia alive or in body-bags, the choice is theirs", and the execution of all "queers", "White race mixers", and "all jews who have actively helped to damage the White race and to put into camps the rest until we find a final solution for the eternal jew."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408–409_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408–409-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Siberia, 7–11% of the military recruits were illiterate in 1997. According to the Department for the Prevention of Violations of the Law by Minors, a subsidiary of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1/3 of school-age offenders did not have a primary education in the spring of 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200155–56_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200155–56-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No Remorse: "Jew-boys need cyclone <i>[sic]</i> B; queer-boys need cyclone B nigger-boys need cyclone B"; Warhammer: "Die Jew, Die".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004159_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2004">Brown 2004</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerman2007" class="citation book cs1">German, Mike (2007). <i>Thinking Like a Terrorist</i>. 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href="#CITEREFShaffer2013">Shaffer 2013</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20085-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20085_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorteEdwards2008">Corte & Edwards 2008</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013458–459,_476-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013458–459,_476_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaffer2013">Shaffer 2013</a>, pp. 458–459, 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013478-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013478_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaffer2013">Shaffer 2013</a>, p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016402_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013460,_469-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013460,_469_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaffer2013">Shaffer 2013</a>, pp. 460, 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013479–480-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2013479–480_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaffer2013">Shaffer 2013</a>, pp. 479–480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408–409-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408–409_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, pp. 408–409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200149-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200149_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarasov2001">Tarasov 2001</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECotter1999111-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotter1999111_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCotter1999">Cotter 1999</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017104-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017104_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017104_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20086_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorteEdwards2008">Corte & Edwards 2008</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016405_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECotter1999112–114-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotter1999112–114_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCotter1999">Cotter 1999</a>, pp. 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20084-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards20084_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorteEdwards2008">Corte & Edwards 2008</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-splcenter-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-splcenter_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-splcenter_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/racist-skinhead">"Racist Skinhead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Racist+Skinhead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Fideology%2Fracist-skinhead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2001198-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2001198_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2001">Goodrick-Clarke 2001</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200150–51-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200150–51_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200150–51_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarasov2001">Tarasov 2001</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017109-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017109_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200151-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200151_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarasov2001">Tarasov 2001</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105–106-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017105–106_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012271-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012271_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012271_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorger2012">Worger 2012</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200144,_52-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200144,_52_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarasov2001">Tarasov 2001</a>, pp. 44, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012269_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorger2012">Worger 2012</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200155–56-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200155–56_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarasov2001">Tarasov 2001</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200152–55-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200152–55_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarasov2001">Tarasov 2001</a>, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorger2012">Worger 2012</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272–273-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012272–273_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorger2012">Worger 2012</a>, pp. 272–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200154-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200154_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarasov2001">Tarasov 2001</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012275-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012275_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012275_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorger2012">Worger 2012</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorger2012270-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorger2012270_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorger2012">Worger 2012</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolsto2016" class="citation book cs1">Kolsto, Pal (24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGqDDwAAQBAJ"><i>New Russian Nationalism: Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000--2015</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474410434" title="Special:BookSources/9781474410434"><bdi>9781474410434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Russian+Nationalism%3A+Imperialism%2C+Ethnicity+and+Authoritarianism+2000--2015&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.isbn=9781474410434&rft.aulast=Kolsto&rft.aufirst=Pal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGqDDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBishop1988" class="citation news cs1">Bishop, Katherine (June 13, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/race/061388race-ra.html">"Neo-Nazi Activity Is Arising Among U.S. Youth"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazi+Activity+Is+Arising+Among+U.S.+Youth&rft.date=1988-06-13&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fnational%2Frace%2F061388race-ra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooter2006149-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooter2006149_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooter2006">Cooter 2006</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016403–404-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016403–404_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, pp. 403–404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards200812-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards200812_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorteEdwards2008">Corte & Edwards 2008</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards200813-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteEdwards200813_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorteEdwards2008">Corte & Edwards 2008</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteprisongangs.info/2009/05/skinheads.html">Encyclopedia of Gangs 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807091349/http://www.whiteprisongangs.info/2009/05/skinheads.html">Archived</a> 2009-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbsnews.com-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbsnews.com_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/immigration-fueling-white-supremacists/">"Immigration Fueling White Supremacists"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 6 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Immigration+Fueling+White+Supremacists&rft.date=2007-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fimmigration-fueling-white-supremacists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood">"Aryan Brotherhood"</a>. <i>Southern Poverty Law Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Aryan+Brotherhood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Fgroup%2Faryan-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slph-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slph_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiu2017" class="citation web cs1">Liu, Chelsea (December 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191124195847/http://www.sarahlawrencephoenix.com/editorial/2017/12/10/on-dressing-like-a-skinhead">"On Dressing Like a Skinhead"</a>. <i>The Phoenix – <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College" title="Sarah Lawrence College">Sarah Lawrence College</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarahlawrencephoenix.com/editorial/2017/12/10/on-dressing-like-a-skinhead">the original</a> on November 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Phoenix+%E2%80%93+Sarah+Lawrence+College&rft.atitle=On+Dressing+Like+a+Skinhead&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarahlawrencephoenix.com%2Feditorial%2F2017%2F12%2F10%2Fon-dressing-like-a-skinhead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarasov200148–49-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200148–49_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarasov200148–49_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarasov2001">Tarasov 2001</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004170-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004170_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004170_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2004">Brown 2004</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentsel2014264-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentsel2014264_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVentsel2014">Ventsel 2014</a>, p. 264: "This early [1960s] skinhead era was brief but influential. In the few years before the decline, skinheads emulated their own style of Doc Martens boots, braces, Crombie coats, sheepskin jackets, and mohair suits, in addition to the classic feather cut hairstyle, mini skirt costumes, and fishnet stockings for girls. The style fetishism of the early skinheads was extremely elitist and similar to the mods, details and brands were important."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooter2006147-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooter2006147_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooter2006">Cooter 2006</a>, p. 147: "Accordingly, at this early stage, the arresting fashion of choice for group members, which would indeed be an emblem for the Skins for more than 20 years, was already visible. The most distinguishing feature of their style of self-presentation was a shaved head or very closely-cropped hair, which not only was practical in the increasing numbers of physical altercations involving Skins, but also was originally meant to be reactionary against both hippie and wealthy, elitist cultures prevalent at the time (Hamm 1993). Other aspects of their dress typically included blue jeans, thin red suspenders, a bomber jacket, and steel-toed combat boots or Doc Martens (Anti-Defamation League N.d.b)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/boots-and-laces">"Boots and Laces"</a>. <i>Anti-Defamation League</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=Boots+and+Laces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Feducation%2Freferences%2Fhate-symbols%2Fboots-and-laces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCleaver2001" class="citation news cs1">Cleaver, Hannah (22 February 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1323701/German-Nazis-dress-code-angers-British-firm.html">"German Nazis' dress code angers British firm"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1323701/German-Nazis-dress-code-angers-British-firm.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=German+Nazis%27+dress+code+angers+British+firm&rft.date=2001-02-22&rft.aulast=Cleaver&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2F1323701%2FGerman-Nazis-dress-code-angers-British-firm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AA_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsthana2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anushka_Asthana" title="Anushka Asthana">Asthana, Anushka</a> (9 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/neo-nazi-teenagers-fight-in-british-boxings-no-1-brand-8gvhc2fmh2t">"Neo-Nazi teenagers fight in British boxing's No 1 brand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazi+teenagers+fight+in+British+boxing%27s+No+1+brand&rft.date=2005-04-09&rft.aulast=Asthana&rft.aufirst=Anushka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fneo-nazi-teenagers-fight-in-british-boxings-no-1-brand-8gvhc2fmh2t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentsel2014271-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentsel2014271_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVentsel2014">Ventsel 2014</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooter2006152,_154-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooter2006152,_154_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooter2006">Cooter 2006</a>, pp. 152, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016411-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016411_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016411_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017108–109_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016413–414-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016413–414_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016413–414_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, pp. 413–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016415-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016415_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016415_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016414_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408–409,_415-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016408–409,_415_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, pp. 408–409, 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016418-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016418_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016406-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016406_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016407-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016407_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016407_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlee2002144–149,_178–182-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlee2002144–149,_178–182_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlee2002">Blee 2002</a>, pp. 144–149, 178–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016409–410-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016409–410_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, pp. 409–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2016410-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016410_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2016410_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2016">Pollard 2016</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerryScrivens2019" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Barbara; Scrivens, Ryan (2019). <i>Right-Wing Extremism in Canada</i>. Springer Nature. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25169-7"><bdi>978-3-030-25169-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right-Wing+Extremism+in+Canada&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-25169-7&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Scrivens%2C+Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTravisHardy2012" class="citation book cs1">Travis, Tiffini A.; Hardy, Perry (2012). <i>Skinheads: A Guide to an American Subculture</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35953-8"><bdi>978-0-313-35953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skinheads%3A+A+Guide+to+an+American+Subculture&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35953-8&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Tiffini+A.&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsheVirdeeBrown2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ashe, Stephen; Virdee, Satnam; Brown, Laurence (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327924">"Striking back against racist violence in the East End of London, 1968–1970"</a>. <i>Race & Class</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396816642997">10.1177/0306396816642997</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3968">0306-3968</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327924">5327924</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28479657">28479657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=Striking+back+against+racist+violence+in+the+East+End+of+London%2C+1968%E2%80%931970&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5327924%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0306-3968&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28479657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306396816642997&rft.aulast=Ashe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Virdee%2C+Satnam&rft.au=Brown%2C+Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5327924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlee2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_M._Blee" title="Kathleen M. Blee">Blee, Kathleen M.</a> (2002). <i>Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93072-8"><bdi>978-0-520-93072-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Organized+Racism%3A+Women+in+the+Hate+Movement&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93072-8&rft.aulast=Blee&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Timothy S. (2004). "Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2004.0079">10.1353/jsh.2004.0079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4529">0022-4529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42029805">42029805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Subcultures%2C+Pop+Music+and+Politics%3A+Skinheads+and+%22Nazi+Rock%22+in+England+and+Germany&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42029805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-4529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh.2004.0079&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Timothy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCamusLebourg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Camus, Jean-Yves</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Lebourg, Nicolas</a> (2017). <i>Far-Right Politics in Europe</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674971530" title="Special:BookSources/9780674971530"><bdi>9780674971530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far-Right+Politics+in+Europe&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780674971530&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Lebourg%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke1973" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, John (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-artslaw/history/cccs/stencilled-occasional-papers/1to8and11to24and38to48/SOP42.pdf">"Football Hooliganism and the Skinheads"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stencilled Occasional Papers</i>. Department of Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0704404892" title="Special:BookSources/978-0704404892"><bdi>978-0704404892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stencilled+Occasional+Papers&rft.atitle=Football+Hooliganism+and+the+Skinheads&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0704404892&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2FDocuments%2Fcollege-artslaw%2Fhistory%2Fcccs%2Fstencilled-occasional-papers%2F1to8and11to24and38to48%2FSOP42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke1976" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, John (1976). "The Skinheads and the Magical Recovery of Community". In Jefferson, Tony (ed.). <i>Resistance Through Rituals : Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain</i>. HarperCollins Academic. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203224946">10.4324/9780203224946</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-22494-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-22494-6"><bdi>978-0-203-22494-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Skinheads+and+the+Magical+Recovery+of+Community&rft.btitle=Resistance+Through+Rituals+%3A+Youth+Subcultures+in+Post-War+Britain&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Academic&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203224946&rft.isbn=978-0-203-22494-6&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cooter, Amy Beth (2006). "Neo-Nazi Normalization: The Skinhead Movement and Integration into Normative Structures". <i>Sociological Inquiry</i>. <b>76</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-682X.2006.00149.x">10.1111/j.1475-682X.2006.00149.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-682X">1475-682X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144299471">144299471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazi+Normalization%3A+The+Skinhead+Movement+and+Integration+into+Normative+Structures&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144299471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-682X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-682X.2006.00149.x&rft.aulast=Cooter&rft.aufirst=Amy+Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorteEdwards2008" class="citation journal cs1">Corte, Ugo; Edwards, Bob (2008). "White Power Music and the Mobilization of Racist Social Movements". <i>Music and Arts in Action</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-7105">1754-7105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+and+Arts+in+Action&rft.atitle=White+Power+Music+and+the+Mobilization+of+Racist+Social+Movements&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1754-7105&rft.aulast=Corte&rft.aufirst=Ugo&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCotter1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cotter, John M. (1999). "Sounds of hate: White power rock and roll and the neo-nazi skinhead subculture". <i>Terrorism and Political Violence</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546559908427509">10.1080/09546559908427509</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6553">0954-6553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Sounds+of+hate%3A+White+power+rock+and+roll+and+the+neo-nazi+skinhead+subculture&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546559908427509&rft.issn=0954-6553&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke" title="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Black_Sun:_Aryan_Cults,_Esoteric_Nazism_and_the_Politics_of_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity"><i>Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity</i></a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3237-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3237-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-3237-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sun%3A+Aryan+Cults%2C+Esoteric+Nazism%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3237-3&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1991" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, George (1991). <i>Spirit of '69 : a Skinhead bible</i>. ST Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898927-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-898927-10-3"><bdi>1-898927-10-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+of+%2769+%3A+a+Skinhead+bible&rft.pub=ST+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-898927-10-3&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore1993" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Jack B. (1993). <i>Skinheads shaved for battle : a cultural history of American skinheads</i>. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-582-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-582-6"><bdi>0-87972-582-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skinheads+shaved+for+battle+%3A+a+cultural+history+of+American+skinheads&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+State+University+Popular+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-87972-582-6&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Jack+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollard2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Pollard" title="John F. Pollard">Pollard, John F.</a> (2016). "Skinhead culture: the ideologies, mythologies, religions and conspiracy theories of racist skinheads". <i>Patterns of Prejudice</i>. <b>50</b> (<span class="nowrap">4–</span>5): <span class="nowrap">398–</span>419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2016.1243349">10.1080/0031322X.2016.1243349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151502563">151502563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Skinhead+culture%3A+the+ideologies%2C+mythologies%2C+religions+and+conspiracy+theories+of+racist+skinheads&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E398-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151502563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2016.1243349&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Shaffer, Ryan (2013). "The soundtrack of neo-fascism: youth and music in the National Front". <i>Patterns of Prejudice</i>. <b>47</b> (<span class="nowrap">4–</span>5): <span class="nowrap">458–</span>482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2013.842289">10.1080/0031322X.2013.842289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144461518">144461518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=The+soundtrack+of+neo-fascism%3A+youth+and+music+in+the+National+Front&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E458-%3C%2Fspan%3E482&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144461518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2013.842289&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarasov2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tarasov" title="Alexander Tarasov">Tarasov, Aleksandr</a> (2001). "Offspring of Reforms—Shaven Heads Are Skinheads: The New Fascist Youth Subculture in Russia". <i>Russian Politics and Law</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2FRUP1061-1940390143">10.2753/RUP1061-1940390143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1061-1940">1061-1940</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144644768">144644768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Politics+and+Law&rft.atitle=Offspring+of+Reforms%E2%80%94Shaven+Heads+Are+Skinheads%3A+The+New+Fascist+Youth+Subculture+in+Russia&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144644768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1061-1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2FRUP1061-1940390143&rft.aulast=Tarasov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVentsel2014" class="citation book cs1">Ventsel, Aimar (2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'That Old School Lonsdale': Authenticity and Clothes in German Skinhead Culture". In Cobb, Russell (ed.). <i>The Paradox of Authenticity in a Globalized World</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">261–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137353832_18">10.1057/9781137353832_18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35383-2"><bdi>978-1-137-35383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27That+Old+School+Lonsdale%27%3A+Authenticity+and+Clothes+in+German+Skinhead+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Paradox+of+Authenticity+in+a+Globalized+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137353832_18&rft.isbn=978-1-137-35383-2&rft.aulast=Ventsel&rft.aufirst=Aimar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorger2012" class="citation journal cs1">Worger, Peter (2012). "A mad crowd: Skinhead youth and the rise of nationalism in post-communist Russia". <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2012.07.015">10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.07.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-067X">0967-067X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Studies&rft.atitle=A+mad+crowd%3A+Skinhead+youth+and+the+rise+of+nationalism+in+post-communist+Russia&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2012.07.015&rft.issn=0967-067X&rft.aulast=Worger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorgesonValeri2017" class="citation book cs1">Borgeson, Kevin; Valeri, Robin Maria (2017). <i>Skinhead History, Identity, and Culture</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-47479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-47479-3"><bdi>978-1-315-47479-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skinhead+History%2C+Identity%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-315-47479-3&rft.aulast=Borgeson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Valeri%2C+Robin+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFutrellSimiGottschalk2006" class="citation journal cs1">Futrell, Robert; Simi, Pete; Gottschalk, Simon (2006). "Understanding Music in Movements: The White Power Music Scene". <i>The Sociological Quarterly</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2006.00046.x">10.1111/j.1533-8525.2006.00046.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0253">0038-0253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143261429">143261429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Understanding+Music+in+Movements%3A+The+White+Power+Music+Scene&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143261429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0038-0253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2006.00046.x&rft.aulast=Futrell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Simi%2C+Pete&rft.au=Gottschalk%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLove2016" class="citation book cs1">Love, Nancy S. (2016). <i>Trendy fascism : White power music and the future of democracy</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6205-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6205-9"><bdi>978-1-4384-6205-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trendy+fascism+%3A+White+power+music+and+the+future+of+democracy&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-6205-9&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Nancy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungCraig1997" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Kevin; Craig, Laura (1997). "Beyond White Pride: Identity, Meaning and Contradiction in the Canadian Skinhead Subculture". <i>Canadian Review of Sociology</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-618X.1997.tb00206.x">10.1111/j.1755-618X.1997.tb00206.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-618X">1755-618X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Beyond+White+Pride%3A+Identity%2C+Meaning+and+Contradiction+in+the+Canadian+Skinhead+Subculture&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1755-618X.1997.tb00206.x&rft.issn=1755-618X&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Craig%2C+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+power+skinhead" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suri.ee/press/eng/050531.html">Neo-fascists in Russia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040216025549/http://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/racist_rock.asp">Nazi skinheads and racist rock</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25142557">Nicky Crane: The secret double life of a gay neo-Nazi</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skinhead106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skinhead" title="Template:Skinhead"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skinhead" title="Template talk:Skinhead"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skinhead" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skinhead"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Skinhead106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">Skinhead</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vintage subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">Rude boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpies_(Australian_subculture)" title="Sharpies (Australian subculture)">Sharpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooterboy" title="Scooterboy">Scooterboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulboy" title="Soulboy">Soulboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suedehead_(subculture)" title="Suedehead (subculture)">Suedehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern subcultures<br />and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_hooliganism" title="Football hooliganism">Football hooliganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_skinhead" title="Gay skinhead">Gay skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_skinhead" title="Hardcore skinhead">Hardcore skinhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Stand_United" title="Friends Stand United">Friends Stand United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peckerwood" title="Peckerwood">Peckerwood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Brotherhood" title="Aryan Brotherhood">Aryan Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Brotherhood_of_Texas" title="Aryan Brotherhood of Texas">Aryan Brotherhood of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Circle" title="Aryan Circle">Aryan Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Kindred" title="European Kindred">European Kindred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Lowriders" title="Nazi Lowriders">Nazi Lowriders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_No._1_(street_gang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy No. 1 (street gang)">Public Enemy No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Wood_Soldiers" title="Solid Wood Soldiers">Solid Wood Soldiers</a></li> <li>List of peckerwood gangs</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin_(subculture)" title="Redskin (subculture)">Redskin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Action" title="Red Action">Red Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_Anarchist_Skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and Anarchist Skinheads">Red and Anarchist Skinheads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_skinhead" title="Trojan skinhead">Trojan skinhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White power skinhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_18" title="Combat 18">Combat 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_State_Skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone State Skinheads">Keystone State Skinheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinlanders_Social_Club" title="Vinlanders Social Club">Vinlanders Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Beat_Records" title="Blue Beat Records">Blue Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_revival" title="Mod revival">Mod revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(record_label)" title="Studio One (record label)">Studio One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Records" title="Trojan Records">Trojan Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing and accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Industries" title="Alpha Industries">Alpha Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Sherman" title="Ben Sherman">Ben Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brogue_shoe" title="Brogue shoe">Brogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_Jeans" title="Brutus Jeans">Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crombie_(clothing)" title="Crombie (clothing)">Crombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_jacket" title="Donkey jacket">Donkey jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Martens" title="Dr. Martens">Dr. Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">Flat cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_jacket" title="Flight jacket">Flight jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Perry_(clothing_label)" title="Fred Perry (clothing label)">Fred Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinders_(footwear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinders (footwear)">Grinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_jacket" title="Harrington jacket">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co." title="Levi Strauss & Co.">Levi Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-on_shoe" title="Slip-on shoe">Loafers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)" title="Lonsdale (clothing)">Lonsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MA-1_bomber_jacket" title="MA-1 bomber jacket">MA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater_vest" title="Sweater vest">Sweater vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solovair" title="Solovair">Solovair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel-toe_boot" title="Steel-toe boot">Steel-toe boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suit_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (clothing)">Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredair" title="Tredair">Tredair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilby" title="Trilby">Trilby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skinhead_books" title="List of skinhead books">Skinhead books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skinhead_films" title="List of skinhead films">Skinhead films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hooligan_firms" title="List of hooligan firms">Hooligan firms</a></li> <li>Peckerwood gangs</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&oldid=1278399039">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_power_skinhead&oldid=1278399039</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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