CINXE.COM

Philosophy Collections, Primary Sources, & Databases | Gale

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <title>Philosophy Collections, Primary Sources, &amp; Databases | Gale</title> <meta name="description" content="Gale provides useful resources for topics related to philosophy. Explore primary sources, collections, databases &amp; other publications."/> <meta name="keywords" content="philosophy collections, philosophy databases, philosophy primary sources"/> <link rel="canonical" href="/philosophy"/> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="gale.com"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Philosophy Collections, Primary Sources, &amp; Databases | Gale"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.gale.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/taxonomy/humanities--social-science/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/galewww%3Asmall"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Gale provides useful resources for topics related to philosophy. Explore primary sources, collections, databases &amp; other publications."/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Philosophy Collections, Primary Sources, &amp; Databases | Gale"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Gale provides useful resources for topics related to philosophy. Explore primary sources, collections, databases &amp; other publications."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.gale.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/taxonomy/humanities--social-science/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/galewww%3Asmall"/> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow"/> <link href="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/css/main.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//cdn.cengage.com/libs/bootstrap/img/favicon.png" type="image/x-icon" /> <script src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/modernizr-custom.js"></script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/old-ie.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link hreflang="en-ca" rel="alternate" href="https://www.gale.com/philosophy"/> <link hreflang="en-us" rel="alternate" href="https://www.gale.com/philosophy"/> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MCRG9V');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script id="globalLabels" type="application/json"> { "global.loader.loading.first.label": "loading...", "global.loader.loading.second.label": "Thank you for your patience. Still loading...", "global.loader.loading.third.label": "Sorry for the delay. This is taking longer than expected." } </script><div id="gale-global-loader"> <div> <span aria-label="Loading" color="#3942B0" role="img" class="css-1074t46"></span> <p id="gale-global-loader-message"></p> </div> </div> <style> #gale-global-loader { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); z-index: 9999; display: none; justify-content: center; align-items: center; } .css-1074t46 { animation: 0.75s linear 0s infinite normal none running spinner-border; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: white transparent white white; border-image: initial; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; height: 48px; width: 48px; margin: auto; display: block; } #gale-global-loader p { color: white; margin-top: 24px; font-size: 12px; font-family: monospace; } @keyframes spinner-border { 100% { transform: rotate(360deg); } } </style></head> <body> <div data-catalog="pages_en_us" data-item-name="Subject Matter: Philosophy" data-item-id="0874d482-c487-4aec-9dbd-f23c145c9696" style="display:none;" id="brsm-data"> </div> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MCRG9V" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/shared.js"></script> <script src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/init.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <!-- This is from the base-banner --> <!-- showBanner do 'not have a value' --> <header class="c-header" data-component="header-component" > <a class="c-header__logo" data-component="header-logo" href="https://www.gale.com"> <img class="c-header__logo-image" src="/binaries/content/gallery/header/gale-logo-19-07-22.png?ts=17022025" alt="Gale - A Cengage Company" width="200" height="60"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="206" height="70" viewBox="0 0 206 70"> <clipPath id="logo-clip-mask"> <path d="M0,0 L0,66 C86.5,66 132.6,66 138.3,66 C146.7,66 152.9,59.7 152.9,59.7 C158.4,53.7 193.8,8.9 196.7,5.5 C199,2.9 202.1,1 206,0 L0,0 Z"></path> </clipPath> </svg> </a> <div class="c-header__top-items" data-component="search-box-parent"> <div class="c-header__top-item is-search" data-component="search-button"> <button class="c-header__top-button"> <span class="sr-only">Search Button</span> <span class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </div> <div class="c-header__top-item is-menu" data-component="menu"> <button class="c-header__top-button hamburger hamburger--squeeze" data-component="hamburger-button" type="button" aria-label="Menu" aria-controls="navigation"> <span class="hamburger-box"> <span class="hamburger-inner"></span> </span> </button> </div> <div class="c-header__search-box c-search-box c-search-box--mobile" data-suggest-api="https://suggest.dxpapi.com/api/v2/suggest/?account_id=6454&auth_key=kx3j8og1xe50q9ph&request_id=1234567890099&url=www.gale.com&ref_url=www.gale.com&catalog_views=gale&domain_key=gale" data-component="search-box" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <div class="c-search-box__small-logo"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Logos" width="66" height="20"> </div> <div class="c-search-box__field"> <form autocomplete="off" method="get" action="/s" novalidate> <input class="c-search-box__input" type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search" autocomplete="off" data-component="search-input"> </form> <div class="c-search-box__suggest-panel" data-component="suggest-panel"> <div class="c-search-box__suggest-panel-tabs"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="c-header__main-nav main-nav" data-component="main-nav" aria-expanded="false" role="navigation" data-is-active="false"> <ul class="main-nav__menu"> <li class="main-nav__menu-item" data-is-active="false"> <div class="main-nav__section"> <span class="main-nav__section-text">About</span> <span class="main-nav__section-icon icon icon-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> <ul class="main-nav__submenu" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/about" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale">About Gale</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://blog.gale.com" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale > Blog">Blog</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/newsroom" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale > Press Center">Press Center</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/subscribe" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale > Subscribe">Subscribe</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/open-access" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > About Gale > Get Open Access">Get Open Access</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions">Academic Institutions</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/digital-scholar-lab" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions > Digital Scholar Lab">Digital Scholar Lab</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gale-research-complete" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions > Gale Research Complete">Gale Research Complete</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions > Primary Sources">Primary Sources</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/gale-research-showcase" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Academic Institutions > Gale Research Showcase">Gale Research Showcase</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/schools" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators">School Educators</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com//schools/classroom" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators > Classroom Learning Essentials">Classroom Learning Essentials</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/databases/gale-in-context/english-language-arts" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators > English Language Arts">English Language Arts</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/databases/gale-in-context/social-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators > Social Studies">Social Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks/schools/professional-development" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > School Educators > Professional Learning">Professional Learning</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Public Libraries">Public Libraries</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/public/adult-online-learning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Public Libraries > Adult Online Learning">Adult Online Learning</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/databases/gale-business" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Public Libraries > Business">Business</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/kindergarten-readiness" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Public Libraries > Kindergarten Readiness">Kindergarten Readiness</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Other">Other</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/thorndike" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Other > Thorndike Press">Thorndike Press</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/statewide-programs" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Other > Statewide Programs">Statewide Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/special" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="About > Other > Special Libraries">Special Libraries</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__menu-item" data-is-active="false"> <div class="main-nav__section"> <span class="main-nav__section-text">Products</span> <span class="main-nav__section-icon icon icon-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> <ul class="main-nav__submenu" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/databases" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases">Databases</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/databases/gale-in-context" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > Gale In Context">Gale In Context</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gale-research-complete" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > Gale Research Complete">Gale Research Complete</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/c/academic-onefile" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > Academic OneFile">Academic OneFile</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/c/business-plan-builder-academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > Gale Business: Plan Builder">Gale Business: Plan Builder</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/c/chilton-library" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > ChiltonLibrary">ChiltonLibrary</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=products&amp;keys=product-category___databases" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases > View All">View All</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources">Primary Sources</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gale-accelerate" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > Gale Accelerate">Gale Accelerate</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/digital-scholar-lab" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > Gale Digital Scholar Lab">Gale Digital Scholar Lab</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/womens-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > Women's Studies Archive">Women's Studies Archive</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/political-extremism-and-radicalism" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > Political Extremism and Radicalism">Political Extremism and Radicalism</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=products&amp;keys=product-category___primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources > View All">View All</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print">eBooks & Print</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks/academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > Academic Institutions">Academic Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks/schools" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > School Educators">School Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > Public Libraries">Public Libraries</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=ebooks&amp;mediaType=Print" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > Print Reference">Print Reference</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=ebooks" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks & Print > View All">View All</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/elearning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning">eLearning</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/elearning/excel-adult-high-school" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning > Excel Adult High School">Excel Adult High School</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/elearning/petersons-test-and-career-suite" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning > Peterson's Test and Career Prep">Peterson's Test and Career Prep</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/elearning/miss-humblebees-academy/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning > Miss Humblebee's Academy">Miss Humblebee's Academy</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/public/adult-online-learning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning > Adult Learning Suite">Adult Learning Suite</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__menu-item" data-is-active="false"> <div class="main-nav__section"> <span class="main-nav__section-text">Subjects</span> <span class="main-nav__section-icon icon icon-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> <ul class="main-nav__submenu" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/business-industry-and-finance" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance">Business Industry & Finance</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/careers-and-occupations" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Careers and Occupations">Careers and Occupations</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/economics" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Economics">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/finance" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Finance">Finance</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/industries-and-companies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Industries and Companies">Industries and Companies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/marketing" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Business Industry & Finance > Marketing">Marketing</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/education" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education">Education</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/educational-methods-and-issues" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education > Educational Method & Issues">Educational Method & Issues</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/higher-education" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education > Higher Education">Higher Education</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/instructional-content" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education > Instructional Content">Instructional Content</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/library-and-information-science" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Education > Library and Information Science">Library and Information Science</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/health-and-medicine" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine">Heath & Medicine</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/health-care" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine > Health Care">Health Care</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/human-anatomy" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine > Human Anatomy">Human Anatomy</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/medical-science-and-research" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine > Medical Science and Research">Medical Science and Research</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="/wellness" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Heath & Medicine > Wellness">Wellness</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History">History</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/biography" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/british-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > British History">British History</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/canadian-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Canadian History">Canadian History</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/legal-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Legal History">Legal History</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/military-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Military History">Military History</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/native-american-history" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > History > Native American History">Native American History</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/humanities-and-social-sciences" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences">Humanities & Social Sciences</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/communication-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Communication Studies">Communication Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/criminal-justice" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Criminal Justice">Criminal Justice</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/current-issues" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Current Issues">Current Issues</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/environmental-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Environmental Studies">Environmental Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gender-and-womens-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Gender and Women’s Studies">Gender and Women’s Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/international-relations" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > International Relations">International Relations</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/multicultural-and-regional-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Multicultural/Regional Studies">Multicultural/Regional Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/philosophy" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Humanities & Social Sciences > Philosophy">Philosophy</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/interests-and-hobbies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies">Interests & Hobbies</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/antiques" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Antiques">Antiques</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/arts-and-crafts" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Arts & Crafts">Arts & Crafts</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/automotive-repair" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Automotive Repair">Automotive Repair</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/culinary-arts" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Culinary Arts">Culinary Arts</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/gardening-and-horticulture" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Gardening & Horticulture">Gardening & Horticulture</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/home-improvement" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Home Improvement">Home Improvement</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/sports-and-recreation" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Sports & Recreation">Sports & Recreation</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/teen-interest-and-issues" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Interests & Hobbies > Teen Interest & Issues">Teen Interest & Issues</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/legal-studies" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Legal Studies">Legal Studies</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/criminal-justice-resources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Legal Studies > Criminal Justice">Criminal Justice</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/law" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Legal Studies > Law">Law</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/legal-issues" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Legal Studies > Legal Issues">Legal Issues</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/literature" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature">Literature</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/american-literature" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > American Literature">American Literature</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/authors" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > Authors">Authors</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/bibliography" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > Bibliography">Bibliography</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/british-literature" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > British Literature">British Literature</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/world-literature" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Literature > World Literature">World Literature</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="https://www.gale.com/science-and-technology" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology">Science & Technology</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/agriculture" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Agriculture">Agriculture</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/astronomy" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Astronomy">Astronomy</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/chemistry-resources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Chemistry">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/computing-and-information-science" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Computing and Information">Computing and Information</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/earth-science" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Earth Science">Earth Science</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/history-of-science-and-technology" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > History of Science and Technology">History of Science and Technology</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/mathematics" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Mathematics">Mathematics</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/nanotechnology" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/physics" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Subjects > Science & Technology > Physics">Physics</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__menu-item" data-is-active="false"> <div class="main-nav__section"> <span class="main-nav__section-text">Support</span> <span class="main-nav__section-icon icon icon-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> <ul class="main-nav__submenu" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources">Resources</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/accessibility" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com//discovery-services" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Discovery">Discovery</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://support.gale.com/products" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Product Support">Product Support</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://support.gale.com/training" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Training Center">Training Center</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://support.gale.com/marketing" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Marketing Materials">Marketing Materials</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/academic/outreach-engagement" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Resources > Academic Outreach & Engagement Team">Academic Outreach & Engagement Team</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Customer Support">Customer Support</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.gale.com/help" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Customer Support > Request Support">Request Support</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Customer Support > Monday - Friday, 8am - 5pm EST">Monday - Friday, 8am - 5pm EST</a> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Customer Support > 800.877.4253, option 2">800.877.4253, option 2</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="main-nav__submenu-item main-nav__submenu-item--max-height"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-section" href="#" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Find Your Rep">Find Your Rep</a> <ul class="main-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="main-nav__submenu-list-item"> <a class="main-nav__submenu-list-link" href="https://www.cengage.com/repfinder/gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Utility Nav" data-wa-event-label="Support > Find Your Rep > Gale Repfinder">Gale Repfinder</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="main-nav__nav-utility-buttons" data-component="search-box-parent"> <div class="main-nav__nav-utility-button" > <a class="aButton aButton--secondary aButton--medium" href="https://myaccount.gale.com/auth/login?destinationUrl=http://www.gale.com/philosophy" /> Sign In </a> <a class="aButton aButton--secondary aButton--medium aButton--outlined" href="https://myaccount.gale.com/p/registration" /> Register </a> </div> <div class="c-header__search-box c-search-box c-search-box--desktop" data-suggest-api="https://suggest.dxpapi.com/api/v2/suggest/?account_id=6454&auth_key=kx3j8og1xe50q9ph&request_id=1234567890099&url=www.gale.com&ref_url=www.gale.com&catalog_views=gale&domain_key=gale" data-component="search-box" aria-expanded="false" data-is-active="false"> <div class="c-search-box__small-logo"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Logos" width="66" height="20"> </div> <div class="c-search-box__field"> <form autocomplete="off" method="get" action="/s" novalidate> <input class="c-search-box__input" type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search" autocomplete="off" data-component="search-input"> <button class="c-search-box__icon-button" data-component="search-button"> <span class="c-search-box__icon-button-maginify" aria-hidden="true"> <svg width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M12.266 12.266c1.053-1.054 1.58-2.322 1.58-3.804 0-1.483-.527-2.75-1.58-3.805-1.054-1.053-2.322-1.58-3.804-1.58-1.483 0-2.75.527-3.805 1.58-1.053 1.054-1.58 2.322-1.58 3.805 0 1.482.527 2.75 1.58 3.804 1.054 1.053 2.322 1.58 3.805 1.58 1.482 0 2.75-.527 3.804-1.58Zm7.29 5.114c.296.296.444.657.444 1.082 0 .416-.152.777-.457 1.081a1.478 1.478 0 0 1-1.081.457c-.433 0-.794-.152-1.082-.457l-4.123-4.11c-1.434.993-3.033 1.49-4.795 1.49a8.314 8.314 0 0 1-3.288-.667 8.46 8.46 0 0 1-2.704-1.803A8.46 8.46 0 0 1 .667 11.75 8.314 8.314 0 0 1 0 8.462C0 7.316.222 6.22.667 5.174A8.46 8.46 0 0 1 2.47 2.47 8.46 8.46 0 0 1 5.174.667 8.314 8.314 0 0 1 8.462 0c1.145 0 2.241.222 3.287.667a8.46 8.46 0 0 1 2.704 1.803 8.46 8.46 0 0 1 1.803 2.704 8.314 8.314 0 0 1 .667 3.288c0 1.762-.497 3.36-1.49 4.795l4.122 4.123Z"/> </svg> </span> </button> </form> <div class="c-search-box__suggest-panel" data-component="suggest-panel"> <div class="c-search-box__suggest-panel-tabs"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel" is-expanded="false" aria-expanded="false" data-component="login-panel"> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel-container"> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel-form-container"> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel-title"> Sign in to your Gale Account </div> </div> <div class="main-nav__desktop-utility-panel-helpers"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-nav__mobile-login-panel p-mobile-login-panel" is-active="false" data-component="mobile-login-panel"> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__container container"> <a href="javascript:;" class="p-mobile-login-panel__cancel"> <i class="p-mobile-login-panel__cancel-icon fa fa-angle-left"></i> <span>Cancel</span> </a> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__section p-mobile-login-panel__section--form"> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__head"> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__title"> Sign in to your Gale Account </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-mobile-login-panel__footer"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <!-- International Modal --> <div class="modal fade international-modal" id="InternationalModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby=""> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document" style="max-width:480px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <!-- Variable countryRegion is set --> <!-- countryRegion.region: uk --> <!-- resolvedMountAlias: us --> <h3>Welcome to Gale North America</h3> <!-- LOG: popupData2 Singapore --> <!-- LOG: TOKEN ##a foreign country## --> <p>You appear to be visiting us from <a href="/intl">Singapore</a>.<br/><br/>Please head to Gale International site if you are located outside of North America. If you are located in the USA or Canada please visit the Gale North American site.</p> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="International-btn"> <!-- var key thorndike :: regionDict[key] https://www.gale.com/thorndike/philosophy --> <!-- var key pt :: regionDict[key] https://www.gale.com/pt/philosophy --> <!-- var key jp :: regionDict[key] https://www.gale.com/jp/philosophy --> <!-- var key uk :: regionDict[key] https://www.gale.com/intl/philosophy --> <!-- var key cn :: regionDict[key] https://www.gale.com/cn/philosophy --> <!-- var key es :: regionDict[key] https://www.gale.com/es/philosophy --> <!-- var key us :: regionDict[key] https://www.gale.com/philosophy --> <!-- K: Gale International V: uk --> <a href="https://www.gale.com/intl/philosophy" class="btn green-btn btn-block" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region','uk','www.gale.com','/',256); return true;"><small>Continue to</small><br> Gale International</a> <div class="small"></div> <!-- K: Gale North America V: us --> <!-- K: Gale Latin America V: es --> <!-- K: Gale CHINA V: cn --> <!-- K: Gale BRAZIL V: pt --> <!-- K: Gale JAPAN V: jp --> </div> <div class="International-btn"> <a href="#x" data-dismiss="modal" class="btn green-btn green-btn--transparent btn-block" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region','us','www.gale.com','/',256); return true;"> <small>Stay at</small><br> Gale North America</a> <div class="small"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- including a global error message --> <div class="c-modal modal fade" id="modal-ecommerce-error" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="modal-ecommerce-error-label" aria-hidden="true"> <script id="commerceMessages" type="application/json"> { "label.addtocart.message.0": "Product(s) added to the cart successfully. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/cart'>Cart</a>", "label.addtocart.message.1": "Error adding to cart. Please try again or contact our Customer Experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.addtocart.message.2": "Invalid or Expired Token, please logout and login again.", "label.addtocart.message.3": "There is an issue adding the products selected to your cart or wish list. Please contact our customer experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.addtocart.message.4": "Only 100 products can be ordered at a time. Please create a new order for any additional products, or contact gale.customerexperience@cengage.com.", "label.addtocart.message.5": "Invalid StorefrontID or Empty StorefrontID", "label.addtocart.message.6": "There was an error adding these products to the cart, Invalid ISBN - %1", "label.addtocart.message.7": "Failed to add, Cannot add more than 20 items", "label.addtocart.message.8": "Session expired, please refresh the page and sign in again.", "label.addtocart.message.9": "There was an error adding these products to the cart - %1%2", "label.addtocart.message.10": "%1 Product(s) have been added to your cart but %2 have been backordered and will be fulfilled when stock is available %3. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/cart'>Cart</a>", "label.addtocart.message.11": "Products have been added to your cart but this %1 have been backordered and will be fulfilled when stock is available %2. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/cart'>Cart</a>", "label.addtocart.message.12": "Products weren't added to the cart, error on these products - %1%2", "label.addtocart.message.13": "You can't add more than 1000 products per order %1", "label.addtowishlist.message.0": "Product(s) added to the wish list successfully. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/wishlist'>Wish List</a>", "label.addtowishlist.message.1": "Error adding to wish list, please try again or contact our Customer Experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.addtowishlist.message.2": "Invalid or Expired Token, please logout and login again.", "label.addtowishlist.message.3": "There is an issue adding the products selected to your cart or wish list. Please contact our customer experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.addtowishlist.message.4": "???label.addtowishlist.message.4???", "label.addtowishlist.message.5": "Invalid StorefrontID or Empty StorefrontID", "label.addtowishlist.message.6": "There was an error adding these products to the wish list, Invalid ISBN - %1", "label.addtowishlist.message.7": "Failed to add, Cannot add more than 20 items", "label.addtowishlist.message.8": "Session expired, please refresh the page and sign in again.", "label.addtowishlist.message.9": "There was an error adding these products to the wish list - %1", "label.addtowishlist.message.10": "Product(s) added to the wish list successfully. See your <a href='https://myaccount.gale.com/wishlist'>Wish List</a>", "label.cartcount.message.0": "CartCount Success", "label.cartcount.message.1": "Error in SAP Service, please try again or contact our Customer Experience team at 1-800-877-4253 or <a href='mailto:gale.customerexperience@cengage.com' >gale.customerexperience@cengage.com</a> for help completing your order.", "label.cartcount.message.2": "Invalid GUID/ Empty GUID", "label.login.message.0": "Login success", "label.login.message.1": "Login Failed, invalid username or password.", "label.general.header": "ATTENTION" } </script> <div class="c-modal__dialog modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="c-modal__content modal-content"> <div class="c-modal__header modal-header"> <h5 class="c-modal__title modal-title" id="modal-ecommerce-error-label"> Error </h5> <button type="button" class="c-modal__close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span class="sr-only"> Close Modal </span> <span class="c-modal__close-icon" aria-hidden="true">&times;</span> </button> </div> <div class="c-modal__body modal-body"> <div class="c-modal__description"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <header class="ps-shell"> <!--<div class="row">--> <section class="banner" > <div class="ps-header"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-8"> <div class="row"> <h1><strong>Humanities and Social Sciences</strong></h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row ps-header-row"> <div class="col-sm-4 text-uppercase"> <div class="row"> <h2 class="text-uppercase gale-h2">Philosophy</h2> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-8"> <p>Gale provides useful resources for&nbsp;philosophy&nbsp;research.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ps-banner"> <picture> <!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/taxonomy/humanities--social-science/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/galewww%3Alarge"> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/taxonomy/humanities--social-science/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/galewww%3Amedium"> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/taxonomy/humanities--social-science/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/galewww%3Asmall"> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/taxonomy/humanities--social-science/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/taxonomy_philosophy_banner.jpg/galewww%3Alarge"> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img alt="banner image image of person star gazing" width="100%" height="700" class="img-responsive"> </picture> </div> <section> <!--</div>--> </header> <section class="jumbogale jumbogale--no-padding-top jumbogale--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="simple-content-block" > <div style="line-height:50%;">&nbsp;</div> <p style="text-align:center"><strong><a href="https://www.gale.com/humanities-and-social-sciences">Humanities and Social Sciences</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/art-and-music">Art and Music</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/communication-studies">Communication Studies</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/criminal-justice">Criminal Justice</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/current-issues">Current Issues</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/demographics">Demographics</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/environmental-studies">Environmental Studies</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/gender-and-womens-studies">Gender and Women’s Studies</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/geography">Geography</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/international-relations">International Relations</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/language">Language</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/multicultural-and-regional-studies">Multicultural and Regional Studies</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/politics-and-government">Politics and Government&nbsp;</a> &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/popular-culture">Popular Culture</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/religion-and-mythology">Religion and Mythology</a>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/social-sciences">Social Sciences</a></strong></p> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="simple-content-block" > <h1 style="color:#003865;"><strong>Philosophy</strong></h1> <p>Study the depths of the discipline of philosophy, which is the critical, normally systematic study of an unlimited range of ideas and issues using rational arguments. Philosophy tackles weighty issues such as the nature of existence, knowledge, language, mind, reason, and values. Philosophy is traditionally broken down into five categories: epistemology, ethics, logic, metaphysics, and the history of philosophy.</p> <p>Epistemology concerns the nature and scope of knowledge and justification.</p> <p>Ethics is the philosophical study of morality, particularly conceived as a set of standards of right and wrong conduct.</p> <p>Logic focuses on providing sound methods for distinguishing valid from invalid arguments. Logic helps us to assess how well our premises support our conclusions, to discover assumptions we didn’t know we were making, to formulate the minimum claims we must establish if we are to prove our point, and to avoid adopting positions for which we lack supporting reasons.</p> <p>Metaphysics seeks basic criteria for determining what sorts of things are real. Central to metaphysics is ontology, a branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being. Metaphysics traditionally also includes cosmology, which is concerned with the nature of the universe, tackling such issues as whether the universe is infinite and the nature of time.</p> <p>The history of philosophy examines the major philosophers, including their influence on each other, and major periods in the development of philosophy. The history of philosophy in a single nation (e.g., American philosophy), major movements within a nation (e.g., German idealism), and international movements with a substantial history (e.g., existentialism, logical positivism, phenomenology) are also included in this branch.</p> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white main-section--no-padding-top"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="col-sm-12 text-center"><a href="/contact-your-rep" class="btn green-btn"> <i class="icon icon-comments "> </i> Contact my rep </a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/" class="btn green-btn"> <i class="icon icon-binoculars "> </i> Find resources at my library</span></a> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="simple-content-block" > <h1 style="color:#003865;"><strong>Philosophy Resources</strong></h1> <p>Gale provides&nbsp;philosophy collections&nbsp;that support research for both high school and university students with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/philosophy#databases">databases</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/philosophy#primary-source-archives">primary source archives</a>,&nbsp;and <a href="https://www.gale.com/philosophy#ebooks">eBooks</a>.</p> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="simple-content-block" id="databases"> <h2>Databases</h2> <p><a href="https://www.gale.com/databases">Gale databases</a>&nbsp;offer these philosophy databases to support research.</p> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="col-xs-offset-1 col-sm-offset-0" > <div class="col-xs-offset-1 col-xs-10 col-sm-offset-0 col-sm-6 col-md-7"> <div class="prime-box"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/c/onefile-religion-and-philosophy" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Gale OneFile: Religion and Philosophy" > <img src="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/databases/infotrac/databases_infotrac_religionphilosophy_banner_1400_650_72.jpg" alt="" height="320" width="100%" class="img-responsive"> <h3 >Gale OneFile: Religion and Philosophy</h3> <p>This database provides access to a comprehensive collection of periodical content covering topics across a wide range of philosophies and religions. Readers can learn about famous philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Immanuel Kant, Søren Kierkegaard, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Users can access full-text journal articles from such notable scholarly sources as the&nbsp;<em>American Journal of Theology &amp; Philosophy</em>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<em>Review of Metaphysics</em>, among hundreds of other scholarly journals.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Learn more &raquo;</button> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-offset-1 col-xs-10 col-sm-offset-0 col-sm-6 col-md-5"> <div> <a href="https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-college" class="second-box clearfix" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Gale In Context: College"> <h4 style="color:#ffffff;"> Gale In Context: College</h4> <p>Go beyond the textbook with this database, which offers full-text interdisciplinary content that reinforces the development of skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, collaboration, creativity, and innovation. Thorough indexing ensures that search results will bring back relevant journal articles, book reviews, book chapters, bibliographic citations, biographies, and primary sources.</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="simple-content-block" id="primary-source-archives"> <h2>Primary Source Archives</h2> <p><em><a href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources">Gale Primary Sources</a></em>&nbsp;contains full-text philosophy primary sources that provide researchers with primary source content, including historical documents, printed works, and news articles.</p> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="col-xs-offset-1 col-sm-offset-0" > <div class="col-xs-offset-1 col-xs-10 col-sm-offset-0 col-sm-6 col-md-7"> <div class="prime-box"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/c/early-arabic-printed-books-sciences-history-and-geography" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Early Arabic Printed Books from the British Library: Sciences, History, and Geography" > <picture> <!--[if IE 9]> <video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 900px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/primary-sources/early-arabic-printed-books-from-the-british-library/gps_eapb_sciences_academic_banner.jpg/gps_eapb_sciences_academic_banner.jpg/galewww%3Atile"/> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/primary-sources/early-arabic-printed-books-from-the-british-library/gps_eapb_sciences_academic_banner.jpg/gps_eapb_sciences_academic_banner.jpg/galewww%3Asmall"/> <source srcset="/binaries/content/gallery/gale-us-en/banners/primary-sources/early-arabic-printed-books-from-the-british-library/gps_eapb_sciences_academic_banner.jpg/gps_eapb_sciences_academic_banner.jpg/galewww%3Atile"/> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img alt="" class="img-responsive" width="100%" height="100%"> </picture> <h3 >Early Arabic Printed Books from the British Library: Sciences, History, and Geography</h3> <p>The collection&nbsp;<em>Early Arabic Printed Books from the British Library: Sciences, History, and Geography</em>&nbsp;is a full-text searchable archive of early Arabic printed books on medicine and physiology, classical sciences, mathematics, astrology, chemistry, natural history, philosophy, logic and ethics, politics, history and genealogy, biography, travel, geography, and much more. This collection presents the range of Arab learning that influenced the scholarship and scientific development in Europe through the Middle Ages and Early Modern period.</p> <button class="btn btn-link">Learn more &raquo;</button> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-offset-1 col-xs-10 col-sm-offset-0 col-sm-6 col-md-5"> <div class="has-edit-button"></div> <div> <a href="https://www.gale.com/c/ncco-religion-reform-and-society" data-wa-event-category="PromoLink" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Nineteenth Century Collections Online: Religion, Reform, and Society" class="second-box clearfix" > <h4 style="color:#ffffff;"> Nineteenth Century Collections Online: Religion, Reform, and Society</h4> <p>The collection&nbsp;<em>Nineteenth Century Collections Online: Religion, Reform, and Society</em>&nbsp;examines the influence of both faith and skepticism on the shaping of many aspects of society—politics, law, economics, and social and radical reform movements.</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="simple-content-block" id="ebooks"> <h2>Gale eBooks</h2> <p>Gale offers a variety of eBooks covering a wide range of philosophy publications, including theism, atheism, feminism, and more. Users can add&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks"><em>Gale eBooks</em></a>&nbsp;to a customized collection and cross-search to pinpoint relevant content.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gale.com/empower-access">Workflow tools</a>&nbsp;help users easily share, save, and download content.</p> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <section class="accordion" accordion-init > <ul class="accordion__list"> <li class="accordion__item"> <a href="javascript:;" class="accordion__button" data-wa-event-category="Accordion" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Narratives and the Role of Philosophy in Cross-Disciplinary Studies: Emerging Research and Opportunities, 1st Edition"> <span class="accordion__title">Narratives and the Role of Philosophy in Cross-Disciplinary Studies: Emerging Research and Opportunities, 1st Edition</span> <span class="accordion__titleArrow"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg> </span> </a> <div class="accordion__panel"> <span class="accordion__simple-content"> <p><strong>Narratives and the Role of Philosophy in Cross-Disciplinary Studies: Emerging Research and Opportunities, 1<sup>st</sup> Edition</strong></p> <p>Information Science Reference&nbsp;| 2018 | ISBN-13: 9781522555735</p> <p>Every life has certain moments that define it. Going beyond the day-to-day norms of living, these life experiences have a profound effect on the person and the life lived. This title is a critical scholarly research publication that focuses on the multidisciplinary aspects of philosophy. Featuring coverage on a wide range of topics such as life-changing events, exemplary figures, and the role of philosophy, this book is geared toward academicians, researchers, and students seeking current and relevant research on the importance of narrative in a multidisciplinary investigation into the identity of people and events.</p> <p><a href="https://www.gale.com/contact-your-rep?utm_source=taxonomy_utm_medium=web&amp;utm_campaign=got201279335&amp;utm_content=9780128128503">Contact my sales rep &gt;&gt;</a></p> </span> </div> </li> <li class="accordion__item"> <a href="javascript:;" class="accordion__button" data-wa-event-category="Accordion" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Philosophy: Feminism, 1st Edition"> <span class="accordion__title">Philosophy: Feminism, 1st Edition</span> <span class="accordion__titleArrow"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg> </span> </a> <div class="accordion__panel"> <span class="accordion__simple-content"> <p><strong>Philosophy: Feminism, 1<sup>st</sup> Edition</strong></p> <p>Macmillan Reference USA&nbsp;| 2018 | ISBN-13: 9780028663432</p> <p>This title&nbsp;is composed of 16 chapters covering such topics as human nature, intersectionality, sexism and oppression, LGBTQ theory, ecofeminism, and power. The use of film, literature, art, case studies, and other disciplines or situations/events provide illustrations of human experiences that work as gateways to questions philosophers try to address. Chapters are written by eminent scholars, are peer reviewed, and offer bibliographies to encourage further exploration. Photos and line art help illuminate the text. The volume concludes with a glossary and a comprehensive index.</p> <p><a href="https://www.gale.com/contact-your-rep?utm_source=taxonomy_utm_medium=web&amp;utm_campaign=got201279335&amp;utm_content=9780128128503">Contact my sales rep &gt;&gt;</a></p> </span> </div> </li> <li class="accordion__item"> <a href="javascript:;" class="accordion__button" data-wa-event-category="Accordion" data-wa-event-name="Navigate" data-wa-event-label="Theism and Atheism: Opposing Arguments in Philosophy, 1st Edition"> <span class="accordion__title">Theism and Atheism: Opposing Arguments in Philosophy, 1st Edition</span> <span class="accordion__titleArrow"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg> </span> </a> <div class="accordion__panel"> <span class="accordion__simple-content"> <p><strong>Theism and Atheism: Opposing Arguments in Philosophy, 1<sup>st</sup> Edition</strong></p> <p>Macmillan Reference USA&nbsp;| 2019 | ISBN-13: 9780028664460</p> <p><em>Theism and Atheism: Opposing Arguments in Philosophy</em>&nbsp;is a peer-reviewed, academic volume that has two separate editors in chief with their respective editorial boards. The atheism side is led by Graham Oppy (Australian philosopher, Monash University). The theism side is led by Joseph W. Koterski, S.J. (American philosopher, Fordham University) and includes Christian, Jewish, and Muslim philosophers.<br /> <br /> The two editorial boards worked together to identify 20 key topics in philosophical debates regarding arguments for and against the existence of God (e.g., religious experience, miracles, our universe, human beings, science and religion, etc.). The single volume is split into 40 total topics. The format is such that an author taking the side of theism, for example, composes a chapter on a topic, followed by an atheism author covering the same topic.<br /> <br /> The title presents complex philosophical counter perspectives in a lucid manner. It grapples with issues that have occupied philosophers for more than two millennia. These include the sufficiency/insufficiency of an empirical explanation for the existence of the universe; the capacity/incapacity of the empirical sciences to draw conclusions about a possible infinite being; the validity/invalidity of philosophical arguments regarding the existence of an infinite being; various notions of infinity; the “problem of evil;” and so on.</p> <p><a href="https://www.gale.com/contact-your-rep?utm_source=taxonomy_utm_medium=web&amp;utm_campaign=got201279335&amp;utm_content=9780128128503">Contact my sales rep &gt;&gt;</a></p> </span> </div> </li> </ul> </section> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section main-section--no-padding-top main-section--no-padding-bottom"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="simple-content-block" > <div style="line-height:150%;">&nbsp;</div> <h3 style="text-align:center"><strong><a href="https://www.gale.com/subject-matter">Browse more subjects&nbsp;&gt;&gt;</a></strong></h3> <div style="line-height:150%;">&nbsp;</div> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <section class="main-section gale-section color-cell-white"> <div class="container"> <!--<div class="row">--> <div class="simple-content-block" > <h2 style="text-align:center;"><strong></strong><span style="color: #669933">Resources to Boost Your Research</span></h2> <p style="text-align:center">From trending social issues to classic literature, Gale resources have you covered. Explore overviews, statistics, essay topics, and more or log in through your library to find even more content.</p> <p style="text-align:center"><a href="https://www.gale.com/open-access">Access topics &gt;&gt;</a></p> </div> <!--</div>--> </div> </section> <footer class="gale-footer"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="gale-footer__head row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="dropdown pull-left"> <h3 class="gale-footer__head__title" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span>GALE</span> <span class="text-highlighted"> <span>&nbsp;NORTH AMERICA&nbsp;</span> <span class="caret"></span> </span> </h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dLabel"> <li class="dropdown-header">Set your region:</li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/intl" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'uk', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="INTERNATIONAL">INTERNATIONAL</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'us', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="NORTH AMERICA">NORTH AMERICA</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/cn" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'cn', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="CHINA">CHINA</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/jp" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'jp', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="JAPAN">JAPAN</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/es" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'es', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="LATIN AMERICA">LATIN AMERICA</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gale.com/pt" onclick="window.setCookie('g-region', 'pt', 'www.gale.com', '/', 256)" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="BRAZIL">BRAZIL</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="gale-footer__head__scroll-top pull-right"> <div class="top-page page-scroll"> <a href="#top" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Top of page"> <i class="icon icon-angle-up"></i> <i>Top of page</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-2"> <div> <h4 class="gale-footer__main-menu">Company</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/about" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > About">About</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://blog.gale.com" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Blog">Blog</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/events" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Events">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/newsroom" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > News">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cengage.com/careers" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Careers">Careers</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/license" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Partnerships">Partnerships</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com//generative-ai" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Generative AI">Generative AI</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/contact" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Company > Contact Us">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-2"> <div> <h4 class="gale-footer__main-menu">Markets</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Markets > Academic">Academic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/schools" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Markets > Schools">Schools</a> </li> <li> <a href="/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Markets > Public">Public</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Markets > Government + Special">Government + Special</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-2"> <div> <h4 class="gale-footer__main-menu">Products</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Primary Sources">Primary Sources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/databases" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Databases">Databases</a> </li> <li> <a href="/elearning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > eLearning">eLearning</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/gvrl" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > eBooks">eBooks</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=ebooks&amp;mediaType=Print" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Print">Print</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://gale.com/thorndike" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Thorndike Press">Thorndike Press</a> </li> <li> <a href="/five-star" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Products > Five Star">Five Star</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-xs col-sm-2"> <div> <h4 class="gale-footer__main-menu">Support</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="https://support.gale.com" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Support Home">Support Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://support.gale.com/marketing" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Market Your Products">Market Your Products</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cengage.com/repfinder/gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Find Your Rep">Find Your Rep</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://support.gale.com/training" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Training">Training</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://support.gale.com/technical" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Tech Support">Tech Support</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://admin.galegroup.com/galeadmin/login.gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Gale Admin">Gale Admin</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://info.cengage.com/LP%3D5633" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Do Not Sell">Do Not Sell</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com/accessibility" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.gale.com//discovery-services" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support > Discovery">Discovery</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-offset-0 col-xs-12 col-sm-4"> <h4>CONNECT WITH GALE</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/GaleCengage/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Social" data-wa-event-label="facebook"><i class="icon icon-social icon-gale-facebook"> </i><span class="sr-only">facebook</span></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Social" data-wa-event-label="linkedin"><i class="icon icon-social icon-gale-linkedin"> </i><span class="sr-only">linkedin</span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/galecengage" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Social" data-wa-event-label="twitter"><i class="icon icon-social icon-gale-x"> </i><span class="sr-only">twitter</span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/GaleCengage" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Social" data-wa-event-label="youtube"><i class="icon icon-social icon-gale-youtube"> </i><span class="sr-only">youtube</span></a> </li> <br/> <li> <i>For quick support in the U.S. and Canada</i><br/> <a href="tel:1-800-877-4253" data-wa-event-category="Contact" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="1-800-877-4253">1-800-877-4253</a><br/> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#4a2d2b262f643e2f29222423292b26393f3a3a25383e0a292f242d2b2d2f64292527" data-wa-event-category="Contact" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="gale.technicalsupport@cengage.com"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="3255535e571c4657515a5c5b51535e414742425d40467251575c555355571c515d5f">[email&#160;protected]</span></a><br/> </li> </ul> <div class="has-edit-button"></div> </div> <div class="visible-xs col-xs-12"> <h4>PRODUCTS</h4> <div class="col-xs-12 footer-nav-products"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/primary-sources" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Primary Sources"> <i class="icon icon-primary-sources"> </i> Primary<br/>Sources </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/databases" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Databases"> <i class="icon icon-database"> </i> Databases </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/elearning" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="eLearning"> <i class="icon icon-graduation-cap"> </i> eLearning </a> </div> </div><div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/gvrl" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="eBooks"> <i class="icon icon-ebook"> </i> eBooks </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/s?result-type=ebooks&mediaType=Print" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Print"> <i class="icon icon-print-book"> </i> Print </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="http://gale.com/thorndike" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Thorndike Press"> <i class="icon icon-thorndike"> </i> Thorndike<br/>Press </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/five-star" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Five Star"> Five<br/>Star </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="visible-xs col-xs-12"> <h4>COMPANY</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline"> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/about" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="About">About</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://blog.gale.com/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Blog">Blog</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/events" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Events">Events</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.gale.com/newsroom" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="News">News</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="http://www.cengage.com/careers/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Careers">Careers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="visible-xs col-xs-12"> <h4>MARKETS</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline"> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/academic" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Academic">Academic</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/schools" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Schools">Schools</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/public" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Public">Public</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/special" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Government + Special">Government + Special</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="visible-xs col-xs-12"> <h4>SUPPORT</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline"> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://support.gale.com/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Support Home">Support Home</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://www.cengage.com/repfinder/gale/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Find Your Rep">Find Your Rep</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="http://support.gale.com/training/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Training">Training</a> </li> <!--&& child.getLocalParameter('Show On Moble')?? && child.getLocalParameter('Show On Mobile')=="true"--> <li class="col-xs-4"> <a href="https://info.cengage.com/LP=5633" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Do Not Sell">Do Not Sell</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <br> </div> </footer> <div class="sub-footer" id="bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4"> &copy; 2025 Gale, a division of <a href="https://www.cengagegroup.com/" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Cengage company" target="_blank"> Cengage Learning </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-8 text-right"> <a href="https://www.cengage.com/legal/terms-gale" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Legal terms" target="_blank"> <strong>TERMS OF USE</strong></a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://www.cengage.com/privacy" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Legal privacy" target="_blank"> <strong>PRIVACY</strong></a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://www.gale.com/sitemap" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="SiteMap" target="_blank"> <strong>SITEMAP</strong></a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://www.gale.com/subscribe" data-wa-event-category="Navigation" data-wa-event-name="Footer" data-wa-event-label="Feedback" target="_blank"> <strong>SUBSCRIBE</strong> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/main.js"></script> <script charset="utf-8" src="/webfiles/1729675621577/gen/gale/js/accordion.js"></script> <script> var cookieInfo = getCookie('g-region'); if (cookieInfo != "") { if (window.performance && window.performance.navigation.type == 2) { } else { } } else { $('#InternationalModal').modal('show'); } const contentBlocks = [ ...document.querySelectorAll('.simple-content-block') ]; contentBlocks.forEach( ( el ) => { const links = [ ...el.querySelectorAll('a') ]; links.forEach( a => { a.setAttribute('data-wa-event-category', 'SimpleDocLink'); a.setAttribute('data-wa-event-name', 'Navigate'); if ( a.innerText == '' ) { const images = a.getElementsByTagName('img'); const image = images.length ? images[0] : null; if (image != null) { a.setAttribute('data-wa-event-label', image.src.split("/").pop()); } } else { a.setAttribute('data-wa-event-label', a.innerText); } } ); } ); </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10