CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Economy of Europe - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5fc02b96-d492-4d77-84b8-897ad700244c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Economy_of_Europe","wgTitle":"Economy of Europe","wgCurRevisionId":1255810084,"wgRevisionId":1255810084,"wgArticleId":1069072,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: URL","CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from January 2017","All articles needing additional references","EngvarB from January 2018","Use dmy dates from January 2018","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating", "Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018","Articles with excerpts","Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2019","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Economy of Europe","Economies by continent"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Economy_of_Europe","wgRelevantArticleId":1069072,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample" :false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2226947","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tour-eiffel.JPG/1200px-Tour-eiffel.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tour-eiffel.JPG/800px-Tour-eiffel.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tour-eiffel.JPG/640px-Tour-eiffel.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Economy of Europe - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Europe"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Europe"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Economy_of_Europe rootpage-Economy_of_Europe skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Economy+of+Europe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Economy+of+Europe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Economy+of+Europe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Economy+of+Europe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Economic development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre–1945:_Industrial_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre–1945:_Industrial_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre–1945: Industrial growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre–1945:_Industrial_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1992:_The_Cold_War_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1992:_The_Cold_War_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1945–1992: The Cold War era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1992:_The_Cold_War_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rise of the European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004–2007:_EU_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004–2007:_EU_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2004–2007: EU expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004–2007:_EU_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008–2015:_Eurozone_expansion_and_European_debt_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008–2015:_Eurozone_expansion_and_European_debt_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2008–2015: Eurozone expansion and European debt crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008–2015:_Eurozone_expansion_and_European_debt_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016–present:_Brexit,_COVID_pandemic_and_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016–present:_Brexit,_COVID_pandemic_and_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2016–present: Brexit, COVID pandemic and Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016–present:_Brexit,_COVID_pandemic_and_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regional variation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_variation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional variation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Free_Trade_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Free_Trade_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>European Free Trade Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Free_Trade_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Economic_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Economic_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>European Economic Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Economic_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Commonwealth of Independent States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Independent_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Central European Free Trade Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency_and_central_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency_and_central_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Currency and central banks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Currency_and_central_banks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Currency and central banks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Currency_and_central_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Central_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Central_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>European Central Bank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Central_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Eurozone_currencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Eurozone_currencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-Eurozone currencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Eurozone_currencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stock_exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock_exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stock exchanges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economic sectors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_sectors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic sectors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Agriculture and fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investing_and_banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investing_and_banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Investing and banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investing_and_banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Rail transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Air transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_trade_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_trade_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Global trade relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_trade_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="اقتصاد أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ইউরোপের অর্থনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপের অর্থনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europas_%C3%B8konomi" title="Europas økonomi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europas økonomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Οικονομία της Ευρώπης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικονομία της Ευρώπης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_Europa" title="Economía de Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía de Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اقتصاد اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_l%27Europe" title="Économie de l'Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie de l'Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Եվրոպայի տնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպայի տնտեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_d%27Europa" title="Economia d'Europa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Economia d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ევროპის ეკონომიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევროპის ეკონომიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Еуропа экономикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еуропа экономикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Економија на Европа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Економија на Европа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_da_Europa" title="Economia da Europa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia da Europa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_e_Evrop%C3%ABs" title="Ekonomia e Evropës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekonomia e Evropës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Економија Европе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Економија Европе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europas_ekonomi" title="Europas ekonomi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europas ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiya_ng_Europa" title="Ekonomiya ng Europa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekonomiya ng Europa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="เศรษฐกิจยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เศรษฐกิจยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_ekonomisi" title="Avrupa ekonomisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa ekonomisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Kinh tế châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh tế châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="欧洲经济 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲经济" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2226947#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Economy_of_Europe" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Economy_of_Europe" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Economy_of_Europe" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&oldid=1255810084" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Economy_of_Europe&id=1255810084&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEconomy_of_Europe"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEconomy_of_Europe"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Economy_of_Europe&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Europe" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2226947" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Economy_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Economy of Europe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Economy+of+Europe%22">"Economy of Europe"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Economy+of+Europe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Economy+of+Europe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Economy+of+Europe%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Economy+of+Europe%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Economy+of+Europe%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of Europe</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour-eiffel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tour-eiffel.JPG/350px-Tour-eiffel.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tour-eiffel.JPG/525px-Tour-eiffel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tour-eiffel.JPG/700px-Tour-eiffel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> region has the largest gross domestic product in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">748 million<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>$24.22 trillion (<a href="/wiki/GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP (nominal)">nominal</a>; 2023 est)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF01_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>$35.56 trillion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>; 2023 est)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of continents by GDP">2nd (nominal; 2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of continents by GDP">2nd (PPP; 2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP growth</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.3% (2023 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>$34,510 (nominal; 2023 est)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>$50,670 (PPP; 2023 est)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita rank</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_per_capita_(nominal)" title="List of continents by GDP">3rd (nominal; 2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of continents by GDP">3rd (PPP; 2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.9% (2023 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Millionaire" title="Millionaire">Millionaires</a> (US$)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16.7 million (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-databook2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-databook2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Public finances</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_debt" title="List of countries by government debt"><span class="wrap">Government debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">75.4% of GDP (2023 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightblue;">Most numbers are from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EUQ">IMF Europe Datasets</a><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding:0.2em;"> <i>All values, unless otherwise stated, are in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Asia" title="Economy of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_America" title="Economy of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_America" title="Economy of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oceania" title="Economy of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_economy" title="Template:World economy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_economy" title="Template talk:World economy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_economy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World economy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>economy of Europe</b> comprises about 748 million people in 50 countries. </p><p>The difference in wealth across Europe can be seen roughly in the former <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> divide, with some countries breaching the divide (<a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst most European states have a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP per capita</a> higher than the world's average and are <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">very highly developed</a>, some European economies, despite their position over the world's average in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, are relatively poor. Europe has total banking assets of more than $50 trillion and its <a href="/wiki/Global_assets_under_management" title="Global assets under management">Global assets under management</a> is more than $20 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) and in 1999 the introduction of a unified currency, the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>, brought participating European countries closer through the convenience of a shared currency.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various European states have increased their economic links through regional <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">integration</a>. The EU is a <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a></i> political entity, combining the characteristics of both a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>. As one entity, the union is one of the largest economies in the world, having influence on regulations in the global economy due to the size of its <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">single market</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. </p><p>Throughout this article "Europe" and derivatives of the word are taken to include selected states whose territory is only partly in Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, and states that are geographically in Asia, bordering Europe and culturally adherent to the continent, such as <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europe's <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">largest national economies by nominal GDP</a> over US$1.0 trillion are: <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> ($4.43 trillion), <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> ($3.33 trillion), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> ($3.05 trillion), <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> ($2.19 trillion), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> ($1.86 trillion), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> ($1.58 trillion), <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> ($1.09 trillion).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Comparison_Program" title="International Comparison Program">International Comparison Program</a> 2021, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region was linked through the standard global core list approach, unlike in ICP 2017. Based on the results, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> announced that in 2021 Russia was the world's 4th largest economy (int$5.7 trillion and 3.8 percent of the world) and the largest economy in Europe and Central Asia when measured in PPP terms (15 percent of the regional total), followed by Germany (13 percent of the regional economy).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the top 500 largest corporations measured by revenue (<a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> in 2010), 184 have their headquarters in Europe. 161 are located in the EU, 15 in Switzerland, 6 in Russia, 1 in Turkey, 1 in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Source is from 2010. Update since Brexit? (May 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As noted in 2010 by the Spanish sociologist <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a>, the average standard of living in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> is very high: "The bulk of the population in Western Europe still enjoys the highest living standards in the world, and in the world's history."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Europe">Economic history of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Europe,_1820_to_2018.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Europe%2C_1820_to_2018.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Europe%2C_1820_to_2018.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Europe%2C_1820_to_2018.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Europe%2C_1820_to_2018.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Europe%2C_1820_to_2018.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Europe%2C_1820_to_2018.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Real GDP per capita development in Europe, 1820 to 2018</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–1945:_Industrial_growth"><span id="Pre.E2.80.931945:_Industrial_growth"></span>Pre–1945: Industrial growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre–1945: Industrial growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Europe's major financial and industrial states were the United Kingdom, France and Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, which began in Britain, spread rapidly across Europe, and before long the entire continent was at a high level of industry.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World War I briefly led to the industries of some European states stalling, but in the run-up to World War II Europe recovered well and was competing with the ever-increasing economic might of the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, World War II caused the destruction of most of Europe's industrial centres and much of the continent's infrastructure was laid to waste.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1992:_The_Cold_War_era"><span id="1945.E2.80.931992:_The_Cold_War_era"></span>1945–1992: The Cold War era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1945–1992: The Cold War era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following World War II, European governments were in tatters. Many non-Socialist European governments moved to <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">integrate</a> their economies, laying the foundation for what would become the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant a huge increase in shared infrastructure and cross-border trade. Whilst these European states rapidly improved their economies, by the 1980s, the state-run economies of the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a> group were struggling, mainly due to the massive cost of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The GDP and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">living standards</a> of Central and Eastern European states were lower than in other parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Community grew from 6 original members following World War II, to 12 in this period. </p><p>Average living standards in Europe rose significantly during the post-war period, as characterised by these findings:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Per capita private consumption (PPSs) in 1980</b> </p> <ul><li>Luxembourg: 5495</li> <li>France: 5395</li> <li>Germany, Federal Republic: 5319</li> <li>Belgium: 5143</li> <li>Denmark: 4802</li> <li>Netherlands: 4792</li> <li>United Kingdom: 4343</li> <li>Italy: 4288</li> <li>Ireland: 3029</li></ul> <p><b>Per capita personal disposable income (PPSs) in 1980</b> </p> <ul><li>Belgium: 6202</li> <li>France: 6044</li> <li>Germany, Federal Republic: 5661</li> <li>Netherlands: 5490</li> <li>Italy: 5378</li> <li>Denmark: 4878</li> <li>United Kingdom (UK): 4698</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_European_Union">Rise of the European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise of the European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the '<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>' dissolved around 1992, these states struggled to adapt to free-market systems.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was, however, a huge variation in degrees of success, with Central European states such as the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia and Poland adapting reasonably quickly, whilst states that used to form the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> such as Russia, Belarus and Ukraine struggled to reform their crumbling infrastructures.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many developed European countries were quick to develop economic ties with fellow European states, where democracy was reintroduced. After the Revolutions of 1989, states in Central Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> dealt with change, former Yugoslavian republics descended into war and Russia, Ukraine and Belarus are still struggling with their old systems. </p><p>Europe's largest economy, Germany, struggled upon unification in 1991 with former communist <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/GDR" class="mw-redirect" title="GDR">GDR</a> had much of its industrial infrastructure removed during the Cold War, and for many years unified Germany struggled to build infrastructure in the former East Germany up to the level of former West Germany. </p><p>Peace did not come to Yugoslavia for a decade, and by 2003, there were still many <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and EU peacekeeping troops present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, and Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War severely hampered economic growth, with only Slovenia making any real progress in the 1990s. </p><p>The European economy was affected by the <a href="/wiki/September_11_Attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11 Attacks">September 11 Attacks</a> in the United States in 2001, with Germany, Switzerland, France, and the United Kingdom being the worst hit. But, in 2002/2003, the economy began to recover from the attacks in US. </p><p>The total size of the economy of Europe was by this time dominated by the EU, a union with then 15 of Europe's states as full members. EU membership was seen as something to aspire to, and the EU gave significant support and aid to those Central and Eastern European states willing to work towards achieving economies that met the entry criteria. During this time, 12 of the 15 members of the EU became part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">currency union</a> launched in 1999, whereby each member uses a shared currency, the euro, which replaced their former national currencies. Three states chose to remain outside the Eurozone and continue with their own currencies, namely Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004–2007:_EU_expansion"><span id="2004.E2.80.932007:_EU_expansion"></span>2004–2007: EU expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2004–2007: EU expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 2004, 10 mostly former communist states joined the EU in its biggest ever <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">expansion</a>, enlarging the union to 25 members, with another eight making associated trade agreements. The acceding countries are bound to join the Eurozone and adopt the common currency euro in the future. The process includes the <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a>, of which some of these countries are already part. </p><p>Most European economies are in very good shape, and the continental economy reflects this. Conflict and unrest in some of the former Yugoslavia states and in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> states are hampering economic growth in those states, however. </p><p>In response to the massive EU growth, in 2005 the Russian-dominated <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) created a rival trade bloc to the EU, open to any previous USSR state, (including both the European and Asian states).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 of the 15 signed up, with the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> deciding to align themselves with the EU. Despite this, the three Caucasus states have said in the past they would one day consider applying for EU membership, particularly Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also true of Ukraine since the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008–2015:_Eurozone_expansion_and_European_debt_crisis"><span id="2008.E2.80.932015:_Eurozone_expansion_and_European_debt_crisis"></span>2008–2015: Eurozone expansion and European debt crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2008–2015: Eurozone expansion and European debt crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_bonds.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/German_bonds.webp/300px-German_bonds.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/German_bonds.webp/450px-German_bonds.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/German_bonds.webp/600px-German_bonds.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5225" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">German bonds</div> <a href="/wiki/Inverted_yield_curve" title="Inverted yield curve">Inverted yield curve</a> in 2008 and <a href="/wiki/Negative_interest_on_excess_reserves" title="Negative interest on excess reserves">negative interest rates</a>, 2014-2022 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#000000 solid 3px;"> </span> 30 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#DD0000 solid 3px;"> </span> 10 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#FFCE00 solid 3px;"> </span> 2 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#970E53 solid 3px;"> </span> 1 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#73FDEA solid 3px;"> </span> 3 month</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_bonds.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greek_bonds.webp/300px-Greek_bonds.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greek_bonds.webp/450px-Greek_bonds.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greek_bonds.webp/600px-Greek_bonds.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5153" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Greek bonds <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#001489 solid 3px;"> </span> 20 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#61D836 solid 3px;"> </span> 15 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#929292 solid 3px;"> </span> 10 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#F8BA00 solid 3px;"> </span> 5 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#B51700 solid 3px;"> </span> 1 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#FF95CA solid 3px;"> </span> 3 month</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#73FDEA solid 3px;"> </span> 1 month</div> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> became the first republic from the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> as well as the first formerly communist nation overall to adopt the EU currency, the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, in 2007, followed by <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in 2008, and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> in 2009. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> became the first republic from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to adopt the euro, followed by <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> in 2014, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in 2015. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> became the 28th member of the European Union, and adopted the euro on 1 January 2023. </p><p>In 2008, the Global Financial Crisis, triggered by the housing bubble in the United States, caused a significant decline in the GDP of the majority of the European economies, which was a precedent to a far broader and more problematic <a href="/wiki/Eurozone_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurozone debt crisis">Eurozone debt crisis</a>, which threatened the collapse of economies in the south, particularly <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Having also been hit hard, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> exited the crisis in mid-2013. Meanwhile, increased bailouts of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> alleviated somehow the situation in the debt-stricken nations, with Central and East European economies led by <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a> escaping the worst of the 2010s debt crisis. </p><p>By the mid-2010s, 2014–2015, Ireland was recovering at a steady pace having graduated from the bail out programme successfully. The Eurozone as a whole had become more stable, however problems in Greece and slow recovery in Italy and in Iberia (Spain and Portugal) continue in keeping growth in the Euro area to a minimum. Germany continues to lead Europe in stability and growth, while both the UK and Ireland are seeing strong growth of 3–4%. Unemployment in Ireland reducing at the fastest levels in Europe, expected to reach 8% by 2016, down from double that in 2011. The Czech Republic and Germany have constantly the lowest unemployment rate in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-eurostatunemp16_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurostatunemp16-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growth outlook in general remains optimistic for Europe in the future. With positive growth expected across the Euro area. Although uncertainty still surrounds Greece and debt payments in the Greek state, at present things appear stable. </p><p>European businesses have been in decline against worldwide ones since the crisis. Of the 50 most valuable global firms, only seven were European as of 2015, compared to 17 in 2006. Out of 24 economic sectors, Europe only leads in one - food, which is led by <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> from Switzerland. Companies like <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>, <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> and <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a> have all also sled in their respective industries against American and Asian competitors. In addition, former technologic heavyweights like <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel</a> have also declined against evolving American companies in the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the bottom 80% of the European population's income has increased by an estimated 40% on average since 1980, the top 1%'s pre-tax income has more than doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment in the European Union reached a new high in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many social and economic indicators have converged across EU regions, the global financial crisis resulted in a sharp divergence in unemployment rates. Recently, these ranged from less than 2% in Prague to more than 20% in parts of Greece, southern Spain, and southern Italy. Rapid technological change also had an effect on medium-skilled workers resulting in more low-skilled jobs being taken up.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016–present:_Brexit,_COVID_pandemic_and_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"><span id="2016.E2.80.93present:_Brexit.2C_COVID_pandemic_and_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"></span>2016–present: Brexit, COVID pandemic and Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2016–present: Brexit, COVID pandemic and Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Negative_interest_on_excess_reserves" title="Negative interest on excess reserves">Negative interest on excess reserves</a></div> <p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> became the first nation to <a href="/wiki/2016_Brexit_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Brexit referendum">vote to leave the European Union</a> since its modern iteration in the post-<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era, reducing the number of the said bloc's membership down to 27 member states for the time being. U.K.'s exit prolonged the country's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">ongoing economic recession</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/COVID_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID pandemic">COVID pandemic</a> era in the 2020s decade. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian war on Ukraine</a> prompted both <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">granted immediate candidate status by the European Union</a> for economic and security reasons, with <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> following suit by the end of the following year. <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> recently became the newest member of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> after officially adopting the euro as its currency in the beginning of 2023, while <a href="/wiki/Finland-NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland-NATO relations">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden-NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-NATO relations">Sweden</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">newest members of the NATO</a> the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variation">Regional variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regional variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png/350px-Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png/525px-Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png/700px-Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1957" /></a><figcaption>European and bordering nations by <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> (PPP) per capita</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_countries_by_total_wealth(billions_USD),_Credit_Suisse_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/European_countries_by_total_wealth%28billions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse_2018.png/350px-European_countries_by_total_wealth%28billions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse_2018.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/European_countries_by_total_wealth%28billions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse_2018.png/525px-European_countries_by_total_wealth%28billions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/European_countries_by_total_wealth%28billions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse_2018.png/700px-European_countries_by_total_wealth%28billions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>European countries by <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution of wealth in Europe">total wealth</a> (billions USD), Credit Suisse 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>European countries with a long history of trade, a free market system, and a high level of development in the previous century are generally in the north and west of the continent. They tend to be wealthier and more stable than countries congregated in the European East and South, even though the gap is converging, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, due to higher growth rates. </p><p>The poorest states are those that just emerged from communism, fascist dictatorships and civil wars, namely those of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, with some exceptions. Former <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> itself presents some living standards and development differences, with the greatest contrast seen between the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordics</a> (Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland) and Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita</a></div> <p>Below is a map of European countries by <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">gross national income</a> per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/High_income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High income economy">High income</a> in blue ($12,616 or more, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>), upper middle income in green ($4,086 – $12,615) and lower middle income ($1,036 – $4,085) in yellow. </p><p>The predicted impact of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> pandemic on <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> is greatest in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, where structural improvements are expected to enhance GDP levels by up to 5% by 2030, with the effect decreasing to 2.5% by 2040. The effect is projected to be a little less than 1% in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, with cross-border spillover effects from the rest of Europe accounting for half of the predicted impact.<sup id="cite_ref-:84_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey conducted in 2021 found that many businesses cut back on operations as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, resulting in a significant decline in revenue and job changes. Due to the pandemic, over 40% of the businesses surveyed had to close temporarily. Sales in the region declined by roughly 25% on average, but there was substantial variation within sub-regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:504_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:504-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One out of every five businesses launched or grew their online business or distribution of products and services, while one out of every four businesses started or increased their remote operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:504_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:504-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pandemic has also hastened corporate transformation, with over 30% of companies altering or transforming their output as a result of it. Chemical manufacturers and wholesalers were the first to respond, with one in three expanding online business activity, beginning or boosting delivery of products and services, increasing remote employment, and changing manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-:504_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:504-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic activity decreased by almost 4% in the majority of sub-regions in 2020, which was similar to the global average of 3.2%. However, the variance between nations is prominent. The high infection and mortality rates of the pandemic in countries in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Western Balkans</a>, the Eastern Neighbourhood, and Central and Eastern Europe meant they faced deeper recessions.<sup id="cite_ref-:504_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:504-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy of the European Union</a></div> <p>The European Union has the second largest economy in the world, behind that of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade within the Union accounts for more than one-third of the world total. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> or EU is a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational union</a> of 27 European states, the most recent acceding member being Croatia, which became full member on 1 July 2013. It has many functions, the most important being the establishment and maintenance of a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">single currency</a> (adopted by 18 of the 27 member states<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> and a Common Fisheries Policy. The European Union also undertakes various initiatives to co-ordinate activities of the member states. </p><p>The union has evolved over time from a primarily economic union to an increasingly political one. This trend is highlighted by the increasing number of policy areas that fall within EU competence: political power has tended to shift upwards from the Member States to the EU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Free_Trade_Association">European Free Trade Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European Free Trade Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA) was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states that did not wish to join the European Union, creating a <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">trade bloc</a> with fewer central powers. </p><p>The EFTA member states as of 1992 were Austria, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. In 2014 only four countries, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, remained members of EFTA, as the other members have gradually left to join the EU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Economic_Area">European Economic Area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: European Economic Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Union (EU). It was designed to enable EFTA countries to participate in the European <a href="/wiki/Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Market">Single Market</a> without having to join the EU. </p><p>In a referendum, Switzerland (ever keen on neutrality) chose not to participate in the EEA (although it is linked to the European Union by bilateral agreements similar in content to the EEA agreement), so the current members are the <b>EU states</b> plus <b>Norway</b>, <b>Iceland</b> and <b>Liechtenstein</b>. </p><p>A Joint Committee consisting of the non EU members plus the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (representing the EU) has the function of extending relevant EU Law to the non EU members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States">Commonwealth of Independent States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commonwealth of Independent States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) is a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> consisting of 9 of the 15 states of the former Soviet Union, (the exceptions being the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, Georgia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine (Turkmenistan and Ukraine are participating states in the CIS)). Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is more than a purely symbolic organization and possesses co-ordinating powers in the realm of trade, finance, lawmaking and security. It 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area</a> was established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Central European Free Trade Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a> (CEFTA) is a <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">trade bloc</a> of: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) on behalf of Kosovo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currency_and_central_banks">Currency and central banks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Currency and central banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Central_Bank">European Central Bank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European Central Bank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right; position:relative; padding:10px 10px 80px; overflow:auto;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; font-size: 75%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurozone_Internal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eurozone_Internal.svg/400px-Eurozone_Internal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eurozone_Internal.svg/600px-Eurozone_Internal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eurozone_Internal.svg/800px-Eurozone_Internal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:192px; top:262px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_euro_coins" title="Austrian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Austria</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:228px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_euro_coins" title="Belgian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Belgium</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:198px; top:280px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_euro_coins" title="Croatian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Croatia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:354px; top:380px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_euro_coins" title="Cypriot euro coins"><span style="color:white">Cyprus</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:92px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_euro_coins" title="Finnish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Finland</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242px; top:132px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_euro_coins" title="Estonian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Estonia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:268px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/French_euro_coins" title="French euro coins"><span style="color:white">France</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:352px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins"><span style="color:white">Greece</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:156px; top:224px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/German_euro_coins" title="German euro coins"><span style="color:white">Germany</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:42px; top:188px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Irish_euro_coins" title="Irish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Ireland</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:316px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Italian_euro_coins" title="Italian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Italy</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242px; top:152px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Latvia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242px; top:172px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Lithuania</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:142px; top:240px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_euro_coins" title="Luxembourgish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Luxembourg</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:388px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_euro_coins" title="Maltese euro coins"><span style="color:white">Malta</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:102px; top:208px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_euro_coins" title="Dutch euro coins"><span style="color:white">Netherlands</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:6px; top:336px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_euro_coins" title="Portuguese euro coins"><span style="color:white">Portugal</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:234px; top:248px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_euro_coins" title="Slovak euro coins"><span style="color:white">Slovakia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:153.6px; top:276px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_euro_coins" title="Slovenian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Slovenia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:328px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_euro_coins" title="Spanish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Spain</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:308px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Andorran_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorran euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>Andorra</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:134px; top:296px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_euro_coins" title="Monégasque euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>Monaco</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:300px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammarinese euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>San Marino</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:332px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>Vatican City</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:310px"><span style="background:#a050ff"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro"><span style="color:white"><small>Kos</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:218px; top:312px"><span style="background:#a050ff"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro"><span style="color:white"><small>Mont.</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:408px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> Eurozone members (20)</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:432px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">Monetary agreement</a> (4)</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:456px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a050ff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Unilateral_adopters" title="International status and usage of the euro">Unilaterally adopted</a> (2)</div></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;bottom:2px;right:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurozone_labelled_map_interior" title="Template:Eurozone labelled map interior"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/20px-Desc-i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/30px-Desc-i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/40px-Desc-i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe#European_Central_Bank" title="Central banks and currencies of Europe">Central banks and currencies of Europe § European Central Bank</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th class="unsortable">Currency </th> <th>Central bank </th> <th class="unsortable">Pegged with </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td rowspan="24"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Oesterreichische Nationalbank</a> </td> <td rowspan="24">float </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of Cyprus">Central Bank of Cyprus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Bank of Estonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banca d'Italia">Bank of Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><sup id="cite_ref-nonEU_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nonEU-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kosovo" title="Central Bank of Kosovo">Central Bank of Kosovo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Bank of Latvia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Bank of Lithuania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Central Bank of Luxembourg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Central Bank of Malta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><sup id="cite_ref-nonEU_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nonEU-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Montenegro" title="Central Bank of Montenegro">Central Bank of Montenegro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a><sup id="cite_ref-nonEU_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nonEU-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_San_Marino" title="Central Bank of San Marino">Central Bank of San Marino</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">National Bank of Slovakia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Bank of Slovenia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><sup id="cite_ref-nonEU_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nonEU-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Institute for the Works of Religion</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Eurozone_currencies">Non-Eurozone currencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-Eurozone currencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe#Non-Eurozone_currencies" title="Central banks and currencies of Europe">Central banks and currencies of Europe § Non-Eurozone currencies</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Currency </th> <th>Central bank </th> <th>Pegged with </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Albanian lek</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Albania" title="Bank of Albania">Bank of Albania</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Dram" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Dram">Armenian Dram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Central Bank of Armenia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Manat" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Manat">Azerbaijani Manat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Central Bank of Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_rubel" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian rubel">Belarusian rubel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">National Bank of the Republic of Belarus</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark">Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td>1 EUR = 1.95583 BAM </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a> </td> <td>1 EUR = 1.95583 BGN </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">Danmarks Nationalbank</a> </td> <td>1 EUR = 7.46038 DDK (<a href="/wiki/ERM_II" class="mw-redirect" title="ERM II">ERM II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Lari" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Lari">Georgian Lari</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">National Bank of Georgia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_tenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh tenge">Kazakh tenge</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">National Bank of Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian rouble">Russian rouble</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Russia">Bank of Russia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Serbian dinar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Serbia" title="National Bank of Serbia">National Bank of Serbia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteinische_Landesbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtensteinische Landesbank">Liechtensteinische Landesbank</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">float </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Macedonian denar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia">National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">Norges Bank</a> </td> <td>float </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_leu" title="Moldovan leu">Moldovan leu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Moldova" title="National Bank of Moldova">National Bank of Moldova</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">float </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Ukrainian hryvnia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Ukraine" title="National Bank of Ukraine">National Bank of Ukraine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">Icelandic króna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iceland" title="Central Bank of Iceland">Central Bank of Iceland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stock_exchanges">Stock exchanges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stock exchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_stock_exchanges#List" title="List of European stock exchanges">List of European stock exchanges § List</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_stock_exchanges&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about exchange groups.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Economy_of_Europe" title="Talk:Economy of Europe">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text" id="exchanges_table"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Group</th> <th>Stock exchange</th> <th>City</th> <th>Founded</th> <th>Listings</th> <th>Technology</th> <th>Operating<br />MIC </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16"><span data-sort-value="Europe"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Pan-European</a></span> </td> <td>Aquis </td> <td>Aquis Exchange </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, London, Paris </td> <td>2013 </td> <td align="right">3200 </td> <td> </td> <td>AQSE, AQXE, AQEU </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BATS_Global_Markets" title="BATS Global Markets">BATS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BATS_Chi-X_Europe" title="BATS Chi-X Europe">BATS Chi-X Europe</a> </td> <td>London </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>1800 </td> <td>BATS Europe </td> <td>CXE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Euronext Amsterdam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td> <td>1602 </td> <td rowspan="7" align="right">1300 </td> <td rowspan="7">OPTIQ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Euronext Paris</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td> <td>1724 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Euronext Lisbon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> </td> <td>1769 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Dublin" title="Euronext Dublin">Euronext Dublin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> </td> <td>1793 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Stock_Exchange" title="Brussels Stock Exchange">Euronext Brussels</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> </td> <td>1801 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Borsa Italiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> </td> <td>1808 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange" title="Oslo Stock Exchange">Oslo Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> </td> <td>1819 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Nordic" title="Nasdaq Nordic">Nasdaq Nordic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Copenhagen" title="Nasdaq Copenhagen">Nasdaq Copenhagen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> </td> <td>1625 <p>1808<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="7">Genium </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Stockholm" title="Nasdaq Stockholm">Nasdaq Stockholm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td> <td>1863<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Helsinki" title="Nasdaq Helsinki">Nasdaq Helsinki</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> </td> <td>1912<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Iceland" title="Nasdaq Iceland">Nasdaq Iceland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> </td> <td>1985<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Vilnius" title="Nasdaq Vilnius">Nasdaq Vilnius</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> </td> <td>1992<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Riga" title="Nasdaq Riga">Nasdaq Riga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td> <td>1993<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Tallinn" title="Nasdaq Tallinn">Nasdaq Tallinn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> </td> <td>1995<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Albania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirana_Stock_Exchange" title="Tirana Stock Exchange">Tirana Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td> </td> <td>XTIR </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Armenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Securities_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Securities Exchange">Armenia Securities Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>AMX </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiener_B%C3%B6rse" title="Wiener Börse">Wiener Börse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td> <td>1771 </td> <td align="right">63 </td> <td>T7 </td> <td>XWBO </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Azerbaijan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baku_Stock_Exchange" title="Baku Stock Exchange">Baku Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td align="right">27 </td> <td> </td> <td>BSE </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Belarus"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Currency_and_Stock_Exchange" title="Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange">Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>BCSE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Stock_Exchange" title="Sarajevo Stock Exchange">Sarajevo Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>XSSE </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka_Stock_Exchange" title="Banja Luka Stock Exchange">Banja Luka Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>XBLB </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Stock_Exchange_%E2%80%93_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia">Bulgarian Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> </td> <td>1914 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td>T7 </td> <td>XBUL </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Guernsey"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_International_Stock_Exchange" title="The International Stock Exchange">The International Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td align="right">4000 </td> <td> </td> <td>TISE </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Croatia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Stock_Exchange" title="Zagreb Stock Exchange">Zagreb Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td> <td>1907 </td> <td align="right">45 </td> <td>T7 </td> <td>XZAG </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Cyprus"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Stock_Exchange" title="Cyprus Stock Exchange">Cyprus Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>XCYS </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Czech Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague_Stock_Exchange" title="Prague Stock Exchange">Prague Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> </td> <td>1871 </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td>T7 </td> <td>XPRA </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Faroe Islands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Securities_Market" title="Faroese Securities Market">Faroese Securities Market</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>VMFX </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Georgia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Georgian Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td align="right">261 </td> <td> </td> <td>XGSE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berliner_B%C3%B6rse" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner Börse">Berliner Börse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td>1685 </td> <td align="right">29461 </td> <td>Xontro, Equiduct </td> <td>XBER </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6rse_D%C3%BCsseldorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Börse Düsseldorf (page does not exist)">Börse Düsseldorf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> </td> <td>1853 </td> <td> </td> <td>Xontro </td> <td>XDUS </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Stock_Exchange" title="Hamburg Stock Exchange">Hamburg Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> </td> <td>1558 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td>Xontro </td> <td>XHAM/ <p>XHAN </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rse_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Börse München">Börse München</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="München">München</a> </td> <td>1830 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td>MAX-ONE </td> <td>XMUN </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rse_Stuttgart" title="Börse Stuttgart">Börse Stuttgart</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td>Xitaro </td> <td>XSTU </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_B%C3%B6rse" title="Deutsche Börse">Deutsche Börse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rse_Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Börse Frankfurt">Börse Frankfurt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> </td> <td>1585 </td> <td align="right">1555843 </td> <td>T7 </td> <td>XFRA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xetra_(trading_system)" title="Xetra (trading system)">Xetra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td align="right">3580 </td> <td>T7 </td> <td>XETR </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Tradegate Exchange </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td align="right">9100 </td> <td> </td> <td>XGAT, XGRM </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Gibraltar"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Stock_Exchange" title="Gibraltar Stock Exchange">Gibraltar Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>GSXL </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> </td> <td>1876 </td> <td align="right">251 </td> <td> </td> <td>XATH </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Budapest Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td> <td>1864 </td> <td align="right">61 </td> <td>T7 </td> <td>XBUD </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="Kazakhstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Stock_Exchange" title="Kazakhstan Stock Exchange">Kazakhstan Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>XKAZ </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astana_International_Exchange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astana International Exchange (page does not exist)">Astana International Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Luxembourg"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Stock_Exchange" title="Luxembourg Stock Exchange">Luxembourg Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg (city)</a> </td> <td>1927 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td>OPTIQ </td> <td>XLUX </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Malta"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta_Stock_Exchange" title="Malta Stock Exchange">Malta Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td>T7 </td> <td>XMAL </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Moldova"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldova_Stock_Exchange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moldova Stock Exchange (page does not exist)">Moldova Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Chişinău">Chişinău</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>XMOL </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_Stock_Exchange" title="Montenegro Stock Exchange">Montenegro Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>XMNX </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nxchange" title="Nxchange">Nxchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td align="right">8 </td> <td> </td> <td>XNXC </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPEX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPEX (page does not exist)">NPEX</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>NPEX </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="North Macedonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Stock_Exchange" title="Macedonian Stock Exchange">Macedonian Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>XMAE </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Warsaw Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> </td> <td>1817 </td> <td align="right">449 </td> <td>UTP </td> <td>XWAR </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Stock_Exchange" title="Bucharest Stock Exchange">Bucharest Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td> <td>1882 </td> <td align="right">83 </td> <td> </td> <td>XBSE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Exchange" title="Moscow Exchange">Moscow Exchange</a> </td> <td>Moscow </td> <td>2013 (1992) </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>MISX </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Stock_Exchange" title="Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange">Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>SPIM </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Belgrade Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> </td> <td>1894 </td> <td align="right">66 </td> <td> </td> <td>XBEL </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Slovakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratislava_Stock_Exchange" title="Bratislava Stock Exchange">Bratislava Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>XBRA </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Slovenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Stock_Exchange" title="Ljubljana Stock Exchange">Ljubljana Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td align="right">61 </td> <td>T7 </td> <td>XLJU </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Bolsas_y_Mercados_Espa%C3%B1oles" title="Bolsas y Mercados Españoles">SIX Group</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_de_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolsa de Barcelona">Bolsa de Barcelona</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> </td> <td>1915 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>BMEX </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolsa_de_Bilbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolsa de Bilbao (page does not exist)">Bolsa de Bilbao</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>BMEX </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_de_Madrid" title="Bolsa de Madrid">Bolsa de Madrid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td> <td>1831 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>BMEX </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercado_Oficial_Espa%C3%B1ol_de_Futuros_y_Opciones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercado Oficial Español de Futuros y Opciones (page does not exist)">Mercado Oficial Español de Futuros y Opciones</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>BMEX </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolsa_de_Valencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolsa de Valencia (page does not exist)">Bolsa de Valencia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> </td> <td>1981 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>BMEX </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasdaq_First_North_Growth_Market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasdaq First North Growth Market (page does not exist)">Nasdaq First North Growth Market</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td align="right">288 </td> <td> </td> <td>FNSE </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGM_Main_Regulated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGM Main Regulated (page does not exist)">NGM Main Regulated</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td>Elasticia </td> <td>XNGM </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGM_Nordic_SME&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGM Nordic SME (page does not exist)">NGM Nordic SME</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td align="right">83 </td> <td>Elasticia </td> <td>NSME </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotlight_Stock_Market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spotlight Stock Market (page does not exist)">Spotlight Stock Market</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td>Elasticia </td> <td>XSAT </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="Switzerland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SIX_Group" title="SIX Group">SIX Group</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">SIX Swiss Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> </td> <td>1850 </td> <td align="right">266 </td> <td> </td> <td>XSWX </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rse_Stuttgart" title="Börse Stuttgart">Börse Stuttgart</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BX_Swiss" title="BX Swiss">BX Swiss</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> </td> <td>1888 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td>Elasticia </td> <td>XBRN </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Turkey"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Istanbul" title="Borsa Istanbul">Borsa Istanbul</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> </td> <td>1866 </td> <td align="right">417 </td> <td> </td> <td>XIST </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="Ukraine"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PFTS_Ukraine_Stock_Exchange" title="PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange">PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td> <td>PFTS </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Exchange" title="Ukrainian Exchange">Ukrainian Exchange</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td align="right">88 </td> <td> </td> <td>XUAX </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_Group" title="London Stock Exchange Group">LSEG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> </td> <td>London </td> <td>1571 </td> <td align="right">2800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MillenniumIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MillenniumIT">Millennium</a> </td> <td>XLON </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_sectors">Economic sectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economic sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_fishing">Agriculture and fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture and fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europe's agricultural sector is in general highly developed and also has the lowest percentage of the population working in agriculture of any continent.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of improving Central Europe's agriculture is ongoing and is helped by the accession of Central European states to the EU. The agricultural sector in Europe is helped by the <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> (CAP), which provides farmers with a minimal price for their products and subsidizes their exports, which increases competitiveness for their products. This policy is highly controversial as it hampers <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> worldwide (<a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> sparks protectionism from other countries and trade blocs: the concept of <a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">trade wars</a>) and is violating the concept of <i>fair trade</i>. </p><p>This means because of the protectionist nature of the CAP, agricultural products from <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> are rendered uncompetitive in both Europe (an important export market for developing countries) and on their home markets (as European agricultural products are <a href="/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">dumped</a> on developing countries' markets with help from European <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">agricultural subsidies</a>). This controversy surrounds every system of agricultural subsidies (the United States' policy of subsidizing farmers is also controversial). The CAP is also controversial because 40% of the EU's budget is spent on it, and because of the <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> caused by it. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a> is surrounded by an extensive system of rules (mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Individual_Fishing_Quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual Fishing Quota">quotas</a>) to protect the environment from <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>. Despite these rules, the <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> is becoming increasingly rare in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> resulting in drastic shortages in countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom. Strict fishing rules are the main reason for Norway and Iceland to stay out of the European Union (and out of the Common Fisheries Policy). Price guarantees and subsidizations of fishermen are implemented in the same way as agricultural subsidies are. Bluefin tuna is also a problem. Global stocks of the species are overfished with extinction in the wild a possibility in the near future. This also has the negative effect of threatening their traditional, natural predators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europe has a thriving manufacturing sector, with a large part of the world's industrial production taking place in Europe. Most of the continent's industries are concentrated in the '<a href="/wiki/Blue_Banana" title="Blue Banana">Blue Banana</a>' (covering Southern <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>, western Germany, eastern France, Switzerland, and northern Italy). However, because of the higher wage level and hence production costs, Europe is suffering from <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">offshoring</a> in the labour-intensive manufacturing sectors. This means that manufacturing has become less important and that jobs are moved to regions with cheaper labour costs (mainly China and Central and Eastern Europe). </p><p>Central Europe (Berlin, Saxony, the Czech Republic and Little Poland) was largely industrialised by 1850<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Eastern Europe (European Russia) begun industrialisation between 1890–1900 and intensified it during the communist regime (as the USSR), but it suffered from contraction in the 1990s when the inefficient heavy-industry-based manufacturing sector was crippled after the collapse of communism and the introduction of the market economy. </p><p>In the 21st century the manufacturing sector in Central and Eastern Europe picked up because of the accession of ten formerly Communist European states to the EU and their resulting accession to the European Common Market. This caused firms within the European Union to move jobs from their manufacturing sector to Central European countries such as Poland (see above), which sparked both Central and Eastern European industrial growth and employment. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a>, 195 of the top 500 companies are headquartered in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main products in European industry are automobiles, bicycles, rail, machinery, marine, aerospace equipment, food, chemical and pharmaceutical goods, software and electronics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investing_and_banking">Investing and banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Investing and banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europe has a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Financial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial sector">financial sector</a>. Many European cities are <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centres</a> with London being the largest.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The financial sector of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> is helped by the introduction of the euro as common currency. This has made it easier for European households and firms to invest in companies and deposit money in banks in other European countries. Exchange rate fluctuations are now non-existent in the Eurozone. The financial sector in Central and Eastern Europe is helped by economic growth in the region, <a href="/wiki/European_Regional_Development_Fund" title="European Regional Development Fund">European Regional Development Fund</a> and the commitment of Central and Eastern European governments to achieve high standards. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>, as of 19 September 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, four European cities rank among the 20 largest financial centres in the world: London (2nd), Zurich (14th), Frankfurt (15th), and Paris (17th).<sup id="cite_ref-GFCI_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFCI-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European banks are amongst the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks" title="List of largest banks">largest and most profitable in the world</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole" title="Crédit Agricole">Crédit Agricole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Santander" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo Santander">Grupo Santander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groupe_BPCE" title="Groupe BPCE">Groupe BPCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intesa_Sanpaolo" title="Intesa Sanpaolo">Intesa Sanpaolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Banking_Group" title="Lloyds Banking Group">Lloyds Banking Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mutuel" title="Crédit Mutuel">Crédit Mutuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/UniCredit" title="UniCredit">UniCredit</a>. </p><p>At the start of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in the economy, aggregate investment levels fell in the second quarter of 2020. The corporate sector was the most responsible for this reduction. Investment appeared to be increasing in early 2021, coinciding with the relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:84_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>30% of EU firms reported in the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a>'s Investment Survey 2021 that they adjusted their investment expectations to fit the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. This is reported as more than the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> where the positive revision of investment plans was more common, with 25% of firms reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-:84_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 72% of EU enterprises state that the COVID-19 pandemic will have a long-term influence on investment requirements and priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:84_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Businesses in Europe received governmental support following the economic crisis. Governments ensured that enterprises had access to financing, with some governments covering labour expenses so that people could remain employed. This initiative targeted enterprises experiencing the greatest revenue loss, and the companies who got assistance were more likely to stick to their investment goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:84_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mid-2021, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s gross saving rate was still 18% of <a href="/wiki/Disposable_and_discretionary_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposable and discretionary income">gross disposable income</a>, higher above the average of 11-13%, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:84_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>63% of large firms, 61% of infrastructure firms and 58% of firms in the service sector are the largest share expecting long term effects of COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-:84_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long-term_obstacles_to_investment_for_European_firms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Long-term_obstacles_to_investment_for_European_firms.png/220px-Long-term_obstacles_to_investment_for_European_firms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Long-term_obstacles_to_investment_for_European_firms.png/330px-Long-term_obstacles_to_investment_for_European_firms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Long-term_obstacles_to_investment_for_European_firms.png/440px-Long-term_obstacles_to_investment_for_European_firms.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Long-term obstacles to investment for European firms, as found in survey conducted in Europe. </figcaption></figure> <p>Across the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the most commonly mentioned investment barrier is the lack of trained labor. 75% of businesses in transitional regions found this to be problematic. In less developed and non-cohesion regions, it is 79%. Demographics and rising demand for skills that are less common on the market, such as those needed to support digitalization activities, might contribute to the lack of competent workers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies that are located in the countries under the <a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">European cohesion policy</a> are less likely to spend money on the types of intangible assets, like <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> or training. Businesses in cohesion regions tend to concentrate their investments more on purchasing <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>, machinery, and other <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">tangible assets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:632_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:632-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 28% of investments are made in intangible activity in areas considered less developed, compared to 35% in transition areas and 39% in more developed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:632_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:632-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In all regions, bank loans are the most prevalent type of external financing. In less developed regions, they account for 49% of finance, in more developed regions, 58%, and in transitional regions, 69%. Grants make up a larger portion of the financing in less developed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:632_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:632-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intangible assets (<a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a>, software, training, and business processes) were invested in by firms in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> countries at a lower rate (24%) in 2022 than the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> average (37%). The proportion of enterprises aiming to prioritize <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> in new goods and services was higher in these regions (27%) than in the EU (24%) and the US (21%).<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1153_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1153-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manufacturing enterprises (36%) and big firms (31%), in particular, have innovation as an investment priority. Among CESEE enterprises, Slovenia (38%) and the Czech Republic (37%), are the most likely to prioritize innovation.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1153_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1153-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> Over half of businesses (57%) altered their operations in response to COVID-19. The majority (44%), produced new items (26%), while a minority (16%) reduced their supply chain.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1153_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1153-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> 39% of EU enterprises created or introduced new goods, processes, or services in the previous fiscal year, compared to 57% of US firms. In both the EU and the US, little more than 12% of enterprises introduced ideas that were novel to the country or the global market.<sup id="cite_ref-:1782_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1782-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europe's level of productive investment has lagged behind that of the United States - by two percentage points of GDP annually since 2010, according to European Commission data.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison to 2021, there is a significant increase in the proportion of enterprises citing energy prices as a limitation to investment (87%), particularly those considering it as a substantial obstacle (63%).<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1153_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1153-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> The transition to cleaner energy is seen as a danger to investments by 41% of energy-intensive manufacturers in Europe, thus affecting all investment plans. This is compared to 31% of enterprises in non-energy heavy industries.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1432_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1432-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> For future investment plans, European energy-intensive manufacturers and firms are more interested in climate investments than non-energy-intensive enterprises, with 48% now investing and 57% planning to invest.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1432_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1432-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p>Productive investment, as of 2023 (excluding housing), has been increasing as a percentage of GDP in Europe. There remains a gap of around 1.5 percentage points in productive investment between Europe and the United States, but this growth has helped Europe keep up with the rate of productive investment growth in the United States to a certain extent. Although Europe is not falling further behind like during the sovereign debt crisis, European firms state narrowing this gap as a priority. <sup id="cite_ref-:195_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:195-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a> enterprises were somewhat more likely than other firms to invest insufficiently in 2022 according to survey data. The same was true for <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">SMEs</a> (21%) against large businesses (15%). Firms in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (28%) and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (30%) are the most likely to believe they have invested insufficiently during the previous three years. The proportion of enterprises that believe they have overinvested was largest (but still minor) in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (7%), <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (7%), and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (6%).<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1153_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1153-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p>Most companies in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe (59%), and the rest of the EU (57%) projected their revenues to be greater in 2022 than they were in 2019. <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> has had a negative impact on 45% of the enterprises in those regions. Almost one-third of those surveyed (13% of total enterprises) did not anticipate a recovery, whereas the vast majority did. Even throughout the pandemic, 41% of enterprises observed an increase in revenue, and the majority of them predicted stronger sales in 2022.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1153_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1153-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p>Long-term hurdles to corporate investment continue to be energy prices, uncertainty, and a shortage of skills, with 83%, 78%, and 81% of enterprises citing these concerns as restraints, respectively. EU enterprises were more likely than US firms to cite energy prices as a key impediment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1782_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1782-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 - 2023, EU businesses were found increasingly unhappy with the cost of <a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">credit</a> as <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> tightened and external finance conditions deteriorated. This dissatisfaction is at more than 14% in 2023, compared to 5% in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:1782_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1782-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Austrian enterprises are the most likely to grow stock and inventory, while Romanian firms are the most likely to invest in digital inventory and input tracking.<sup id="cite_ref-:1782_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1782-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania has the largest proportion of importers lowering the proportion of goods/services imported from abroad, as well as the highest proportion of enterprises diversifying or growing the number of countries from which they import.<sup id="cite_ref-:1782_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1782-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the same year, 80% of EU firms were profitable, which was 2 percentage points higher than the historical average. Firms that achieved profits of at least 10% of their turnover were 8% more likely to increase their investment compared to firms that only broke even. Policy support and financial reserves have played a crucial role in protecting and maintaining corporate investment. Despite the energy crisis that started in 2022, firms were able to meet their investment expectations, thanks to the support and buffers in place.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Credit demand in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern European</a> regions remained strong in the first six months of 2023, although it has been steadily declining since 2021-22. <a href="/wiki/Fixed_investment" title="Fixed investment">Fixed investments</a> and retail components, particularly the housing sector, contributed adversely, while credit demand was once again driven by corporate liquidity requirements (particularly for <a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Working_capital" title="Working capital">working capital</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the previous six months, most parent banks in Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe nations have maintained their level of exposure. Major players in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> engaged in some <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> activities. Banks foresee an increase in <a href="/wiki/Non-performing_loan" title="Non-performing loan">non-performing loans</a> (NPLs), which would hit the retail and business sectors in virtually all countries (excluding Albania).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to data from a European survey, big mid-caps account for the greatest percentage of high-growth and very high-growth enterprises, at 7.5% and 3.1%, respectively, followed by SMEs at 6% and 2%. XLs and tiny mid-caps trail somewhat, accounting for 5.2-5.5% and 1.9-2.1% of high- and very-high-growth enterprises, respectively. Manufacturing businesses with big mid-caps and XL firms have the greatest percentage of extremely high-growth firms.<sup id="cite_ref-:188_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:188-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europe in particular suffers from a lack of funding for more mature scale-up operations. Financing for these operations is six to eight times higher in the United States (in dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporate investment among EU countries varies significantly due to distinct national factors. The sectoral breakdown of aggregate investment is not yet accessible for all EU members, even for early 2023. In some European nations, real corporate investment increased by 5% or more by early 2023, while in others it remained stagnant or far lower than pre-pandemic levels.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, enterprises with profits of at least 10% of <a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">turnover</a> were 8 percentage points more likely to increase investment than enterprises that <a href="/wiki/Break-even" title="Break-even">broke even</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:194_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:194-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A main point in 2023 has been that EU enterprises embraced modern digital technology and were able to close an 11 point deficit with the United States in their usage of those technology. <sup id="cite_ref-:1942_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1942-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to recent intelligence reported by GlobalData, the global Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) market is projected to see a significant increase over the coming decade. An estimated compound annual growth rate of 4.8% is expected, primarily owing to the swift rise in Europe's UAS market. This growth is poised to almost double the UAS market size, from $12.5 billion in 2024 to an impressive $20 billion by 2034. This growth is largely attributed to Europe's rising prominence in the UAS market sector.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the EU, less firms were expecting to increase investment in 2024, falling to a net balance of 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European businesses invest 37% of their capital in intangible assets, prioritizing them over physical assets like land, buildings, and infrastructure. Only 14% of European firms focus on these physical assets, while in the US, 24% of companies focus on the same assets. 26% of EU firms also invest in expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport in Europe</a></div> <p><b>Transport in Europe</b> provides for the movement needs of over 700 million people<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and associated freight. The political geography of Europe divides the continent into over 50 sovereign states and territories. This fragmentation, along with increased movement of people since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, has led to a high level of cooperation between European countries in developing and maintaining transport networks. <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational</a> and intergovernmental organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> have led to the development of international standards and agreements that allow people and freight to cross the borders of Europe, largely with unique levels of freedom and ease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rail transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Europe" title="Rail transport in Europe">Rail transport in Europe</a></div> <p>Rail networks in Western and Central Europe are often well maintained and well developed, whilst Eastern, Northern and Southern Europe often have less coverage and/or infrastructure problems. Electrified railway networks operate at a plethora of different voltages AC and DC varying from 750 to 25,000 volts, and signalling systems vary from country to country, hindering cross-border traffic. EU rail subsidies amounted to €73 billion in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite an extensive road and rail network, most long-distance travel within Europe is by air. A large tourism industry also attracts many visitors to Europe, most of whom arrive into one of Europe's many large international airports. London is the second busiest airport in the world by number of international passengers, only trailing Dubai.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of <a href="/wiki/Low_cost_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Low cost carriers">low cost carriers</a> in recent years has led to a large increase in air travel within Europe. Air transportation is now often the cheapest way of travelling between cities. This increase in air travel has led to problems of airspace overcrowding and environmental concerns. The <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Sky" title="Single European Sky">Single European Sky</a> is one initiative aimed at solving these problems.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_trade_relations">Global trade relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Global trade relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bulk of the EU's external trade is done with China, <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> and the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan, Russia and non-member European states. </p><p>EU members are represented by a single official at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>. </p><p>The EU is involved in a few minor trade disputes. It had a long running dispute with the USA of allegedly unfair subsidies the US government gives to several companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. The EU has a long running ban prohibiting arms trade with the Chinese. The EU issued a brief accusing Microsoft of predatory and monopolistic practices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Banana" title="Golden Banana">Golden Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrencies_in_Europe" title="Cryptocurrencies in Europe">Cryptocurrencies in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_European_Union" title="List of companies of the European Union">List of companies of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_European_companies_by_revenue" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest European companies by revenue">List of largest European companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations in Europe">International organisations in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_budget_revenues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European countries by budget revenues">List of European countries by budget revenues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European countries by budget revenues per capita">List of European countries by budget revenues per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European countries by GDP (nominal)">List of European countries by GDP (nominal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European countries by GDP (PPP)">List of European countries by GDP (PPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">List of European countries by GDP (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">List of European countries by GDP (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">List of European countries by GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European countries by GNI (PPP) per capita">List of European countries by GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_minimum_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by minimum wage">List of sovereign states in Europe by minimum wage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nonEU-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nonEU_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nonEU_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nonEU_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nonEU_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City State, and Andorra have concluded monetary agreements with the EU, granting them the rights to produce limited quantities of euro coins with their own design on the national side, but not to issue euro banknotes. Kosovo and Montenegro also use the euro; however, they have no agreements with the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Crown Dependencies of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_pound" title="Manx pound">Isle of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey</a> and a British Overseas Territory of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar</a> are the other pound sterling users in Europe. All four issue local versions of the pound sterling which are pegged with GBP.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDimitropoulou2023" class="citation web cs1">Dimitropoulou, Alexandra (20 August 2023). [https: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www-visualcapitalist-com.translate.goog/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=fr&_x_tr_pto=wapp">https://www-visualcapitalist-com.translate.goog/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=fr&_x_tr_pto=wapp</a> "Global-Wealth-Distribution"]. <i>visualcapitalist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visualcapitalist&rft.atitle=Global-Wealth-Distribution&rft.date=2023-08-20&rft.aulast=Dimitropoulou&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fwww-visualcapitalist-com.translate.goog%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F08%2FGlobal-Wealth-Distribution.html%3F_x_tr_sl%3Dauto%26_x_tr_tl%3Dfr%26_x_tr_hl%3Dfr%26_x_tr_pto%3Dwapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF01-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMF01_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"GDP (Nominal), current prices"</a>. <i>International Monetary Fund</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=GDP+%28Nominal%29%2C+current+prices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDPD%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMF02_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/AFQ">"GDP (PPP), current prices"</a>. <i>International Monetary Fund</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=GDP+%28PPP%29%2C+current+prices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FPPPGDP%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD%2FAFQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund2022" class="citation web cs1">International Monetary Fund (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"Real GDP growth"</a>. <i>IMF Data Mapper</i>. International Monetary Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF+Data+Mapper&rft.atitle=Real+GDP+growth&rft.date=2022&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDP_RPCH%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund2022" class="citation web cs1">International Monetary Fund (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"Nominal GDP per capita"</a>. <i>IMF Data Mapper</i>. International Monetary Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF+Data+Mapper&rft.atitle=Nominal+GDP+per+capita&rft.date=2022&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDPDPC%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund2022" class="citation web cs1">International Monetary Fund (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"GDP PPP per capita"</a>. <i>IMF Data Mapper</i>. International Monetary Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF+Data+Mapper&rft.atitle=GDP+PPP+per+capita&rft.date=2022&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FPPPPC%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund2022" class="citation web cs1">International Monetary Fund (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"Inflation rate, average consumer prices"</a>. <i>IMF Data Mapper</i>. International Monetary Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF+Data+Mapper&rft.atitle=Inflation+rate%2C+average+consumer+prices&rft.date=2022&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FPCPIPCH%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-databook2022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-databook2022_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorrocksDaviesLluberas2022" class="citation book cs1">Shorrocks, Anthony; Davies, James; Lluberas, Rodrigo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2022.pdf"><i>Global Wealth Databook 2022</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Wealth+Databook+2022&rft.pub=Credit+Suisse+Research+Institute&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Shorrocks&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Davies%2C+James&rft.au=Lluberas%2C+Rodrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fmedia%2Fassets%2Fcorporate%2Fdocs%2Fabout-us%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fglobal-wealth-databook-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund2022" class="citation web cs1">International Monetary Fund (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/APQ">"General government gross debt"</a>. <i>IMF Data Mapper</i>. International Monetary Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF+Data+Mapper&rft.atitle=General+government+gross+debt&rft.date=2022&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FGGXWDG_NGDP%40WEO%2FAPQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/abc-of-eu-law/en/">"The ABC of EU law"</a>. <i>op.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=op.europa.eu&rft.atitle=The+ABC+of+EU+law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fop.europa.eu%2Fwebpub%2Fcom%2Fabc-of-eu-law%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/941671/europe-bank-assets/">"• Europe: bank assets | Statista"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%80%A2+Europe%3A+bank+assets+%7C+Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F941671%2Feurope-bank-assets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/368321/europe-assets-under-management-value/">"• Assets under management in Europe 2020 | Statista"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%80%A2+Assets+under+management+in+Europe+2020+%7C+Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F368321%2Feurope-assets-under-management-value%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/1999/html/sp990521.en.html">"The euro: the birth of a new currency"</a>. <i>European Central Bank</i>. 21 May 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Central+Bank&rft.atitle=The+euro%3A+the+birth+of+a+new+currency&rft.date=1999-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Fpress%2Fkey%2Fdate%2F1999%2Fhtml%2Fsp990521.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2005" class="citation journal cs1">Desai, Seiju (1 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14702430500492807">"Turkey in the European Union: A Security Perspective – Risk or Opportunity?"</a>. <i>Defence Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 366–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14702430500492807">10.1080/14702430500492807</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-2436">1470-2436</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154726691">154726691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defence+Studies&rft.atitle=Turkey+in+the+European+Union%3A+A+Security+Perspective+%E2%80%93+Risk+or+Opportunity%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=366-393&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154726691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1470-2436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14702430500492807&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Seiju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14702430500492807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D512%2C914%2C612%2C171%2C614%2C311%2C213%2C911%2C314%2C193%2C122%2C912%2C313%2C419%2C513%2C316%2C913%2C124%2C339%2C638%2C514%2C218%2C963%2C616%2C223%2C516%2C918%2C748%2C618%2C624%2C522%2C622%2C156%2C626%2C628%2C228%2C924%2C233%2C632%2C636%2C634%2C238%2C662%2C960%2C423%2C935%2C128%2C611%2C321%2C243%2C248%2C469%2C253%2C642%2C643%2C939%2C734%2C644%2C819%2C172%2C132%2C646%2C648%2C915%2C134%2C652%2C174%2C328%2C258%2C656%2C654%2C336%2C263%2C268%2C532%2C944%2C176%2C534%2C536%2C429%2C433%2C178%2C436%2C136%2C343%2C158%2C439%2C916%2C664%2C826%2C542%2C967%2C443%2C917%2C544%2C941%2C446%2C666%2C668%2C672%2C946%2C137%2C546%2C674%2C676%2C548%2C556%2C678%2C181%2C867%2C682%2C684%2C273%2C868%2C921%2C948%2C943%2C686%2C688%2C518%2C728%2C836%2C558%2C138%2C196%2C278%2C692%2C694%2C962%2C142%2C449%2C564%2C565%2C283%2C853%2C288%2C293%2C566%2C964%2C182%2C359%2C453%2C968%2C922%2C714%2C862%2C135%2C716%2C456%2C722%2C942%2C718%2C724%2C576%2C936%2C961%2C813%2C726%2C199%2C733%2C184%2C524%2C361%2C362%2C364%2C732%2C366%2C144%2C146%2C463%2C528%2C923%2C738%2C578%2C537%2C742%2C866%2C369%2C744%2C186%2C925%2C869%2C746%2C926%2C466%2C112%2C111%2C298%2C927%2C846%2C299%2C582%2C487%2C474%2C754%2C698%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2C%26sy%3D2021%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/0274411350395ce53ccd3e91a431e924-0050022024/original/FINAL-ICP-2021-Global-and-regional-highlights.pdf">https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/0274411350395ce53ccd3e91a431e924-0050022024/original/FINAL-ICP-2021-Global-and-regional-highlights.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html">"Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia"</a>. <i>Fortune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Global+500+2010%3A+Countries+%E2%80%93+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fglobal500%2F2010%2Fcountries%2FAustralia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells2010" class="citation book cs1">Castells, Manuel (26 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wDLJAGDRGYC&pg=PA69"><i>End of Millennium</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444323443" title="Special:BookSources/9781444323443"><bdi>9781444323443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+of+Millennium&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-01-26&rft.isbn=9781444323443&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wDLJAGDRGYC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution">"Industrial Revolution | Definition, History, Dates, Summary, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Industrial+Revolution+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Dates%2C+Summary%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FIndustrial-Revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/World-War-II">"United States - World War II | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=United+States+-+World+War+II+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUnited-States%2FWorld-War-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/The-blast-of-World-War-II">"History of Europe - The blast of World War II | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Europe+-+The+blast+of+World+War+II+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Europe%2FThe-blast-of-World-War-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europe.unc.edu/toolkits/chapter-3/">"Chapter 3: What is the European Union | CES at UNC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+3%3A+What+is+the+European+Union+%7C+CES+at+UNC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurope.unc.edu%2Ftoolkits%2Fchapter-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Comecon">"Comecon | international organization | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Comecon+%7C+international+organization+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FComecon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Responses to poverty: lessons from Europe by Robert Walker, Roger Lawson, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(sociologist)" title="Peter Townsend (sociologist)">Peter Townsend</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuch1993" class="citation journal cs1">Duch, Raymond M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2938738">"Tolerating Economic Reform: Popular Support for Transition to a Free Market in the Former Soviet Union"</a>. <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>87</b> (3): 590–608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2938738">10.2307/2938738</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2938738">2938738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144487069">144487069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Tolerating+Economic+Reform%3A+Popular+Support+for+Transition+to+a+Free+Market+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=590-608&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144487069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2938738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2938738&rft.aulast=Duch&rft.aufirst=Raymond+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2938738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅslundBooneJohnsonFischer1996" class="citation journal cs1">Åslund, Andres; Boone, Peter; Johnson, Simon; Fischer, Stanley; Ickes, Barry W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2534649">"How to Stabilize: Lessons from Post-Communist Countries"</a>. <i>Brookings Papers on Economic Activity</i>. <b>1996</b> (1): 217–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2534649">10.2307/2534649</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-2303">0007-2303</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2534649">2534649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Papers+on+Economic+Activity&rft.atitle=How+to+Stabilize%3A+Lessons+from+Post-Communist+Countries&rft.volume=1996&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=217-313&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0007-2303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2534649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2534649&rft.aulast=%C3%85slund&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft.au=Boone%2C+Peter&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Simon&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Stanley&rft.au=Ickes%2C+Barry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2534649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/03/freetradeagreement.htm">"Member States of Central European Free Trade Agreement"</a>. <i>www.imf.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=Member+States+of+Central+European+Free+Trade+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Ffandd%2F2014%2F03%2Ffreetradeagreement.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNATO" class="citation web cs1">NATO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52060.htm">"Operations and missions: past and present"</a>. <i>NATO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NATO&rft.atitle=Operations+and+missions%3A+past+and+present&rft.au=NATO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Ftopics_52060.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuriyev2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nuriyev, Elkhan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11610%2FConnections.14.2.04">"Russia, the EU and the South Caucasus: Forging an Efficient Over-Arching Cooperative Regional Security Scheme"</a>. <i>Connections</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 51–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11610%2FConnections.14.2.04">10.11610/Connections.14.2.04</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1812-1098">1812-1098</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26326397">26326397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connections&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+the+EU+and+the+South+Caucasus%3A+Forging+an+Efficient+Over-Arching+Cooperative+Regional+Security+Scheme&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-64&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1812-1098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26326397%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11610%2FConnections.14.2.04&rft.aulast=Nuriyev&rft.aufirst=Elkhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11610%252FConnections.14.2.04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOddo2019" class="citation web cs1">Oddo, Paola Lo Bue (28 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/the-eu-or-russia-interests-and-ties-in-the-south-caucasus">"The EU or Russia? Interests and ties in the South Caucasus"</a>. <i>The New Federalist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Federalist&rft.atitle=The+EU+or+Russia%3F+Interests+and+ties+in+the+South+Caucasus&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.aulast=Oddo&rft.aufirst=Paola+Lo+Bue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewfederalist.eu%2Fthe-eu-or-russia-interests-and-ties-in-the-south-caucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurostatunemp16-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eurostatunemp16_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics#Recent_developments_in_unemployment_at_a_European_and_Member_State_level">"Unemployment statistics"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>. Eurostat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Unemployment+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fstatistics-explained%2Findex.php%2FUnemployment_statistics%23Recent_developments_in_unemployment_at_a_European_and_Member_State_level&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/business/21701480-why-european-companies-have-become-fading-force-global-business-clout-rout">"From clout to rout"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 30 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=From+clout+to+rout&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F21701480-why-european-companies-have-become-fading-force-global-business-clout-rout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2021" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (18 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/eib-big-ideas-on-inequality"><i>On Inequality (Big Ideas)</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-4935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-4935-1"><bdi>978-92-861-4935-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Inequality+%28Big+Ideas%29&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft.isbn=978-92-861-4935-1&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Feib-big-ideas-on-inequality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GNI (nominal) per capita 2012, World Development Indicators database <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD/countries">[1]</a>, World Bank, revised 12 Aug 2013, Atlas method</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:84-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:84_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:84_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:84_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:84_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:84_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:84_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:84_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2022" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (12 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/investment-report-2021"><i>EIB Investment Report 2021/2022: Recovery as a springboard for change</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5155-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5155-2"><bdi>978-92-861-5155-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EIB+Investment+Report+2021%2F2022%3A+Recovery+as+a+springboard+for+change&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5155-2&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Finvestment-report-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:504-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:504_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:504_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:504_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:504_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2022" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (18 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/business-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond"><i>Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond: Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from Eastern Europe to Central Asia</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5086-9"><bdi>978-92-861-5086-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+resilience+in+the+pandemic+and+beyond%3A+Adaptation%2C+innovation%2C+financing+and+climate+action+from+Eastern+Europe+to+Central+Asia&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5086-9&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fbusiness-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndertonBotelhoConsoloDa_Silva2021" class="citation journal cs1">Anderton, Robert; Botelho, Vasco; Consolo, Agostino; Da Silva, António Dias; Foroni, Claudia; Mohr, Matthias; Vivian, Lara (6 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/articles/2021/html/ecb.ebart202008_02~bc749d90e7.en.html">"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the euro area labour market"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+the+COVID-19+pandemic+on+the+euro+area+labour+market&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Anderton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Botelho%2C+Vasco&rft.au=Consolo%2C+Agostino&rft.au=Da+Silva%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio+Dias&rft.au=Foroni%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Mohr%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Vivian%2C+Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Fpub%2Feconomic-bulletin%2Farticles%2F2021%2Fhtml%2Fecb.ebart202008_02~bc749d90e7.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/reimagining-the-postpandemic-workforce">"How companies can make remote working a success | McKinsey"</a>. <i>www.mckinsey.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mckinsey.com&rft.atitle=How+companies+can+make+remote+working+a+success+%7C+McKinsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fbusiness-functions%2Fpeople-and-organizational-performance%2Four-insights%2Freimagining-the-postpandemic-workforce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/growth-marketing-and-sales/our-insights/the-b2b-digital-inflection-point-how-sales-have-changed-during-covid-19">"How B2B sales have changed during COVID-19 | McKinsey"</a>. <i>www.mckinsey.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mckinsey.com&rft.atitle=How+B2B+sales+have+changed+during+COVID-19+%7C+McKinsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fbusiness-functions%2Fgrowth-marketing-and-sales%2Four-insights%2Fthe-b2b-digital-inflection-point-how-sales-have-changed-during-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/e-commerce-in-the-time-of-covid-19-3a2b78e8/">"E-commerce in the time of COVID-19"</a>. <i>OECD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD&rft.atitle=E-commerce+in+the+time+of+COVID-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fcoronavirus%2Fpolicy-responses%2Fe-commerce-in-the-time-of-covid-19-3a2b78e8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic-perspectives-somalias-businesses">"Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from Somalia's Businesses"</a>. <i>blogs.worldbank.org</i>. 5 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Resilience+during+the+COVID-19+Pandemic%3A+Perspectives+from+Somalia%27s+Businesses&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fafricacan%2Fresilience-during-covid-19-pandemic-perspectives-somalias-businesses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-284-new-eib-ebrd-wb-enterprise-survey-are-companies-in-the-western-balkans-prepared-for-another-crisis">"New EIB-EBRD-WB Enterprise Survey: Are companies in the Western Balkans prepared for another crisis?"</a>. <i>European Investment Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&rft.atitle=New+EIB-EBRD-WB+Enterprise+Survey%3A+Are+companies+in+the+Western+Balkans+prepared+for+another+crisis%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fall%2F2022-284-new-eib-ebrd-wb-enterprise-survey-are-companies-in-the-western-balkans-prepared-for-another-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statisticstimes.com/economy/united-states-vs-eu-economy.php">"Comparing United States and European Union by Economy - StatisticsTimes.com"</a>. <i>statisticstimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statisticstimes.com&rft.atitle=Comparing+United+States+and+European+Union+by+Economy+-+StatisticsTimes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatisticstimes.com%2Feconomy%2Funited-states-vs-eu-economy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/money/euro/index_en.htm">"EUROPA – The euro"</a>. <i>europa.eu</i>. 5 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft.atitle=EUROPA+%E2%80%93+The+euro&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Fabout-eu%2Fbasic-information%2Fmoney%2Feuro%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/euro/use-euro/euro-outside-euro-area_en">"The euro outside the euro area"</a>. <i>economy-finance.ec.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=economy-finance.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=The+euro+outside+the+euro+area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomy-finance.ec.europa.eu%2Feuro%2Fuse-euro%2Feuro-outside-euro-area_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_European_stock_exchanges_:0_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasdaqomxnordic.com/about_us">"ABOUT US"</a>. <i>Nasdaq</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nasdaq&rft.atitle=ABOUT+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasdaqomxnordic.com%2Fabout_us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en"><i>World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</i></a>. 2023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcc8166en">10.4060/cc8166en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138262-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138262-2"><bdi>978-92-5-138262-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2023+%7C+FAO+%7C+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcc8166en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-138262-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%3Fdetails%3Dcc8166en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbbnet.umn.edu/scmap/industrymap.html">"Industrialization Map - 1850"</a>. <i>mbbnet.umn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mbbnet.umn.edu&rft.atitle=Industrialization+Map+-+1850&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbbnet.umn.edu%2Fscmap%2Findustrymap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-survey-Govts-and-Fortune-500.pdf">"PDF-Human Rights Policies and Management Practices: Results from questionnaire surveys of Governments and Fortune Global 500 firms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF-Human+Rights+Policies+and+Management+Practices%3A+Results+from+questionnaire+surveys+of+Governments+and+Fortune+Global+500+firms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reports-and-materials.org%2FRuggie-survey-Govts-and-Fortune-500.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurope_Economics2011" class="citation web cs1">Europe Economics (6 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525100706/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/economic-research-and-information/research-publications/Pages/value-europes-international-financial-centres-to-eu.aspx">"The value of Europe's international financial centres to the EU economy"</a>. City of London and TheCityUK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/economic-research-and-information/research-publications/Pages/value-europes-international-financial-centres-to-eu.aspx">the original</a> on 25 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+value+of+Europe%27s+international+financial+centres+to+the+EU+economy&rft.pub=City+of+London+and+TheCityUK&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.au=Europe+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityoflondon.gov.uk%2Fbusiness%2Feconomic-research-and-information%2Fresearch-publications%2FPages%2Fvalue-europes-international-financial-centres-to-eu.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/587384/IPOL_BRI(2016)587384_EN.pdf">"Brexit: the United-Kingdom and EU financial services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Economic Governance Support Unit of the European Parliament. 9 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brexit%3A+the+United-Kingdom+and+EU+financial+services&rft.pub=Economic+Governance+Support+Unit+of+the+European+Parliament&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2FBRIE%2F2016%2F587384%2FIPOL_BRI%282016%29587384_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2017/december/approach-to-authorisation-and-supervision-of-international-banks-insurers-central-counterparties">"The Bank of England's approach to the authorisation and supervision of international banks, insurers and central counterparties"</a>. Bank of England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>The UK's financial sector also brings substantial benefits to EU households and firms, allowing them to access a broad range of services efficiently and reliably. UK-located banks underwrite around half of the debt and equity issued by EU companies. UK-located banks are counterparty to over half of the over-the-counter (OTC) interest rate derivatives traded by EU companies and banks. As many as 30 million EEA policyholders are insured through a UK-based insurer. Central counterparties (CCPs) located in the United Kingdom provide services to EU clients in a range of markets. UK-located asset managers account for 37% of all assets managed in Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bank+of+England%27s+approach+to+the+authorisation+and+supervision+of+international+banks%2C+insurers+and+central+counterparties&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2Fdecember%2Fapproach-to-authorisation-and-supervision-of-international-banks-insurers-central-counterparties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFCI-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFCI_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zyen.com/media/documents/GFCI_26_Report_v1.0.pdf">"The Global Financial Centres Index 26"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Long Finance. September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Financial+Centres+Index+26&rft.pub=Long+Finance&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zyen.com%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2FGFCI_26_Report_v1.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencebusiness.net/network-updates/new-eib-study-how-do-eu-and-us-firms-perceive-and-invest-climate-change">"New EIB study: How do EU and US firms perceive and invest in climate change?"</a>. <i>Science|Business</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science%7CBusiness&rft.atitle=New+EIB+study%3A+How+do+EU+and+US+firms+perceive+and+invest+in+climate+change%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencebusiness.net%2Fnetwork-updates%2Fnew-eib-study-how-do-eu-and-us-firms-perceive-and-invest-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC125544">"JRC Publications Repository"</a>. <i>publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu</i>. 23 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=JRC+Publications+Repository&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.jrc.ec.europa.eu%2Frepository%2Fhandle%2FJRC125544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20210107STO95112/covid-19-how-the-eu-can-help-small-businesses">"Covid-19: how the EU can help small businesses | News | European Parliament"</a>. <i>www.europarl.europa.eu</i>. 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Covid-19%3A+how+the+EU+can+help+small+businesses+%7C+News+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fheadlines%2Feconomy%2F20210107STO95112%2Fcovid-19-how-the-eu-can-help-small-businesses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esm.europa.eu/blog/savings-spending-fast-track-recovery">"From savings to spending: Fast track to recovery"</a>. <i>European Stability Mechanism</i>. 29 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Stability+Mechanism&rft.atitle=From+savings+to+spending%3A+Fast+track+to+recovery&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esm.europa.eu%2Fblog%2Fsavings-spending-fast-track-recovery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/14099842/2-11012022-AP-EN.pdf/58c38df5-e2d5-2f31-2967-3d08d7d23ccb">"First release for the third quarter of 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+release+for+the+third+quarter+of+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F2995521%2F14099842%2F2-11012022-AP-EN.pdf%2F58c38df5-e2d5-2f31-2967-3d08d7d23ccb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:122_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/662903/IPOL_STU(2021)662903_EN.pdf">"Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on EU industries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impacts+of+the+COVID-19+pandemic+on+EU+industries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2FSTUD%2F2021%2F662903%2FIPOL_STU%282021%29662903_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsaeurope.org/event/3rd-cohesion-policy-conf/">"Green, Digital, Inclusive and Fair: How can Cohesion Policy Rise to the New Territorial Challenges?"</a>. <i>RSA Europe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSA+Europe&rft.atitle=Green%2C+Digital%2C+Inclusive+and+Fair%3A+How+can+Cohesion+Policy+Rise+to+the+New+Territorial+Challenges%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsaeurope.org%2Fevent%2F3rd-cohesion-policy-conf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:632-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:632_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:632_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:632_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications-research/economics/surveys-data/eibis-cohesion-report-2021-2022.htm">"Regional Cohesion in Europe 2021-2022"</a>. <i>EIB.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EIB.org&rft.atitle=Regional+Cohesion+in+Europe+2021-2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications-research%2Feconomics%2Fsurveys-data%2Feibis-cohesion-report-2021-2022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/2246251c-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/2246251c-en">"Home"</a>. <i>www.oecd-ilibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oecd-ilibrary.org&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fsites%2F2246251c-en%2Findex.html%3FitemId%3D%2Fcontent%2Fcomponent%2F2246251c-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/cohesion7/7cr.pdf">"My Region, My Europe, Our Future - European Commission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Commission</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=My+Region%2C+My+Europe%2C+Our+Future+-+European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fregional_policy%2Fsources%2Fdocoffic%2Fofficial%2Freports%2Fcohesion7%2F7cr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eif.org/news_centre/publications/eif_wp_37_esbfo_dec16_final.pdf">"European Small Business Finance Outlook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>EIF</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EIF&rft.atitle=European+Small+Business+Finance+Outlook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eif.org%2Fnews_centre%2Fpublications%2Feif_wp_37_esbfo_dec16_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1153-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1153_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1153_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1153_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1153_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1153_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1153_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (11 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20220265-econ-eibis-2022-cesee"><i>EIB Investment Survey 2022 - CESEE overview</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5435-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5435-5"><bdi>978-92-861-5435-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EIB+Investment+Survey+2022+-+CESEE+overview&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5435-5&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20220265-econ-eibis-2022-cesee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bauer,_Aurélien_Genty" class="citation web cs1">Peter Bauer, Aurélien Genty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-07/ec_rtd_srip-2022-report-chapter-9.pdf">"INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE AND INVESTMENTS IN INTANGIBLE ASSETS DURING CRISES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDUSTRIAL+PERFORMANCE+AND+INVESTMENTS+IN+INTANGIBLE+ASSETS+DURING+CRISES&rft.au=Peter+Bauer%2C+Aur%C3%A9lien+Genty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2022-07%2Fec_rtd_srip-2022-report-chapter-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1782-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1782_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1782_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1782_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1782_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1782_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (12 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230285-econ-eibis-2023-eu"><i>EIB Investment Survey 2023 - European Union overview</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5609-0"><bdi>978-92-861-5609-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EIB+Investment+Survey+2023+-+European+Union+overview&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5609-0&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20230285-econ-eibis-2023-eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en">"Press corner"</a>. <i>European Commission - European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+-+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Press+corner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fhome%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-03/Communication_Long-term-competitiveness.pdf">"Long-term competitiveness of the EU: looking beyond 2030"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long-term+competitiveness+of+the+EU%3A+looking+beyond+2030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2023-03%2FCommunication_Long-term-competitiveness.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/stories/investment-offensive">"European investment offensive needed to keep up with US subsidies"</a>. <i>European Investment Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&rft.atitle=European+investment+offensive+needed+to+keep+up+with+US+subsidies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fstories%2Finvestment-offensive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1432-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1432_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1432_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (12 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230114-what-drives-firms-investment-in-climate-change"><i>What drives firms' investment in climate change? Evidence from the 2022-2023 EIB Investment Survey</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5537-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5537-6"><bdi>978-92-861-5537-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+drives+firms%27+investment+in+climate+change%3F+Evidence+from+the+2022-2023+EIB+Investment+Survey&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2023-04-12&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5537-6&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20230114-what-drives-firms-investment-in-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:195-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:195_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2024" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (7 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240004-investment-report-2023-key-findings"><i>EIB Investment Report 2023/2024 - Key Findings</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5741-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5741-7"><bdi>978-92-861-5741-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EIB+Investment+Report+2023%2F2024+-+Key+Findings&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5741-7&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20240004-investment-report-2023-key-findings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPricewaterhouseCoopers" class="citation web cs1">PricewaterhouseCoopers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwc.nl/en/insights-and-publications/services-and-industries/financial-sector/six-key-challenges-for-financial-institutions-to-deal-with-ESG-risks.html">"Six key challenges for financial institutions to deal with ESG risks"</a>. <i>PwC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PwC&rft.atitle=Six+key+challenges+for+financial+institutions+to+deal+with+ESG+risks&rft.au=PricewaterhouseCoopers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.nl%2Fen%2Finsights-and-publications%2Fservices-and-industries%2Ffinancial-sector%2Fsix-key-challenges-for-financial-institutions-to-deal-with-ESG-risks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bank, European Central (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2023/html/ecb.pr230607~7b025e4c73.en.html">"Survey on the Access to Finance of Enterprises: strong tightening in perceived financing conditions amid continued rise in turnover"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Survey+on+the+Access+to+Finance+of+Enterprises%3A+strong+tightening+in+perceived+financing+conditions+amid+continued+rise+in+turnover&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Fpress%2Fpr%2Fdate%2F2023%2Fhtml%2Fecb.pr230607~7b025e4c73.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=International_trade_in_goods_for_the_EU_-_an_overview">"International trade in goods for the EU - an overview"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=International+trade+in+goods+for+the+EU+-+an+overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fstatistics-explained%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_trade_in_goods_for_the_EU_-_an_overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2024" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (7 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240004-investment-report-2023-key-findings"><i>EIB Investment Report 2023/2024 - Key Findings</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5741-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5741-7"><bdi>978-92-861-5741-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EIB+Investment+Report+2023%2F2024+-+Key+Findings&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5741-7&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20240004-investment-report-2023-key-findings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (6 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230288-cesee-bls-2023-h2"><i>Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) Bank Lending Survey: Second half of 2023</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5622-9"><bdi>978-92-861-5622-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central%2C+Eastern+and+South-Eastern+Europe+%28CESEE%29+Bank+Lending+Survey%3A+Second+half+of+2023&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5622-9&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20230288-cesee-bls-2023-h2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (6 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230288-cesee-bls-2023-h2"><i>Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) Bank Lending Survey: Second half of 2023</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5622-9"><bdi>978-92-861-5622-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central%2C+Eastern+and+South-Eastern+Europe+%28CESEE%29+Bank+Lending+Survey%3A+Second+half+of+2023&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5622-9&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20230288-cesee-bls-2023-h2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:188-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:188_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2024" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (10 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230277-hidden-champions-missed-opportunities-mid-caps-crucial-role-in-europe-s-economic-transition"><i>Hidden champions, missed opportunities: Mid-caps' crucial role in Europe's economic transition</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5731-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5731-8"><bdi>978-92-861-5731-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+champions%2C+missed+opportunities%3A+Mid-caps%27+crucial+role+in+Europe%27s+economic+transition&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5731-8&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20230277-hidden-champions-missed-opportunities-mid-caps-crucial-role-in-europe-s-economic-transition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-08/Annual%20Report%20on%20European%20SMEs%202023_FINAL.pdf">"Annual Report on European SMEs 2022/2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+on+European+SMEs+2022%2F2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsingle-market-economy.ec.europa.eu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2023-08%2FAnnual%2520Report%2520on%2520European%2520SMEs%25202023_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/investment-report-2023-2024">"EIB Investment Report: Transforming for competitiveness"</a>. <i>European Investment Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&rft.atitle=EIB+Investment+Report%3A+Transforming+for+competitiveness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Finvestment-report-2023-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2024" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (7 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240004-investment-report-2023-key-findings"><i>EIB Investment Report 2023/2024 - Key Findings</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5741-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5741-7"><bdi>978-92-861-5741-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EIB+Investment+Report+2023%2F2024+-+Key+Findings&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5741-7&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20240004-investment-report-2023-key-findings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:194-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:194_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/plastic-pollution-is-growing-relentlessly-as-waste-management-and-recycling-fall-short.htm">"Plastic pollution is growing relentlessly as waste management and recycling fall short, says OECD"</a>. <i>www.oecd.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oecd.org&rft.atitle=Plastic+pollution+is+growing+relentlessly+as+waste+management+and+recycling+fall+short%2C+says+OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fplastic-pollution-is-growing-relentlessly-as-waste-management-and-recycling-fall-short.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1942-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1942_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/plastic-pollution-is-growing-relentlessly-as-waste-management-and-recycling-fall-short.htm">"Plastic pollution is growing relentlessly as waste management and recycling fall short, says OECD"</a>. <i>www.oecd.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oecd.org&rft.atitle=Plastic+pollution+is+growing+relentlessly+as+waste+management+and+recycling+fall+short%2C+says+OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fplastic-pollution-is-growing-relentlessly-as-waste-management-and-recycling-fall-short.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2024" class="citation web cs1">Hill, John (7 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army-technology.com/news/in-data-uas-market-projected-to-nearly-double-in-ten-years/">"In data: UAS market projected to nearly double in ten years"</a>. <i>Army Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Army+Technology&rft.atitle=In+data%3A+UAS+market+projected+to+nearly+double+in+ten+years&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.army-technology.com%2Fnews%2Fin-data-uas-market-projected-to-nearly-double-in-ten-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2024" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (23 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240238-econ-eibis-2024-eu"><i>EIB Investment Survey 2024 - European Union overview</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5793-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5793-6"><bdi>978-92-861-5793-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EIB+Investment+Survey+2024+-+European+Union+overview&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2024-10-23&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5793-6&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20240238-econ-eibis-2024-eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2024" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (23 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240238-econ-eibis-2024-eu"><i>EIB Investment Survey 2024 - European Union overview</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5793-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5793-6"><bdi>978-92-861-5793-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EIB+Investment+Survey+2024+-+European+Union+overview&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2024-10-23&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5793-6&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20240238-econ-eibis-2024-eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012190153/http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp">"World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>. 11 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp">the original</a> on 12 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+The+2008+Revision&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpp%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/technical_report_2007_3/download">"EU Technical Report 2007"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+Technical+Report+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Ftechnical_report_2007_3%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/04/aviation/worlds-busiest-airports/index.html">"World's busiest airports announced"</a>. <i>cnn.com</i>. 4 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnn.com&rft.atitle=World%27s+busiest+airports+announced&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2016%2F04%2F04%2Faviation%2Fworlds-busiest-airports%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729121951/www.eurocontrol.int/ses/public/standard_page/sk_ses.html">"The Single Europe Sky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Safety_of_Air_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation">European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation</a>. 13 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurocontrol.int/ses/public/standard_page/sk_ses.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Single+Europe+Sky&rft.pub=European+Organisation+for+the+Safety+of+Air+Navigation&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurocontrol.int%2Fses%2Fpublic%2Fstandard_page%2Fsk_ses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As regards the EU-China trade relations, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=629289">Paolo Farah</a> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=916768">Five Years of China's WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism</a>, Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Kluwer Law International, Volume 33, Number 3, pp. 263–304.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Europe" title="Template:Economy of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Economy of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andorra" title="Economy of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Monaco" title="Economy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_San_Marino" title="Economy of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia" title="Economy of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Abkhazia" title="Economy of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Economy of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Economy of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gibraltar" title="Economy of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Economy of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey" title="Economy of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Svalbard" title="Economy of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_America" title="Economy of North America">Economy of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Economy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Anguilla" title="Economy of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aruba" title="Economy of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bermuda" title="Economy of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Economy of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Economy of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Economy of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greenland" title="Economy of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Martinique" title="Economy of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montserrat" title="Economy of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Economy of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Economy of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_America" title="Economy of South America">Economy of South America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Economy of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_French_Guiana" title="Economy of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Asia" title="Economy of Asia">Economy of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bhutan" title="Economy of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Timor" title="Economy of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan" title="Economy of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Abkhazia" title="Economy of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Economy of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Economy of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&oldid=1255810084">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&oldid=1255810084</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Europe" title="Category:Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economies_by_continent" title="Category:Economies by continent">Economies by continent</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: URL">CS1 errors: URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2017">Articles needing additional references from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_January_2018" title="Category:EngvarB from January 2018">EngvarB from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2018">Use dmy dates from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 20:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Europe&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-njv8f","wgBackendResponseTime":207,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.307","walltime":"2.692","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41339,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":474391,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":58241,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":393685,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2258.972 1 -total"," 29.34% 662.785 3 Template:Excerpt"," 25.24% 570.130 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.12% 364.106 65 Template:Cite_web"," 13.90% 314.078 6 Template:Navbox"," 9.91% 223.785 103 Template:Iso2country"," 7.56% 170.891 1 Template:Economy_of_Europe"," 7.48% 169.022 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 6.50% 146.923 1 Template:Asia_in_topic"," 5.59% 126.224 49 Template:Flag"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.388","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8880377,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","400","23.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","320","18.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","17.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","100","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.5"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","2.4"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","40","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","40","2.4"],["newRawMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:175\u003E","40","2.4"],["[others]","300","17.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6bcd787d7f-ss9x9","timestamp":"20241126060302","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Economy of Europe","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_Europe","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2226947","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2226947","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-15T00:04:35Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T20:02:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cb\/Tour-eiffel.JPG","headline":"economy of the continent"}</script> </body> </html>