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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lincoln's_military_ability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lincoln's_military_ability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lincoln's military ability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lincoln's_military_ability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_influence_on_Lincoln" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_influence_on_Lincoln"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy and influence on Lincoln</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_influence_on_Lincoln-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Abraham Lincoln</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hicks_-_Leopold_Grozelier_-_Presidential_Candidate_Abraham_Lincoln_1860_-_cropped_to_lithographic_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Thomas_Hicks_-_Leopold_Grozelier_-_Presidential_Candidate_Abraham_Lincoln_1860_-_cropped_to_lithographic_plate.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hicks_-_Leopold_Grozelier_-_Presidential_Candidate_Abraham_Lincoln_1860_-_cropped_to_lithographic_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Thomas_Hicks_-_Leopold_Grozelier_-_Presidential_Candidate_Abraham_Lincoln_1860_-_cropped_to_lithographic_plate.jpg/330px-Thomas_Hicks_-_Leopold_Grozelier_-_Presidential_Candidate_Abraham_Lincoln_1860_-_cropped_to_lithographic_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Thomas_Hicks_-_Leopold_Grozelier_-_Presidential_Candidate_Abraham_Lincoln_1860_-_cropped_to_lithographic_plate.jpg/440px-Thomas_Hicks_-_Leopold_Grozelier_-_Presidential_Candidate_Abraham_Lincoln_1860_-_cropped_to_lithographic_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6209" data-file-height="8029" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Abraham Lincoln in 1860</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Honest Abe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">February 12, 1809<br /><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Kentucky" title="Hardin County, Kentucky">Hardin County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 15, 1865 (aged 56)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Militia">Illinois Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Private (United States)">Private</a> (May 28, 1832 – July 10, 1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">Captain</a> (April 21, 1832 – May 27, 1832)</li></ul> <p>Discharged from his command and re-enlisted as a private. </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Rifle company of the 31st Regiment of Militia of Sangamon County, 1st Division</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> <p>aftermath of </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois State Representative</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congressman">United States Congressman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> served as a volunteer in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Militia">Illinois Militia</a> April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832, during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>. Lincoln never saw combat during his tour but was elected captain of his first company. He was also present in the aftermath of two of the war's battles, where he helped to bury the militia dead. He was mustered in and out of service during the war, going from captain to private and finishing his service in an independent spy company commanded by Captain Jacob Early. </p><p>Lincoln's service had a lasting impression on him, and he related tales about it later in life with modesty and a bit of humor. Through his service he was able to forge lifelong political connections. In addition, he received a <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grant</a> from the U.S. government for his military service during the war. Though Lincoln had no military experience when he assumed command of his company, he is generally characterized as an able and competent leader. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></div> <p>Angered by the loss of his birthplace via prior disputed treaties, and against the best interests of other tribes affected, <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk (chief)">Black Hawk</a> led a number of incursions across the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> beginning in 1830. Each time, he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British, he again moved his "<a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 5, 1832, Black Hawk and around 1,000 warriors and civilians recrossed the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> into Illinois in an attempt to reclaim their land. About half of Black Hawk's band were combatants and the rest were a combination of women, children, and elderly. The band consisted of <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox (tribe)">Fox</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>; in addition, some members of the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a> nation were sympathetic to Black Hawk.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrhp2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whitecloud_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitecloud-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black Hawk's reasons for crossing into Illinois were to reclaim lost lands, and perhaps create a confederacy of Native Americans to stand against white settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-whitecloud_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitecloud-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lewis2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promises of aid from other Illinois tribes were made to the British Band, and Black Hawk believed that promises of assistance were made by the British in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-whitecloud_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitecloud-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="text-align:center; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position: relative;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: 172px; top: 164px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 180px; top: 163px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Stillman's Run</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 147px; top: 164px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 81px; top: 163px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 110px; top: 154px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 57px; top: 153px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 199px; top: 202px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 199px; top: 191px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre">Indian Creek</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 128px; top: 138px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 136px; top: 137px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 137px; top: 74px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 145px; top: 73px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Fort Blue Mounds</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 123px; top: 108px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 131px; top: 107px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 129px; top: 99px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 137px; top: 98px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Horseshoe Bend</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 131px; top: 125px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 139px; top: 124px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Waddams Grove</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 126px; top: 135px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 52px; top: 135px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 165px; top: 211px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 173px; top: 210px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Ament's Cabin</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 105px; top: 130px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 36px; top: 120px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 81px; top: 113px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid"><span style="float:left; width:8px; height:8px; font-size:8px; line-height:8px; word-spacing:8px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 5px; top: 103px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 140px; top: 51px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights"><span style="float:left; 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top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin" title="Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin"><span style="float:left; width:7px; height:7px; font-size:7px; line-height:7px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 127px; top: 194px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Prophetstown,_Illinois" title="Prophetstown, Illinois"><span style="float:left; width:7px; height:7px; font-size:7px; line-height:7px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 189px; top: 117px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin"><span style="float:left; width:7px; height:7px; font-size:7px; line-height:7px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 184px; top: 137px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois"><span style="float:left; width:7px; height:7px; font-size:7px; line-height:7px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 144px; top: 133px; padding: 0;"><span style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:8px; height:8px; z-index:2;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><span style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0; padding-top:5px; z-index:5;"><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Illinois" title="Freeport, Illinois"><span style="float:left; width:7px; height:7px; font-size:7px; line-height:7px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;">   </span></a></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 80px; top: 1px; padding: 0;">Michigan Territory (Wisconsin)</div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 200px; top: 260px; padding: 0;">Illinois</div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 3px; top: 173px; padding: 0;">Unorganized <br />Territory (Iowa)</div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Hawk_path.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Locator map of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois showing location of battles described in the text, the battles are clustered in northeast Illinois and southeast Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_Hawk_path.png/300px-Black_Hawk_path.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_Hawk_path.png/450px-Black_Hawk_path.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Black_Hawk_path.png/600px-Black_Hawk_path.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Map of Black Hawk War sites<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Battle_X.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/8px-Red_Battle_X.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/12px-Red_Battle_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Red_Battle_X.png/16px-Red_Battle_X.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="154" /></a></span> <small>Battle (with name)</small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small>Fort / settlement</small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/7px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/11px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/14px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small>Native village</small><br /><small>Symbols are wikilinked to article</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite this, Black Hawk found no allies, and he attempted to return to <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run.<sup id="cite_ref-wiscsr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiscsr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of other engagements followed, and the state <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>. </p><p>At the time of Black Hawk's incursion into Illinois, Lincoln was living in <a href="/wiki/New_Salem,_Menard_County,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="New Salem, Menard County, Illinois">New Salem</a>, where he had lived for two years. Prior to the Black Hawk War, in March 1832, Lincoln announced his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a>, but the election was several months away.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgovern_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgovern-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One month later, he responded to the governor's call for volunteer militia.<sup id="cite_ref-wisclincoln_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisclincoln-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enlistment_and_election_as_captain">Enlistment and election as captain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Enlistment and election as captain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 21, 1832, Lincoln and the other volunteers gathered at the property of Dallas Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln rode a horse from <a href="/wiki/New_Salem,_Menard_County,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="New Salem, Menard County, Illinois">New Salem</a> to Richland Creek, where neighbors had gathered to form a company of volunteer <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> near <a href="/wiki/Beardstown,_Illinois" title="Beardstown, Illinois">Beardstown, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-goodman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jung1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jung1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men were officially sworn in and began the process of electing a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> commander who would hold the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the choice between Lincoln and William Kirkpatrick, Lincoln received three-fourths of the votes.<sup id="cite_ref-goodman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many years later, Lincoln said this election as captain was "a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln was commissioned as a captain in <a href="/wiki/Sangamon_County,_Illinois" title="Sangamon County, Illinois">Sangamon County</a>'s 31st Regiment, a unit of the militia's 1st Division. By April 30, he had been placed in charge of a <a href="/wiki/Rifle_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle company">rifle company</a> in the 4th Regiment of Mounted Volunteers, a unit of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a>'s Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-log2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The men spent time in Beardstown, where they drew provisions and weapons (as many of the men, including Lincoln, owned no weapons).<sup id="cite_ref-jung1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jung1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other downtime in Beardstown was occupied by inter-company rivalry. An incident occurred on April 22, when Lincoln was challenged for a prime camping spot. Lincoln and his challenger wrestled for the spot and Lincoln was beaten before a crowd of fellow soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-jung1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jung1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the wrestling match, Lincoln and the other commanders spent April 23–26 conducting light drills and drawing supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-log2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 28, Lincoln's company was enrolled into state service by Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_J._Hardin" title="John J. Hardin">John J. Hardin</a>, and Lincoln drew further supplies (including <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whiskey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">food staples</a>, and tin pans).<sup id="cite_ref-log2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volunteers marched to <a href="/wiki/Rushville,_Illinois" title="Rushville, Illinois">Rushville</a>, a distance of 10 miles (16 km), on April 30, 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-log2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following their arrival in Rushville, the troops continued marching for several days toward the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock River (Illinois)">Rock River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holland_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holland-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the rest of early May was spent marching and resupplying.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a>, the brigade commander, moved the volunteers to the <a href="/wiki/Prophetstown,_Illinois" title="Prophetstown, Illinois">Prophet's Village</a>, which they burned on May 11,<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then continued the men toward <a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a>, another 40 miles (64 km) upstream.<sup id="cite_ref-holland_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holland-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men reached Dixon's Ferry on May 12, and the next day, <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a> led their troops toward <a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillman Creek">Old Man's Creek</a>, where it was rumored that Black Hawk and his men were encamped.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stillman's_Run"><span id="Stillman.27s_Run"></span>Stillman's Run</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stillman's Run"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abelincoln1846.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abelincoln1846.jpeg/200px-Abelincoln1846.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abelincoln1846.jpeg/300px-Abelincoln1846.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abelincoln1846.jpeg/400px-Abelincoln1846.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>This image is the earliest known photograph of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and dates to around 1847, 15 years after the war.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></div> <p>Lincoln engaged in no combat during the Black Hawk War,<sup id="cite_ref-niu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monroe_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monroe-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Lincoln's own recollections of this time attest.<sup id="cite_ref-tripp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did, however, see <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalped</a> corpses and witness the results of the war's atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-niu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln was 23 years old at the time of the Black Hawk War, and his experience in the volunteer militia was his only military experience prior to becoming president.<sup id="cite_ref-niu_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various sources, many compiled at the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a>, document the movements of Lincoln's company after the outbreak of hostilities at the Battle of Stillman's Run.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 15, 1832, Lincoln's company set out under the command of Whiteside and reached the site of Stillman's Run by sunset. According to letters from Whiteside to militia commander <a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a>, the soldiers, including Lincoln, arrived to find militia men dead, scalped, and mangled.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2006 article, author Scott Dyer asserted that Whiteside's men, including Captain Lincoln, "paraded" the area the morning after, and buried the dead from Stillman's Run. Their movements were in an unsuccessful effort to draw out the Sauk, after which they returned to Dixon's Ferry.<sup id="cite_ref-dyer_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run was still under investigation as of 2003<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-braun_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braun-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davis_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrhp_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stillman%27s_Run_Site_Stillman_Valley,_IL_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stillman%27s_Run_Site_Stillman_Valley%2C_IL_01.JPG/250px-Stillman%27s_Run_Site_Stillman_Valley%2C_IL_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stillman%27s_Run_Site_Stillman_Valley%2C_IL_01.JPG/375px-Stillman%27s_Run_Site_Stillman_Valley%2C_IL_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stillman%27s_Run_Site_Stillman_Valley%2C_IL_01.JPG/500px-Stillman%27s_Run_Site_Stillman_Valley%2C_IL_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An inscription on the monument in <a href="/wiki/Stillman_Valley,_Illinois" title="Stillman Valley, Illinois">Stillman Valley</a> concerning Lincoln's role in the aftermath of the battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The marble facade on the <a href="/wiki/Stillman_Valley,_Illinois" title="Stillman Valley, Illinois">Stillman Valley</a> monument, erected in 1901, commemorating the battle, includes the reference to Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run, "The presence of soldier, statesman, martyr, Abraham Lincoln assisting in the burial of these honored dead has made this spot more sacred."<sup id="cite_ref-alo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still, other sources assert that it was General Whiteside who originally buried the dead in a common grave on a ridge south of the battlefield, marked with a rudimentary wooden memorial. These sources make no mention of Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-ford_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lakeside_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lakeside-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_captain_to_private">From captain to private</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From captain to private"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elijah_Iles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Elijah_Iles.jpg/200px-Elijah_Iles.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Elijah_Iles.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>When Lincoln was mustered out of command on May 27 he re-enlisted and was reduced in rank to private under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Iles" title="Elijah Iles">Elijah Iles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two days after Stillman's Run, Lincoln and his company drew 10 quarts of meal and 10 pounds of pork from supply at <a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a 20-mile (32 km) march on May 25, Lincoln's company camped near <a href="/wiki/Paw_Paw,_Illinois" title="Paw Paw, Illinois">Paw Paw Grove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, Lincoln and his company marched another 20 miles (32 km) and camped two miles (3 km) above the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Fox_River_(Illinois_River_tributary)" title="Fox River (Illinois River tributary)">Fox River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 27, Lincoln's company was <a href="/wiki/Muster_(military)" title="Muster (military)">mustered</a> out of service.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln was discharged from his command, and he re-enlisted as a <a href="/wiki/Private_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Private (United States)">private</a> in the company of Captain <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Iles" title="Elijah Iles">Elijah Iles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Illinois" title="Ottawa, Illinois">Ottawa, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry Atkinson, a militia commander, arrived in Ottawa on May 28, and on May 29 Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Robert Anderson</a> formally mustered Lincoln and a hodgepodge of 71 other former officers into a company of mounted volunteers under Iles.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atkinson left and met with Governor Reynolds; Atkinson then returned to Ottawa on May 30 and decided not to pursue <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk (chief)">Black Hawk</a> until further militia reinforcements arrived on June 15.<sup id="cite_ref-log_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 6, 1832, Captain Iles' company, including Lincoln, began the march to Dixon's Ferry; they arrived during the afternoon of June 7.<sup id="cite_ref-log3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From June 8 to June 10, the company moved on orders toward <a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a>; on June 8, the group camped 20 miles (32 km) from Dixon's Ferry, and on June 9 near the <a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a>. The company found the people in Galena demoralized and was ordered to return to Dixon's Ferry on June 11. On the march back, the group made camp at the same campsites it used on its march toward Galena.<sup id="cite_ref-log3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men arrived back in Dixon's Ferry on June 13, and on June 16, Anderson mustered them out of service at Fort Wilbourn.<sup id="cite_ref-log3_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From June 16 until July 10, Lincoln served as a private in Captain Jacob Early's independent company.<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early's company was known as an "independent spy company", which was ordered into federal service by Atkinson and meant to operate separately from the other brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-jung2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jung2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Lincoln told William Herndon, "I was out of work and there being no danger of more fighting, I could do nothing better than enlist again."<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early's company was officially mustered into service on June 20, and two days later it was ordered to report to General <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a> at Dixon's Ferry. The company remained at Dixon's Ferry through June 25, 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-log3_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early's company was then dispatched to Kellogg's Grove at 4 p.m. on June 25.<sup id="cite_ref-log3_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kellogg's_Grove"><span id="Kellogg.27s_Grove"></span>Kellogg's Grove</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kellogg's Grove"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kent_Il_Kellogg%27s_Grove6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kent_Il_Kellogg%27s_Grove6.JPG/220px-Kent_Il_Kellogg%27s_Grove6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kent_Il_Kellogg%27s_Grove6.JPG/330px-Kent_Il_Kellogg%27s_Grove6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kent_Il_Kellogg%27s_Grove6.JPG/440px-Kent_Il_Kellogg%27s_Grove6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The plaque at the site of the Battle of Kellogg's Grove mentions Lincoln's presence there</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of sources assert that on June 26, 1832, the morning after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a>, members of Early's company arrived at Kellogg's Grove to help bury the dead. Lincoln assisted with the burial, and later made a statement about his experience connected with the battles of both Kellogg's Grove and Stillman's Run.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrhp_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alo_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>I remember just how those men looked as we rode up the little hill where their camp was. The red light of the morning sun was streaming upon them as they lay head towards us on the ground. And every man had a round red spot on top of his head, about as big as a dollar where the redskins had taken his scalp. It was frightful, but it was grotesque, and the red sunlight seemed to paint everything all over. I remember one man had on buckskin breeches.</p></blockquote> <p>The Lincoln quote appeared both in <a href="/wiki/William_H._Herndon" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Herndon">William H. Herndon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_W._Wiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse W. Wiek">Jesse W. Wiek</a>'s <i>Life of Lincoln</i> and in <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg's</a> Lincoln biography, <i>Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documentation for the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> listing for Kellogg's Grove cites Lincoln's presence as part of its historic significance.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same day, on June 16, Captain Early wrote to General Atkinson, describing the situation in his own words. </p> <blockquote><p>I arrived here by day brake this morning [26th] & found Gen. Posey's men encamped here The circumstances connected with the attack on Maj. Dement's Bat[talion].are as well as I can gather substantially these Yesterday morning the Maj. ordered out a small party for the purpose of examining a trail leading to the Mississippi The detachment had not proceeded more than half a mile when they discovered a few Indians at a small distance from them the men rushed on them in a disorderly manner till they came to the main body of Indians where they were secreted in a thicket on seeing the Indians the men wheeled & fled precipitately & all the efforts of Maj. Dement to rally them were unavailing (for at the time the men commenced retreating before the Indians Maj. Dement came up with a reinforcement from the garrison The Maj. stated to me that his force on the field was equal in numbers to that of the enemy After the men retreated to the fort the Indians surrounded the house & commenced killing the Horses, they kept up a constant fire on the House & Horses for 2 or 3 hours. Major Dement Lost 5 killed & several wounded but none mortally when the Indians left the ground they retreated toward their encampment on the 4 lakes<br /><br /> When Gen Posey came up about an hour by sun he sent a regiment in the direction in which the Indians had retired. When they had proceeded about ½ mile the Indians showed themselves from a thick wood which skirted the praeria ... they [regiment] retired to their camps without engaging the enemy. The trail spoken of above has not yet been examined. Gen Posey says he will send a detachment with me to examine it. As soon as I see it you shall have the best information in my power to give you.<sup id="cite_ref-log3_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln%27s_discharge_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Lincoln%27s_discharge_paper.jpg/250px-Lincoln%27s_discharge_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Lincoln%27s_discharge_paper.jpg/375px-Lincoln%27s_discharge_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Lincoln%27s_discharge_paper.jpg/500px-Lincoln%27s_discharge_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Honorable_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorable discharge">honorable discharge</a> signed by Lincoln for a private under his command.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early's company, including Lincoln, remained at Kellogg's Grove until June 28, when they began their march back to Dixon's Ferry. They arrived sometime around 6 a.m. on June 29.<sup id="cite_ref-log3_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-log3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mustered_out">Mustered out</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mustered out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 10, 1832, Atkinson decided he had too many men and mustered Early's company, including Lincoln, out of service. Lincoln's military career ended less than three months after it began.<sup id="cite_ref-jung2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jung2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last duty as a soldier, Lincoln wrote out the company roll for Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Robert Anderson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Anderrsonnote_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderrsonnote-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the man who had mustered him into service in his second company under Iles.<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jung3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jung3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln's horse, along with a comrade's, was stolen the night before he was discharged from service; thus they made their way back to New Salem mostly on foot and occasionally on another comrade's horse.<sup id="cite_ref-jung2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jung2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sandburg_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandburg-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once in <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria</a>, Lincoln and his wartime compatriot bought a canoe and made their way down the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Illinois" title="Havana, Illinois">Havana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-angle_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Havana, they disembarked and made the final 23-mile (37 km) jaunt on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-jung2_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jung2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angle_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lincoln's_military_ability"><span id="Lincoln.27s_military_ability"></span>Lincoln's military ability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lincoln's military ability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_protecting_Potawatomi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lincoln_protecting_Potawatomi.jpg/220px-Lincoln_protecting_Potawatomi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Lincoln_protecting_Potawatomi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln depicted protecting a Native American from his own men in a scene often related about Lincoln's war-time service</figcaption></figure> <p>Lincoln had no military experience when he was elected captain of his company, but a large number of sources have described him as a capable commander and a popular leader.<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln himself expressed a desire to get into combat, though his company has been described as wild and the outcome of such a fight may not have been positive for Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-guelzo_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guelzo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Todd_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="John Todd Stuart">John Todd Stuart</a> noted that during Lincoln's Black Hawk War service, he stood out for his great strength and athletic ability, as well as his kind manner and as a story teller.<sup id="cite_ref-guelzo_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guelzo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One popularly repeated<sup id="cite_ref-whipple_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whipple-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boritt_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boritt-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> story from Lincoln's Black Hawk War service illustrates Lincoln's qualities of honesty, and courageous, competent leadership. It involves a Potawotami who wandered into Captain Lincoln's camp. Lincoln's men assumed him a spy and wanted to kill him. The story goes that Lincoln threw himself between the Native American and the men's muskets, knocking their weapons upward and protecting the Potawotami. The militia men backed down after a few heated seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-arnold_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnold-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another popularly repeated<sup id="cite_ref-herndon_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herndon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-browne_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browne-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt03_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt03-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> story about Lincoln's leadership during the war illustrates his inexperience as a military commander. The story goes that Lincoln was marching his company and encountered an open gate, through which his formation needed to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-browne_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browne-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to remember the proper command to direct his men through the gate, Lincoln called "Halt!" and ordered the men to fall out for two minutes and then reform on the other side of the gate.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt03_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt03-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other negative accounts of Lincoln's ability as a military leader came in the 1870s, when J. F. Snyder interviewed several of Lincoln's men from the Black Hawk War days. Snyder claimed the men, "never spoke of malice of Lincoln but always in a spirit of ridicule" and that they characterized Lincoln as "indolent and vulgar", "a joke, an absurdity", and the men "had serious doubts about his courage".<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_influence_on_Lincoln">Legacy and influence on Lincoln</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy and influence on Lincoln"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On April 16, 1852, by act of Congress from 1850, Lincoln received a 40-acre (160,000 m<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Land-grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-grant">land-grant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> for his service during the Black Hawk War.<sup id="cite_ref-stcoll_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stcoll-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a> often received land grants in exchange for their service.<sup id="cite_ref-schwieder_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwieder-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln received 160 acres (0.65 km<sup>2</sup>) in total, with the other 120 acres (0.49 km<sup>2</sup>) given to him in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-stcoll_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stcoll-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the tangible rewards, Lincoln's service during the Black Hawk War helped him cultivate political connections throughout Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-ilng_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">David Herbert Donald</a> stated in his 1996 work <i>Lincoln</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-donald_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donald-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Meeting volunteers from different parts of the state was useful to him politically, for it extended his reputation. While he was in the army, he came into contact with a number of rising young political leaders of the state, like Orville Hickman Browning,<sup id="cite_ref-seealso1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seealso1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cautious, conservative Quincy lawyer, who would become one of his most influential and critical friends. More important was his acquaintance with John Todd Stuart,<sup id="cite_ref-seealso2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seealso2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Springfield lawyer, who served as major in the same battalion as Lincoln.</p></blockquote> <p>Later, in 1859,<sup id="cite_ref-wisclincoln_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisclincoln-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln referred to his service during the Black Hawk War fondly,<sup id="cite_ref-goodman_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting his election as captain as one of the proudest moments in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Black Hawk War service has been referred to as a "shaping circumstance in his life",<sup id="cite_ref-ritter_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritter-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as something he later referred to with modesty and self-depreciation.<sup id="cite_ref-polelle_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polelle-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln made one tongue-in-cheek remark concerning his Black Hawk War service during an 1848 speech before the U.S. Congress in which he referenced his Black Hawk War service, mentioning the Battle of Stillman's Run by name. </p> <blockquote><p>By the way Mr. Speaker, did you know that I am a military hero? Yes sir, in the days of the Black Hawk War I fought, bled and came away ... I was not at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Stillman's defeat</a>, but I was about as near it as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a> was <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">Hull</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">surrender</a>, and, like him, I saw the place very soon afterwards ... If he saw any live, fighting Indians, it was more than I did; but I had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, and although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I can truly say I was often very hungry.<sup id="cite_ref-wisclincoln_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisclincoln-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-browne_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browne-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some have regarded Lincoln's brief stint in the militia as important to his presidential leadership later on, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-polelle_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polelle-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2002 essay collection, <i>Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln</i>, described Lincoln's familiarity with military affairs during the Civil War as "alien", noting that he regarded his own military service as a subject suited to mockery.<sup id="cite_ref-simon_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While he was campaigning for president, the story of how Lincoln stopped his men from killing the Potawatomi they encountered before the outbreak of the war made its way into a campaign biography.<sup id="cite_ref-niu_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reporting by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> during the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">campaign of 1860</a> noted Lincoln's war time service as a captain.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt60_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt60-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same article implies that his bravery during the Black Hawk War may have led to his post-war appointment as <a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">postmaster</a> in New Salem.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt60_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt60-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npshome_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npshome-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln's assassination">Lincoln's assassination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> gave a speech in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, which highlighted Lincoln's Black Hawk War service.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt65_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt65-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln">Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The group was referred to as the "British Band", because of their earlier support to the British during the War of 1812 and continued reliance on British trade, as well as flying a British flag in their camp in defiance of American authority. See Lewis, "Background."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html">The Black Hawk War of 1832</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815021319/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html">Archived</a> 2009-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, <i>Northern Illinois University</i>. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewis3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/scholarshipindex.html">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420194551/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/scholarshipindex.html">Archived</a> 2009-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, <i>Northern Illinois University</i>. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhp2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhp2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmet, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitecloud-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitecloud_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitecloud_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitecloud_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002678.asp">April 6: The U.S. suspects Black Hawk is crossing the Mississippi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126122933/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002678.asp">Archived</a> 2009-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, <i>Wisconsin State Historical Society</i>. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewis2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/background.html">Background</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516083221/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/background.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, <i>Northern Illinois University</i>. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiscsr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiscsr_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002795.asp">May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814095355/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002795.asp">Archived</a> 2007-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, <i>Wisconsin State Historical Society</i>. Retrieved August 6, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgovern-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcgovern_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/McGovern,_George_S." class="mw-redirect" title="McGovern, George S.">McGovern, George S.</a> et al. <i>Abraham Lincoln</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYuYnBXqPM8C&dq=abraham+lincoln+black+hawk+war&pg=PA21">Google Books</a>), Macmillan, 2008, p. 21, (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-8345-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-8345-6">0-8050-8345-6</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisclincoln-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wisclincoln_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisclincoln_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisclincoln_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002725.asp">April 21: Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203155342/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002725.asp">Archived</a> 2008-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War, <i>Wisconsin Historical Society</i>, accessed April 12, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilng-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilng_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718033854/http://www.il.ngb.army.mil/Museum/HistPeople/Lincoln.htm">Captain Abraham Lincoln</a>", <i>Illinois State Military Museum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_National_Guard" title="Illinois National Guard">Illinois National Guard</a>, accessed April 12, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goodman_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodman_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodman_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sandburg,_Carl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandburg, Carl">Sandburg, Carl</a> and Goodman, Edward C. <i>Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nL5xCYLFs0C&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+campaign&pg=PA30">Google Books</a>), Illustrated and abridged edition, Sterling Publishing Company, 2007 p. 30, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-4288-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4027-4288-6">1-4027-4288-6</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jung1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jung1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jung1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jung1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, <i>The Black Hawk War of 1832</i>, pp. 79-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald1995" class="citation book cs1">Donald, David Herbert (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lincoln00davi"><i>Lincoln</i></a></span>. New York: Touchstone. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lincoln00davi/page/44">44</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=David+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flincoln00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln+in+the+Black+Hawk+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-log2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-log2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log2_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelincolnlog.org/view/1832/4">April, 1832</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012013059/http://www.thelincolnlog.org/view/1832/4">Archived</a> 2008-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>The Lincoln Log</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Company (page does not exist)">Lincoln Company</a> was part of the formation in the lineage of the <a href="/wiki/130th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="130th Infantry Regiment (United States)">130th Infantry Regiment (United States)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holland-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holland_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holland_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Josiah_Gilbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland, Josiah Gilbert">Holland, Josiah Gilbert</a>. <i>Holland's Life of Abraham Lincoln</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMY9moWlg4sC&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war&pg=PA48">Google Books</a>), University of Nebraska Press, 1998, p. 50-51, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7303-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7303-7">0-8032-7303-7</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-log-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelincolnlog.org/Calendar.aspx?year=1832&month=6">"June 1832"</a>. The Lincoln Log (The Papers of Abraham Lincoln)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jun 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=June+1832&rft.pub=The+Lincoln+Log+%28The+Papers+of+Abraham+Lincoln%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelincolnlog.org%2FCalendar.aspx%3Fyear%3D1832%26month%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln+in+the+Black+Hawk+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niu-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niu_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niu_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niu_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niu_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2005/april/lincolndoc.shtml">NIU-produced Lincoln documentary, local history Web site debut April 28</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316072822/http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2005/april/lincolndoc.shtml">Archived</a> 2009-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", (<a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois University</a></i>, April 19, 2005, accessed April 12, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monroe-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monroe_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monroe, R.D. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/biography2.html">Indian Fighting and Politics in New Salem, 1831–1836</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209183746/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/biography2.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois University</a> libraries</i>, accessed April 12, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tripp-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tripp_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tripp,_C.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Tripp, C.A.">Tripp, C.A.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gannett,_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett, Lewis">Gannett, Lewis</a>. <i>The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6krPihy0d0AC&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+campaign&pg=PA54">Google Books</a>), Simon and Schuster, 2005, p. 54, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-6639-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-6639-0">0-7432-6639-0</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dyer-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dyer_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyar, Scott D. "Stillman's Run: Militia's Foulest Hour," Military History, March 2006, pp. 38–44, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-braun-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-braun_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braun, Robert A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/old_lead/abe.htm">Abraham Lincoln's Military Service During the Black Hawk War: An Introduction</a>, November 2002 and March 2003, <i>Old Lead Historical Society</i>. Retrieved August 11, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031218030947/http://www.geocities.com/old_lead/abe.htm">Archived</a> 2009-10-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">Davis, William</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNwZWPJRNlkC&dq=Kellogg%27s+Grove+Lincoln&pg=PA12">Lincoln's Men</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>), Simon and Schuster: 1999, p. 12, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82351-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82351-9">0-684-82351-9</a>). Retrieved August 11, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhp-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dameier, Evelyn. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/hargis/PDFs/200106.pdf">Kellogg's Grove</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927054915/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/hargis/PDFs/200106.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, January 18, 1978, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved July 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alo-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alo_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alo_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/sites/stillman.htm">Stillman's Run Memorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321124532/http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/sites/stillman.htm">Archived</a> 2009-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Historic Places, <i>Abraham Lincoln Online</i>. Retrieved August 11, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ford-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ford_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ford_(politician)" title="Thomas Ford (politician)">Ford, Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1810)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Shields (politician, born 1810)">Shields, James</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryillinoi00shiegoog/page/n123">A History of Illinois, from Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847</a></i>, (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>), Ivison & Phinney: 1854, p. 123. Retrieved August 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lakeside-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lakeside_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bgtVOgslpEUC&q=Stillman's+Run+monument+Whiteside">The Lakeside Classics</a></i>, (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>), R.R. Donnelley and Sons, Co: 1903, p. 179. Retrieved August 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-log3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-log3_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log3_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log3_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log3_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log3_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log3_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-log3_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelincolnlog.org/Calendar.aspx?year=1832&month=6">"June 1832"</a>. The Lincoln Log (Papers of Abraham Lincoln)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=June+1832&rft.pub=The+Lincoln+Log+%28Papers+of+Abraham+Lincoln%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelincolnlog.org%2FCalendar.aspx%3Fyear%3D1832%26month%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln+in+the+Black+Hawk+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jung2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jung2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jung2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jung2_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jung2_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, <i>The Black Hawk War of 1832</i>, pp. 116–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderrsonnote-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderrsonnote_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Robert Anderson</a> later defended Fort Sumter in the opening volley of the American Civil War under President Lincoln's orders. See Jung, <i>The Black Hawk War of 1832</i>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jung3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jung3_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, <i>The Black Hawk War of 1832</i>, pp. 100–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandburg-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sandburg_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandburg, Carl. <i>Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPmfzxRags0C&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+stolen+horse&pg=PA32">Google Books</a>), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002, p. 32, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-602752-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-602752-6">0-15-602752-6</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angle-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-angle_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angle_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Angle, Paul M. <i>The Lincoln Reader</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UT9Fqy5hl5QC&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+stolen+horse&pg=PA45">Google Books</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>), Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p. 45, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-4062-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-4062-0">1-4191-4062-0</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guelzo-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guelzo_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guelzo_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guelzo,_Allen_C." class="mw-redirect" title="Guelzo, Allen C.">Guelzo, Allen C.</a> <i>Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7ZDo_sjOFMC&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+captain&pg=PA66">Google Books</a>), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, pp. 66–67, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4293-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4293-3">0-8028-4293-3</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whipple-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whipple_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whipple, Wayne. <i>The Heart of Lincoln: : The Soul of the Man as Revealed in Story and Anecdote</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwxFAAAAIAAJ&dq=lincoln+saved+INdian&pg=PA30">Google Books</a>), G.W. Jacobs & Company, 1915, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boritt-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boritt_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boritt, G.S. and Forness, Norman O. <i>The Historian's Lincoln: Pseudohistory, Psychohistory, and History</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tF_Ek3RGtcC&dq=lincoln+saved+INdian&pg=PA171">Google Books</a>), University of Illinois Press, 1996, p. 171, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06544-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06544-1">0-252-06544-1</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arnold-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arnold_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Isaac_N." class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold, Isaac N.">Arnold, Isaac N.</a> <i>The Life of Abraham Lincoln</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sSy4N1nnqqEC&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+leadership&pg=PA33">Google Books</a>), Digital Scanning Inc, 2008, pp. 34–35, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58218-759-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58218-759-2">1-58218-759-2</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herndon-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herndon_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herndon,_William_H." class="mw-redirect" title="Herndon, William H.">Herndon, William H.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weik,_Jesse_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Weik, Jesse William">Weik, Jesse William</a>. <i>Herndon's Life of Lincoln: The History and Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m6JbAEAz5Y4C&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+gate&pg=PA77">Google Books</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>), Da Capo Press, 1983, pp. 77–78, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80195-7">0-306-80195-7</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-browne-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-browne_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-browne_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-browne_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Browne,_Frances_Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Browne, Frances Fisher">Browne, Frances Fisher</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeabr01browgoog/page/n78">The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln</a></i>, Browne & Howell Company: 1913, pp. 37–40. Retrieved August 11, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt03-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt03_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt03_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1903/08/15/archives/black-hawk-his-stormy-career-and-final-capture-jefferson-davis.html">Black Hawk; His Stormy Career and Final Capture -- Jefferson Davis, Taylor, and Lincoln in the Strife</a>", <i>The New York Times</i>, August 15, 1903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stcoll-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stcoll_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stcoll_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collections – State Historical Society of Wisconsin</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEEUAAAAYAAJ&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+captain&pg=PA132">Google Books</a>), State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1898, vol. 14, pp. 132–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwieder-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schwieder_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwieder, Dorothy. <i>Iowa: The Middle Land</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hup8f8rAqcC&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+land+iowa&pg=PA43">Google Books</a>), University of Iowa Press, 1996, pp. 43–44, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58729-549-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58729-549-0">1-58729-549-0</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-donald-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-donald_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald,_David_Herbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald, David Herbert">Donald, David Herbert</a>. <i>Lincoln</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fuTY3mxs9awC&q=david+herbert+donald+lincoln">Google Books</a>), Simon and Schuster, 1996, p. 45, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/068482535X" title="Special:BookSources/068482535X">068482535X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seealso1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seealso1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning" title="Orville Hickman Browning">Orville Hickman Browning</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seealso2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seealso2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/John_Todd_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="John Todd Stuart">John Todd Stuart</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thompson_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, David Decamp. <i>Abraham Lincoln, The First American</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnfi1895thom/page/31">Internet Archive</a>), Cranston & Curts, 1895, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ritter-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ritter_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritter, Charles F. and Wakelyn, Jon L. <i>Leaders of the American Civil War A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QuoeQBOvVK8C&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+influence&pg=PA236">Google Books</a>), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, p. 236, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29560-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29560-3">0-313-29560-3</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polelle-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-polelle_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-polelle_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polelle, Mark Robert. <i>Leadership: Fifty Great Leaders and the Worlds They Made</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4FRTSpg4bIC&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+war+influence&pg=PA14">Google Books</a>), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 14, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-34814-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-34814-6">0-313-34814-6</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simon-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-simon_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon, John Y., <a href="/wiki/Holzer,_Harold" class="mw-redirect" title="Holzer, Harold">Holzer, Harold</a>, and Ruark, Dawn. <i>The Lincoln Forum: Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eisr3xoQkhcC&dq=lincoln+black+hawk+civil+war&pg=PA2">Google Books</a>), Fordham University Press, 2002, pp. 88–89, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8232-2215-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8232-2215-2">0-8232-2215-2</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt60-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt60_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt60_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F00EEDE143FEE34BC4152DFB366838B679FDE">The Candidates; Sketch of the Career of the Hon. Abraham Lincoln</a>", <i>The New York Times</i>, May 19, 1860, accessed April 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npshome-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npshome_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/liho/historyculture/newsalem.htm">Lincoln's New Salem 1830–1837</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Home National Historic Site">Lincoln Home National Historic Site</a></i>, nps.gov, accessed April 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt65-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt65_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson, Ralph W.</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9905E7DE153CE63ABC4C53DFB366838E679FDE">Our Late President; Character of President Lincoln</a>", <i>The New York Times</i>, May 4, 1865, accessed April 13, 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Harmet, A. Richard. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031144521/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/hargis/PDFs/201095.pdf">Apple River Fort Site</a>, (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, March 31, 1997, HAARGIS Database, <i>Illinois Historic Preservation Agency</i>. Retrieved August 13, 2007.</li> <li>Jung, Patrick J. <i>The Black Hawk War of 1832</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00HMdP_ehTEC&q=jung+black+hawk+war">Google Books</a>), University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3994-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3994-3">0-8061-3994-3</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelincolnlog.org/Home.aspx">The Lincoln Log: A Daily Chronology of the Life of Abraham Lincoln</a> website</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Efflandt, Lloyd H. <i>Lincoln and the Black Hawk War</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6slJAAAACAAJ&q=lincoln+black+hawk+war">Google Books</a>), Rock Island Arsenal Historical Society, 1992. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9617938-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9617938-2-1">0-9617938-2-1</a>).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1868/12/06/archives/abraham-lincoln-in-the-black-hawk-war.html">Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, December 6, 1868, accessed April 13, 2009.</li> <li>Lanigan, Kelly "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417010112/http://www.vfw.org/index.cfm?fa=news.magDtl&dtl=3&mid=4905">Abraham Lincoln: 'First Experience as a Leader of Men'</a>", <i>VFW Magazine</i>, February 2009, accessed April 13, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906073011/http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/lincoln.html">Captain Abraham Lincoln</a>, <i>National Guard</i>, Presidential Series Paintings, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711052143/http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm">link</a>), accessed April 13, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abraham_Lincoln869" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Template:Abraham Lincoln"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Template talk:Abraham Lincoln"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abraham Lincoln"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abraham_Lincoln869" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">16th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 7th congressional district">IL–7</a> (1847–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">First inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bible" title="Lincoln Bible">Lincoln Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Acts" title="Confiscation Acts">Confiscation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">War based income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan#Origin_of_the_plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Seaports blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">RMS <i>Trent</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1863">Habeas Corpus suspended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia#Separation_from_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia statehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign#Background_and_opposing_forces" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War#Evacuation_and_Capture_of_Richmond" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Tour of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment abolishing slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Northwest" title="Department of the Northwest">Department of the Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Banking Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)#Lincoln_and_the_Civil_War" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Fanny_McCullough" title="Letter to Fanny McCullough">Fanny McCullough letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birchard_Letter" title="Birchard Letter">Birchard Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixby_letter" title="Bixby letter">Bixby letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences#Origins" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture#Formation_and_subsequent_history" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln#Other_enactments" title="Abraham Lincoln">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln">Judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Lyceum_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address">Lyceum address (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Peoria_speech" title="Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech">Peoria speech (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Lost_Speech" title="Lincoln's Lost Speech">"Lost Speech" (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">House Divided speech (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union Address (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Farewell_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln's Farewell Address">Farewell Address (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">First inaugural address (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address (1863,</a> <a href="/wiki/Consecration_of_the_National_Cemetery_at_Gettysburg" title="Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg">event)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Second inaugural address (1865)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life<br />and views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Hawk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matson_Trial" title="Matson Trial">Matson Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_patent" title="Abraham Lincoln's patent">Boat lifting patent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurd_v._Rock_Island_Bridge_Co." title="Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.">Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">Baltimore Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Bedell" title="Grace Bedell">Lincoln's beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Health of Abraham Lincoln">Medical and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Poetry of Abraham Lincoln">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1849%E2%80%931861)" title="Political career of Abraham Lincoln (1849–1861)">Political career, 1849–1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Religious views of Abraham Lincoln">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes<br />and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Birthplace_National_Historical_Park" title="Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park">Lincoln Birthplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knob_Creek_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Knob Creek Farm">Knob Creek Farm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Boyhood_National_Memorial" title="Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial">Lincoln Boyhood Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_State_Park" title="Lincoln State Park">Lincoln State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pigeon_Creek_Community" title="Little Pigeon Creek Community">Little Pigeon Creek Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Trail_Homestead_State_Memorial" title="Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial">Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_New_Salem" title="Lincoln's New Salem">Lincoln's New Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Berry_General_Store" title="Lincoln-Berry General Store">Lincoln-Berry General Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Home National Historic Site">Lincoln Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">Cottage at the Soldier's Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom" title="Lincoln Bedroom">Lincoln Bedroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sitting_Room" title="Lincoln Sitting Room">Lincoln Sitting Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Pioneer_Village" title="Lincoln Pioneer Village">Lincoln Pioneer Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Log_Cabin_State_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site">Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention, 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_and_Liberty" title="Lincoln and Liberty">1860 campaign song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford's Theater">Ford's Theater</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_American_Cousin" title="Our American Cousin">Our American Cousin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_American_Cousin_(opera)" title="Our American Cousin (opera)">opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic semper tyrannis</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_catafalque" title="Lincoln catafalque">Lincoln catafalque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">Lincoln Tomb</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/O_Captain!_My_Captain!" title="O Captain! My Captain!">O Captain! My Captain!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_Lilacs_Last_in_the_Dooryard_Bloom%27d" title="When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd">When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="The Papers of Abraham Lincoln">Papers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln/Net" title="Lincoln/Net">Lincoln/Net</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Abraham_Lincoln_artifacts_and_relics" title="List of Abraham Lincoln artifacts and relics">Artifacts and relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln">Photographs of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln_on_film" title="Category:Depictions of Abraham Lincoln on film">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abraham_Lincoln_in_art" title="Category:Abraham Lincoln in art">Art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency#Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Illinois Centennial half dollar">Illinois Centennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_cent" title="Lincoln cent">Lincoln penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_five-dollar_bill" title="United States five-dollar bill">Five-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Association" title="Abraham Lincoln Association">Abraham Lincoln Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Institute" title="Abraham Lincoln Institute">Abraham Lincoln Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Lincoln_Presenters" title="Association of Lincoln Presenters">Association of Lincoln Presenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(SSBN-602)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602)">USS <i>Abraham Lincoln</i> (1960,</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)">1988)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Here_I_Grew_Up" title="Here I Grew Up">Here I Grew Up</a></i> mosaic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Highway" title="Lincoln Highway">Lincoln Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park" title="Lincoln Park">Lincoln Park (Chicago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Lincoln Park (Washington, D.C.)">Lincoln Park (D.C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Prize" title="Lincoln Prize">Lincoln Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Heritage_Trail" title="Lincoln Heritage Trail">Lincoln Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Trail_State_Memorial" title="Lincoln Trail State Memorial">Lincoln Trail State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Abraham_(Vermont)" title="Mount Abraham (Vermont)">Mount Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moments_with_Mr._Lincoln" title="Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln">Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_ghost" title="Lincoln's ghost">White House ghost</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Statues46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of statues of Abraham Lincoln">Statues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">reflecting pool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln:_The_Man" title="Abraham Lincoln: The Man"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Man</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln:_The_Head_of_State" title="Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_the_Lawyer" title="Lincoln the Lawyer"><i>Lincoln the Lawyer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Abe_Lincoln" title="Young Abe Lincoln"><i>Young Abe Lincoln</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Memorial" title="Emancipation Memorial">Emancipation Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Arch" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch">Brooklyn relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Cincinnati)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Cincinnati)">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(District_of_Columbia_City_Hall)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)">D.C. City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Hodgenville,_Kentucky)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Hodgenville, Kentucky)">Hodgenville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(relief_by_Schwarz)" title="Abraham Lincoln (relief by Schwarz)">Indianapolis relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Memorial_Monument" title="Abraham Lincoln Memorial Monument">Laramie, Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln,_Nebraska)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln, Nebraska)">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Lincoln" title="The Young Lincoln">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_at_Waterfront_Park" title="Lincoln Memorial at Waterfront Park">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seated_Lincoln_(Borglum)" title="Seated Lincoln (Borglum)">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (New York City)">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square#Lincoln" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Monument_(Philadelphia)" title="Lincoln Monument (Philadelphia)">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Rochester, New York)">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Borglum)" title="Bust of Abraham Lincoln (Borglum)">U.S. Capitol bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Monument_(Wabash,_Indiana)" title="Lincoln Monument (Wabash, Indiana)">Wabash, Indiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Baker_Lincoln" title="Edward Baker Lincoln">Edward Baker Lincoln</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Lincoln" title="William Wallace Lincoln">William Wallace Lincoln</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Lincoln_Isham" title="Mamie Lincoln Isham">Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Harlan_Lincoln" title="Jessie Harlan Lincoln">Jessie Harlan Lincoln</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" title="Thomas Lincoln">Thomas Lincoln</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lincoln" title="Nancy Lincoln">Nancy Hanks Lincoln</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bush_Lincoln" title="Sarah Bush Lincoln">Sarah Bush Lincoln</a> (stepmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lincoln_Grigsby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Lincoln Grigsby">Sarah Lincoln Grigsby</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(captain)" title="Abraham Lincoln (captain)">Abraham Lincoln</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Lincoln" title="Mordecai Lincoln">Mordecai Lincoln</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lincoln_Crume" title="Mary Lincoln Crume">Mary Lincoln Crume</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanks" title="John Hanks">John Hanks</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hanks" title="Joseph Hanks">Joseph Hanks</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lincoln" title="Samuel Lincoln">Samuel Lincoln</a> (17th-century ancestor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lincoln_Beckwith" title="Mary Lincoln Beckwith">Mary Lincoln Beckwith</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln_Beckwith" title="Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith">Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bob" title="Old Bob">Old Bob</a> (horse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fido_(Abraham_Lincoln%27s_dog)" title="Fido (Abraham Lincoln's dog)">Fido</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">← James Buchanan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Category:Abraham Lincoln">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Outline of Abraham Lincoln">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hawk_War_of_18325872" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template talk:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hawk_War_of_18325872" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War of 1832</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Native people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapope" title="Neapope">Neapope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamisseu" title="Pamisseu">Pamisseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towaunonne" title="Towaunonne">Towaunonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabokieshiek" title="Wabokieshiek">Wabokieshiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wapasha_II" title="Wapasha II">Wapasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Oshkosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_(chief)" title="Wapello (chief)">Wapello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">U.S. people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Adams" title="John Giles Adams">John Giles Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Alexander" title="Milton Alexander">Milton Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Brigham" title="Ebenezer Brigham">Ebenezer Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dement" title="John Dement">John Dement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Henry" title="James D. Henry">James D. Henry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)" title="Alexander Posey (general)">Alexander Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rountree" title="John H. Rountree">John H. Rountree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Stephenson" title="James W. Stephenson">James W. Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Street" title="Joseph M. Street">Joseph M. Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Throckmorton" title="Joseph Throckmorton">Joseph Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_Clark" title="Satterlee Clark">Satterlee Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beggs" title="Fort Beggs">Fort Beggs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plum_River" title="Plum River">Plum River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Stillman Creek (Illinois)">Stillman Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman%27s_Run_Battle_Site" title="Stillman's Run Battle Site">Stillman's Run Battle Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waddams_Grove,_Illinois" title="Waddams Grove, Illinois">Waddams Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Yellow Creek (Illinois)">Yellow Creek</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_Fort" title="Blue Mounds Fort">Blue Mounds Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Defiance (Wisconsin)">Fort Defiance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)">Fort Hamilton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Jackson (Wisconsin)">Fort Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Koshkonong" title="Fort Koshkonong">Fort Koshkonong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Union (Wisconsin)">Fort Union</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gratiot%27s_Grove_(Wisconsin)" title="Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)">Gratiot's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Wisconsin" title="Helena, Wisconsin">Helena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiota,_Wisconsin" title="Wiota, Wisconsin">Hamilton's Diggings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Wisconsin" title="Roxbury, Wisconsin">Roxbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin" title="Sinsinawa, Wisconsin">Sinsinawa Mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre">Indian Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Battle of Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Attack at Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Battle of Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Tree" title="Black Hawk Tree">Black Hawk Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve" title="Keokuk's Reserve">Keokuk's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)" title="Warrior (steamboat)">Warrior</a></i></li></ul> 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