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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Baroque era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galant_and_classical_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galant_and_classical_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Galant and classical eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galant_and_classical_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Romantic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late-Romantic,_modernist_and_postmodernist_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late-Romantic,_modernist_and_postmodernist_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Late-Romantic, modernist and postmodernist eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late-Romantic,_modernist_and_postmodernist_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symphonies_for_concert_band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symphonies_for_concert_band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Symphonies for concert band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symphonies_for_concert_band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_modern_usages_of_"symphony"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_modern_usages_of_"symphony""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other modern usages of "symphony"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_modern_usages_of_"symphony"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Symphony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonie" title="Simfonie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Simfonie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonie" title="Sinfonie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sinfonie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سمفونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمفونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa" title="Sinfonía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sinfonía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Համանուագ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Համանուագ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa" title="Sinfonía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sinfonía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa" title="Sinfonía – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sinfonía" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoniya" title="Simfoniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Simfoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سمفونی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سمفونی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="সিম্ফনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিম্ফনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-hi%C3%A1ng-khek" title="Kau-hiáng-khek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kau-hiáng-khek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симфония – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Симфония" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сімфонія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сімфонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сымфонія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сымфонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симфония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Симфония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija" title="Simfonija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Simfonija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonienn" title="Sinfonienn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sinfonienn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonia" title="Simfonia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simfonia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonie" title="Symfonie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Symfonie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symffoni" title="Symffoni – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Symffoni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni" title="Symfoni – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Symfoni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonie" title="Sinfonie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sinfonie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmfoonia" title="Sümfoonia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sümfoonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Συμφωνία (μουσική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμφωνία (μουσική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa" title="Sinfonía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sinfonía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonio" title="Simfonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simfonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sinfonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سمفونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سمفونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Symphony" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonie" title="Symphonie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Symphonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfony" title="Symfony – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Symfony" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siansa" title="Siansa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siansa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa" title="Sinfonía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinfonía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%96%A5%EA%B3%A1" title="교향곡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교향곡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սիմֆոնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիմֆոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="सिंफनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंफनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija" title="Simfonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Simfonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonio" title="Simfonio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Simfonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoni" title="Simfoni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simfoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonia" title="Symphonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Symphonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinf%C3%B3n%C3%ADa" title="Sinfónía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sinfónía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinfonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="סימפוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סימפוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სიმფონია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიმფონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симфония – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Симфония" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoni" title="Simfoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Simfoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симфония – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Симфония" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonia" title="Symphonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Symphonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija" title="Simfonija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Simfonija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija" title="Simfonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Simfonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonie" title="Symfonie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Symfonie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szimf%C3%B3nia" title="Szimfónia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szimfónia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Симфонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Симфонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="സിംഫണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിംഫണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="सिंफनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिंफनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سيمفونيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيمفونيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoni" title="Simfoni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Simfoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ဆင်ဖိုနီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆင်ဖိုနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonie" title="Symfonie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symfonie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfony" title="Symfony – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Symfony" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="सिम्फोनी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिम्फोनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2" title="交響曲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交響曲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni" title="Symfoni – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Symfoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni" title="Symfoni – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Symfoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sinfonia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoniya" title="Simfoniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Simfoniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਿੰਫਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੰਫਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سمفنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمفنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonie" title="Sinfonie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sinfonie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonia" title="Symfonia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Symfonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinfonia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfoniya" title="Simfoniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Simfoniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonie" title="Simfonie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Simfonie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сімфонія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сімфонія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симфония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Симфония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonie" title="Sinfonie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sinfonie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonia" title="Simfonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Simfonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Symphony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symf%C3%B3nia" title="Symfónia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Symfónia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija" title="Simfonija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Simfonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سیمفۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیمفۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija" title="Simfonija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Simfonija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija" title="Simfonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Simfonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinfonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni" title="Symfoni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Symfoni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒத்தின்னியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒத்தின்னியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симфония – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Симфония" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ซิมโฟนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซิมโฟนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Симфония – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Симфония" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senfoni" title="Senfoni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Senfoni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Симфонія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Симфонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سمفونی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمفونی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonii" title="Simfonii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Simfonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Giao hưởng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao hưởng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simponiya" title="Simponiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Simponiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E6%9B%B2" title="交响曲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="交响曲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סימפאניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סימפאניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2" title="交響曲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="交響曲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of extended musical composition. For the large musical ensemble, see <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Symphony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Symphony (disambiguation)">Symphony (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8th_symphony_of_Mahler,_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie,_27-6-2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/8th_symphony_of_Mahler%2C_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie%2C_27-6-2009.JPG/300px-8th_symphony_of_Mahler%2C_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie%2C_27-6-2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/8th_symphony_of_Mahler%2C_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie%2C_27-6-2009.JPG/450px-8th_symphony_of_Mahler%2C_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie%2C_27-6-2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/8th_symphony_of_Mahler%2C_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie%2C_27-6-2009.JPG/600px-8th_symphony_of_Mahler%2C_K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie%2C_27-6-2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>A performance of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">Eighth Symphony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie" title="Kölner Philharmonie">Kölner Philharmonie</a> by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinfonieorchester_Wuppertal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal (page does not exist)">Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonieorchester_Wuppertal" class="extiw" title="de:Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal">de</a>]</span> conducted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Walter_Florin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Walter Florin (page does not exist)">Heinz Walter Florin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Walter_Florin" class="extiw" title="de:Heinz Walter Florin">de</a>]</span></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>symphony</b> is an extended <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">Western classical music</a>, most often for <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>. Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century the word had taken on the meaning common today: a work usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movements</a>, often four, with the first movement in <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>. Symphonies are almost always scored for an orchestra consisting of a <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string section</a> (<a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instruments</a> which altogether number about 30 to 100 musicians. Symphonies are notated in a <a href="/wiki/Full_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Full score">musical score</a>, which contains all the instrument parts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which contain just the notated music for their own instrument. Some symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">Mahler's Second Symphony</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_origins">Etymology and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>symphony</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συμφωνία</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">symphōnía</i></span>), meaning "agreement or concord of sound", "concert of vocal or instrumental music", from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύμφωνος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">sýmphōnos</i></span>), "harmonious".<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word referred to a variety of different concepts before ultimately settling on its current meaning designating a musical form. </p><p>In late Greek and medieval theory, the word was used for <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">consonance</a>, as opposed to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διαφωνία</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">diaphōnía</i></span>), which was the word for "dissonance".<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle Ages and later, the Latin form <i>symphonia</i> was used to describe various instruments, especially those capable of producing more than one sound simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> was the first to use the word symphonia as the name of a two-headed drum,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1155</span> to 1377 the French form <i>symphonie</i> was the name of the <i>organistrum</i> or <a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a>. In late medieval England, <i>symphony</i> was used in both of these senses, whereas by the 16th century it was equated with the <a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">dulcimer</a>. In German, <i>Symphonie</i> was a generic term for <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">virginals</a> from the late 16th century to the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1975501_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1975501-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the sense of "sounding together", the word begins to appear in the titles of some works by 16th- and 17th-century composers including <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>'s <i>Sacrae symphoniae</i>, and <i>Symphoniae sacrae, liber secundus</i>, published in 1597 and 1615, respectively; <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Banchieri" title="Adriano Banchieri">Adriano Banchieri</a>'s <i>Eclesiastiche sinfonie, dette canzoni in aria francese, per sonare, et cantare</i>, Op. 16, published in 1607; <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Grossi_da_Viadana" title="Lodovico Grossi da Viadana">Lodovico Grossi da Viadana</a>'s <i>Sinfonie musicali</i>, Op. 18, published in 1610; and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symphoniae_sacrae_I" title="Symphoniae sacrae I">Symphoniae sacrae</a></i>, Op. 6, and <i>Symphoniarum sacrarum secunda pars</i>, Op. 10, published in 1629 and 1647, respectively. Except for Viadana's collection, which contained purely instrumental and secular music, these were all collections of sacred vocal works, some with instrumental accompaniment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman19717_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman19717-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baroque_era">Baroque era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Baroque era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th century, for most of the Baroque era, the terms <i>symphony</i> and <i>sinfonia</i> were used for a range of different compositions, including instrumental pieces used in <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonatas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concertos</a>—usually part of a larger work. The <i>opera <a href="/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia">sinfonia</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_overture" title="Italian overture">Italian overture</a></i> had, by the 18th century, a standard structure of three contrasting movements: fast, slow, fast and dance-like. It is this form that is often considered as the direct forerunner of the orchestral symphony. The terms "overture", "symphony" and "sinfonia" were widely regarded as interchangeable for much of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, pieces scored for large instrumental ensemble did not precisely designate which instruments were to play which parts, as is the practice from the 19th century to the current period. When composers from the 17th century wrote pieces, they expected that these works would be performed by whatever group of musicians were available. To give one example, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a> in a 19th-century work is scored for <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a> and other specific instruments, in a 17th-century work, a <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> part for a sinfonia would not specify which instruments would play the part. A performance of the piece might be done with a basso continuo group as small as a single cello and <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>. However, if a bigger budget was available for a performance and a larger sound was required, a basso continuo group might include multiple chord-playing instruments (harpsichord, <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, etc.) and a range of bass instruments, including cello, double bass, bass viol or even a <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(instrument)" title="Serpent (instrument)">serpent</a>, an early bass wind instrument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galant_and_classical_eras">Galant and classical eras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Galant and classical eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson write in the second edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> that "the symphony was cultivated with extraordinary intensity" in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2,_citing_two_scholarly_catalogs_listing_over_13,000_distinct_works:_[[#CITEREFLaRue1959|LaRue_1959]]_and_[[#CITEREFLaRue1988|LaRue_1988]]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2,_citing_two_scholarly_catalogs_listing_over_13,000_distinct_works:_[[#CITEREFLaRue1959|LaRue_1959]]_and_[[#CITEREFLaRue1988|LaRue_1988]]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It played a role in many areas of public life, including church services,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a particularly strong area of support for symphonic performances was the aristocracy. In Vienna, perhaps the most important location in Europe for the composition of symphonies, "literally hundreds of noble families supported musical establishments, generally dividing their time between Vienna and their ancestral estate [elsewhere in the Empire]".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the normal size of the orchestra at the time was quite small, many of these courtly establishments were capable of performing symphonies. The young <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, taking up his first job as a music director in 1757 for the <a href="/wiki/Count_Morzin" title="Count Morzin">Morzin family</a>, found that when the Morzin household was in Vienna, his own orchestra was only part of a lively and competitive musical scene, with multiple aristocrats sponsoring concerts with their own ensembles.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson's article traces the gradual expansion of the symphonic orchestra through the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, symphonies were string symphonies, written in just four parts: first violin, second violin, viola, and bass (the bass line was taken by cello(s), double bass(es) playing the part an octave below, and perhaps also a bassoon). Occasionally the early symphonists even dispensed with the viola part, thus creating three-part symphonies. A basso continuo part including a bassoon together with a <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> or other chording instrument was also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first additions to this simple ensemble were a pair of horns, occasionally a pair of oboes, and then both horns and oboes together. Over the century, other instruments were added to the classical <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>: flutes (sometimes replacing the oboes), separate parts for bassoons, clarinets, and trumpets and timpani. Works varied in their scoring concerning which of these additional instruments were to appear. The full-scale classical orchestra, deployed at the end of the century for the largest-scale symphonies, has the standard string ensemble mentioned above, pairs of winds (<a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a>), a pair of horns, and timpani. A keyboard continuo instrument (harpsichord or <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>) remained an option. </p><p>The "Italian" style of symphony, often used as overture and <a href="/wiki/Entr%27acte" title="Entr'acte">entr'acte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera houses</a>, became a standard three-movement form: a fast movement, a slow movement, and another fast movement. Over the course of the 18th century it became the custom to write four-movement symphonies,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along the lines described in the next paragraph. The three-movement symphony died out slowly; about half of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>'s first thirty symphonies are in three movements;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the young <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, the three-movement symphony was the norm, perhaps under the influence of his friend <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">Johann Christian Bach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outstanding late example of the three-movement Classical symphony is Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._38_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 38 (Mozart)"><i>Prague Symphony</i></a>, from 1786. </p><p>The four-movement form that emerged from this evolution was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson199926_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson199926-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1979106_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1979106-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li>An opening <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">allegro</a></li><li>A <a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(music)" title="Slow movement (music)">slow movement</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">andante</a></li><li>A <a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">scherzo</a> with trio</li><li>An allegro, <a href="/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo">rondo</a>, or sonata</li></ol></div> <p>Variations on this layout, like changing the order of the middle movements or adding a slow introduction to the first movement, were common. Haydn, Mozart and their contemporaries restricted their use of the four-movement form to orchestral or multi-instrument chamber music such as quartets, though since Beethoven solo sonatas are as often written in four as in three movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProut1895249_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProut1895249-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composition of early symphonies was centred on Milan, Vienna, and <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>. The Milanese school centred around <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini" title="Giovanni Battista Sammartini">Giovanni Battista Sammartini</a> and included <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Brioschi" title="Antonio Brioschi">Antonio Brioschi</a>, Ferdinando Galimberti and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Lampugnani" title="Giovanni Battista Lampugnani">Giovanni Battista Lampugnani</a>. Early exponents of the form in Vienna included <a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Wagenseil" title="Georg Christoph Wagenseil">Georg Christoph Wagenseil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Raimund_Birck" title="Wenzel Raimund Birck">Wenzel Raimund Birck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Matthias_Monn" title="Georg Matthias Monn">Georg Matthias Monn</a>, while later significant Viennese composers of symphonies included <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Wanhal" title="Johann Baptist Wanhal">Johann Baptist Wanhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ditters_von_Dittersdorf" title="Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf">Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Hofmann" title="Leopold Hofmann">Leopold Hofmann</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_school" title="Mannheim school">Mannheim school</a> included <a href="/wiki/Johann_Stamitz" title="Johann Stamitz">Johann Stamitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important symphonists of the latter part of the 18th century are Haydn, who wrote <a href="/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Joseph_Haydn" title="List of symphonies by Joseph Haydn">at least 106 symphonies over the course of 36 years</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mozart, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">at least 47 symphonies in 24 years</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenSadie2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenSadie2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romantic_era">Romantic era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Romantic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Beethoven's Symphony No. 5</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_i._allegro_con_brio.ogg" title="File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 5 in c minor, op. 67 - i. allegro con brio.ogg">First movement: Allegro con brio</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="501" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_i._allegro_con_brio.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_i._allegro_con_brio.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_i._allegro_con_brio.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_i._allegro_con_brio.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_ii._andante_con_moto.ogg" title="File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 5 in c minor, op. 67 - ii. andante con moto.ogg">Second movement: Andante con moto</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="599" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_ii._andante_con_moto.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_ii._andante_con_moto.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_ii._andante_con_moto.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_ii._andante_con_moto.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_iii._allegro.ogg" title="File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 5 in c minor, op. 67 - iii. allegro.ogg">Third movement: Scherzo. Allegro</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="337" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_iii._allegro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_iii._allegro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_iii._allegro.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_iii._allegro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_iv._allegro.ogg" title="File:Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 5 in c minor, op. 67 - iv. allegro.ogg">Fourth movement: Allegro</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="707" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor,_op._67_-_iv._allegro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_iv._allegro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_iv._allegro.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._5_in_c_minor%2C_op._67_-_iv._allegro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>At the beginning of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> elevated the symphony from an everyday genre produced in large quantities to a supreme form in which composers strove to reach the highest potential of music in just a few works.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlhaus1989_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlhaus1989-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beethoven began with two works directly emulating his models Mozart and Haydn, then seven more symphonies, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)">Third Symphony</a> ("Eroica") that expanded the scope and ambition of the genre. His <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 5</a> is perhaps the most famous symphony ever written; its transition from the emotionally stormy <a href="/wiki/Beethoven_and_C_minor" title="Beethoven and C minor">C minor</a> opening movement to a triumphant major-key finale provided a model adopted by later symphonists such as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELibbey199940_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibbey199940-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 6</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic</a> work, featuring instrumental imitations of bird calls and a storm; and, unconventionally, a fifth movement (symphonies usually had at most four movements). His <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 9</a> includes parts for vocal soloists and choir in the last movement, making it a <a href="/wiki/Choral_symphony" title="Choral symphony">choral symphony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the <a href="/wiki/Schubert%27s_symphonies" title="Schubert's symphonies">symphonies</a> by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>, two are core repertory items and are frequently performed. Of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Schubert)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)">Eighth Symphony</a> (1822), Schubert completed only the first two movements; this highly Romantic work is usually called by its nickname "The Unfinished". His last completed symphony, the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Schubert)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)">Ninth</a> (1826) is a massive work in the Classical idiom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1997521_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1997521-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the early Romantics, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> (five symphonies, plus <a href="/wiki/String_symphonies_(Mendelssohn)" title="String symphonies (Mendelssohn)">thirteen string symphonies</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> (four) continued to write symphonies in the classical mould, though using their own musical language. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a> favored programmatic works, including his "dramatic symphony" <i><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette_(Berlioz)" title="Roméo et Juliette (Berlioz)">Roméo et Juliette</a></i>, the viola symphony <i><a href="/wiki/Harold_en_Italie" title="Harold en Italie">Harold en Italie</a></i> and the highly original <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie fantastique</a></i>. The latter is also a programme work and has both a march and a <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a> and five movements instead of the customary four. His fourth and last symphony, the <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_symphonie_fun%C3%A8bre_et_triomphale" title="Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale">Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale</a></i> (originally titled <i>Symphonie militaire</i>) was composed in 1840 for a 200-piece <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military band</a>, to be performed out of doors, and is an early example of a band symphony. Berlioz later added optional string parts and a choral finale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2001§3:_1831–42_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2001§3:_1831–42-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1851, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> declared that all of these post-Beethoven symphonies were no more than an epilogue, offering nothing substantially new. Indeed, after Schumann's last symphony, the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Schumann)">"Rhenish"</a> composed in 1850, for two decades the <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Lisztian</a> <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> appeared to have displaced the symphony as the leading form of large-scale instrumental music. However, Liszt also composed two programmatic choral symphonies during this time, <i><a href="/wiki/Faust_Symphony" title="Faust Symphony">Faust</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dante_Symphony" title="Dante Symphony">Dante</a></i>. If the symphony had otherwise been eclipsed, it was not long before it re-emerged in a "second age" in the 1870s and 1880s, with the symphonies by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a>—works which largely avoided the programmatic elements of Berlioz and Liszt and dominated the concert repertory for at least a century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlhaus1989_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlhaus1989-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the 19th century, composers continued to add to the size of the symphonic orchestra. Around the beginning of the century, a full-scale orchestra would consist of the string section plus pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, and lastly a set of timpani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is, for instance, the scoring used in Beethoven's symphonies <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Beethoven)">numbered 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Beethoven)">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Beethoven)">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)">7</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)">8</a>. Trombones, which had previously been confined to church and theater music, came to be added to the symphonic orchestra, notably in Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">5th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">6th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">9th</a> symphonies. The combination of bass drum, triangle, and cymbals (sometimes also: piccolo), which 18th-century composers employed as a coloristic effect in so-called "<a href="/wiki/Turkish_music_(style)" title="Turkish music (style)">Turkish music</a>", came to be increasingly used during the second half of the 19th century without any such connotations of genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of Mahler (see below), it was possible for a composer to write a symphony scored for "a veritable compendium of orchestral instruments".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to increasing in variety of instruments, 19th-century symphonies were gradually augmented with more string players and more wind parts, so that the orchestra grew substantially in sheer numbers, as concert halls likewise grew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late-Romantic,_modernist_and_postmodernist_eras"><span id="Late-Romantic.2C_modernist_and_postmodernist_eras"></span>Late-Romantic, modernist and postmodernist eras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late-Romantic, modernist and postmodernist eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> began writing long, large-scale symphonies that he continued composing into the early 20th century. His <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Third Symphony</a>, completed in 1896, is one of the longest regularly performed symphonies at around 100 minutes in length for most performances. The <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">Eighth Symphony</a> was composed in 1906 and is nicknamed the "Symphony of a Thousand" because of the large number of voices required to perform the work. </p><p>The 20th century saw further diversification in the style and content of works that composers labeled <i>symphonies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some composers, including <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a>, continued to write in the traditional four-movement form, while other composers took different approaches: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a>' <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 7</a>, his last, is in one movement, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>' <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Symphony">Alpine Symphony</a>, in one movement, split into twenty-two parts, detailing an eleven hour hike through the mountains and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a>'s Symphony No. 9, <i>Saint Vartan</i>—originally Op. 80, changed to Op. 180—composed in 1949–50, is in twenty-four.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawa2001352_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawa2001352-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A concern with unification of the traditional four-movement symphony into a single, subsuming formal conception had emerged in the late 19th century. This has been called a "two-dimensional symphonic form", and finds its key turning point in <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a>, Op. 9 (1909), which was followed in the 1920s by other notable single-movement German symphonies, including <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>'s First Symphony (1921), <a href="/wiki/Max_Butting" title="Max Butting">Max Butting</a>'s Chamber Symphony, Op. 25 (1923), and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dessau" title="Paul Dessau">Paul Dessau</a>'s 1926 Symphony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVande_Moortele2013269,_284n9_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVande_Moortele2013269,_284n9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside this experimentation, other 20th-century symphonies deliberately attempted to evoke the 18th-century origins of the genre, in terms of form and even musical style, with prominent examples being <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Prokofiev)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Prokofiev)">Symphony No. 1 "Classical"</a> of 1916–17 and the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_(Stravinsky)" title="Symphony in C (Stravinsky)">Symphony in C</a> by <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> of 1938–40.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There remained, however, certain tendencies. Designating a work a "symphony" still implied a degree of sophistication and seriousness of purpose. The word <i><a href="/wiki/Sinfonietta_(symphony)" title="Sinfonietta (symphony)">sinfonietta</a></i> came into use to designate a work that is shorter, of more modest aims, or "lighter" than a symphony, such as <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sinfonietta_(Prokofiev)" title="Sinfonietta (Prokofiev)">Sinfonietta</a> for <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to those composers listed above, other symphonists from the first half of the twentieth century include <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rued_Langgaard" title="Rued Langgaard">Rued Langgaard</a>. The symphonies of this period were "extraordinary in scope, richness, originality, and urgency of expression".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995404_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995404-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One measure of a symphony's significance is how much it reflects <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">conceptions of temporal form</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2025)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> particular to its age. Twentieth-century composers who fulfil this measure include <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (in his <a href="/wiki/Sinfonia_(Berio)" title="Sinfonia (Berio)">Sinfonia</a>, 1968–69), <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a> (in his <i>Symphony of Three Orchestras</i>, 1976), and <a href="/wiki/Pelle_Gudmundsen-Holmgreen" title="Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen">Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen</a> (in <i>Symphony/Antiphony</i>, 1980).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimley2013287_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimley2013287-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-20th century into the 21st there has been a resurgence of interest in the symphony with many postmodernist composers adding substantially to the canon, not least in the United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a> (10),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Holloway" title="Robin Holloway">Robin Holloway</a> (1),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Matthews_(composer)" title="David Matthews (composer)">David Matthews</a> (9),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_MacMillan" title="James MacMillan">James MacMillan</a> (5),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Seabourne" title="Peter Seabourne">Peter Seabourne</a> (6),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sawyers" title="Philip Sawyers">Philip Sawyers</a> (6).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British composer <a href="/wiki/Derek_Bourgeois" title="Derek Bourgeois">Derek Bourgeois</a> has surpassed the number of symphonies written by Haydn, with 116 symphonies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatest number of symphonies to date has been composed by the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finn</a> <a href="/wiki/Leif_Segerstam" title="Leif Segerstam">Leif Segerstam</a>, whose list of works includes 371 symphonies.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symphonies_for_concert_band">Symphonies for concert band</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Symphonies for concert band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> originally wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_symphonie_fun%C3%A8bre_et_triomphale" title="Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale">Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military band</a> in 1840. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Anton Reicha</a> had composed his four-movement 'Commemoration' Symphony (also known as <i>Musique pour célébrer le Mémorie des Grands Hommes qui se sont Illustrés au Service de la Nation Française</i>) for large wind ensemble even earlier, in 1815, for ceremonies associated with the reburial of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="a) That's a Wiki; b) apparently that's an arrangement by David Whitwell. (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After those early efforts, few symphonies were written for wind bands until the 20th century when more symphonies were written for <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert band</a> than in past centuries. Although examples exist from as early as 1932, the first such symphony of importance is <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Myaskovsky" title="Nikolai Myaskovsky">Nikolai Myaskovsky</a>'s Symphony No. 19, Op. 46, composed in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattisti200242_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattisti200242-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some further examples are <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_B-flat_for_Band_(Hindemith)" title="Symphony in B-flat for Band (Hindemith)">Symphony in B-flat for Band</a>, composed in 1951; <a href="/wiki/Morton_Gould" title="Morton Gould">Morton Gould</a>'s Symphony No. 4 "West Point", composed in 1952; <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti" title="Vincent Persichetti">Vincent Persichetti</a>'s Symphony No. 6, Op. 69, composed in 1956; <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Giannini" title="Vittorio Giannini">Vittorio Giannini</a>'s Symphony No. 3, composed in 1958; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a>'s Symphonies No. 4, Op. 165, No. 7, "Nanga Parvat", Op. 175, No. 14, "Ararat", Op. 194, and No. 23, "Ani", Op. 249, composed in 1958, 1959, 1961, and 1972 respectively;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_Chance" title="John Barnes Chance">John Barnes Chance</a>'s Symphony No. 2, composed in 1972; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Reed" title="Alfred Reed">Alfred Reed</a>'s 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th symphonies, composed in 1979, 1988, 1992, and 1994 respectively; eight of the ten numbered symphonies of <a href="/wiki/David_Maslanka" title="David Maslanka">David Maslanka</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julie_Giroux#Symphonies_for_concert_band_and_wind_ensemble" title="Julie Giroux">six symphonies to date</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julie_Giroux" title="Julie Giroux">Julie Giroux</a> (although she is currently working on a seventh<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); <a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_%22The_Lord_of_the_Rings%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings"">Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings"</a>, composed in 1988, and his Symphony No. 2 "The Big Apple", composed in 1993; Yasuhide Ito's Symphony in Three Scenes 'La Vita', composed in 1998, which is his third symphony for wind band; <a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Corigliano)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Corigliano)">Symphony No. 3 'Circus Maximus</a>, composed in 2004; <a href="/wiki/Denis_Levaillant" title="Denis Levaillant">Denis Levaillant</a>'s PachaMama Symphony, composed in 2014 and 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and James M. Stephenson's Symphony No. 2 which was premiered by the United States Marine Band ("The President's Own") and received both the National Band Association's William D. Revelli (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the American Bandmasters Association's Sousa/Ostwald (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> awards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_modern_usages_of_"symphony""><span id="Other_modern_usages_of_.22symphony.22"></span>Other modern usages of "symphony"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other modern usages of "symphony""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some forms of English, the word "symphony" is also used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>, the large ensemble that often performs these works. The word "symphony" appears in the name of many orchestras, for example, the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Symphony">St. Louis Symphony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Symphony" title="Houston Symphony">Houston Symphony</a>, or Miami's <a href="/wiki/New_World_Symphony_(orchestra)" title="New World Symphony (orchestra)">New World Symphony</a>. For some orchestras, "(city name) Symphony" provides a shorter version of the full name; for instance, the <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> gives "Vancouver Symphony" as a possible abbreviated form of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Vancouver Symphony Orchestra">Vancouver Symphony Orchestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOEDdefinition_5d_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOEDdefinition_5d-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in common usage, a person may say they are going out to hear a symphony perform, a reference to the orchestra and not the works on the program. These usages are not common in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/48px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/64px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choral_symphony" title="Choral symphony">Choral symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_ninth" title="Curse of the ninth">Curse of the ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symphony_composers" title="List of symphony composers">List of symphony composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ symphony">Organ symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_symphony" title="Piano symphony">Piano symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonies_for_concert_band" title="Symphonies for concert band">Symphonies for concert band</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFOED"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/196292?redirectedFrom=symphony#eid">"Symphony"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (online version ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symphony&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=online+version&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F196292%3FredirectedFrom%3Dsymphony%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2001">Brown 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ep502syZv8C"><i>The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 8 June 2006. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45616-6"><bdi>978-1-139-45616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etymologies+of+Isidore+of+Seville&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-06-08&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45616-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ep502syZv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1975501-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1975501_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcuse1975">Marcuse 1975</a>, p. 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman19717-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman19717_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman1971">Bowman 1971</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001">LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2,_citing_two_scholarly_catalogs_listing_over_13,000_distinct_works:_[[#CITEREFLaRue1959|LaRue_1959]]_and_[[#CITEREFLaRue1988|LaRue_1988]]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2,_citing_two_scholarly_catalogs_listing_over_13,000_distinct_works:_[[#CITEREFLaRue1959|LaRue_1959]]_and_[[#CITEREFLaRue1988|LaRue_1988]]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001">LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)</a>, §I.2, citing two scholarly catalogs listing over 13,000 distinct works: <a href="#CITEREFLaRue1959">LaRue 1959</a> and <a href="#CITEREFLaRue1988">LaRue 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001">LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)</a>, §I.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.10_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001">LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)</a>, §I.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarpani1823" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Carpani" title="Giuseppe Carpani">Carpani, Giuseppe</a> (1823). <i>Le Haydine, ovvero Lettere su la vita e le opere del celebre maestro Giuseppe Haydn</i> (Second ed.). p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Haydine%2C+ovvero+Lettere+su+la+vita+e+le+opere+del+celebre+maestro+Giuseppe+Haydn&rft.pages=66&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Carpani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001§I.4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001">LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)</a>, §I.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHepokoskiDarcy2006" class="citation book cs1">Hepokoski, James; Darcy, Warren (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHasTaNQmK0C&q=mozart+four+movements+three+movements+symphony"><i>Elements of Sonata Theory : Norms, Types, and Deformations in the Late-Eighteenth-Century Sonata</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198033451" title="Special:BookSources/0198033451"><bdi>0198033451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Sonata+Theory+%3A+Norms%2C+Types%2C+and+Deformations+in+the+Late-Eighteenth-Century+Sonata&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0198033451&rft.aulast=Hepokoski&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Darcy%2C+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHasTaNQmK0C%26q%3Dmozart%2Bfour%2Bmovements%2Bthree%2Bmovements%2Bsymphony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Count taken from Graham Parkes, "The symphonic structure of <i>Also sprach Zarathustra</i>: a preliminary outline", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuchte2011" class="citation book cs1">Luchte, James (2011). <i>Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra: Before Sunrise</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441118455" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441118455"><bdi>978-1441118455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche%27s+Thus+Spoke+Zarathustra%3A+Before+Sunrise&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1441118455&rft.aulast=Luchte&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span>. Excerpts online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFBS4Kpz9ooC&dq=haydn+four+movements+three+movements+symphony&pg=PT24">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The conjecture about the child Mozart's three-movement preference is made by Gärtner, who notes that Mozart's father <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">Leopold</a> and other older composers already preferred four. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGärtner1994" class="citation book cs1">Gärtner, Heinz (1994). <i>John Christian Bach: Mozart's Friend and Mentor</i>. Hal Leonard Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0931340799" title="Special:BookSources/0931340799"><bdi>0931340799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Christian+Bach%3A+Mozart%27s+Friend+and+Mentor&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0931340799&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4rtner&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span> Excerpts online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mw7Mw9GgSgC&dq=mozart+four+movements+three+movements+symphony&pg=PA216">[2]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson199926-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson199926_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1999">Jackson 1999</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1979106-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1979106_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1979">Stein 1979</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProut1895249-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProut1895249_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProut1895">Prout 1895</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.n.d.">Anon. n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster2001_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster2001">Webster 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenSadie2001-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenSadie2001_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenSadie2001">Eisen & Sadie 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahlhaus1989-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlhaus1989_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlhaus1989_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlhaus1989">Dahlhaus 1989</a>, p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELibbey199940-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELibbey199940_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLibbey1999">Libbey 1999</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beethoven's Ninth is not the first choral symphony, though it is surely the most celebrated one. Beethoven was anticipated by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter von Winter">Peter von Winter</a>'s <i>Schlacht-Sinfonie</i> ("Battle Symphony"), which includes a concluding chorus and was written in 1814, ten years before Beethoven's Ninth. Source: <a href="#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001">LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1997521-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1997521_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen1997">Rosen 1997</a>, p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2001§3:_1831–42-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2001§3:_1831–42_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2001">Macdonald 2001</a>, §3: 1831–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001II.1_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001">LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)</a>, II.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.2008">Anon. 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETawa2001352-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawa2001352_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTawa2001">Tawa 2001</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVande_Moortele2013269,_284n9-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVande_Moortele2013269,_284n9_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVande_Moortele2013">Vande Moortele 2013</a>, 269, 284n9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBABITZ1941" class="citation journal cs1">BABITZ, SOL (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mq/xxvii.1.20">"Stravinsky's Symphony in C (1940)"</a>. <i>The Musical Quarterly</i>. <b>XXVII</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2Fxxvii.1.20">10.1093/mq/xxvii.1.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4631">0027-4631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Stravinsky%27s+Symphony+in+C+%281940%29&rft.volume=XXVII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2Fxxvii.1.20&rft.issn=0027-4631&rft.aulast=BABITZ&rft.aufirst=SOL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2Fxxvii.1.20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2006">Kennedy 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley2001-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley2001_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTemperley2001">Temperley 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995404-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995404_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>, 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimley2013287-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimley2013287_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimley2013">Grimley 2013</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittall2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Whittall" title="Arnold Whittall">Whittall, Arnold</a> (14 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramophone.co.uk/feature/contemporary-composer-sir-peter-maxwell-davies">"Contemporary Composer – Sir Peter Maxwell Davies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Composer+%E2%80%93+Sir+Peter+Maxwell+Davies&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.aulast=Whittall&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.co.uk%2Ffeature%2Fcontemporary-composer-sir-peter-maxwell-davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/e9bv4f">"Prom 27: Robin Holloway, Strauss & Brahms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 4 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prom+27%3A+Robin+Holloway%2C+Strauss+%26+Brahms&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fevents%2Fe9bv4f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBratby2018" class="citation web cs1">Bratby, Richard (17 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/natural-selection-17-may-2018">"Natural selection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Natural+selection&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.aulast=Bratby&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fnatural-selection-17-may-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshley2015" class="citation web cs1">Ashley, Tim (4 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/aug/04/bbcsso-runnicles-review-prom-24-macmillan-mahler">"BBCSSO/Runnicles review – MacMillan premiere and the raw power of Mahler"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=BBCSSO%2FRunnicles+review+%E2%80%93+MacMillan+premiere+and+the+raw+power+of+Mahler&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2015%2Faug%2F04%2Fbbcsso-runnicles-review-prom-24-macmillan-mahler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com/2016/07/peter-seabournes-symphony-of-roses-is.html">"Peter Seabourne's Symphony of Roses is given a triumphant world premiere by the Biel Solothurn Theatre Orchestra, Switzerland conducted by Kaspar Zehnder"</a>. <i>theclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com</i>. The Classical Reviewer. 13 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Peter+Seabourne%27s+Symphony+of+Roses+is+given+a+triumphant+world+premiere+by+the+Biel+Solothurn+Theatre+Orchestra%2C+Switzerland+conducted+by+Kaspar+Zehnder&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F07%2Fpeter-seabournes-symphony-of-roses-is.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRickards" class="citation web cs1">Rickards, Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/sawyers-symphony-no-3-songs-of-loss-and-regret">"Sawyers Symphony No 3. Songs of Loss and Regret"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Sawyers+Symphony+No+3.+Songs+of+Loss+and+Regret&rft.aulast=Rickards&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.co.uk%2Freview%2Fsawyers-symphony-no-3-songs-of-loss-and-regret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.derekbourgeois.com/catalogu.htm">"Catalogue"</a>. <i>www.derekbourgeois.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.derekbourgeois.com&rft.atitle=Catalogue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.derekbourgeois.com%2Fcatalogu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sco.org.uk/news/misnumbered-symphonies">"The (Mis)numbering of symphonies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%28Mis%29numbering+of+symphonies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sco.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fmisnumbered-symphonies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windrep.org/Commemoration_Symphony">"Commemoration Symphony (Reicha)"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Wind_Repertory_Project" title="Wind Repertory Project">Wind Repertory Project</a> (Wiki)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wind+Repertory+Project+%28Wiki%29&rft.atitle=Commemoration+Symphony+%28Reicha%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windrep.org%2FCommemoration_Symphony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattisti200242-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattisti200242_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattisti2002">Battisti 2002</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Alan_Hovhaness" title="List of compositions by Alan Hovhaness">List of compositions by Alan Hovhaness</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmbx.newmusicusa.org/suspending-time-and-figuring-out-the-impossible-remembering-david-maslanka-1943-2017/">"Suspending Time and Figuring Out the Impossible—Remembering David Maslanka (1943-2017)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NewMusicBox" title="NewMusicBox">NewMusicBox</a></i>. 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewMusicBox&rft.atitle=Suspending+Time+and+Figuring+Out+the+Impossible%E2%80%94Remembering+David+Maslanka+%281943-2017%29&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmbx.newmusicusa.org%2Fsuspending-time-and-figuring-out-the-impossible-remembering-david-maslanka-1943-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmbx.newmusicusa.org/julie-giroux-a-wind-band-is-a-box-of-168-crayons/">"Julie Giroux: A Wind Band is a Box of 168 Crayons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NewMusicBox" title="NewMusicBox">NewMusicBox</a></i>. 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewMusicBox&rft.atitle=Julie+Giroux%3A+A+Wind+Band+is+a+Box+of+168+Crayons&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmbx.newmusicusa.org%2Fjulie-giroux-a-wind-band-is-a-box-of-168-crayons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVagne2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vagne, Thierry (17 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vagnethierry.fr/denis-levaillant-pachamama-symphony/">"Denis Levaillant – Pachamama Symphony"</a>. <i>vagnethierry.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vagnethierry.fr&rft.atitle=Denis+Levaillant+%E2%80%93+Pachamama+Symphony&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.aulast=Vagne&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvagnethierry.fr%2Fdenis-levaillant-pachamama-symphony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmbx.newmusicusa.org/social-news/james-stephenson-wins-2017-nba-revelli-award/">"James Stephenson Wins 2017 NBA Revelli Award"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NewMusicBox" title="NewMusicBox">NewMusicBox</a></i>. 4 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewMusicBox&rft.atitle=James+Stephenson+Wins+2017+NBA+Revelli+Award&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmbx.newmusicusa.org%2Fsocial-news%2Fjames-stephenson-wins-2017-nba-revelli-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbandmasters.org/2018-sousa-aba-ostwald-award-winner/">"2018 Sousa-ABA-Ostwald Award Winner"</a>. <i>American Bandmasters Association</i>. 20 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Bandmasters+Association&rft.atitle=2018+Sousa-ABA-Ostwald+Award+Winner&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbandmasters.org%2F2018-sousa-aba-ostwald-award-winner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOEDdefinition_5d-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOEDdefinition_5d_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED">OED</a>, definition 5d:<i>ellipt.</i> for 'symphony orchestra'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_WhitemanMary_Margaret_McBride1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Margaret_McBride" title="Mary Margaret McBride">Mary Margaret McBride</a> (1926). <i>Jazz</i>. xiv. 287. <q>The unknown composer has to pay to get his compositions played by a good symphony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz&rft.pages=xiv.+287&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Paul+Whiteman&rft.au=Mary+Margaret+McBride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.n.d.">Anon. n.d. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362596/Mannheim-school">Mannheim School</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (accessed 27 January 2015).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.2008">Anon. 2008. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e10019">Symphony</a>." <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>, second edition, revised, edited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Michael Kennedy</a>, associate editor Joyce Bourne. Oxford Music Online (Accessed 24 July 2008) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBattisti2002" class="citation book cs1">Battisti, Frank L. (2002). <i>The Winds of Change: The Evolution of the Contemporary American Wind Band/Ensemble and Its Conductor</i>. Galesville, Maryland: Meredith Music Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780634045226" title="Special:BookSources/9780634045226"><bdi>9780634045226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winds+of+Change%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Contemporary+American+Wind+Band%2FEnsemble+and+Its+Conductor&rft.place=Galesville%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Meredith+Music+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780634045226&rft.aulast=Battisti&rft.aufirst=Frank+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBowman1971">Bowman, Carl Byron. 1971. "The Ecclesiastiche Sinfonie (Opus 16) of Adriano Banchieri (1568–1634)". Ph.D. diss. New York: New York University.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBrown2001"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mayer_Brown" title="Howard Mayer Brown">Brown, Howard Mayer</a>. 2001. "Symphonia". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDahlhaus1989"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus, Carl</a>. 1989. <i>Nineteenth-Century Music</i>, translated by J. Bradford Robinson. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07644-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07644-0">978-0-520-07644-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFEisenSadie2001"><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Eisen" title="Cliff Eisen">Eisen, Cliff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>. 2001. "Mozart (3): (Johann Chrysostum) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimley2013" class="citation book cs1">Grimley, Daniel M. (2013). "Symphony/Antiphony: Formal Strategies in the Twentieth-Century Symphony". In Julian Horton (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Symphony</i>. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">285–</span>310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107469709" title="Special:BookSources/9781107469709"><bdi>9781107469709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symphony%2FAntiphony%3A+Formal+Strategies+in+the+Twentieth-Century+Symphony&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Symphony&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107469709&rft.aulast=Grimley&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFJackson1999"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Jackson" title="Timothy L. Jackson">Jackson, Timothy L.</a> 1999. <i>Tchaikovsky, Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique)</i>. Cambridge Music Handbooks. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64111-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64111-X">0-521-64111-X</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64676-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64676-6">0-521-64676-6</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFKennedy2006"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a>. 2006a. "Sinfonietta". <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>, second edition, revised, Joyce Bourne, associate editor. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLaRue1959">LaRue, Jan. 1959. "A Union Thematic Catalogue of 18th Century Symphonies". <i>Fontes Artis Musicae</i> 6:18–20.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLaRue1988">LaRue, Jan. 1988. <i>A Catalogue of 18th-Century Symphonies, i: Thematic Identifier</i>. Bloomington, Indiana.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLaRue,_Bonds,_Walsh,_and_Wilson2001">LaRue, Jan, Mark Evan Bonds, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(writer)" title="Stephen Walsh (writer)">Stephen Walsh</a>, and Charles Wilson. 2001. "Symphony". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLibbey1999">Libbey, Theodore. 1999. <i>The NPR Guide to Building a Classical CD Collection</i>, second edition. New York: Workman Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761104872" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761104872">978-0761104872</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMacdonald2001"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Macdonald_(musicologist)" title="Hugh Macdonald (musicologist)">Macdonald, Hugh</a>. 2001b. "Berlioz, Hector". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMarcuse1975">Marcuse, Sybil. 1975. <i>Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary</i>. Revised edition. The Norton Library. New York: W. W. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00758-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00758-8">0-393-00758-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFProut1895"><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Prout" title="Ebenezer Prout">Prout, Ebenezer</a>. 1895. <i>Applied Forms: A Sequel to 'Musical Form'</i>, third edition. Augener's Edition, no. 9183. London: Augener. Facsimile reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-05138-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-05138-3">0-404-05138-3</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosen1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a> (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Style" title="The Classical Style">The Classical Style</a>: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven</i> (expanded ed.). London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571192878" title="Special:BookSources/9780571192878"><bdi>9780571192878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Style%3A+Haydn%2C+Mozart%2C+Beethoven&rft.place=London&rft.edition=expanded&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780571192878&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStein1979"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Stein" title="Leon Stein">Stein, Leon</a>. 1979. <i>Structure & Style: The Study and Analysis of Musical Forms</i>, expanded edition. Princeton, New Jersey: Summy-Birchard Music. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87487-164-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87487-164-6">0-87487-164-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSteinberg1995"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)" title="Michael Steinberg (music critic)">Steinberg, Michael</a>. 1995. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symphonylistener00stei">The Symphony: A Listener's Guide</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506177-2">978-0-19-506177-2</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512665-5">978-0-19-512665-5</a> (pbk) (accessed 27 January 2015).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFTawa2001">Tawa, Nicholas E. <i>From Psalm to Symphony: A History of Music in New England</i>. Boston: Northeastern University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-491-2">978-1-55553-491-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFTemperley2001"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Temperley" title="Nicholas Temperley">Temperley, Nicholas</a>. 2001. "Sinfonietta." <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFVande_Moortele2013">Vande Moortele, Steven. 2013. "'Two-dimensional' Symphonic Forms: Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony, Before and After". In <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Symphony</i>, edited by Julian Horton, 268–284. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107469709" title="Special:BookSources/9781107469709">9781107469709</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWebster2001">Webster, James, and Georg Feder. 2001. "Haydn, (Franz) Joseph". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Ballantine, Christopher. 1983. <i>Twentieth Century Symphony.</i> London: Dennis Dobson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-234-72042-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-234-72042-5">0-234-72042-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz, Hector</a>. 1857. <i>Roméo et Juliette: Sinfonie dramatique: avec choeurs, solos de chant et prologue en récitatif choral, Op. 17</i>. Partition de piano par Th. Ritter. Winterthur: J. Rieter-Biedermann.</li> <li>Berlioz, Hector. 2002. <i>Berlioz's Orchestration Treatise: A Translation and Commentary</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Macdonald_(musicologist)" title="Hugh Macdonald (musicologist)">Hugh Macdonald</a>. Cambridge University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23953-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23953-2">0-521-23953-2</a>.</li> <li>Brown, A. Peter. 2002. <i>The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume II: The First Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert</i>. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33487-9">978-0-253-33487-9</a>.</li> <li>Brown, A. Peter. 2007. <i>The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume III, Part A: The European Symphony from ca. 1800 to ca. 1930: Germany and the Nordic Countries</i>. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34801-2">978-0-253-34801-2</a>.</li> <li>Brown, A. Peter. 2007. <i>The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume IV: The Second Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony: Brahms, Bruckner, Dvořák, Mahler, and Selected Contemporaries</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33488-6">978-0-253-33488-6</a>.</li> <li>Brown, A. Peter with Brian Hart. 2008. <i>The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume III, Part B: The European Symphony from ca. 1800 to ca. 1930: Great Britain, Russia, and France</i>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34897-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34897-5">978-0-253-34897-5</a>.</li> <li>Cuyler, Louise. 1995. <i>The Symphony</i>. Second Edition. Detroit Monographs in Musicology, Studies in Music 16. Warren, Michigan: Harmonie Park Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-899-90072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-899-90072-8">978-0-899-90072-8</a>.</li> <li>Hansen, Richard K. 2005. <i>The American Wind Band: A Cultural History</i>. Chicago, Illinois: GIA Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57999-467-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57999-467-9">1-57999-467-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Kern_Holoman" title="D. Kern Holoman">Holoman, D. Kern</a>. 1996. <i>The Nineteenth-Century Symphony</i>. Studies in Musical Genres and Repertoires. New York: Schirmer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-028-71105-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-028-71105-8">978-0-028-71105-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Hopkins" title="Antony Hopkins">Hopkins, Antony</a>. 1981. <i>The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven</i>. London: Heinemann.</li> <li>Layton, Robert, ed. 1993. <i>Companion to the Symphony</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-71014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-71014-9">978-0-671-71014-9</a>.</li> <li>Morrow, Mary Sue, and Bathia Churgin, eds. 2012. <i>The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume I: The Eighteenth-Century Symphony</i>. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35640-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35640-6">978-0-253-35640-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel" title="Don Michael Randel">Randel, Don Michael</a>. 2003. <i>The Harvard Dictionary of Music</i>, fourth edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674011632" title="Special:BookSources/9780674011632">9780674011632</a>.</li> <li>Ritzarev, Marina. 2014. <i>Tchaikovsky's Pathétique and Russian Culture</i>. Farnham, Surrey; Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2411-2">978-1-4724-2411-2</a>.</li> <li>Schaarwächter, Jürgen. 2015. <i>Two Centuries of British Symphonism: From the beginnings to 1945</i>, Vols. 1 & 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-15226-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-15226-4">978-3-487-15226-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Simpson_(composer)" title="Robert Simpson (composer)">Simpson, Robert</a>, ed. 1967. <i>The Symphony, Volume I: Haydn to Dvořák</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-20772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-20772-9">978-0-140-20772-9</a>.</li> <li>Simpson, Robert, ed. 1967. <i>The Symphony, Volume II: Elgar to the Present Day</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-20773-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-20773-6">978-0-140-20773-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stainer" title="John Stainer">Stainer, John</a>, and Francis W Galpin. 1914. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldandsold.com/articles22/music-bible-7.shtml">Wind Instruments – Sumponyah; Sampunia; Sumphonia; Symphonia</a>". In <i>The Music of the Bible, with Some Account of the Development of Modern Musical Instruments from Ancient Types</i>, new edition. London: Novello; New York: H. W. Gray.</li> <li>Stedman, Preston. 1992. <i>The Symphony</i>. Second edition. Pearson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-880055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-880055-0">978-0-13-880055-0</a>.</li> <li>Thomson, Andrew. 2001. "Widor, Charles-Marie(-Jean-Albert)", 2. Works. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wyn_Jones" title="David Wyn Jones">Wyn Jones, David</a>. 2006. <i>The Symphony in the Age of Beethoven</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86261-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86261-5">978-0-521-86261-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_M._Young" title="Percy M. Young">Young, Percy M.</a> 1968. <i>Symphony</i>. Phoenix Music Guides. Boston: Crescendo Publishers. SBN: 87597-018-4.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symphonies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symphonies">Symphonies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Symphony"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Symphony">"Symphony" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">290–</span>291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symphony&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Gann" title="Kyle Gann">Gann, Kyle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150804045025/http://www.kylegann.com/Symphony.html">"A Chronology of the Symphony 1730–2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kylegann.com/Symphony.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+of+the+Symphony+1730%E2%80%932005&rft.aulast=Gann&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kylegann.com%2FSymphony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span> A list of selected major symphonies composed 1800–2005, with composers of 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st century symphonies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602104124/http://library.thinkquest.org/22673/index.html">The Symphony – Interactive Guide</a></li> <li>"List of symphonists, mostly active after 1800", compiled by Thanh-Tâm Lê: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttle.free.fr/Symphonies/symphonistes_a-d.htm">"A to D"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+to+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fttle.free.fr%2FSymphonies%2Fsymphonistes_a-d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttle.free.fr/Symphonies/symphonistes_e-j.htm">"E to J"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E+to+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fttle.free.fr%2FSymphonies%2Fsymphonistes_e-j.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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