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id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span 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class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Nubi%C3%AB" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Nubi%C3%AB" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Nubi%C3%AB" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Nubi%C3%AB" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Linguistiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voorgeskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorgeskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Voorgeskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorgeskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nubië_en_Antieke_Egipte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nubië_en_Antieke_Egipte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nubië en Antieke Egipte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nubië_en_Antieke_Egipte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kerma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koesj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koesj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Koesj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koesj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napata-tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napata-tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Napata-tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napata-tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meroïtiese_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meroïtiese_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Meroïtiese tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meroïtiese_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenidese_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenidese_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Achaemenidese tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenidese_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christelike_Nubië" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christelike_Nubië"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Christelike Nubië</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christelike_Nubië-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamitiese_Nubië" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamitiese_Nubië"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Islamitiese Nubië</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamitiese_Nubië-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huidige_kwessies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huidige_kwessies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Huidige kwessies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huidige_kwessies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nubië</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 78 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="النوبة – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النوبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="بلاد النوبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلاد النوبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiya" title="Nubiya – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nubiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нубія – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нубія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нубія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нубія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নুবিয়া – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নুবিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbia" title="Núbia – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Núbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbie" title="Núbie – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Núbie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Нуби – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нуби" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubien" title="Nubien – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nubien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubien" title="Nubien – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nubien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νουβία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νουβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubio" title="Nubio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nubio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuubia" title="Nuubia – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nuubia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87)" title="نوبه (منطقه) – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوبه (منطقه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubie" title="Nubie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nubie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuubien" title="Nuubien – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuubien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="נוביה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नुबिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नुबिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbia" title="Núbia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Núbia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նուբիա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նուբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAb%C3%ADa" title="Núbía – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Núbía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="ヌビア – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヌビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნუბია – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნუბია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="누비아 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%ABbija" title="Nūbija – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nūbija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobia" title="Nobia – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nobia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нубија – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нубија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubi%C3%AB" title="Nubië – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nubië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbia" title="Núbia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Núbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbia" title="Núbia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Núbia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubhia" title="Nubhia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nubhia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нубија – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нубија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubien" title="Nubien – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nubien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="நூபியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூபியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="นิวเบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCbye" title="Nübye – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nübye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нубія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нубія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81" title="نوبہ – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiya" title="Nubiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nubiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="努比亚 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="努比亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნუბია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნუბია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="努比亚 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="努比亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="努比亞 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="努比亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q135028#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nubi%C3%AB" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Nubi%C3%AB" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nubi%C3%AB"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nubi%C3%AB"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Nubi%C3%AB" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Nubi%C3%AB" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/0/0d/Nylkatarakte.png/440px-Nylkatarakte.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Die streek Nubië vandag, met die <a href="/wiki/Katarakte_van_die_Nyl" title="Katarakte van die Nyl">katarakte van die Nyl</a> aangedui.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:NubianPharoahs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NubianPharoahs.jpg/220px-NubianPharoahs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/NubianPharoahs.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Nubiese farao's van die 25ste Dinastie.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nubië</b> is ’n streek aan die <a href="/wiki/Nyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyl">Nylrivier</a> in die hedendaagse Noord-<a href="/wiki/Soedan" title="Soedan">Soedan</a> en Suid-<a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>. Dit was die tuiste van een van die vroegste beskawings van antieke <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Kermakultuur" title="Kermakultuur">Kermakultuur</a>, wat van omstreeks 2500 v.C. bestaan het tot met sy verowering deur die <a href="/wiki/Nuwe_Ryk_van_Egipte" title="Nuwe Ryk van Egipte">Nuwe Ryk van Egipte</a> onder <a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">farao</a> <a href="/wiki/Toetmoses_I" title="Toetmoses I">Toetmoses I</a> omstreeks 1500 v.C. Nubië het verskeie Afrikaryke gehuisves, waarvan die bekendste die <a href="/wiki/Koesj" title="Koesj">Koninkryk Koesj</a> is. Laasgenoemde staat het Egipte in die 8ste eeu v.C. verower tydens die bewind van koning <a href="/wiki/Pije" title="Pije">Pije</a> en het die land as die <a href="/wiki/25ste_Dinastie_van_Egipte" title="25ste Dinastie van Egipte">25ste Dinastie</a> regeer. Dit is ’n eeu later deur die inheemse Egiptiese <a href="/wiki/26ste_Dinastie_van_Egipte" title="26ste Dinastie van Egipte">26ste Dinastie</a> vervang. </p><p>Die verval van Koesj in die 4de eeu n.C. ná ’n bestaan van meer as duisend jaar is voorafgegaan deur ’n inval deur <a href="/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië">Ethiopië</a> se <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninkryk Aksum">Koninkryk Aksoem</a>. Daarna het die <a href="/wiki/Christelik" class="mw-redirect" title="Christelik">Christelike</a> koninkryke Nobatië, Makoerië en Alodië in sy plek ontstaan. Die twee laastes het ook omtrent ’n millennium lank bestaan. Hulle eindelike verval in die 16de eeu het gelei tot die verdeling van Nubië in die noordelike helfte, wat deur die <a href="/wiki/Ottomaanse_Ryk" title="Ottomaanse Ryk">Ottomaanse Ryk</a> verower is, en die suidelike helfte, wat deur die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sennar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sennar</a>-sultanaat oorgeneem is – asook die vinnige <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamisering</a> en gedeeltelike <a href="/wiki/Arabiere" title="Arabiere">arabisering</a> van die Nubiese volk. Nubië is in die 19de eeu herenig. Vandag is die streek tussen Egipte en Soedan verdeel. </p><p>Die naam "Nubië" is afgelei van die <a href="/wiki/Noba" title="Noba">Noba</a>-volk, wat hulle in die 4de eeu in die streek gevestig het met die val van <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistiek">Linguistiek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Linguistiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Linguistiek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Noba-volk was <a href="/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade">nomades</a> wat ’n <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Sahariese_tale" title="Nilo-Sahariese tale">Nyl-Saharataal</a> gepraat het waaruit Oud-Nubies ontstaan het. Oud-Nubies is hoofsaaklik in <a href="/wiki/Godsdiens" title="Godsdiens">godsdiensgeskrifte</a> gebruik wat van die 8ste en 15de eeu dateer. Voor die 4de eeu, en deur die klassieke oudheid, was Nubië bekend as Koesj, of in Klassieke <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a> <i>Aithiopia</i> (Αἰθιοπία). </p><p>Die volke van Nubië het histories minstens twee variante van die Nubiese taalsubfamilie in die noordelike deel van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubaberge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nubaberge (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nubaberge</a> in Suid-Kordofan gepraat. Tot minstens 1970 is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birgid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birgid (bladsy bestaan nie)">Birgid</a> noord van Nyala in <a href="/wiki/Darfoer" title="Darfoer">Darfoer</a> gepraat, maar dit het uitgesterf. Die tale van die Kermakultuur van Suid- en Sentraal-Nubië (ook bekend as Bo-Nubië) is egter onseker. Sommige glo dit behoort tot die <a href="/wiki/Koesjitiese_tale" title="Koesjitiese tale">Koesjitiese</a> tak van die <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatiese_tale" title="Afro-Asiatiese tale">Afro-Asiatiese tale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bechaus-Gerst_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bechaus-Gerst-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lbant_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lbant-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terwyl onlangser navorsing aandui die Kermakultuur het tot die Oos-Soedannese tak van die Nyl-Saharatale behoort, en dat ander volke van Noord-Nubië (of Benede-Nubië) noord van Kerma Koesjitiese tale gepraat het voor die verspreiding van Oos-Soedannese tale uit Suid-Nubië.<sup id="cite_ref-Rilly2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rilly200162_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly200162-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rilly2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geografie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nubië is in drie hoofstreke verdeel: Bo-, Middel- en Benede-Nubië, met verwysing na hulle ligging aan die Nyl. "Benede" verwys na streke stroomaf en "Bo" na streke stroomop. Benede-Nubië lê tussen die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Katarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerste Katarak">Eerste</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Katarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweede Katarak">Tweede Katarak</a> van die Nyl, binne die huidige grense van Egipte. Middel-Nubië lê tussen die Tweede en <a href="/wiki/Derde_Katarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Derde Katarak">Derde Katarak</a> en Bo-Nubië suid van die Derde Katarak.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voorgeskiedenis">Voorgeskiedenis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Voorgeskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Voorgeskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Tools,_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_(6000-5500_BC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg/220px-Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg/330px-Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg/440px-Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Gereedskap, wapens en versierings van el-Barga (6000–5500 v.C.).</figcaption></figure> <p>Vroeë nedersettings het in Bo- én Benede-Nubië ontstaan. Die Egiptenare het na Nubië verwys as <i>Ta-Seti</i>, of "Die land van die Boog", aangesien die Nubiërs ervare <a href="/wiki/Boogskiet" title="Boogskiet">boogskutters</a> was.<sup id="cite_ref-Emberling_2011_8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emberling_2011_8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moderne geleerdes verwys gewoonlik na die mense uit dié streek as die "A-groep"-kultuur. Vrugbare landbougrond net suid van die Derde Katarak is bekend as die "voor-Kerma"-kultuur in Bo-Nubië. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Calendar_aswan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Calendar_aswan.JPG/260px-Calendar_aswan.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Calendar_aswan.JPG/390px-Calendar_aswan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Calendar_aswan.JPG/520px-Calendar_aswan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>’n Gerekonstrueerde voorbeeld van die "kalendersirkil" by Nabta Playa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Nubian_A_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nubian_A_group.jpg/260px-Nubian_A_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nubian_A_group.jpg/390px-Nubian_A_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nubian_A_group.jpg/520px-Nubian_A_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Pottebakkersware van die Nubiese A-groep (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">Neolitiese</a> volke in die Nylvallei het waarskynlik uit Soedan en die <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> gekom, en in dié tyd was daar ’n gedeelde kultuur tussen dié twee streke en Egipte.<sup id="cite_ref-Keita_1990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keita_1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teen die 5de millennium v.C. was die volke in wat nou Nubië genoem word, deel van die <a href="/wiki/Neolitiese_Omwenteling" title="Neolitiese Omwenteling">Neolitiese Omwenteling</a>. Klipreliëfwerk uit die Sahara beeld tonele uit wat lyk soos die verering van <a href="/wiki/Bees" title="Bees">beeste</a>; dit is tipies van dit wat vandag nog in dele van <a href="/wiki/Oos-Afrika" title="Oos-Afrika">Oos-Afrika</a> en die Nylvallei gesien word.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klippe wat by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabta_Playa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabta Playa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nabta Playa</a> ontdek is, lyk soos een van die wêreld se eerste <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomie">astronomiese</a> toestelle – uit ’n tyd amper 2 000 jaar voor <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie soort verskynsels het waarskynlik die basis gevorm van strukture uit beide die Neolitiese gemeenskap by Nabta Playa en die <a href="/wiki/Ou_Ryk_van_Egipte" title="Ou Ryk van Egipte">Ou Ryk van Egipte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omstreeks 3500 v.C. het die tweede "Nubiese" kultuur, die A-groep-kultuur, tot stand gekom.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit was in die tyd van die gemeenskappe in die voordinastiese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naqada (bladsy bestaan nie)">Naqada</a> van <a href="/wiki/Bo-Egipte" title="Bo-Egipte">Bo-Egipte</a>, en dit het etnies en kultureel baie ooreengestem.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keita_further_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keita_further-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die A-groep het handel met die Egiptenare gedryf. Dit is duidelik uit groot hoeveelhede Egiptiese gebruikersgoedere wat in grafte van dié volke gekry is. Daar was onder meer <a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">goudvoorwerpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">kopergereedskap</a>, geglasuurde erdewerk, seels en ’n verskeidenheid potte.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Nubian._Female_Figurine,_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg/180px-Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg/270px-Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg/360px-Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Nubiese figuur van <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> uit die Neolitikum (omstreeks 3500-3100 v.C.).</figcaption></figure> <p>Daar is tekens van ’n verenigde koninkryk omstreeks 3300 v.C., soos blyk uit vondste by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qustul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qustul (bladsy bestaan nie)">Qustul</a>. Hulle het aansienlike bande (kultureel én geneties) met die kultuur van Naqada gehad. Die Nubiese kultuur kon selfs bygedra het tot die vereniging van die Nylvallei. </p><p>Rondom die einde van die protodinastiese tydperk het Naqada blykbaar, in sy poging om die Nylvallei te verenig, Ta-Seti (waar Qustul geleë was) verower en dit met Egipte geharmonieer. Nubië het dus die eerste <i><a href="/wiki/Nomos" title="Nomos">nomos</a></i> (administratiewe afdeling) van Bo-Egipte geword. Dit lyk of die hele A-groep-streek met die tyd van die <a href="/wiki/1ste_Dinastie_van_Egipte" title="1ste Dinastie van Egipte">1ste Dinastie</a> ontvolk was,<sup id="cite_ref-Emberling_2011_8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emberling_2011_8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> waarskynlik weens migrasie na die weste en suide. </p><p>Die A-groep-kultuur het begin afneem in die vroeë 28ste eeu v.C. Die Amerikaanse argeoloog George Reisner het voorgestel dat die plek daarvan ingeneem is deur ’n kultuur wat hy die "B-groep" noem, maar die meeste argeoloë glo daar het nie so ’n kultuur bestaan nie en dat die streek tussen omstreeks 3000 en 2500 v.C. ontvolk geraak het.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die rede kan Egiptiese invalle en strooptogte wees wat in dié tyd begin het. </p><p>Nubië het waarskynlik as ’n handelstussenganger tussen Egipte en tropiese Afrika gedien. Die streek word in 2300 v.C. die eerste keer genoem in verslae uit die Ou Ryk oor handelsendings. In <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, reg bo die Eerste Katarak, destyds die suidelike grens van Egiptiese beheer, het Egiptenare deur Nubië goud, wierook, ivoor, koper en eksotiese diere uit tropiese Afrika ingevoer. Namate handel tussen Egipte en Nubië toegeneem het, het rykdom en stabiliteit ook gegroei. Teen die tyd van Egipte se <a href="/wiki/6de_Dinastie_van_Egipte" title="6de Dinastie van Egipte">6de Dinastie</a> was Nubië in ’n reeks klein koninkryke verdeel. Dit is onseker of hierdie "C-groep"-volke,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wat van omstreeks 2500 tot 1500 v.C. floreer het, ’n interne evolusie of indringers was. Daar is ’n besliste ooreenkoms tussen die A- en C-groep se pottebakkersware, en hulle was dalk lede van die A-groep wat teruggekeer het, maar dit kon ook ’n interne herlewing van verlore kunsvorms gewees het. In dié tyd het die Sahara te droog geword om menslike lewe te onderhou, en dit is moontlik dat daar ’n skielike instroming van nomades uit die Sahara was. </p><p>Tydens Egipte se <a href="/wiki/Middelryk_van_Egipte" title="Middelryk van Egipte">Middelryk</a> (omstreeks 2040-1640 v.C.) het Egipte in Nubië se rigting begin uitbrei om beheer te kry oor die handelsroetes in Noord-Nubië, en dus direkte toegang tot handel met Suid-Nubië. Hulle het ’n reeks forte aan die Nyl gebou, onder die Tweede Katarak. Dit lyk of dié forte vreedsame betrekkinge, maar min interaksie, met die plaaslike Nubiërs gehad het.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nubië_en_Antieke_Egipte"><span id="Nubi.C3.AB_en_Antieke_Egipte"></span>Nubië en Antieke Egipte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Nubië en Antieke Egipte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Nubië en Antieke Egipte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:A_pair_of_Nubians_from_the_royal_palace_adjacent_to_the_temple_of_Medinet_Habu,_from_the_reign_of_Ramesses_III_(1182-1151_BC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_pair_of_Nubians_from_the_royal_palace_adjacent_to_the_temple_of_Medinet_Habu%2C_from_the_reign_of_Ramesses_III_%281182-1151_BC%29.jpg/180px-A_pair_of_Nubians_from_the_royal_palace_adjacent_to_the_temple_of_Medinet_Habu%2C_from_the_reign_of_Ramesses_III_%281182-1151_BC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_pair_of_Nubians_from_the_royal_palace_adjacent_to_the_temple_of_Medinet_Habu%2C_from_the_reign_of_Ramesses_III_%281182-1151_BC%29.jpg/270px-A_pair_of_Nubians_from_the_royal_palace_adjacent_to_the_temple_of_Medinet_Habu%2C_from_the_reign_of_Ramesses_III_%281182-1151_BC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_pair_of_Nubians_from_the_royal_palace_adjacent_to_the_temple_of_Medinet_Habu%2C_from_the_reign_of_Ramesses_III_%281182-1151_BC%29.jpg/360px-A_pair_of_Nubians_from_the_royal_palace_adjacent_to_the_temple_of_Medinet_Habu%2C_from_the_reign_of_Ramesses_III_%281182-1151_BC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Twee Nubiërs, uit die paleis langs die tempel van <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Haboe" title="Medinet Haboe">Medinet Haboe</a>, uit die bewind van <a href="/wiki/Ramses_III" title="Ramses III">Ramses III</a> (1182-1151 v.C.).</figcaption></figure> <p>Een vertolking is dat die heersers van die Nubiese A-groep en die vroeë Egiptiese <a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">farao's</a> verwante koninklike simbole gebruik het. Ooreenkomste in <a href="/wiki/Rotskuns" title="Rotskuns">rotskuns</a> van A-Groep-Nubië en Bo-Egipte ondersteun dié mening. Antieke Egipte het Nubiese grondgebied in verskeie tydperke verower en dele van die gebied by sy provinsies ingelyf. Die Nubiërs het op hulle beurt Egipte onder sy 25ste Dinastie verower.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid lightgrey; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var(--color-base)">Ta-seti<br /> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N17.png?35167" height="6" title="N17" alt="N17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa32.png?719d1" height="38" title="Aa32" alt="Aa32" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N18.png?7c664" height="8" title="N18" alt="N18" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br />Nubië, Nubiërs<br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G21.png?9ce3d" height="35" title="G21" alt="G21" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28 [H]" alt="H" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29 [s]" alt="s" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T14.png?183d0" height="38" title="T14" alt="T14" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A2.png?be01e" height="38" title="A2" alt="A2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: lightgrey; border-bottom: 1px solid lightgrey; padding: 0.5em">Ta-seti en Nubië<br />in <a href="/wiki/Egiptiese_hi%C3%ABrogliewe" title="Egiptiese hiërogliewe">hiërogliewe</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Die betrekkinge tussen die twee magte toon ook vreedsame kulturele wisselwerking en samewerking, insluitende gemengde huwelike. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medjay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medjay (bladsy bestaan nie)">Medjay</a> (<i>mḏꜣ</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is die naam wat Egipte aan ’n distrik in die huidige Noord-Soedan gegee het waar ’n antieke Nubiese volk gewoon het. Hulle het deel van die Egiptiese weermag geword. </p><p>In die Middelryk van Egipte het "Medjay" nie meer na ’n distrik verwys nie, maar na ’n clan of volk. Dit is nie bekend wat van die distrik geword het nie, maar ná die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Oorgangstydperk_van_Egipte" title="Eerste Oorgangstydperk van Egipte">Eerste Oorgangstydperk</a> kom dit en ander distrikte in Nubië nie meer in die geskrewe rekords voor nie.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geskrifte noem die Medjay as ’n nomadiese woestynvolk. Mettertyd is hulle in die Egiptiese weermag opgeneem. Daar was hulle garnisoentroepe in Egiptiese versterkings in Nubië en het hulle die woestyne gepatrolleer. Later is hulle selfs gebruik in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamoses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamoses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kamoses</a> se veldtog teen die <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en het hulle instrumenteel geword in die omskepping van Egipte in ’n militêre mag.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In die <a href="/wiki/18de_Dinastie" class="mw-redirect" title="18de Dinastie">18de Dinastie</a> van die Nuwe Ryk was die Medjay ’n paramilitêre elitepolisiemag.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_1999_8_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_1999_8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die term het nie meer na ’n etniese groep verwys nie en mettertyd het dit sinoniem geword met polisiëring in die algemeen. As ’n elitepolisiemag is hulle dikwels gebruik om waardevolle gebiede te beskerm, veral koninklike en godsdienstige komplekse. </p><p>Verskeie farao's van Nubiese herkoms het volgens Egiptoloë in verskeie tydperke ’n belangrike rol in Egipte gespeel, veral die <a href="/wiki/12de_Dinastie" class="mw-redirect" title="12de Dinastie">12de Dinastie</a>. Hulle het sake op ’n eg Egiptiese manier hanteer, en dit het die groot kulturele invloede tussen die streke weerspieël. </p><p>In die Nuwe Ryk kon nie meer argeologies tussen die Egiptenare en Nubiërs onderskei word nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerma">Kerma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Kerma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kerma"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kerma_city.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kerma_city.JPG/220px-Kerma_city.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kerma_city.JPG/330px-Kerma_city.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kerma_city.JPG/440px-Kerma_city.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Die stad Kerma.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:TurinPapyrus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TurinPapyrus1.jpg/220px-TurinPapyrus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TurinPapyrus1.jpg/330px-TurinPapyrus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TurinPapyrus1.jpg/440px-TurinPapyrus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Die Turynse Papiruskaart.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die eerste koninkryk wat ’n groot deel van die streek verenig het, was die Kermakultuur, genoem na die stad <a href="/wiki/Kerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerma">Kerma</a>, wat vermoedelik die hoofstad was. Dit was een van die vroegste stedelike sentrums in die Nylstreek<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en die inwoners het óf een van die <a href="/wiki/Koesjitiese_tale" title="Koesjitiese tale">Koesjitiese tale</a> gepraat<sup id="cite_ref-Bechaus-Gerst_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bechaus-Gerst-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lbant_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lbant-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> óf, volgens onlangser navorsing, ’n Oos-Soedannese taal van die <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Sahariese_tale" title="Nilo-Sahariese tale">Nyl-Saharataalfamilie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rilly2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rilly200162_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly200162-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rilly2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teen 1750 v.C. was die konings van Kerma magtig genoeg om die bou van groot mure en strukture van modderstene te organiseer. Hulle het ook goed toegeruste graftomes gehad met besittings daarin vir die <a href="/wiki/Hiernamaals" title="Hiernamaals">hiernamaals</a> en baie mense wat geoffer is. Op terreine van Kerma wat opgegrawe is, is tipiese Nubiese <a href="/wiki/Argitektuur" title="Argitektuur">argitektuur</a> aangetref, soos groot graftombes en paleisagtige strukture. In ’n stadium het Kerma amper Egipte verower. Egipte het ’n groot nederlaag teen die Koninkryk Koesj gely.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volgens Davies, hoof van die gesamentlike span van die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Museum" title="Britse Museum">Britse Museum</a> en Egiptiese argeoloë, was die aanval so verwoestend dat, as Kerma se magte besluit het om te bly en Egipte te verower, hulle dié land van die wêreldkaart kon gevee het. Toe Egipte se mag tydens die Nuwe Ryk (omstreeks 1532-1070 v.C.) herlewe, het die Egiptenare begin om verder suidwaarts uit te brei. Hulle het die stad en koninkryk Kerma verwoes en Egipte tot by die <a href="/wiki/Vierde_Katarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Vierde Katarak">Vierde Katarak</a> uitgebrei. </p><p>Teen die einde van <a href="/wiki/Toetmoses_I" title="Toetmoses I">Toetmoses I</a> se bewind (1520 v.C.) was die hele Noord-Nubië geannekseer. Die Egiptenare het ’n nuwe administratiewe sentrum by <a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a> gebou en die gebied gebruik om <a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">goud</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wierook" title="Wierook">wierook</a> te vervaardig.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubiese goudvervaardiging het Egipte een van die primêre bronne van dié <a href="/wiki/Edelmetaal" title="Edelmetaal">edelmetaal</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Midde-Ooste" title="Midde-Ooste">Midde-Ooste</a> gemaak. Die primitiewe werktoestande van die slawe word deur <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> genoem – hy het later van die myne te sien gekry.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Een van die oudste bekende <a href="/wiki/Kaart" title="Kaart">kaarte</a> is van ’n goudmyn in Nubië. Die Turynse Papiruskaart dateer van omstreeks 1160 v.C.; dit is ook een van die oudste padkaarte wat bewaar gebly het.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koesj">Koesj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Koesj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Koesj"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Koesj" title="Koesj">Koesj</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Taharaqa_as_sphinx,_E_3916_(6552243769).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Taharaqa_as_sphinx%2C_E_3916_%286552243769%29.jpg/150px-Taharaqa_as_sphinx%2C_E_3916_%286552243769%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Taharaqa_as_sphinx%2C_E_3916_%286552243769%29.jpg/225px-Taharaqa_as_sphinx%2C_E_3916_%286552243769%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Taharaqa_as_sphinx%2C_E_3916_%286552243769%29.jpg/300px-Taharaqa_as_sphinx%2C_E_3916_%286552243769%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>’n Beeld van <a href="/wiki/Tirhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhaka">Tirhaka</a>, 25ste Dinastie.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Napata-tydperk">Napata-tydperk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Napata-tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Napata-tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toe die Egiptenare aan die Napata-streek onttrek, het hulle ’n blywende nalatenskap agtergelaat wat met plaaslike gebruike gemeng geraak het – die gevolg was die Koninkryk Koesj. Aregoloë het verskeie grafte in die gebied ontdek wat lyk of hulle plaaslike leiers s’n was. Die Koesjiete is daar begrawe kort nadat Egipte die Nubiese front gedekoloniseer het. Koesj het baie Egiptiese gebruike oorgeneem, soos hulle <a href="/wiki/Egiptiese_mitologie" title="Egiptiese mitologie">godsdiens</a> en die rituele offering van slawe.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koesj het onder <a href="/wiki/Pije" title="Pije">Pije</a> Egipte verower en in die 8ste eeu v.C. oor die land geheers as die <a href="/wiki/25ste_Dinastie_van_Egipte" title="25ste Dinastie van Egipte">25ste Dinastie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Koesjiete het hulle noordelike bure amper 100 jaar lank oorheers, totdat hulle ná ’n lang oorlog deur die <a href="/wiki/Assiri%C3%AB" title="Assirië">Assiriërs</a> oorwin is, ’n veldtog wat geëindig het met die verwoesting van <a href="/wiki/Thebe,_Egipte" title="Thebe, Egipte">Thebe</a>. Hoewel die Assiriërs Egipte net ná die inval verlaat het, het die inheemse <a href="/wiki/26ste_Dinastie_van_Egipte" title="26ste Dinastie van Egipte">26ste Dinastie van Egipte</a> onder <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> die Koesjiete permanent uit Egipte verdryf. Die erfgename van Koesj het hulle nuwe hoofstad by Napata gevestig, en later by <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a>. Van die Nubiese konings uit dié tyd is <a href="/wiki/Tirhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhaka">Tirhaka</a> miskien die bekendste. Hy was die seun en derde opvolger van Pije en is omtreeks 690 v.C. in <a href="/wiki/Memphis_(Egipte)" title="Memphis (Egipte)">Memphis</a>, Egipte, gekroon.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tirhaka het oor beide Nubië en Egipte regeer, Egiptiese tempels by <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> gerestoureer en nuwe tempels en piramides gebou voordat die Assiriërs die Koesjiete verslaan het.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meroïtiese_tydperk"><span id="Mero.C3.AFtiese_tydperk"></span>Meroïtiese tydperk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Meroïtiese tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Meroïtiese tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Marble_head_of_Nubian_denizen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marble_head_of_Nubian_denizen.jpg/150px-Marble_head_of_Nubian_denizen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marble_head_of_Nubian_denizen.jpg/225px-Marble_head_of_Nubian_denizen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marble_head_of_Nubian_denizen.jpg/300px-Marble_head_of_Nubian_denizen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>’n Marmerbeeld van die gesig van ’n Nubiër, omstreeks 120-100 v.C.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a> (800 v.C - 350 n.C.) in Suid-Nubië lê aan die oosoewer van die Nyl, sowat 200 km noordoos van <a href="/wiki/Khartoem" title="Khartoem">Khartoem</a>. Die inwoners het baie Egiptiese gebruike behou, maar was in baie opsigte uniek. Hulle het hulle eie <a href="/wiki/Skryfstelsel" title="Skryfstelsel">skryfstelsel</a> ontwerp deur eers Egiptiese <a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%ABrogliewe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiërogliewe">hiërogliewe</a> te gebruik en later ’n <a href="/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet">alfabet</a> met 23 tekens.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die konings is ook in dié tyd in Meroë begrawe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenidese_tydperk">Achaemenidese tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Achaemenidese tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Achaemenidese tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Xerxes_detail_Ethiopian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Xerxes_detail_Ethiopian.jpg/230px-Xerxes_detail_Ethiopian.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Xerxes_detail_Ethiopian.jpg/345px-Xerxes_detail_Ethiopian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Xerxes_detail_Ethiopian.jpg/460px-Xerxes_detail_Ethiopian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption><i>Kušiya</i>-soldaat van die Achaemenidese weermag, 480 v.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Achaemenidiese_Ryk" title="Achaemenidiese Ryk">Achaemenidiese Ryk</a> het Koesj verower, moontlik in die tyd van <a href="/wiki/Kambuses" title="Kambuses">Kambuses</a> (omstreeks 530 v.C.) of meer waarskynlik <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (550-486 v.C.), wat die verowering van Koesj (<i>Kušiya</i>) in sy inskripsies noem.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> beskryf ’n botsing met die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a> waarin die Romeine die Nubiërs verslaan het. Volgens Strabo het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Petronius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Petronius (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gaius Petronius</a> (in dié tyd ’n Romeinse prefek van Egipte) met ’n groot leër suidwaarts opgeruk. Hulle het naby Thebe met die Koesjiete slaags geraak en hulle gedwing om na Koesj terug te trek. Petronius het toe ’n afvaardiging na die Koesjiete gestuur om oor ’n vredesooreenkoms te besluit en sekere eise te stel. Toe die Koesjiete ná drie dae nie reageer nie, het Petronius na die Koesjitiese stad Premnis (die hedendaagse Karanog) opgeruk. Van daar is hy na Napata, die tweede hoofstad naas Meroë, en het hy dit verwoes. Volgens Strabo het Petronius die inwoners gevange geneem.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In dié tyd het die streek in verskeie kleiner groepe met individuele leiers, of generaals, verdeel. Hulle het geveg om beheer van wat nou Nubië is, asook die omringende gebiede. Dit het die hele streek verswak en kwesbaar vir aanvalle gemaak. Meroë is eindelik verower deur die opkomende <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninkryk Aksum">Koninkryk Aksoem</a> in die suide. </p><p>Die een of ander tyd in die 4de eeu n.C. is die streek verower deur die <a href="/wiki/Noba" title="Noba">Noba</a>, van waar die naam "Nubië" dalk kom. Die Romeine het daarna na die streek as "Nobatia" verwys. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cross,_Faras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cross%2C_Faras.jpg/130px-Cross%2C_Faras.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cross%2C_Faras.jpg/195px-Cross%2C_Faras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cross%2C_Faras.jpg/260px-Cross%2C_Faras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="2260" /></a><figcaption>’n Muurskildering van ’n Christelike kruis (Faras, 12de eeu).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christelike_Nubië"><span id="Christelike_Nubi.C3.AB"></span>Christelike Nubië</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Christelike Nubië" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Christelike Nubië"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Omstreeks 350 n.C. is die gebied deur die Koninkryk Aksoem verower en het die Meroïtiese Ryk ophou bestaan. Eindelik het drie kleiner, <a href="/wiki/Christelik" class="mw-redirect" title="Christelik">Christelike</a> koninkryke in die plek daarvan ontstaan: In die noorde was Nobatië, tussen die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Katarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerste Katarak">Eerste</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Katarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweede Katarak">Tweede Katarak</a> van die Nyl, met sy hoofstad by Pachoras (die hedendaagse Faras in Egipte); in die middel was Makoerië, met sy hoofstad by Ou Dongola; en in die suide was Alodië, met sy hoofstad by Soba (naby Khartoem). </p><p>Teen die 7de eeu het Makoerië uitgebrei en die oorheersende mag in die gebied geword. Dit was sterk genoeg om die suidelike uitbreiding van <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> te keer nadat die <a href="/wiki/Arabiere" title="Arabiere">Arabiere</a> Egipte verower het. Ná ’n paar mislukte invalle het die nuwe Egiptiese leiers ’n verdrag met Dongola gesluit, wat gelei het tot vreedsame naasbestaan en handel. Die Nubiërs moes ook ’n jaarlikse betaling doen deur slawe en ander goedere aan die Islamitiese goewerneur in <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> te betaal.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie verdrag het 600 jaar geduur.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die belangrikste uitvoer was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadel (bladsy bestaan nie)">dadels</a>, slawe,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ivoor" title="Ivoor">ivoor</a> en <a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">goud</a>; invoer het bestaan uit Egiptiese <a href="/wiki/Keramiek" title="Keramiek">keramiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekstiel" title="Tekstiel">tekstiel</a> en <a href="/wiki/Glas" title="Glas">glas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mettertyd het die instroming van Arabiese handelaars Islamitiese invloede na Nubië gebring en Islam het die Christendom geleidelik vervang. Ná ’n onderbreking in die betaling van slawe het die Egiptiese <a href="/wiki/Mameluk" title="Mameluk">Mamelukke</a> Nubië ook in 1272 ingeval en hulleself as heesers van die helfte van Nubië verklaar.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die instroming van Arabiere en Nubiërs in Egipte en Soedan het bygedra tot die onderdrukking van die Nubiese identiteit ná die verval van die laaste Nubiese koninkryk omstreeks 1504. ’n Groot meerderheid van die Nubiese bevolking is tans <a href="/wiki/Moslem" title="Moslem">Moslems</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies">Arabies</a> is hulle hooftaal vir kommunikasie benewens hulle inheemse taal, ou Nubies. Unieke Nubiese eienskappe kom voor in hulle <a href="/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur">kultuur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klere" title="Klere">kleredrag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dans" title="Dans">danse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradisie" title="Tradisie">tradisies</a> en <a href="/wiki/Musiek" title="Musiek">musiek</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamitiese_Nubië"><span id="Islamitiese_Nubi.C3.AB"></span>Islamitiese Nubië</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Islamitiese Nubië" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Islamitiese Nubië"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die 14de eeu het die Dongola-regering verval. Die streek is verdeel en deur Arabiere oorheers. In die volgende eeue was daar verskeie Arabiese invalle in die gebied, sowel as die stigting van ’n paar klein koninkryke. Noord-Nubië het onder Egiptiese beheer gekom, terwyl die suide van die 16de eeu af deur die Koninkryk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sennar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sennar</a> beheer is. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gallery_of_Nubians_(early_19th_centuy).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gallery_of_Nubians_%28early_19th_centuy%29.jpg/220px-Gallery_of_Nubians_%28early_19th_centuy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gallery_of_Nubians_%28early_19th_centuy%29.jpg/330px-Gallery_of_Nubians_%28early_19th_centuy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gallery_of_Nubians_%28early_19th_centuy%29.jpg/440px-Gallery_of_Nubians_%28early_19th_centuy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Nubiërs uit die vroeë 19de eeu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die hele gebied het onder Egiptiese beheer gekom tydens die bewind van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Ali_van_Egipte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Ali van Egipte (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mohammed Ali</a> in die vroeë 19de eeu, en het later ’n gesamentlike Anglo-Egiptiese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondominium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondominium (bladsy bestaan nie)">kondominium</a> geword. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Huidige_kwessies">Huidige kwessies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Huidige kwessies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Huidige kwessies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Met die einde van <a href="/wiki/Kolonialisme" title="Kolonialisme">kolonialisme</a>, die stigting van die <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Republiek Egipte</a> in 1953 en die afstigting van die <a href="/wiki/Soedan" title="Soedan">Republiek Soedan</a> in 1956 is Nubië tussen Egipte en Soedan verdeel. </p><p>In die vroeë 1970's is baie Egiptiese en Soedannese <a href="/wiki/Nubi%C3%ABrs" title="Nubiërs">Nubiërs</a> gedwing om te verskuif om plek te maak vir die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nassermeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nassermeer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nassermeer</a> ná die bou van die <a href="/wiki/Aswandam" title="Aswandam">damme by Aswan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NubianFoundation_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NubianFoundation-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar is nou Nubiese nedersettings noord van Aswan aan die wesoewer van die Nyl en op <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elephantine-eiland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elephantine-eiland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Elephantine-eiland</a>. Baie Nubiërs woon ook in groot stede, soos <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%AFro" title="Kaïro">Kaïro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NubianFoundation_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NubianFoundation-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bechaus-Gerst-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bechaus-Gerst_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bechaus-Gerst_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBechaus-GerstBlench2014" class="citation book cs1">Bechaus-Gerst, Marianne; Blench, Roger (2014). Kevin MacDonald (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=-t5QAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography – "Linguistic evidence for the prehistory of livestock in Sudan" (2000)</i></a>. Routledge. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1135434166" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1135434166"><bdi>1135434166</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+African+Livestock%3A+Archaeology%2C+Genetics%2C+Linguistics+and+Ethnography+%E2%80%93+%22Linguistic+evidence+for+the+prehistory+of+livestock+in+Sudan%22+%282000%29&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=1135434166&rft.aulast=Bechaus-Gerst&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Blench%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-t5QAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lbant-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lbant_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lbant_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens1986" class="citation book cs1">Behrens, Peter (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=p_hwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Libya Antiqua: Report and Papers of the Symposium Organized by Unesco in Paris, 16 to 18 January 1984 – "Language and migrations of the early Saharan cattle herders: the formation of the Berber branch"</i></a>. Unesco. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9231023764" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9231023764"><bdi>9231023764</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya+Antiqua%3A+Report+and+Papers+of+the+Symposium+Organized+by+Unesco+in+Paris%2C+16+to+18+January+1984+%E2%80%93+%22Language+and+migrations+of+the+early+Saharan+cattle+herders%3A+the+formation+of+the+Berber+branch%22&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Unesco&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9231023764&rft.aulast=Behrens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_hwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rilly2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rilly2010_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rilly2010_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRilly2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rilly C (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf">"Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+on+Meroitic%2C+the+Ancient+Language+of+Sudan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ityopis.org%2FIssues-1_files%2FITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rilly200162-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rilly200162_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rilly200162_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRilly2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rilly C (Januarie 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/fdl/47/1/article-p151.xml">"The Wadi Howar Diaspora and its role in the spread of East Sudanic languages from the fourth to the first millenia BCE"</a>. <i>Faits de Langues</i>. <b>47</b>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19589514-047-01-900000010">10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faits+de+Langues&rft.atitle=The+Wadi+Howar+Diaspora+and+its+role+in+the+spread+of+East+Sudanic+languages+from+the+fourth+to+the+first+millenia+BCE&rft.volume=47&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19589514-047-01-900000010&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Ffdl%2F47%2F1%2Farticle-p151.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rilly2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rilly2008_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rilly2008_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRilly2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rilly C (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36487671/Claude_Rilly_ENEMY_BROTHERS._KINSHIP_AND_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_MEROITES_AND_NUBIANS_NOBA">"Enemy brothers. Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)"</a>. <i>Polish Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31338%2Fuw.9788323533269.pp.211-226">10.31338/uw.9788323533269.pp.211-226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Centre+for+Mediterranean+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Enemy+brothers.+Kinship+and+relationship+between+Meroites+and+Nubians+%28Noba%29&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31338%2Fuw.9788323533269.pp.211-226&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36487671%2FClaude_Rilly_ENEMY_BROTHERS._KINSHIP_AND_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_MEROITES_AND_NUBIANS_NOBA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper J (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7d8a387b-f850-4d56-8105-f84a30bf121a/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Cooper%252C%2BToponymic%2BStrata%2Bin%2BAncient%2BNubian%2BPlacenames%252C%2BDotawo%2B4.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article">"Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubian placenames in the Third and Second Millenium BCE: a view from Egyptian Records"</a>. <i>Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies</i>. <b>4</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dotawo%3A+A+Journal+of+Nubian+Studies&rft.atitle=Toponymic+Strata+in+Ancient+Nubian+placenames+in+the+Third+and+Second+Millenium+BCE%3A+a+view+from+Egyptian+Records&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A7d8a387b-f850-4d56-8105-f84a30bf121a%2Fdownload_file%3Ffile_format%3Dpdf%26safe_filename%3DCooper%25252C%252BToponymic%252BStrata%252Bin%252BAncient%252BNubian%252BPlacenames%25252C%252BDotawo%252B4.pdf%26type_of_work%3DJournal%2Barticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2004" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, David (2004). <i>The Nubian Past</i>. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 2, 90, 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780415369886" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780415369886"><bdi>9780415369886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nubian+Past&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=2%2C+90%2C+106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415369886&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emberling_2011_8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emberling_2011_8_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emberling_2011_8_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEmberling2011" class="citation book cs1">Emberling, Geoff (2011). <i>Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa</i>. New York: Institute for the study of the ancient world. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-615-48102-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-615-48102-9"><bdi>978-0-615-48102-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nubia%3A+Ancient+Kingdoms+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+study+of+the+ancient+world&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-615-48102-9&rft.aulast=Emberling&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keita_1990-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Keita_1990_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studies+of+Ancient+Crania+From+Northern+Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span> – S.O.Y. Keita, <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/research/nubia_history.html">"Dr. Stuart Tyson Smith"</a>. <i>ucsb.edu</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318232400/http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/research/nubia_history.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 18 Maart 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 Maart</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Dr.+Stuart+Tyson+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anth.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fstsmith%2Fresearch%2Fnubia_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetquest.org/learn/nabta.html">PlanetQuest: The History of Astronomy</a>. Besoek op 2007-08-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806140123/http://www.comp-archaeology.org/WendorfSAA98.html">Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa</a> deur Fred Wendorf (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, reds. (2002). <i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. Wiley. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-23583-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-23583-5"><bdi>978-0-631-23583-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23583-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/interactive/hierakonpolis/nubian.html">Hunting for the Elusive Nubian A-Group People</a> deur Maria Gatto, archaeology.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keita_further-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Keita_further_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Further Studies of Crania From Ancient Northern Africa: An Analysis of Crania From First Dynasty Egyptian Tombs, using Multiple Discriminant Functions".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Further+Studies+of+Crania+From+Ancient+Northern+Africa%3A+An+Analysis+of+Crania+From+First+Dynasty+Egyptian+Tombs%2C+using+Multiple+Discriminant+Functions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span>. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 87: 245–254 (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2386738/Hierarchy_and_heterarchy_-_the_earliest_cross-cultural_trade_along_the_Nile">"Hierarchy and heterarchy – the earliest cross-cultural trade along the Nile"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809071913/https://www.academia.edu/2386738/Hierarchy_and_heterarchy_-_the_earliest_cross-cultural_trade_along_the_Nile">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Augustus 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Junie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=Hierarchy+and+heterarchy+%E2%80%93+the+earliest+cross-cultural+trade+along+the+Nile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2386738%2FHierarchy_and_heterarchy_-_the_earliest_cross-cultural_trade_along_the_Nile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, reds. (2002). <i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. Wiley. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-23583-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-23583-5"><bdi>978-0-631-23583-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23583-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTörök2008" class="citation book cs1">Török, László (2008). <i>Between Two Worlds:The Frontier Region between Ancient Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC – 500AD</i>. Brill. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9789004171978" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9789004171978"><bdi>9789004171978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Worlds%3AThe+Frontier+Region+between+Ancient+Nubia+and+Egypt+3700+BC+%E2%80%93+500AD&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004171978&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2394005/The_C-Group_people_in_Lower_Nubia_2500_-_1500_BC._Cattle_pastoralists_in_a_multicultural_setting">"The C-Group people in Lower Nubia, 2500 – 1500 BC. Cattle pastoralists in a multicultural setting"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Junie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+C-Group+people+in+Lower+Nubia%2C+2500+%E2%80%93+1500+BC.+Cattle+pastoralists+in+a+multicultural+setting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2394005%2FThe_C-Group_people_in_Lower_Nubia_2500_-_1500_BC._Cattle_pastoralists_in_a_multicultural_setting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2393840/Between_Kush_and_Egypt_The_C-Group_people_of_Lower_Nubia_during_the_Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period">"Between Kush and Egypt: The C-Group people of Lower Nubia during the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809071923/https://www.academia.edu/2393840/Between_Kush_and_Egypt_The_C-Group_people_of_Lower_Nubia_during_the_Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Augustus 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Junie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=Between+Kush+and+Egypt%3A+The+C-Group+people+of+Lower+Nubia+during+the+Middle+Kingdom+and+Second+Intermediate+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2393840%2FBetween_Kush_and_Egypt_The_C-Group_people_of_Lower_Nubia_during_the_Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Watterson, <i>The Egyptians</i>. Blackwell, Oxford. pp. 50–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Erman & Grapow, <i>Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache</i>, 2, 186.1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1947" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Alan H. (1947). <i>Ancient Egyptian Onomastica</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Onomastica&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2000). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Gratis registrasie vereis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw"><i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-280293-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-280293-3"><bdi>0-19-280293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-280293-3&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhisto00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSteindorffSeele1957" class="citation book cs1">Steindorff, George; Seele, Keith C. (1957). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Gratis registrasie vereis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenegyptruledea0000stei"><i>When Egypt Ruled the East</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Egypt+Ruled+the+East&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Steindorff&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Seele%2C+Keith+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenegyptruledea0000stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson_1999_8-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_1999_8_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEmberling1999" class="citation book cs1">Emberling, Geoff (1999). <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>. Londen: Routledge. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-415-18633-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-415-18633-1"><bdi>0-415-18633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Dynastic+Egypt&rft.place=Londen&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-18633-1&rft.aulast=Emberling&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2380609/The_Kingdom_of_Kush_An_African_Centre_on_the_Periphery_of_the_Bronze_Age_World_System">"The Kingdom of Kush: An African Centre on the Periphery of the Bronze Age World System"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518175849/https://www.academia.edu/2380609/The_Kingdom_of_Kush_An_African_Centre_on_the_Periphery_of_the_Bronze_Age_World_System">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 18 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Junie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+of+Kush%3A+An+African+Centre+on+the+Periphery+of+the+Bronze+Age+World+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2380609%2FThe_Kingdom_of_Kush_An_African_Centre_on_the_Periphery_of_the_Bronze_Age_World_System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt's Humiliating Secret <i>The Times</i> (London, 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215024748/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/649/he1.htm">"Elkab's hidden treasure"</a>. <i>Al-Ahram</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/649/he1.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 15 Februarie 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram&rft.atitle=Elkab%27s+hidden+treasure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2003%2F649%2Fhe1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Cusick (5 Maart 2015). Studies in Culture Contact: Interaction, Culture Change, and Archaeology. SIU Press. pp. 269–. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8093-3409-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8093-3409-4">ISBN 978-0-8093-3409-4</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Bulliet; Pamela Crossley; Daniel Headrick (1 Januarie 2010). The Earth and Its Peoples. Cengage Learning. pp. 66–. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-538-74438-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-538-74438-3">ISBN 0-538-74438-3</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Burton (1973). Diodorus Siculus, Book 1: A Commentary. BRILL. pp. 129–. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/90-04-03514-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/90-04-03514-1">ISBN 90-04-03514-1</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James R. Akerman; Robert W. Karrow (2007). Maps: Finding Our Place in the World. University of Chicago Press. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-226-01075-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-226-01075-5">ISBN 978-0-226-01075-5</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter">https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientsudan.org/history_06_nubconegypt.htm">"Ancient Sudan~ Nubia: History: The Kushite Conquest of Egypt"</a>. <i>ancientsudan.org</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515000416/http://www.ancientsudan.org/history_06_nubconegypt.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Mei 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ancientsudan.org&rft.atitle=Ancient+Sudan~+Nubia%3A+History%3A+The+Kushite+Conquest+of+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientsudan.org%2Fhistory_06_nubconegypt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDiop1974" class="citation book cs1">Diop, Cheikh Anta (1974). <i>The African Origin of Civilization</i>. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. pp. 219–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-55652-072-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-55652-072-7"><bdi>1-55652-072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Origin+of+Civilization&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=219-221&rft.pub=Lawrence+Hill+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=1-55652-072-7&rft.aulast=Diop&rft.aufirst=Cheikh+Anta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBonnet2006" class="citation book cs1">Bonnet, Charles (2006). <i>The Nubian Pharaohs</i>. New York: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 142–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-977-416-010-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-977-416-010-3"><bdi>978-977-416-010-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nubian+Pharaohs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=142-154&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-977-416-010-3&rft.aulast=Bonnet&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMokhtar1990" class="citation book cs1">Mokhtar, G. (1990). <i>General History of Africa</i>. Kalifornië, VSA: University of California Press. pp. 161–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-520-06697-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-520-06697-9"><bdi>0-520-06697-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa&rft.place=Kaliforni%C3%AB%2C+VSA&rft.pages=161-163&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-520-06697-9&rft.aulast=Mokhtar&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEmberling2011" class="citation book cs1">Emberling, Geoff (2011). <i>Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa</i>. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-615-48102-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-615-48102-9"><bdi>978-0-615-48102-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nubia%3A+Ancient+Kingdoms+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-615-48102-9&rft.aulast=Emberling&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1997" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, David (1997). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Gratis registrasie vereis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36"><i>Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36">36–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-521270-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-521270-3"><bdi>0-19-521270-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-521270-3&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientegypt00davi_0%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/nubia/mwriting.html">Meroë: writing</a> – digitalegypt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDandamaev1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ms30qA6nyMsC&pg=PA80"><i>A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire</i></a> (in Engels). BRILL. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9004091726" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9004091726"><bdi>9004091726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9004091726&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dms30qA6nyMsC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisSimpson2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Curtis, John; Simpson, St John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East</i></a> (in Engels). I.B.Tauris. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780857718013" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780857718013"><bdi>9780857718013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Achaemenid+Persia%3A+History%2C+Art+and+Society+in+Iran+and+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780857718013&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoQAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nubian Queens in the Nile Valley and Afro-Asiatic Cultural History – Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, Professor of Anthropology, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston U.S.A, 20-26 Augustus 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter">https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter">https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter">https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/nubia/medieval-nubia?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter">https://oi.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/nubia/medieval-nubia?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter">https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/medieval-nubia/?et_rid=586265644&s_campaign=arguable:newsletter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NubianFoundation-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NubianFoundation_50-0">50,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NubianFoundation_50-1">50,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/">"About Nubia"</a>. <i>Nubian Foundation</i> (in Engels). 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024061651/http://nubianfoundation.org/about-nubia/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">31 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nubian+Foundation&rft.atitle=About+Nubia&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnubianfoundation.org%2Fabout-nubia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ANubi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skakels">Skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africankingdoms.com">Koninkryke in Afrika</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientsudan.org">Webtuiste oor antieke Soedan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514225814/http://www.ancientsudan.org/">Geargiveer</a> 14 Mei 2019 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2550">"Journey to Ethiopia, Eastern Sudan, and Nigritia"</a> is in 1862-'63 deur Pierre Trémaux geskryf. Dit bevat uitgebreide beskrywings en tekeninge van Nubië.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15795coll11/id/3125">"1960s Nubia Scrapbook"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nubianfoundation.org/">Nubiese Stigting vir die Bewaring van ’n Kultuurerfenis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nubia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nubia">Nubië</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="102" /></a></span> Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik uit die <span class="plainlinks"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" class="extiw" 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class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/155387">155387</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027243656">027243656</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127854022">127854022</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/127854022">127854022</a></span></li></ul> 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