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data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Уладзіслаў Малахоўскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уладзіслаў Малахоўскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="ليون وارنيرك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليون وارنيرك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Ma%C5%82achowski" title="Władysław Małachowski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Władysław Małachowski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Малаховский, Владислав Теофилович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малаховский, Владислав Теофилович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Ma%C5%82achowski&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław Małachowski">Władysław Małachowski</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian-born English inventor in photography</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leon Warnerke</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_(1896-99).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281896-99%29.jpg/220px-U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281896-99%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281896-99%29.jpg/330px-U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281896-99%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281896-99%29.jpg/440px-U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281896-99%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1154" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Warnerke, 18090s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Władysław Małachowski</div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kobry%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobryń">Kobryń</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1900-10-07</span>)</span>October 7, 1900<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland#World_Wars_(1914–1945)" title="History of Switzerland">Swiss Confederacy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_State_Transport_University" title="St. Petersburg State Transport University">Institute of Communication Engineers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Civil engineer and inventor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Progress_Medal_(RPS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Medal (RPS)">Progress Medal (RPS)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leon Warnerke</b> (26 May 1837 – 7 October 1900) was a Polish civil engineer and inventor in the field of photography, independence activist, revolutionary and successful forger. Leon Warnerke was a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a>; his real name was <b>Władysław Małachowski</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Warnerke&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_(1850).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281850%29.jpg/220px-U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281850%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281850%29.jpg/330px-U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281850%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281850%29.jpg/440px-U%C5%82adzis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Ma%C5%82acho%C5%ADski._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%281850%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Uładzisłaŭ Małachoŭski (Leon Warnerze) in 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>Małachowski was born in the <a href="/wiki/Kobry%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobryń">Kobryń</a> district of the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Governorate" title="Grodno Governorate">Grodno Governorate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to Julian Malachowski and Theophilia (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Jakubowska</span>). Whilst his date of birth is unconfirmed, sources have referred to 1827, 1830 and 1839. Małachowski, whilst using the name Warnerke, claimed to have been born in <a href="/wiki/Hranice_(P%C5%99erov_District)" title="Hranice (Přerov District)">Weißkirchen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, on the 27 May 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_State_Transport_University" title="St. Petersburg State Transport University">Institute of Communication Engineers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> in 1859, then worked in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> on the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Warsaw_railway" title="Saint Petersburg–Warsaw railway">Petersburg-Warsaw Railway</a>. In 1863 he joined the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> and then became a member of the National Government in Vilnius. After the collapse of the uprising, the police, on the orders of general M. Murawjow, issued an arrest warrant for Małachowski with a reward of 10 thousand zlotys, as a result of which he was forced to flee the country. He escaped with his wife on board an English ship to Great Britain, carrying a false passport in the name of Warnerke. Around 1870, he settled with his wife and daughter in London, and under a changed name - Leon Warnerke, began research and design in the field of photography.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lived in both London and St Petersburg, establishing a factory, the "Photographic Laboratory Varnerke and Co.", St. Petersburg, at 31 Voznesensky Ave.,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which manufactured his photographic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventor">Inventor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Warnerke&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inventor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roll_film">Roll film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Warnerke&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roll film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wernerke%27s_Roll-film_camera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wernerke%27s_Roll-film_camera.png/220px-Wernerke%27s_Roll-film_camera.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wernerke%27s_Roll-film_camera.png/330px-Wernerke%27s_Roll-film_camera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wernerke%27s_Roll-film_camera.png/440px-Wernerke%27s_Roll-film_camera.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Wernerke's 1875 Roll-film camera</figcaption></figure> <p>Warnerke is credited in 1875 with discovering the tanning effect of pyrogallic acid when used in the development of collodion, and an improvement of "dry" collodion emulsion, which he poured on a paper substrate in the form of a film layer.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He covered the smooth tissue paper successively with several layers of pure collodion and a solution of gum arabic, which through the formed a base for a photosensitive collodion or gelatin emulsion thick enough to be easily separated from the paper and permanently transferred to a moistened glass plate. The negative thus obtained could be used to make a positive, just like a glass negative.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This photosensitive material was produced by Warnerke's own company in sheets and rolls, from which rolls were cut into 100 photos for a single loading. Though, Warnerke achieved satisfactory results, the high production costs mitigated against greater than moderate commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, Warnerke constructed a camera equipped with a special cassette for the film he produced in loads of 100 photos. A monorail bellows camera, it was one of the first cameras in the world that permitted taking such a large number of photos on a single load. Warnerke's construction was 9 years ahead of the 1884 invention of roll film by <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman" title="George Eastman">George W. Eastman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Goodwin" title="Hannibal Goodwin">Fr. Hannibal Goodwin</a>. Warnerke's camera had a small window of orange glass in the rear wall through which could be read the number of the negative's frame and position each precisely as the film was wound through; a device commonly used in later, modern cameras. </p><p>In 1881, Warnerke constructed another model of a photographic film camera, this time reduced to 40 negatives. The film used in this model was perforated with small holes at intervals of one shot. Because the sensitive gelatin emulsion had no paper backing, the orange window had to be replaced in this model with a tiny alarm bell triggered by an electrical contact being made through the perforations, which sounded after each frame moved to the appropriate point for taking a photo. The battery was inside the film roll. Warnerke's idea was later used by Eastman's company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensitometry">Sensitometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Warnerke&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sensitometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warnerke's achievements include the sensitometer,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first effective means of measuring plate speed, developed in 1880, which in the following year was recognized as a standard by a special commission and became the basis for standardisation in the field of photosensitive materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reliable speed rating number for a given emulsion could be calculated against the known sensitivity of a collodion plate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warnerke's sensitometer was equipped with an energised phosphorescent block of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfide" title="Calcium sulfide">calcium sulphide</a> for his exposing source through a glass plate with 25 square fields of increasing density, so that the light absorption coefficient increased twice every three degrees, similar to the scale of the modern DIN system. Sensitivity in Warnerke degrees was a measure used in England almost until the end of the 19th century, but abandoned by 1920. </p><p>From 1889 Warnerke manufactured <a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> gelatin papers for photographic printing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Networking">Networking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Warnerke&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Networking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from his inventive and entrepreneurial activity, Warnerke maintained contacts with other designers and inventors in the field of photography,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as with photographic organizations and societies in various European countries. It was thanks to Warnerke that the photographic community in London had the opportunity to learn about the latest achievements on the continent, such as the latest achievements of the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers</a> in the field of colour photography,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Gabriel Lippmann interference method.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forger">Forger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Warnerke&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warnerke was a successful forger of several eastern European currencies, Russian roubles in particular, for which he was charged in Marseilles, though not convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His supposed death in 1900 at the age of 63 he may also have faked to avoid arrest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Warnerke&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990s a previously unknown archive of Warnerke's correspondence, forgeries, and personal documents was discovered by workers demolishing a building in London. The collection was subsequently split into two parts and auctioned by <a href="/wiki/Phillips_(auctioneers)" title="Phillips (auctioneers)">Phillips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spink_%26_Son" title="Spink & Son">Spink</a> in 1991 and 2008 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Warnerke&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malachowski was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Progress_Medal_(RPS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Medal (RPS)">Progress Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_Society_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic Society of Great Britain">Photographic Society of Great Britain</a> (known as Royal Photographic Society today) in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-RPS_2011_Progress_Medal_1882_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPS_2011_Progress_Medal_1882-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Warnerke&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLitvak" class="citation web cs1">Litvak, Dmitriy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numismondo.net/articles/LeonWarnerke/DMITRIY%20LITVAK%20LEON%20WARNERKE.pdf">"Leon Warnerke: Perhaps the greatest banknote counterfeiter ever"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>numismondo.net</i>. pp. 7 & 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=numismondo.net&rft.atitle=Leon+Warnerke%3A+Perhaps+the+greatest+banknote+counterfeiter+ever&rft.pages=7+%26+9&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Dmitriy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numismondo.net%2Farticles%2FLeonWarnerke%2FDMITRIY%2520LITVAK%2520LEON%2520WARNERKE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer1966" class="citation journal cs1">Romer, Witold (1966). "Wladyslaw Malachowski-Leon, Warnerke, polski wynalazca w dziedzinie fotografii". <i>Kwartalnik Historii Nauki I Techniki</i>. <b>XI</b> (1–2): 55–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kwartalnik+Historii+Nauki+I+Techniki&rft.atitle=Wladyslaw+Malachowski-Leon%2C+Warnerke%2C+polski+wynalazca+w+dziedzinie+fotografii&rft.volume=XI&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=55-70&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Witold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photohistory.ru/1207248167490662.html">"PHOTOHISTORY - Г.Абрамов, "Этапы развития отечественного фотоаппаратостроения"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>photohistory.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=photohistory.ru&rft.atitle=PHOTOHISTORY+-+%D0%93.%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%22%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotohistory.ru%2F1207248167490662.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.2008" class="citation book cs1">R., Peres, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162063001"><i>The concise Focal encyclopedia of photography from the first photo on paper to the digital revolution</i></a>. Focal Press/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10181-6"><bdi>978-1-136-10181-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162063001">1162063001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concise+Focal+encyclopedia+of+photography+from+the+first+photo+on+paper+to+the+digital+revolution&rft.pub=Focal+Press%2FElsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162063001&rft.isbn=978-1-136-10181-6&rft.aulast=R.&rft.aufirst=Peres%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1162063001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerke1875" class="citation journal cs1">Warnerke, Leon (July 1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016003275906092">"A new method of using paper in place of glass for negatives in dry-plate photography"</a>. <i>Journal of the Franklin Institute</i>. <b>100</b> (1): 67–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-0032%2875%2990609-2">10.1016/S0016-0032(75)90609-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Franklin+Institute&rft.atitle=A+new+method+of+using+paper+in+place+of+glass+for+negatives+in+dry-plate+photography&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-72&rft.date=1875-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-0032%2875%2990609-2&rft.aulast=Warnerke&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0016003275906092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerke1885" class="citation journal cs1">Warnerke, Leon (20 November 1885). "Proceedings of the Society. Applied Chemistry & Physics Section. Thursday, March tith, 1886; Capt. W. DE W. ABNEY, F.R.S., in the chair. The paper read was 'Films and paper as substitutes for glass in photography' by Leon Warneke". <i>Journal of the Society of Arts</i>. <b>34</b>. London: 471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Arts&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+Society.+Applied+Chemistry+%26+Physics+Section.+Thursday%2C+March+tith%2C+1886%3B+Capt.+W.+DE+W.+ABNEY%2C+F.R.S.%2C+in+the+chair.+The+paper+read+was+%27Films+and+paper+as+substitutes+for+glass+in+photography%27+by+Leon+Warneke&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=471&rft.date=1885-11-20&rft.aulast=Warnerke&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannavy2008" class="citation book cs1">Hannavy, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/123968757"><i>Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97235-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97235-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123968757">123968757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+nineteenth-century+photography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123968757&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97235-2&rft.aulast=Hannavy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F123968757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerke1881" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Warnerke, Leon (1881). "On Sensitometers". <i>British Journal of Photography</i>. 28 (1881): 96–97, 108–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Photography&rft.atitle=On+Sensitometers&rft.volume=28+%281881%29&rft.pages=96-97%2C+108-109&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Warnerke&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEder1945" class="citation journal cs1">Eder, J.M. (1945). "LXIII. Calculation of Exposure, Determination of Photographic Speeds, Sensitometry, and the Laws Governing Density". <i>History of Photography</i>. Columbia University Press: 449–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Feder91430-066">10.7312/eder91430-066</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231883702" title="Special:BookSources/9780231883702"><bdi>9780231883702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Photography&rft.atitle=LXIII.+Calculation+of+Exposure%2C+Determination+of+Photographic+Speeds%2C+Sensitometry%2C+and+the+Laws+Governing+Density&rft.pages=449-457&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Feder91430-066&rft.isbn=9780231883702&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerke1894" class="citation book cs1">Warnerke, Leon (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1026642840"><i>Photographs in natural colors, by the process of L. Lumière</i></a>. Smithsonian Inst. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026642840">1026642840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photographs+in+natural+colors%2C+by+the+process+of+L.+Lumi%C3%A8re.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Inst&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026642840&rft.aulast=Warnerke&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1026642840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerke1979" class="citation journal cs1">Warnerke, Leon (March 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223638.1979.11738015">"The Scientific and Technical Group of The Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain"</a>. <i>The Journal of Photographic Science</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223638.1979.11738015">10.1080/00223638.1979.11738015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3638">0022-3638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Photographic+Science&rft.atitle=The+Scientific+and+Technical+Group+of+The+Royal+Photographic+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1979-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223638.1979.11738015&rft.issn=0022-3638&rft.aulast=Warnerke&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F00223638.1979.11738015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1991" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Peter (12 September 1991). "Builder cashes in on faked roubles". <i>The Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Builder+cashes+in+on+faked+roubles&rft.date=1991-09-12&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛобов2019" class="citation journal cs1">Лобов, Андрей Вадимович (17 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dom-hors.ru/rus/files/arhiv_zhurnala/fik/2019/10/history/lobov.pdf">"Образ российского фальшивомонетчика в царской России и за рубежом (1861–1917)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Общество: философия, история, культура</i> (10): 68–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24158%2Ffik.2019.10.10">10.24158/fik.2019.10.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213167631">213167631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%3A+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC+%281861%E2%80%931917%29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=68-74&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24158%2Ffik.2019.10.10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213167631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdom-hors.ru%2Frus%2Ffiles%2Farhiv_zhurnala%2Ffik%2F2019%2F10%2Fhistory%2Flobov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak" class="citation web cs1">Litvak, Dmitriy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numismondo.net/articles/LeonWarnerke/DMITRIY%20LITVAK%20LEON%20WARNERKE.pdf">"Leon Warnerke: Perhaps the greatest banknote counterfeiter ever"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>numismondo.net</i>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=numismondo.net&rft.atitle=Leon+Warnerke%3A+Perhaps+the+greatest+banknote+counterfeiter+ever&rft.pages=6&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Dmitriy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numismondo.net%2Farticles%2FLeonWarnerke%2FDMITRIY%2520LITVAK%2520LEON%2520WARNERKE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RPS_2011_Progress_Medal_1882-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RPS_2011_Progress_Medal_1882_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royal Photographic Society. <i>Progress medal</i>. Web-page listing people, who have received this medal since 1878 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822030453/http://www.rps.org/annual-awards/Progress-Medal">"Progress Medal - the Royal Photographic Society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rps.org/annual-awards/Progress-medal">the original</a> on 22 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Progress+Medal+-+the+Royal+Photographic+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rps.org%2Fannual-awards%2FProgress-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Warnerke" class="Z3988"></span>): "Instituted in 1878, this medal is awarded in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense. This award also carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society. […] 1882 Leon Warnerke […]"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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