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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Innovation economics</b> is a growing field of <a href="/wiki/Economic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic theory">economic theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">applied</a>/<a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">experimental economics</a> that emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>. It comprises both the application of any type of innovations, especially technological but not only, into economic use. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a>, this is the application of customer new technology into economic use; it could also refer to the field of innovation and experimental economics that refers the new economic science developments that may be considered innovative. In his 1942 book <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism,_Socialism_and_Democracy" title="Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy">Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</a></i>, economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> introduced the notion of an innovation economy. He argued that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs, and technological changes were at the heart of economic growth; however, it is only in the early 21st century that "innovation economy", grounded in Schumpeter's ideas, became a mainstream concept.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_origins">Historical origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> was one of the first and most important scholars who extensively tackled the question of innovation in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to his contemporary <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, Schumpeter contended that evolving <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">technological change</a> were at the heart of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, not independent forces that are largely unaffected by policy. He argued that "capitalism can only be understood as an evolutionary process of continuous innovation and '<a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">creative destruction</a>.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is only in the 21st century that a theory and narrative of economic growth focused on innovation that was grounded in Schumpeter's ideas has emerged. Innovation economics attempted to answer the fundamental problem in the puzzle of <a href="/wiki/Total_factor_productivity" title="Total factor productivity">total factor productivity</a> growth. Continual growth of <a href="/wiki/Output_(economics)" title="Output (economics)">output</a> could no longer be explained only in increase of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">inputs</a> used in the production process as understood in <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>. Hence, innovation economics focused on a theory of economic creativity that would impact the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm" title="Theory of the firm">theory of the firm</a> and organization decision-making. Hovering between <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">heterodox economics</a> that emphasized the fragility of conventional assumptions and <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">orthodox economics</a> that ignored the fragility of such assumptions, innovation economics aims for joint didactics between the two. As such, it enlarges the Schumpeterian analyses of new technological system by incorporating new ideas of information and communication technology in the <a href="/wiki/Global_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global economy">global economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonelli2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonelli2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Innovation economics emerges from other schools of thought in economics, including <a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">new institutional economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_growth_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="New growth theory">new growth theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">endogenous growth theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Schumpeterian_economics" title="Neo-Schumpeterian economics">neo-Schumpeterian economics</a>. It provides an economic framework that explains and helps support growth in today's <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a>. Leading theorists of innovation economics include both formal economists as well as management theorists, technology policy experts and others. These include <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elhanan_Helpman" title="Elhanan Helpman">Elhanan Helpman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronwyn_Hall" title="Bronwyn Hall">Bronwyn Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._Brian_Arthur" title="W. Brian Arthur">W. Brian Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Axtell" title="Robert Axtell">Robert Axtell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Nelson" title="Richard R. Nelson">Richard R. Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lipsey" title="Richard Lipsey">Richard Lipsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Porter" title="Michael Porter">Michael Porter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keun_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keun Lee (page does not exist)">Keun Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Freeman" title="Christopher Freeman">Christopher Freeman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innovation economists believe that what primarily drives economic growth in today's <a href="/wiki/Knowledge-based_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge-based economy">knowledge-based economy</a> is not <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> as <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economics</a> asserts, but innovative capacity spurred by appropriable knowledge and technological externalities. Economic growth in innovation economics is the end-product of:<sup id="cite_ref-Antonelli2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonelli2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>knowledge (tacit vs. codified);</li> <li>regimes and policies allowing for <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a> and innovation (i.e. <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> expenditures, permits and <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licenses</a>);</li> <li>technological <a href="/wiki/Spillover_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover effect">spillovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a> between collaborative firms; and</li> <li>systems of innovation that create innovative environments (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">clusters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">agglomerations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a>).</li></ul> <p>In 1970, economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> said in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> that a business's sole purpose is to generate profits for their shareholders, and companies that pursued other missions would be less competitive, resulting in fewer benefits to owners, employees, and society;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, 21st-century data shows that while profits matter, good firms supply far more, particularly in bringing innovation to the market. This fosters <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> gains, and other society-wide benefits. <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a> professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ahlstrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Ahlstrom (page does not exist)">David Ahlstrom</a> asserts that "the main goal of business is to develop new and innovative goods and services that generate economic growth while delivering benefits to society."<sup id="cite_ref-Ahlstrom2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahlstrom2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border:1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Economic thought</th> <th>Focus</th> <th>Growth</th> <th>Context </th></tr> <tr> <td>Neoclassical</td> <td>Market price signals in using scarce resources</td> <td>Productive factor accumulation (capital, labor)</td> <td>Individuals and firms behaving in vacuum </td></tr> <tr> <td>Innovation</td> <td>Innovative capacity and free enterprise to create more effective processes, products, business models</td> <td>Knowledge/technology (R&D, patents)</td> <td>Institutions of research, government, society </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In contrast to neoclassical economics, innovation economics offer differing perspectives on main focus, reasons for economic growth and the assumptions of context between economic actors. Despite the differences in economic thought, both perspectives are based on the same core premise, namely the foundation of all <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization">optimization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rental_utilization" title="Rental utilization">utilization</a> of factors and the measure of success is how well the <a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">factor</a> utilization is optimized. Whatever the factors, it nonetheless leads to the same situation of special <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)#Endowment" title="Capital (economics)">endowments</a>, varying relative <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Production_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Production process">production processes</a>. Thus, while the two differ in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">theoretical concepts</a>, innovation economics can find fertile ground in <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">mainstream economics</a>, rather than remain in diametric contention.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonelli2003_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonelli2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence">Evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Empirical evidence worldwide points to a positive link between technological innovation and economic performance. For instance: </p> <ul><li>The drive of innovation in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> was due to the <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> subsidies to joint projects, <a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">network</a> partners and close cognitive distance of collaborative partners within a <a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">cluster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors increased <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> performance in various industries such as <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Innovation capacity explains much of the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> growth in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> between 1981 and 2004, but especially in the 1990s. Their development of a <a href="/wiki/National_innovation_system" title="National innovation system">National Innovation System</a> through heavy investment of R&D expenditures and personnel, patents and high-tech/service exports strengthened their innovation capacity. By linking the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> sector with the <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> sector, establishing incentives for innovative activities and balancing the import of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and indigenous R&D effort, both countries experienced rapid <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Foreign Relations">Council of Foreign Relations</a> also asserted that since the end of the 1970s the U.S. has gained a disproportionate share of the world's wealth through their aggressive pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">technological change</a>, demonstrating that technological innovation is a central catalyst of steady economic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Concisely, evidence shows that innovation contributes to steady <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and rise in <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Ahlstrom2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahlstrom2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, some empirical studies investigating the innovation-performance-link lead to rather mixed results and indicate that the relationship is more subtle and complex than commonly assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the relationship between innovativeness and performance seems to differ in intensity and significance across empirical contexts, environmental circumstances and conceptual dimensions. This has taken place in an era of data constraint as identified by <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the primary domain of innovation is commerce, the key data resides there, continually out of campus reach in reports hidden within factories, corporate offices and technical centers. This recusal still stymies progress today. Recent attempts at data transference have led not least to the positive link being upgraded to exact algebra between <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> productivity and <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, allowing prediction from one to the other. This is pending further disclosure from commercial sources, but several pertinent documents are already available.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While innovation is important, it is not a happenstance occurrence as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural harbor">natural harbor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> are but a deliberate and concerted effort of <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">policymakers</a>, and effective use of <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographic space</a>. In global <a href="/wiki/Economic_restructuring" title="Economic restructuring">economic restructuring</a>, location has become a key element in establishing <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">competitive advantage</a> as regions focus on their unique assets to spur innovation (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>). Even more, thriving <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_economy" title="Metropolitan economy">metropolitan economies</a> that carry multiple clusters (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>) essentially fuel national economies through their pools of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">quality places</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">Cities</a> become "innovative spaces" and "cradles of creativity" as drivers of innovation. They become essential to the system of innovation through the <a href="/wiki/Supply_side" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply side">supply side</a> as ready, available, abundant <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor (economics)">labor</a>, good <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> for productive activities, and diversified production structures that spawn <a href="/wiki/Synergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergies">synergies</a> and hence innovation. In addition, they grow due to the <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand side</a> as diverse population of varying occupations, ideas and skills, high and differentiated level of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer demand">consumer demand</a>, and constant recreation of urban order especially infrastructure of <a href="/wiki/Street" title="Street">streets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Water system">water systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_examples">Worldwide examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Worldwide examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> in California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fintech" title="Fintech">Fintechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyber_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber Security">Cyber Security</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> in Northern Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-up_Nation" title="Start-up Nation">Start-up Nation</a>, Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High-technology">High-technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a> in North Carolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> companies in <a href="/wiki/Energy_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Corridor">Energy Corridor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial product">Financial products</a> and services in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genome_Valley" title="Genome Valley">Genome Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad, India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tech_Valley" title="Tech Valley">Tech Valley</a>, New York (<a href="/wiki/College_of_Nanoscale_Science_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering">College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_engineering" title="Precision engineering">Precision engineering</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemical</a> complexes in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Train</a> <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> manufacturing in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> technologies in <a href="/wiki/Digital_Media_City" title="Digital Media City">Digital Media City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_economics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index_(INSEAD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Innovation Index (INSEAD)">International Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_economy" title="Metropolitan economy">Metropolitan economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_economics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoque2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Hoque, Faisal (February 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3005977/3-pillars-innovation-economy">"The 3 Pillars Of The Innovation Economy"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=The+3+Pillars+Of+The+Innovation+Economy&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.aulast=Hoque&rft.aufirst=Faisal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3005977%2F3-pillars-innovation-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung</i> (1911), <i>Business Cycles</i> (1939) and the most famous <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism,_Socialism_and_Democracy" title="Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy">Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</a></i> (1942).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Freeman" title="Christopher Freeman">Christopher Freeman</a> (2009) «Schumpeter's Business Cycles and Techno-economic Paradigms», in Wolfgang Drechsler, Erik Reinert and Rainer Kattel (Eds.) <i>Techno-economic Paradigms: Essays in Honor of Carlota Perez, p. 126.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter1943" class="citation book cs1">Schumpeter, J. A. (1943). <i>Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy</i> (6th ed.). Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+Socialism%2C+and+Democracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Schumpeter&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonelli2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antonelli2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antonelli2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antonelli2003_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonelli2003" class="citation book cs1">Antonelli, C. (2003). <i>The Economics of Innovation, New Technologies, and Structural Change</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415406437" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415406437"><bdi>978-0415406437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Innovation%2C+New+Technologies%2C+and+Structural+Change&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415406437&rft.aulast=Antonelli&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Bjorn (2008). 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"Innovation and Growth: How Business Contributes to Society". <i>Academy of Management Perspectives</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famp.24.3.11">10.5465/amp.24.3.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Innovation+and+Growth%3A+How+Business+Contributes+to+Society&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famp.24.3.11&rft.aulast=Ahlstrom&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlanos-Paredes2023" class="citation journal cs1">Llanos-Paredes, Pedro (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvad028">"The effect of applied research institutes on invention: Evidence from the Fraunhofer centres in Europe"</a>. <i>Research Evaluation</i>. <b>32</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">566–</span>576.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Evaluation&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+applied+research+institutes+on+invention%3A+Evidence+from+the+Fraunhofer+centres+in+Europe&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E566-%3C%2Fspan%3E576&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Llanos-Paredes&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Freseval%2Frvad028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFornahlBroekelBoschma2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fornahl, D.; Broekel, T.; Boschma, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1435-5957.2011.00361.x">"What drives patent performance of German biotech firms? The impact of R&D subsidies, knowledge networks and their location"</a>. <i>Papers in Regional Science</i>. <b>90</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PRegS..90..395F">2011PRegS..90..395F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1435-5957.2011.00361.x">10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00361.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+in+Regional+Science&rft.atitle=What+drives+patent+performance+of+German+biotech+firms%3F+The+impact+of+R%26D+subsidies%2C+knowledge+networks+and+their+location&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1435-5957.2011.00361.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PRegS..90..395F&rft.aulast=Fornahl&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Broekel%2C+T.&rft.au=Boschma%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1435-5957.2011.00361.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeilei2011" class="citation journal cs1">Peilei, F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:4235">"Innovation capacity and economic development: China and India"</a>. <i>Economic Change and Restructuring</i> (Submitted manuscript). <b>44</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10644-010-9088-2">10.1007/s10644-010-9088-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F63470">10419/63470</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53555230">53555230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Change+and+Restructuring&rft.atitle=Innovation+capacity+and+economic+development%3A+China+and+India&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F63470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53555230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10644-010-9088-2&rft.aulast=Peilei&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.unu.edu%2Fview%2FUNU%3A4235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteilVictorNelson2002" class="citation book cs1">Steil, B.; Victor, D. G.; Nelson, R. R. (2002). <i>Technological Innovation and Economics Performance. A Council of Foreign Relations Book</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technological+Innovation+and+Economics+Performance.+A+Council+of+Foreign+Relations+Book&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Victor%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalgeVera2009" class="citation journal cs1">Salge, T. O.; Vera, A. (2009). "Hospital innovativeness and organizational performance". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_Care_Management_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health Care Management Review (page does not exist)">Health Care Management Review</a></i>. <b>34</b> (1): 54–67 [in particular pp. 56–58]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.HMR.0000342978.84307.80">10.1097/01.HMR.0000342978.84307.80</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19104264">19104264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Care+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Hospital+innovativeness+and+organizational+performance&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-67+in+particular+pp.+56-58&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.HMR.0000342978.84307.80&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19104264&rft.aulast=Salge&rft.aufirst=T.+O.&rft.au=Vera%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griliches. Z ‘Productivity, R&D, and the Data Constraint’ <i>American Economic Review</i>, Vol. 84, No. 1, (March 1994) pp. 1 – 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell C.J.‘Economics, R&D and Growth', <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.techmatt.com">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601134051/http://www.techmatt.com/">Archived</a> 2019-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkKatzRahmanWarren2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, M.; Katz, B.; Rahman, S.; Warren, D. (2008). "MetroPolicy: Shaping A New Federal Partnership for a Metropolitan Nation". <i>Brookings Institution: Metropolitan Policy Program Report</i>. <b>2008</b>: <span class="nowrap">4–</span>103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Institution%3A+Metropolitan+Policy+Program+Report&rft.atitle=MetroPolicy%3A+Shaping+A+New+Federal+Partnership+for+a+Metropolitan+Nation&rft.volume=2008&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Katz%2C+B.&rft.au=Rahman%2C+S.&rft.au=Warren%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_economics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Warsh, David (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knowledgewealtho00wars"><i>Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations</i></a></span>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05996-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05996-0"><bdi>978-0-393-05996-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05996-0&rft.aulast=Warsh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fknowledgewealtho00wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInnovation+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_economics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovationeconomics.org">Innovation Economics: The Economic Doctrine for the 21st Century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914202038/http://www.innovationeconomics.org/resources/">Books and Journal Articles on Innovation Economics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingenesist.com">Innovation Economics: The Integration and Capitalization of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfi-institute.org/Roundtable/RT_IE_promo.html">Innovation Economics Roundtable</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915193559/http://www.businessweek.com/mediacenter/podcasts/cover_stories/covercast_09_11_08.htm">Business Week Podcast – Innovation Economics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incrementalinnovation.com/incremental-innovation/incremental-innovation-business-models">Business Models Innovation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://innovationeconomics.com/projects.aspx">Innovation Economics in practice for city/regional growth and economic development</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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