CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91341530cfa081aa',cH: '8cS3fCGuA5nkhXQTG06Oz9HnfVxDSTrok27tERpGx5A-1739777538-1.2.1.1-.y9tWmTWwiD0dC95Ip7GJviH1.TwIqsIAd5ILGyQrO1lEmxJBcg6.g7JgDBaO_7b',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=urbanization.&__cf_chl_tk=xAtTg1.G7NT4qZValx5sKy8oYMvXwFfg9lFFOLJs5Rk-1739777538-1.0.1.1-.n3K3yZDzu0Xxb4wEwZz3qKyXSdVIkOkNWt95grQQJ8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777538',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=urbanization.&__cf_chl_f_tk=xAtTg1.G7NT4qZValx5sKy8oYMvXwFfg9lFFOLJs5Rk-1739777538-1.0.1.1-.n3K3yZDzu0Xxb4wEwZz3qKyXSdVIkOkNWt95grQQJ8",md: "XE7L4BKgigvO3beIPHgKsbwVUxKTJYPn36iJaXJARME-1739777538-1.2.1.1-qOXpWLn2kyXR9uEyEwAN6YQiDD9FZxBputewz15qYXscHzI1iP.CV_9_nnVTCPF9joZzsHcJKadpoQPVsvKUHMmWbv_2djBRtbpRCyur_SZLE2VhW.bJY2eeHP9SEQWjzCzIQsjnMWERwtkzK3aTZ.TJ4z4gSWTQr5KG6.eNkt2w1ITSo_BR8ddszvIhqHs_dt8RGnUZLx82YBiBW.QSVU5lE9gHn0PQ5jMen3aehv7giS6QjYG_wNnLUmMQRZh_o.kzdZfy62Id2v.BD6k9DX.TFoV5HlNMhpcF3nyJZuD9vFYBaMLSiZ_tv7MBSJZMD3Bg40AInY73OnM5VstUx1RFr166__zCCiDyYN5BGq6FzDwt8TQZNxpZ3W_0taXIrtk1EJndOV55xzkdxMlxbpCvoZ7uA2KkfC4Bqh.qFCh2n9G.T0qqcNPL7fE5GupaeCaP9F.xYXAmgUFxKdwFHAsgS270sENWxCWLuj18uNrQZ4pM7wKRNEsw77v41wKfK3C_DPcnGJdoeG8Qo.u88gMp7USqCLJMplePIozS5lN4yICWHTtk7aooShaUhmiz_jITNLz8FaJ8iOgMMr_7r86WriEdf8_Ixps403C.Lc5uACBhsdkrNzy2u1WWHFUPGEUTtCVkPYfclgy5hD75HwYpbxLz4JQCqBHWfQoTKbnkuieEmx3YhO6ObwQZ_bq1k3u3ODwIB92xO70Zcz9BnTpOuhhPLrI3Uu2XE8EGaKnXjOIQZW1OFtE2fQHt4.DF8pICysp4IA6XeGW0RMHP4DzAnFTJbMvUtIvNgl1dFDLFje3sC_l5xy_A8mhSQqrH6087D5026P8mN3VKq7OWN2hq3f_30d8h_HvadEU0PLvwPxWzYXOp9i4s_LHGxJR4Y_EYIU6tp8DtIQN76RFKVvPcTv9ejNEPFUThAU3IyYSbMTZREOjY7WWxKI5P2zGercemUROg0i_Dl1LHz6YQL92J0T68AHzgrwuC6X3CmlX1sPVSPLL1nCtRX92D6EizvvEtfzxLsBouEAtbqrdpAuAalUXILkSrERpwCcSozn_IccC6gtIiNSry.zRHNrSQjXiXCwLl2.0As4H.sYm.37zQ1AYnUjYiwANgluAmmAWnLhDJYa8cTwy0niwaS6awmtaHvHX1hC7Fxi5MrUX3pOKfhQ.rGoD0qRqOz7QB_iI9ENoM2qa69f3JEtiBby8k7VwGWNlWERvlFnti4k9_RFNNACeIlgDYHGTInAcYTf50merhGZn_nifoE38JVww6vIbyjKALEnfy89w.59UBMUZETfeRbz_uoBCt.RZK8SBEnZEmV4e_den_86Z0s4zji23tAhSB.oFMnx0ugGCRMnepBihgNvAgipZvdpCBZ46ngYUDhE2.ZR_Ax7mvHuBrW59i9RdP7pyckUdtQXzJLFzdoTZ0ihwslb3ouC1_iOmPsPoIDpZ3MKoCQu15kMMqp0FFabiYjHzISHGWnSTyPOmE55QzlEN9FJ5.2v8j4ENr_BzXD0bxXn.Mnkrfnnsydyiv4iE8prqkzyYWfXLSmpp6URzMKXyzMRKMxOUi4gtdWAg64rKj3k0efA2RVQ.G1tJjwXXbX1zo0WuxwdDbpglG9A5elazb91C9Vmg7JKs9KCw11QMwW8MBSB_RaA8Q5bG3n6DDQOICmAALyaqqZI9FBnIW0wofM_h6q0cGff1BvNZ5rL7iDzlKOOzclHlwh2b7ThmZjR4wdCF95TLUSAN9h.sNg_RVb27Epvg9pnt903jX4aO1JD8F9_xQ5j39LmEvdS9tT7kChthf_EmoLRxjpJRoet15yk.LoShiFNicoLmPDxa.MFNhzUOK6FAKFizebWak0Sllws15xZpudWQyCAJgzqaupd64DCvkCYKMN_j5K1fSeNOwo9m.GegS",mdrd: "v2nfGUeyOypFrNO0EcpODH.crxwzU9Le2i9z3rBdi8g-1739777538-1.2.1.1-_GTp62juHPYKHDCa0YOoVhVi2J97UngxKGPKCkcnYr4bpGgxoC4.5zcNDWar10XrrSXuggNi4rtMgeO06cE3Z2ll0c.yPHkDTSdTghKVQyElGqIjwSa_TEctLhYWLolyVLhOzUxD9lAe6nPKUXuK6DhhC7t0lnqZDVTr5UE7M8Qc_kvHOqSXG9lLin6tBmF8DwcPlkZA..MjRQQL88Cry3.YxFn4estNGY8gPjaq2a5s3rPUf40RC3Sq4VxVIuMc8QjmjmIBzzJ82vOVE_LyhwajhW92X9PIHGzhsFsAPHoyPk_i19W2f2S2G6Ww57iZ.5V41cL_bOXvWyJPrQVVXZtfGY7_To_zv8i6QahgBD_xuN8_r4CrwgVC7jyOSZKgozgr068tDay1q.QekXSqW6PEGQRBAZCPapHSfVV1q_0g_pimrRT5MdIJOS0MWsdmONefUxSx7RFynz7u0srprTJpXPFMAR7iJiriFHzbPbORUkZssggJxahVOOI6Zw_AqYir.q2.OV7Fo4xcoEJT6Vit2QaEwiXmWqxKlubx4Lz73GrJa1k_eAYIps4NFSah4f8G7T7y0h_kLLV4hRUHGEpq6J6NqNMpIX6fAy5nRbc5uJTWMOuG.IGONHVtMF.WYrcSmtdqbnIh55VrTnsASSMAK6DCpFgiI5V15SfVHOnm6jjXttLNjVUdKS4m7LkLu0WjcWSDKJGuVeWjk0N4AOoEzo1vwFiqGMWI.qP_eY20NMDdvthuKXW_Z_dcYGpQq254zR_XuSpmi4gOjY4zH8b06zdxYDHS6Y_OrKU_63fGo0r908tuiouaiteOBYAaxLL6Ssj2Cp9RUavALZfGnPB8gsHy2yRHCAFPn_skuY1Q83yXEgMzKI8t7D2phicK0Ho5lx9VMjHdjdDnKwPO1rbfBkCb42O.dICfO7DfE75krEHNEUPmUuQSYl1bRVaX6Hc6vh88VpKtO0d2MCIwVwxzdJZhvyIKbjkgH6KSOmmWPyiHcUYaszANZpOv2JxOYDHAKARzILmftIX4Rfv3CC6FHmUQm47hxV2GP9rBENBXdnnQLWIe764BKM8tamvJ71KuZO1xnjtX2wZT29tB0j8G7ZDDsdVmUp59Y16gBCRIer7AjedYgvfHNYAslryHFSEC2ciMTDH2.aJxnaxXtgxZUM181TeBAGMoDQOhJQcE_mWT52FGWl4Uk263v4uYBfdiA75bi7SF7omo70JjQu5l3aiDYHcCxiuivwZ0JvgPIWrLVBam7T9ueh_saBPkIi0SCKLqSO0P1j9cwS8t99CawPBfJvwKyecsRyLQgLKoHqx015rT3weFI304p28qMp8Tf.ByqS6tPLmkeFYjMouox41Mr_EMe9RI9YtIg09w4i9_PktH4r9KsjvWOqiDxKuvqKS_hS5e9qsHRG9.N3DCnFsTeylZ8XE4NOxHGeX7DMGodFYzSw.XTZtHSbkEU.aQwax.V9rmK38_arZaqq850wV4ZgF8sRdbfwKROhdHTixkakLxaiSXqRQv4A8vdZWdRKD4WTkLN.6LiroonHgdSc1HuBPPupC7RlIBrCAkNSQQi.mOVDrA.qg4vpXqYFe2AEE65LCCDD39f_pr8_rMXrRj.J3kr_z4W1hlKZZEWHua4nqDMwDH48qc5kT2t6UoATnuCKy8gX178jFJczHziJvAf4bNN8xk4fcOLkcRVThso7sD9VbLSiqiYkmdLbSa08Ruf3xTsPZFCRJaBeuC93gy2JOqfV4PBOHlyl5Hl1r5nQyhKG524jM0.Rx4uOdprwrBQHHlUAFO_rGhA6fJJRmGKQ2pPCVif4RBy9mhLrVgOxdNk4fjh9fbXahA5EMm7X8K32KnrZUjmCrjd5tCAaHyWAJs9Xkrol9mGYdF7DG4TPglB7NrSDJQSkTUK4I7zNqZX1vnmbhxjN6IiQyBrKN9IVqBla_cADSn.Pkfv.jJfHT5h98fjScNBwMo"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91341530cfa081aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=urbanization.&__cf_chl_rt_tk=xAtTg1.G7NT4qZValx5sKy8oYMvXwFfg9lFFOLJs5Rk-1739777538-1.0.1.1-.n3K3yZDzu0Xxb4wEwZz3qKyXSdVIkOkNWt95grQQJ8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>